SAT英语写作技巧之首段与主体段（精彩20篇）

1.1词汇方面

如果把写英语作文比作建楼房的话，英语词汇在英语写作中起着砖、瓦的作用，是句子的最基本的组成部分，所以词汇是我们高中英语教学中的重点，单词听写是课堂教学必不可少的一个环节，但学生的词汇量毕竟有限，遇到问题时，便会用汉语词汇去补充英语词汇的空缺。

例如：交通十分繁忙。误：The traffic is busy. 正：The traffic is heavy.

她和一位教授结婚了。误：She married with a professor.

正：She married a professor.

英语词语的词义往往比较复杂，并和汉语有着一定区别。这种不同就会会导致学生仅把写作当作一词一句的翻译来做，结果是事倍功半。

1.2语法方面

英语中难点就是时态，语态的掌握。英语中常用时态共十六种，语态分为主动语态与被动语态，语气有陈述语气与虚拟语气之分。不同的时态有它特有的句法结构。如现在进行时态使用be＋v－ing形式来表示。现在完成时则用have／has ＋p．p来表示。一般将来时则用shall／will／be going to＋v来表示。英语中时间意义的表达是通过动词的时和体来加以反映，而汉语中不存在时、体等，汉语则依靠表示时间的副词（如“曾经”、“正在”、“已经”、“将要”）作状语，或利用虚词“了”、“着”、“过”等作补语这一语法手段来体现，动词本身无任何变化。在英语中，“already”和“ever”常常用在完成时态之中，不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。学生常常把上述句子错译成“Yesterday I have been to the park．”“Five years ago，they have known each other．”又如在英语中，我们常常用否定前置来

写人的英语作文在高考中不少见，什么样的作文更能吸引人呢?下面请看语文迷为大家带来的技巧。

写人记叙文，一般为肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，应根据要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

【几点注意】

1.使用正确人称和时态。

①时态：

一般现在时--描写人物外貌、性格、兴趣等

一般过去时-- 描写人物出生、教育背景、经历、事迹

②人称：第一人称或第三人称

2.介绍人物的姓名、年龄、外貌、学历、经历、专业、爱好、特长、事迹、性格等，包括所给的全部信息点，不能遗漏或随意添加。

3.对所给的信息进行适当重组，安排好写作顺序，突出重点信息。

4.正确运用描写人物的词汇和句型。

【常见词语】

①外貌特征：

pretty, beautiful, good-looking，handsome,ordinary-looking, with a big nose, with a big

smile, short, tall,thin, strong, white-haired，1.80 metres tall, …

②性格特点：

absent-minded, charming, attractive, bright, wise smart, confident, naughty，talkative, diligent,

lazy, friendly, generous, be ready to help others,kind-hearted, warm-hearted, patient, humorous,

have a good/ bad temper, independent,narrow-minded, …

③童年情况：

as a boy of 15, be born on, during his childhood, live a happy/hard life, the son of a poor family,

spend his childhood in, ...

④兴趣爱好： be delighted in doing, be good at , be interested in , be fond of , be crazy about, be pleased with, do well in, enjoy doing, have a strong desire to do, long for/long to do), take a pleasure in doing,…

⑤教育背景： be admitted to Beijing University, be enrolled in, fail in the test, get a master’s

degree, get on well with one’s lessons, go abroad to further one’s study, graduate from,major in, receive a doctor’s degree, pass the examination, take an active part in, …

⑥ 成就或事迹：

become a member of the team, encourage sb to do sth, give up one’s life for sth, receive the

Nobel Prize for physics, set a new world record of,win the first prize in, win a gold /silver/ bronze

medal, have a talent for, make up one’s mind to do sth., put one’s heart into, work hard at,

concentrate oneself to, devote oneself to,do sth.with great determination and perseverance, ...

⑦他人评价：

an inspiring leader, a model worker, an advanced teacher, be respected by , be honored as, be

considered/regarded as, be famous/known as,his hard work brought him great success, make

great contributions to our country, set a good example for , be highly spoken of for, ...

例文

你班要举办以“Ordinary but Great”为题的英语主题班会。

请根据下列信息准备一篇发言稿，介绍赵郁的成长经历。

注意： 1、词数不少于60。

2、文章的题目和开头已经给出。

3、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

提示词：首席技师 chief technician

Ordinary but Great

We are all ordinary people, but following what we are interested in and doing what we are good

at can help us make great achievements for society and go far. Here’s a convincing and inspiring example.

______________________________________

【范文】

Zhao Yu, the chief technician in the Benz Company,is regarded as a great success. However, his success is no accident. As a young boy with a sense of creativity, he was eager to learn and to make a lot of inventions. Being an ordinary worker in the Benz Company for 17 years, not only did he do well in his job, but he also made efforts to teach himself English and to learn how to use computers. Now it is easy for him to read English materials about cars. Besides, he became expert at solving various technical problems.Because of his great contribution, he has received awards many times.

Zhao Yu has set a good example that ordinary people can stand out by doing their jobs with interest and enthusiasm.

【评析】

1.作者运用了所给出的全部信息：姓名、职务、经历。对所给的信息进行了适当重组，突出了重点信息(赵郁的经历)，内容完整、详略得当，体现了话题“Ordinary but great”所表达的内容。

2. 正确使用人称(第三人称)，灵活使用时态(一般过去时、一般现在时);合理使用过渡词，使文章层次分明、结构紧凑。

3. 语言规范，表达准确。文章运用了一些高级句式，如同位语、介词短语、分词短语、倒装句、同位语从句等，增加了文章的亮点。

下面是小编为你带来的剧本写作方法之25个写作技巧，希望对你有帮助。

【什么是编剧】编剧是一 种职业，正如木匠、铁匠、厨师、开锁匠等一 样，没有什么了不得的。在我看来，只要打 算、正在、已经靠写剧本为生，或者可以把剧 本卖出去的，都可以自称“编剧”，没什么高贵，不就木匠而已吗?

【逻辑力】对于做一个编剧的要求，与其说需 要想象力，不如说更需要逻辑力。想象力像孩子，逻辑力才是成人。你听一个孩子讲他漫无边际的幻想，最多赞许他天真烂漫，但不会为 他的“故事”着迷，不会探究，不会好奇，不会 较真，不会期待，不会震撼，不会深思，而这些感受的形成，需要一个逻辑缜密的创作才能达成。

【熟识角色】谁是主角?他出场前在做什么? 家庭状况体貌特征?学历教育?优点缺点个人 喜好人际关系……认识他非一次性完成，反复琢磨并与其他角色相互砥砺，仿佛在生活中遇见 人，对他身世背景的了解不断深化。最重要， 人物设计为你写他的目的服务。结论：人物小传须反复多次完成，并服从于剧本主题。

【A点】下笔前一定问自己：这个剧本你非写 不可吗?什么让你如鲠在喉?也许是一个愤 怒、一段思念、一个画面、一场高潮戏、一个流泪片段，甚至可能是一次委屈。总之，找到 这个动力源，把它作A点确定下来。有了A，才能推演出B，由B再推演C和D。也许往下推演不顺而回过头来调整A，但是，写剧本必须找到 A。

【编剧秘笈】影视剧是正着看：从头看到尾; 却是倒着写：从尾往头写。观众不知道结局， 可有一万个猜测，增加观看乐趣;编剧不知结 局，也会有一万个可能，那就让自己迷失而无 法前行。不仅倒着写，还要反着写，结局是和 解，前面就是误会;结局是顿悟，前面就是迷 瞪，拧巴。总之，想好了最后一个高潮再下笔!

【寻找首先出拳的人】无论一部电影、一个短 片，还是一个戏剧段落，开场3—5分钟，必须 有人出拳，就是第一块骨牌，第一个撞击，第 一次危机。这第一拳最好足够的狠，才能激起 强烈反响，被撞击方和观众才能被打懵，才能 引起足够大的波澜，才能引起一系列的连锁反 应，才能吊起观众的胃口、好奇心：后来呢?

【关于题材1】什么是题材?回答“你的剧本是 讲什么”的答案，就是题材。讲教育、讲抗战、 讲父爱、讲复仇……。题材重要吗?重要，许多 题材不能拍，有些题材太难搞，还有些题材被人写烂了，制片人拒绝，是因为哪怕你作为观 众也拒绝。听劝，不要动笔。有些题材一下让 人感到有亮点，会有人鼓励你写。重要!

【关于题材2】题材也不重要，太泛，无实质意 义。除了某些特定题材被禁止之外，理论上没 有冷题材和热题材之分。即便是制片人出品 人，也仅仅是把题材作为交谈的第一句话，接下来还是要看编剧怎样去写某个题材。从什么 角度、挖掘到什么深度、表达什么思想和情 怀、反映什么问题、何处有升华，这些才重 要。

【关于明星】如今明星片酬过高已让电影电视 剧不堪重负。为什么明星涨价?因为明星不够 用。明星为什么不够用?因为缺乏造星机制。 其实，每一个明星都是从非明星小演员变幻而 来，靠什么变?靠一部好戏。好剧本，好导 演，好的班底。但如今的电视台和出品公司似 乎忘记了这一切，到底先有鸡还是先有蛋?

【可否主题先行】可以!编剧常接到命题作 文，主题先行也出过经典作品。关键：1.不求 主题深刻，所有的主题都是大路货;2.不能直奔主题，越曲折越好;3.主题不重要，用什么 故事去说明它才重要;4.弱化主题的存在，隐 藏它，主题是观众品出来的;5.主题是有意 义，故事是有意思，首先有意思，而后有意义。

【动作】编故事的关键是找到角色动作。动作 分两种：主动动作和被动动作。前者是我想干 嘛。想考研，出击准备，迎接挑战。被动动作是路上走得好好的，一个花盆从天而降砸在头 上，流血抢救、血型不对、没带钱，医生不 在…编剧的任务就是给角色动作设置障碍，他克服重重障碍达到目的或转危为安，就是故事。

【事件】用简略方式将观众带入角色所处的规 定情景后，必须发生事件。只有事件才能让人 物活起来并让观众感同身受。事件要件：1.有 足够的冲击力，让人物动起来;2.须引起观众 的关注和期待;3.能引起连锁反应;4.能造成人物冲突(外部)和纠结(内在)的空间。一部电影需要3—5个相互关联的事件。

【拐点】事件发展过程中的变化和转折。人物动作带领观众朝某个方向走，或达到目的或出现意外使得人物动作方向改变的那个点，就叫拐点。拐点特征：1.逻辑的必然;2.关注和情绪的小高峰;3.拐的方向出人意料(需要编剧挖坑给观众跳);4.具有节奏调节能力;5.体现变化与多元特征;6.起到转承启合的作用。

【下狠手】故事产生于动作，动作来源于人物，人物发力源于编剧给他的压力。我称之为压弹簧。编剧压弹簧越给力，人物的动作发力越大。所以，老好人当不了好编剧。编剧对心爱的主人公不能太好，你得让他受苦，被凌辱，遭打击，让他危机重重、走投无路、苦不堪言、生不如死……所谓天将降大任于斯是也。

【生活质感】什么是剧本的生活质感：1.人物 鲜活，2.故事贴近生活，3.对话生动有趣，4.细节丰富，5.平和但有张力……如何变成剧本?大 概：1.善于观察;2.保持敏感;3.准确截取;4. 学会提炼;5.大胆推理;6.坚持积累;7.复合表达。这些大体属于技术层面，其实功夫在诗外，保持和培养自身人文情怀最重要。

【个性化对白】编剧困惑之一，总不能千人一 面，千口一腔吧。但语言又有极大的同一性， 我们都说人话，不说鸟语，过于特别会造作。 人物个性化对白应该是：1.不能违背人物性格;2.尽量有一些个性化标志(口头禅、用词);3.说话的方式比用词更重要;4.人物内在依据大于外在形似;5.强化亮点避免刻意。

【和观众谈恋爱】写剧本好比和观众谈场恋 爱。观众是美女，你首先必须爱她，然后挑 逗、讨好、诱惑她，弄清楚她想什么，她要什 么，然后给予、付出，满足她。可一味地附和，无原则的让步也不行，你得有坚守。你不 能过分宠她，对她的弱点你得抑制、教训、警告、恐吓，随后(高潮时)征服她，方抱得美人归。

【戏剧任务】是一场戏、一个段落甚至整个剧 本中编剧想要完成的任务。它可以同时是角色 的任务，也可分开。攻打无名高地，角色任务 是战胜敌人，戏剧任务却是展现战争的残酷或 兄弟情。要点：1.必须提前明确;2.与角色任 务同步;3.指挥角色动作的真正灵魂;4.角色任务包裹戏剧任务;5.全剧戏剧任务=主题。

【可恨的编剧】编剧是什么?编剧是无中生有的人(虚构)，是无事生非的挑拨者(冲 突)，是狠心郎负心汉(让人流泪)，是奸妻不共戴天的仇敌(激怒)，是大乱的贼子(高潮)……从前有个帅哥巧遇一个美 女，他们一见钟情，坠入爱河，从此过上幸福 的生活——这样一帆风顺的故事谁看呀?

【合理与奇特】写剧本设置人物和事件时常纠 结，因为合理与奇特注定相互矛盾，处处合理 则易平淡，过分奇特又难免违背逻辑。首先考虑奇特，先出奇招，然后将其合理 化。如果费老劲也没能使其合理，弃之。然后重新再寻找并设置一个奇特。即便没有奇特的 事件，也尽量换一个奇特的角度。总之要奇。

【小高潮】相对大高潮而言的，在电影里突 出，因电影一次观赏，结尾前定有最大高潮出现，之前的小危机及解决(拐点)被称为小高潮。电视剧太长，难找大高潮(多次观影)，加之电视剧分集实际由导演最后任意切割，更难准确设置拐点，所以只能模糊。经验：以故事段落为标准，3到6个拐点配一个段落高潮。

【首三集】电视剧约定俗成为长篇评书，在漫长观影过程中，观众要付出大量的时间和关注，于是首三集成为观众决定是否继续看的关键，也成为购片者和电视台(搜集收视率)评判依据，至关重要。英雄三板斧新官三把火： 1.信息量大(人物场面风格视觉动作);2.节奏紧凑;3.冲突迭起;4.戏剧张力强，玩命!5. 制造大悬念(让人觉得后续有大戏要唱);6.有趣(台词、机关设置、细节)。总之，编剧有多大劲使多大劲。

【剧本标准】罗伯特·麦基曾在好莱坞当剧本编 辑，他常写下评语说某剧本场景诙谐、感觉敏 锐、文笔通顺、用词恰当，但故事令人失望。 他从来没有写过这样的评语：该剧本语法糟 糕、拼写错误、对白拗口、方位杂乱、打印格 式不规范，但它故事精彩、动人心魄、人物深 邃、高潮迭起。前者坏剧本，后者好剧本。

【交代戏】虽然对故事背景、人物关系、事件 来龙等需要必要的交代，但应尽量避免纯粹、 单独的交代戏，好的交代应该是：1.非一次性 在不同场景和对话中泄露出来;2.留下可补充 的残缺让观众自己去概括或推理;3.符合场景 和人物自身逻辑自然流露;4.尽量用交代带出 人物性格特种;5.尽量对情节发展有推动。

【过场戏】为衔接两场戏设置的过度段落，特点是游离于剧情之外。不好的剧本通篇都是过场戏，而写得好的过场戏应该是：1.逻辑的一 环，因而不可或缺(虽本身不推动剧情，但拿掉则破坏剧情);2.节奏调节器(不从剧情上起作用，但为下一个高潮做情绪情感铺垫);3.可玩味的闲笔，展现抒情幽默风格趣味风情。

【高潮】指文艺作品中矛盾冲突发展到顶点及 其解决。电影中主角贯穿始终的动作不断遇到 阻碍(冲突)，阻碍来自敌对方(人、自然、有形或无形势力、甚至自身等)，并越来越大，主角危机四伏。结尾前最后一个危机越不过去，酿成遭灭顶之灾，主人公用尽全力反败为胜战胜对手(正剧喜剧)或失败(悲剧)。 要点：1.最后的危机须做到极致(将主人公置于死地);2.一定要形成拐点(顶点急转直下)。

英语作文怎么写？写不好作文是很多初中生存在的问题。而作文是初中英语考试的重要内容，怎么才能写一篇高分英语作文呢？下面是星火小编给大家总结的一些英语写作经验，大家可以看看。

要写好作文，首先要写好开头，怎么写开头呢？下面是一些不同的开头表达方式，大家可以参考看看。

“开门见山”式开头

即要用简单明了的语言引出文章的话题，使人一开始就能了解文章要说明的内容。

①.对于叙事类的文章，可以在开头把人物、时间、事件和环境交代清楚。

如“A Trip to Huangshan(黄山之旅)”的开头就可以是：Last month, my family went to Huangshan by train. It took us ten hours to get there. What a long and tiring journey! We were tired but the beautiful scenery excited us.

②.对于论述性的文章，可以在开头处先阐明自己的观点，接着展开进一步的论述。

如“The Time and the Money(时间和金钱)”的开头可以是：Most people say that money is more important than time. But I don’t think so. First, when money is used up, you can earn it back，but?

这样就将自己想要谈到的话题表达清楚了，接下来再继续论述就可以了。

回忆性开头

在描述事件或游记类的文章中，采用回忆性的开头往往更能吸引人的眼球。这种类型的开头中通常含有描述自己心情或情绪的词汇，如never forget (永远无法忘记), remember (记得)，unforgettable (难以忘怀的), exciting(令人激动的)，surprising(令人惊讶的), sad (难过的)……如“A Trip to Huangshan(黄山之旅)”的开头还可以这样写：I will never forget my first trip to Huangshan. 或It was really an unforgettable experience I had.

疑问性开头

在叙事类或论述性的文章中，都可采用疑问型开头，这样既可以吸引阅卷者的注意又容易抓住中心。

如“Planting Trees(种树)”的开头可以是：Have you ever planted trees? Don’t you think planting trees is ……

再如“Traveling Abroad(出国之旅)”的开头可以是：If you have an opportunity to travel abroad, why not consider Singapore?

倒叙式开头

在有的文章，特别是叙事类的文章中，可以采用倒叙的写作手法，先写出事件的结果，再陈述过程。

如“Catching Thieves (捉贼)”的开头可以这样写：I lay in bed in the hospital. I smiled at my friends even though my legs hurt. Do you want to know what happened to me? Let me tell you. It’s a … story.

倒叙式的写法有一些难写，并且在写作过程中很有可能出现时态混淆的问题，在此建议大家在写作过程中尽量不要倒叙式的方式，避免犯错。

开了一个好头之后，当然要开始写文章的主体部分了，那就是文章的正文。

文章的正文应以文章的开头为线索，具体地叙述、说明或论证文章的主题。文章不论长短，每个段落都必须为主题服务。像说明文和议论文这一类的文章，一个主题还常分成几个小主题，每个小主题要用一个段落处理，另起一段时，应是一层新的意思。每一段的开头，要放一个表示段落小主题的主题句，这样可使文章条理化，易于阅读，便于读者抓住主题。段内的所有句子应围绕主题句的意义加以阐述或论证，为中心思想服务。句子之间应衔结自然，有条不紊，而且还要合乎逻辑，段落中不能出现任何与主题无关的句子；英语写作比较重视主题句的作用，缺少它段落意义就会含糊不清。主题句也可放在段落的中间和末尾等部位，但对初学者来说，以放在段首为好。

在记叙文中，段的结构有时可以很简单，不需要有主题句，叙事一气呵成，中途没有停顿。段与段之所以分开，只是为了起修辞作用，以便把某一细节置于显著的地位。

分段是文章组织上重要的一步，在写一篇文章的时候，一般都会将文章分为3段，第一段也就是文章的开头，第二段是主体部分，第三段自然就是结尾了。当然也可以分成4段等，不管怎么分段，都请大家要记住，在写一篇作文的时候，一定不可以不分段。

接下来就是文章的结尾了，以下是一些写好结尾的方法

1.自然结尾，点明主题。随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。

如“Helping the Policeman(帮助警察)”的结尾可以是：The two children were praised by the police and they felt happy.

再如“The Tortoise and the Hare(龟兔赛跑)”的结尾可以是：When the hare got to the tree, the tortoise had already been there。

2.首尾呼应，升华主题。在文章的结尾可以用含义较深的话点明主题，深化主题，起到“画龙点睛”的效果。

如“I Love My Hometown(我爱家乡)”的结尾可以是：I love my hometown, and I am proud of it.

3.反问结尾，引起深思。这种方式的结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，而且具有一定的强调作用，可引起他人的深思。

如 “Learning English can Give us a Lot of Pleasure (学英语能为我们带来许多乐趣)” 的结尾可以是：If we learn English well, we can …Don’t you think learning English is great fun?

4.表达祝愿，阐述愿望

这种方式的结尾常出现在书信或演讲稿的文体中，表示对他人的祝福或对将来的展望等。

如“A Letter to the Farmers(给农民们的一封信)”的结尾可以是：I hope the farmers’life will be better and better. 另外，书信的结尾常有以下形式的祝福语：Best wishes；I wish you a merry Christmas and a happy new year；I wish you have a good time等。

第四种方法在中考作文中并不会太常用到，中考作文一般都不会要求写关于书信方面的文章，大家可以只是稍加了解。

[初中英语作文写作方法技巧

写作要不要学习写作方法和技巧?我们不妨先看看古今大家的观点。梁代文艺理论家刘勰认为写作是有"术"的，他说:"文场笔苑，有术有门。务先大体，鉴必穷源。"(《文心雕龙·总述》)他还说:"执术驭篇，似善弈之穷数;弃术任心，如博塞之邀遇。"由此看来，刘勰是非常看重"执术"。他所谓"术"，就是为文之"法"，强调了研究掌握"术"(写作方法)的重要性。没有写作技法想获得成功，就像赌博一样，只能靠运气。

写作方法和技巧

1.阅读优秀的作品:这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。

如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。

优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。

尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

2.尽可能多的写:每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。

你写得多了，也就写得好了。

学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。

写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。

只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

3.随时随地记下你的灵感:随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。

当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。

灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。

我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

4.专门的写作时间:每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。

对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。

无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。

每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。

若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

5.随便涂鸦:面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。

你会想:我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。

马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。

只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。

像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是:开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

6.集中精神:写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。

写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。

即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。

关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。

清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

7.先计划，再写: 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。

在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。

每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。

这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个:Snowflake Method.

8.创新: 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。

你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。

渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。

试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

9.修改: 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。

这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。

但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。

好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。

看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。

修改的目标是:更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

10.简明扼要: 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。

一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。

一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。

记得:简单就是力量。

11.富于感染力的句子:在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。

但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。

而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

12.获取别人的反馈: 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。

他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。

认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

13.是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜:就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。

你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。

你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。

如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。

若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。

所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

14.采用对话式的文体: 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。

这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。

刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。

也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。

因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。

若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。

你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

15.好开头和结尾: 开头和结尾是文章的重点。

特别是开头。

如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。

所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

写作结尾小技巧

技法1：卒章显志法

【例1】亲情是一种动力，它能让你走进“独上高楼，望尽天涯路”的境界;能让你拥有“衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴”的执著;能让你品味“报得三春晖”的快乐。

作者以诗意的语言解读亲情的内涵，揭示亲情的力量，把亲情的魅力展示得情感飞扬。卒章显志，主旨鲜明。

【例2】“无论在人生中会遇到什么样的困难，永远都不会放弃，做一个生活的强者!”——这就是我的承诺。(中考作文《这是我的承诺》的结尾)

在文章的结尾，作者非常明确地表达出“我的承诺”的内容，既紧扣文题，又揭示出文章的主旨，可谓卒章显志，曲终奏雅。而且，这一句饱含激情、掷地有声的话语，显示出作者坚强的决心、豪迈的气概，可爱，可敬。

技法2：藏而不露法

【例1】母亲坐在桌前开始吃我为她煮的那碗寿面，我也坐在一边看着她。忽然，我看见两颗晶莹的泪珠滑落在碗里。我问：“妈妈你怎么啦?”母亲抬起了头，哭了。(中考作文《妈妈的生日》的结尾)

文章结尾的描写藏而不露，字里行间流露出母亲因孩子的懂事、“长大”而幸福得落泪的欣慰之情。

江苏省南通市的中考作文《天籁——记一次蛙鸣》，小作者从“独鸣”、“散鸣”、“齐鸣”等多个角度描写了不易捕捉的蛙声，使之诗意化、人格化。并且在“齐鸣”中，议论、抒情与感悟人生相协调，点出文旨“唱出生命的赞歌”。

最让人欣赏的是文章的结尾：“倾听，心听。欣赏，心赏。”它运用了谐音双关的手法，道出文章“倾听”的特质——人与自然的对话与沟通。这个精练而又耐人寻味的结尾，把读者引入一个无限广阔的空间，让读者去感悟，去遐想!

技法3：画龙点睛法

【例1】春天像刚落地的娃娃，从头到脚都是新的，它生长着。

春天像小姑娘，花枝招展的，笑着，走着。

春天像健壮的青年，有铁一般的胳膊和腰脚，领着我们上前去。(课文《春》的结尾)

作者用比喻突出了春天三个特点：新、美丽、有力量，从全新的角度以精辟的语言，总结了全文，揭示了文章的主题。

【例2】马克思的一生，是光辉的一生，也是刻苦学习的一生。他的勤奋学习的精神，是永远值得我们学习的。(《马克思的好学精神》一文的结尾)

结尾对马克思的一生作了概括的、高度的总结，并且点明了题旨。

【例3】朋友，别忘了，做人要从学会说“不”开始，对于失败，对于挫折，对于侮辱，对于强权，要勇敢地说“不”。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会说“不”开始》)

结尾既总结了全文，也点明了文章的主旨。

技法4：抒情议论法

【例1】我望着这群充满朝气的哈尼小姑娘和那洁白的梨花，不由得想起了一句诗：“驿路梨花处处开”。(课文《驿路梨花》的结尾)

结尾抒发了作者赞颂雷锋精神已成为每个人的自觉行动的情怀。

【例2】亲爱的朋友们，当你坐上早晨第一列电车驰向工厂的时候，当你……他们确实是我们最可爱的人!(课文《谁是最可爱的人》的结尾)

不仅充分表达了作者对志愿军战士的爱和赞颂之情，而且对读者有强烈的感染作用。

【例3】是啊!做人要从学会放弃开始。放弃，是我心中一首永恒的诗;放弃，是我生活中一曲五彩的歌;放弃，让我心中的天堑变通途。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会放弃开始》)

作者用诗一般的语言抒发了自己对“放弃”的深深理解和感悟。

技法5：警世醒目法

【例1】动物是我们的朋友，但是却有很多人把它们作为美食。他们虽然大饱口福了，但被吃掉的却是中国和谐的自然环境，更是生态平衡啊!想到这些，我茫然了：我们在吃中国?我们在吃中国!(2007年江苏省扬州市中考作文《吃在中国?在吃中国!》)

小作者高瞻远瞩，告诉世人：你们是在吃中国啊!这是多么警世醒目的语言啊。

【例2】但是，一切已太迟了，太迟了……(《当地球剩下最后一只猴子》)

作者通过地球上最后一只猴子的自述，大胆而真实地幻想了人类是如何一步步走上灭绝之路的。触目惊心的恶果字字千钧，具有震聋发聩、撼人心魄的警世醒目之力。

技法6：设问存疑法

【例1】人之立志，顾不如蜀鄙之僧哉?(课文《为学》的结尾)

以问号作结，寓浓烈的感情于朴素的文字之中，发人深省，给人以深刻的印象。

【例2】“从这么一个开端，这么一个结局里，聪明人难道看不出道理来吗?”(《金融家》的结尾)

采用了反问的形式，这就使结尾不仅深刻有力，而且耐人寻味。

【例3】有一篇中考优秀作文《简单与不简单》，在列举了种种“简单与不简单”的现象，分析了“简单与不简单”的辩证关系之后，文章结尾时，作者写道：

我们每个人的身上都同时有着简单和不简单，问题是我们该追求什么样的简单和不简单。朋友，你说呢?

作者巧妙地提出了“该追求什么样的简单和不简单”的严肃的命题，引发读者思考，启示人们作出正确的抉择，追求有意义的人生。作者尽管没有明说，但引人深思，催人警醒。

技法7：添加后记法

【例1】后记：携反省一起上路，才能在上帝关上门后，发现他留出的另一扇窗。(2007年河北省中考作文《携反省一起上路》)

作者用这个后记使文章新人耳目，画龙点睛，发人深省。

【例2】如中考作文《鲁迅先生，只有一个》的后记：先生正等着我们走出浮华的海面，款款地步入他的心房，与他进行灵魂深处的交流!

在文章的主体部分，作者通过比较尽显鲁迅及其作品的非凡价值，表现出对社会冷落鲁迅的愤慨，进而呼吁我们去亲近和阅读鲁迅及其作品。而后记部分则换了一个角度，以鲁迅先生的视角，呼吁我们与他交流，使文章进一步敲击着读者的心扉，从而走近鲁迅。可以说，这一段后记，堪成画龙点睛之笔，与文章的主体部分互为补充，相得益彰。

技法8：出乎意料法

这种结尾不是按照故事情节的通常逻辑来处理人物的结局，而是用意想不到的结局来安排人物的最终命运，而且在这时候戛然而止，让人在目瞪口呆之余，不禁感叹作者的奇思妙想、生活的荒谬诡谲。如大家熟知的《麦琪的礼物》的结尾就非常出人意料，大大增强了小说的艺术感染力，被称为欧·亨利式结尾。

技法9：首尾呼应法

【例】

[首]都说生活的船不能没有理想的帆，都说生活的理想就是为了理想的生活，而理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

[尾]花季中，我希望自己能永远记住先哲的那句良训：生活的船不能没有理想的帆，生活的理想就是为了理想的生活。

技法10：景物烘托法

如中考满分作文《雨中品读》结尾：风停了，暴雨也结束了，太阳重新露出了笑容。隔在两代人之间的那扇玻璃也被雨后的那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去，消失在一片晚霞中，两者混为一体，没有距离。

技法11：引用诗句法

如中考满分作文《生活，使我懂得了放弃》的结尾：“野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出”，15年来，生活让我懂得了放弃!为了我的理想，为了更多的人可以读书，我必须放弃!

技法12：展望未来法

即在叙述现状之后，结尾展望未来，鼓舞人心，激励斗志。这样的结尾应紧扣题目，照应开头，衔接文章的重点和主体，不仅能引起读者对全文的回味，加深对文章中心思想的印象，而且会使读者受到启发和鼓舞。

写作时要注意，如果文章开头是点明中心，结尾一般采用展望未来的方法，同时，展望的内容一定要与文章的中心思想有关，切忌生搬硬套。

技法13：虚实错位法

每当夜间疲倦，正想偷懒时，仰面在灯光中瞥见他黑瘦的面貌，似乎正要说出抑扬顿挫的话来，便使我忽又良心发现，而且增加勇气了，于是点上一支烟，再继续写些为“正人君子”之流所深恶痛疾的文字。(课文《藤野先生》的结尾)

文章借幻像使虚实错位，把实有的感受抽象化，从而提升作品的格调，这就是使用虚实错位法的结尾。

也可借梦境使虚实错位，如《荔枝蜜》的结尾：“这天夜里，我做了个奇怪的梦，梦见自己变成了一只小蜜蜂。”通过写梦，将文章的寓意推到更高层次，深化了主题，升华了意境。

技法14：留白拓展法

路过幸福，让我感到生命的可贵;路过幸福，让我感到生活的充实;路过幸福，让我感到人生的快乐。朋友，请放缓你的脚步，睁大你的眼睛，敞开你的胸怀……

这是中考满分作文《路过幸福》一文的结尾，采用抒情性的留白，拓展文意，让人回想。留白拓展法就是在作文的结尾有意留下一定的空白，让读者在意犹未尽的氛围中发挥想象，荡开思绪。除抒情性留白，也可设疑留白，如中考满分文《哈哈镜中的我》：

何必要让自己狭小的视角不公正地评价一个人、伤害一个人，何必要熄灭风中的烛光，何必要让所有的孩子都成为一个模子里刻出来的无个性的模型?

以问句结束，余音绕梁，启迪读者进行思考，深化了文章的内涵。

技法15：再现情境法

我在朦胧中，眼前展开一片海边碧绿的沙地来，上面深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。我想：希望是本无所谓有，无所谓无的。这正如地上的路;其实地上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。(课文《故乡》的结尾)

结尾处再现优美的情境，既是对前文的照应，也是对作品主旨的强调，表达了鲁迅对踏出希望之路的信心。

也可用典型的形象再现，如《背影》的结尾：

我读到此处，在晶莹的泪光中，又看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影。唉!我不知何时再能与他相见。

再现父亲买橘背影，真切感人，引起读者强烈共鸣。

The winter solstice, the winter solstice as the "holiday" in han dynasty, the rulers to congratulate ceremony known as "He Dong", official holidays, routine officialdom popular each "winter" worship custom. "Were" has such records: "before and after the winter solstice, the gentleman place static body, baiguan, scenes, and then pick an auspicious day Chen save trouble." So on the court and off to rest, to the army on standby, frontier retreat, business travel out of business, family and all distinctions to food, visit each other, a joyous festival "place static body". When in the six dynasties, the winter solstice is called "the age", people to elders to extend holiday greetings to your parents; After the song dynasty, the winter solstice festival gradually become the sacrifice to ancestors and gods.

Tang and song period, the winter solstice is to worship the day of worship ancestors, the emperor held outside the day to worship, the people in this day to the parents or elders worship. Ming and qing dynasties, the emperor have to worship, of "winter solstice jiao days". There has to be given to a emperor, table officials ritual, but also to each other for congratulations, like New Years day.

Winter festival also called yesterday, hand in winter. It is one of the 24 solar terms, is a traditional festival of China, have "the winter solstice as big as a year". Winter solstice supplements, is Chinas traditional customs, folksay: fill a lump-sum winter, in the coming year without pain. Summer volts, winter lump-sum. The winter solstice mend, nutrients.

冬至到了，汉代以冬至为“冬节”，官府要举行祝贺仪式称为“贺冬”，官方例行放假，官场流行互贺的“拜冬”礼俗。《后汉书》中有这样的记载：“冬至前后，君子安身静体，百官绝事，不听政，择吉辰而后省事。”所以这天朝廷上下要放假休息，军队待命，边塞闭关，商旅停业，亲朋各以美食相赠，相互拜访，欢乐地过一个“安身静体”的节日。魏晋六朝时，冬至称为“亚岁”，民众要向父母长辈拜节;宋朝以后，冬至逐渐成为祭祀祖先和神灵的节庆活动。

唐、宋时期，冬至是祭天祀祖的日子，皇帝在这天要到郊外举行祭天大典，百姓在这一天要向父母尊长祭拜。明、清两代，皇帝均有祭天大典，谓之“冬至郊天”。宫内有百官向皇帝呈递贺表的仪式，而且还要互相投刺祝贺，就像元旦一样。

冬至节亦称冬节、交冬。它既是二十四节气之一，是中国的一个传统节日，曾有“冬至大如年”的说法。冬至进补，是我国传统风俗，俗语云：三九补一冬，来年无病痛。夏养三伏，冬补三九。冬至补一补,一年精气足。

指以形式化的话语组织，象征性地表现个人内心情感的一类文学活动，它与叙事相对，具有主观性、个性化和诗意化等特征。小编收集了关于初中抒情文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

抒情，就是对主观感情的抒发和表达。抒情文则是以情感的抒写作为主要写作目的的文章。抒情是一种重要的写作手法，抒情文也是重要的散文形式之一。

我们每一个人实际上从一出生就会抒情。小孩子见到妈妈时会兴奋地发出“咿咿呀呀”的简单的音节，饥饿时会“哇哇”地大哭，这都是在抒情。等到长大了，逐渐掌握了、更复杂的语言，逐渐学会了书写，将这些语言组织起来，以描述自己的主观感情，并形成书面文字，这就是抒情文。

抒情贵在真实。初写抒情文，一定要抒写自己真实的思想情感，切忌矫揉造作、感情虚假。我国宋代的着名词人辛弃疾有过这么一句词：为赋新词强说愁。它的意思是说，一个人本没有愁，或者说并不真正懂得愁，但是为了写出一首好词，却故意在那里说自己怎么怎么地愁。对于作家、诗人来说，这是写作的需要，但对我们初学写作的人，这就是无病呻吟，是作文中的大忌。我们在写作抒情文章时，一定要想写什么就写什么，心中有什么就写什么，只有这样，文章中表达的情感才会可亲、可信，真实、感人。

从情感的表达方式上讲，抒情有直接抒情和间接抒情之分。“我爱你，中国!我爱你，中国?”这是直接抒情。直接抒情比较直白、热烈，多用带有浓重感情色彩的判断句、陈述句等，同时经常会在句中使用感叹词，如“好美啊”、“真想你呀”。间接抒情则比较含蓄。它往往借助于叙述、描写和议论等手法来抒发感情。如“蓝蓝的天空白云飘，白云下面马儿跑……”用对草原上蓝天、白云、奔腾的骏马来表达心中的喜悦之情。

间接抒情方法很多。有的借助于人或物，通过对人物行为的描写来表达。如一位同学在作文中写到：“妈妈欣慰地笑了。她的眼睛亮晶晶地、盯着我看了很久很久。”通过对妈妈笑了、眼睛亮晶晶地、盯着我看等行为描写，来表现妈妈因“我”的进步而高兴、“我”因自己的行为使妈妈欣慰而自豪的情感。这是“借人抒情”。有的借助于物，在对事物状态的描摩中抒发感情。如：“在这个长满红锈的鱼钩上，闪烁着灿烂的金色的光芒!”(引自《金色的鱼钩》)有的“借事抒情”，将主观感情隐藏在对事件的记叙之中。有的是“借景抒情”，融情于景，通过描写景物来达到抒情的目的。有的是通过议论抒情，把自己真实的思想情感寄托在几句点睛式的议论之中，如“这就是我们新中国的总理。我看见了他一夜的工作。他是多么劳苦，多么简朴!”(引自《一夜的工作》)。

抒情时，应该灵活运用各种表达技巧，如拟人、比喻、对比、象征、衬托、联想、夸张等等。如《美丽的小兴安岭》一文的结尾?quot;小兴安岭是一座巨大的宝库，也是一座美丽的大花园。“运用比喻手法，将小兴安岭的美丽和作者对它的喜爱之情恰到好处地表达了出来。

直接抒情和间接抒情在抒情文中的运用又是如何呢?一般来说，直接抒情多与写人、记事、写景、状物结合使用，在这些写作的基础上，画龙点睛或是点明题意。直接抒情还经常用于作者感受最深刻、感情最强烈的地方，以精练的语言表达浓郁的感情和强烈的感染力。间接抒情因其表现手法的多样和含蓄，运用和也比直接抒情要广泛。但在大多情况下，两者是结合使用的，在间接抒情的基础上，以直接抒情点题或是升华情感，效果往往不错。

在节假日，小学生在父母和老的在节假日，小学生在父母和老师的带领下，到公园和游览区欣赏景物、陶冶性情。如果将游览时看到的景物，所听到的声音，所产生的联想，所获得的感受，按照一定的顺序，有重点、有感情地记录下来，就是一篇游记。

一、 按游览的顺序描写景物。

写作时，要在认真观察和记忆游览的景物的基础上，按照见到景物的次序，来写所看到的景物。这样才能做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不致于杂乱。观察景物，通常有两种方法。一种就是定点观察。如站在公园某一角，对公园进行由远及近的观察。又如我们登上塔顶，从东南西北四个方向对塔下景物进行观察。二就是移动观察，它又叫移步换位法。就是随着脚步的移动变换位置，一处一处地进行观察。选好了观察点，就是确定好了写作的顺序。

二、 抓住游览重点，详写过程。

一次参观游览活动，看到的景物很多，我们不能记流水帐。要把看到的景物中印象较深的写下来，其余地可以写得简略些。我们要一边参观游览，一边要抓住景物的特点，进行仔细观察。比方说，我们要写游览看到的景物为主的记叙文，写作的重点就是把看到的景物重点写下来。对于我们看到的特别好的景物，我们要进行具体地描写，突出重点。对于重点的景物，要注意详细描写出它们的位置、大小、动态、静态、颜色等。如我们写菊花，颜色就有红的如枫叶、白的如冰霜、黄的如麦穗等等，菊花的形状就有像小姑娘的卷发，毛茸茸的小鸡，绣球等等。我们要把过程写详细、具体，做到主次分明，详略得当，写出来的文章才能突出重点，清楚明白，才能写出游览的意义，才有教育意义。

三、略写前后，情、理、景相结合。

我们在写游记时，应把开头和结尾写得简略些，作文指导《小学生游记作文范文写作技巧》。开头要交待清楚时间、地点和人物。如《游善卷洞》的开头我的故乡江苏宜兴有一处著名的游览胜地——善卷洞。结尾应用议论或抒情的方式写下自己的感受。如《天然动物园漫游记》的结尾写道‘哈哈……’我们在欢笑声中结束了这次愉快的野游。朱库米天然动物园行的乐趣是无穷的，无怪乎世界各地前去游览的人络绎不绝。这样，写的文章有头有尾，读起来给人一个完整的印象。我们要把感情融化于景物中，写出真意。写作时，我们要倾注自己的思想感情。还有，我们在写景的同时，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题，治学精神，使读者在领略自然风景的同时，受到启迪和教育。

切忌：

一、游记作文不要写成旅游路线图;

二、针对你游览的某一地留下深刻印象的景点来作文;

三、必须考虑游记的顺序，空间，时间，角度(远到近);

四、描写不必面面俱到，要懂得删减枝叶;

五、选着留有深刻印象的点来做发挥，其中一定要有详略，那几个略写哪几个详写要想清楚;

六、注意历史事物和历史事件，传说的巧妙结合，更能凸显出游览的意义和文章的深度;

七、借景抒情的手法应该运用;

八、人文景观的描写中，环境烘托是必要的，选着恰当的景色进行烘托;

九、自然景观的描写中，修辞手法应该运用，但是不要落俗套，好好自己去用心感受，最好有些贴切的修辞创新。

俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。

一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数、第三人称单数不加s，前后不一致，以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。

1. 审题不清

如2004年中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。

2.拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。

3.名词单复数问题

误 my father and my mother is all teacher。

正 my father and my mother are both teachers。

[中考英语作文写作常见的三个错误

作文是六级考试的一个重要得分部分，可说起写作技巧，很多同学都会皱眉头，抱怨无话可写，内容平淡。下面是小编整理的六级写作的七大要点，欢迎阅读。

一、 长短句原则。

工作还得一张一弛呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、 主题句原则。

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

三、 一 二 三原则。

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、短语优先原则。

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。

其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。

比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable 之类的形象词。

再比如： 走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则。

1)加法(串联)都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：When to go, Why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don’t enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏) 要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、挑战极限原则。

既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀!原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 如果你可以写出这样的句子，不得高分才怪!

以前，我一看见作文就头疼，就怕写作文。现在，我一看见作文简直就是爱不释手，并且出口成章。为什麽呢?让我告诉你!

在我四年级的时候，很怕写作文。一天，老师又让我们写一篇作文，还要求说必须题目新，选材新，开头新，结尾新……总之，这次作文只要做到“新”字，就算过关。本来就写不好作文的我听到了这些条件，皱起了眉头。

我漫不经心的拿起一本书看看，嘿，“奇迹”发生了!

我看的书名叫《教你如何写作文》，我正愁没发写，就认真的看了起来。从中，我知道了：

如果你是写人的，你就要着重表现人物的思想品质和性格特点，以鲜明的形象感染读者，表现你对人物的某种褒贬、爱憎。

如果你是记事的，你就要以叙述事情为主，表现事情的某种意义，反映你对事物的某种态度和看法。

如果你是写游记的，你可以描绘山水风光等自然景物为主的记叙文。游记的取材范围较广：山川风物、习俗人情、异域胜景，色彩纷呈，处处可游，景景可记。

如果你写演讲稿，你就要遵循以下几个原则：

一：主题明确，感情真挚。

二：内容充实，材料具体。

三：条理清楚，思路清晰。

四：语言简洁，形象生动。

如果你是写……

朋友，假如你写作时还犯愁，就快看看以上的内容吧!

我可是有不小的收获呦!!!

不少中学生作文时都没有写提纲的习惯。有的不懂得写提纲的重要性，怕耽误时间，会写而不写；更多的是不会写或不会写合要求的、有用的提纲。作文前应该写好提纲，这是保证作文成功的一项重要举措。老舍先生说：有了提纲心里就有了底，写起来就顺理成章；先麻烦点，后来可省事。由此可见，学会写提纲，养成作文前写提纲的习惯，应该是中学生写作学习的重要任务，是有效提高写作水平的好方法。

提纲犹如工程的蓝图、作战的计划，要力求写得符合要求。有些同学常写1．事情的开始；2．事情的经过；3事情的结果一类的提纲．这太空洞，对作文没有什么用处，不成其为提纲。也有同学把提纲写成文章的内容提要，这又太繁琐，也不好。还有的同学把提纲写得呆板、生硬，缺少变化，缺少特色，这样的提纲当然也不算好提纲，也会严重影响作文的质量。

应该如何写提纲才合要求呢？

一、提纲要切题。例如，有同学写《说功夫不负有心人》的提纲是这样写的：1．有心就是有明确的目的；2．有心就是有正确的方法；3有心就是有认真的态度和创造精神。认真审一下题便可知道，这一种提纲就比较切题。

二、提纲要体现体裁特点。假如要以《门》为题分别写议论文、说明文、记叙文，则其提纲，应该分别体现出不同的体裁特点。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

要写好一个人物，无外乎是写人物的语言、行动、外貌(肖像)、心理等等。下文是小编整理的人物写作技巧与方法，欢迎阅读参考!

人物描写，根据描写的对象，可以分为外貌描写(肖像、衣着、神态)、语言描写、动作描写、心理描写和细节描写。写人，可以直接写头发、画眼睛，使其栩栩如生，这叫直接描写;还可以通过间接的方法写人，如通过第三者的转述介绍某人，通过描写第三者来反衬某人，以写景状物来烘托某人等等。根据描写人物的详略，轻重、着墨的浓淡，我们还可以将人物描写归纳为白描、漫画式勾勒、浓墨重彩细描等等。

一、白描

文字简练单纯，不加渲染烘托。它没有浓烈色彩的描写，不借助比喻、比拟等修辞手法，也不用或少用形容词，依然描写出事物的形象。如：

“其时进来的是一个黑瘦的先生，八字须，戴着眼镜，挟着一叠大大小小的书。”(鲁迅《藤野先生》)

寥寥数语，就活化出一位生活俭朴、治学严谨的学者形象。

二、漫画式勾勒

即以夸张的手法、揶揄的口吻，将人物勾画成奇形怪状、荒诞陆离的形象，以表达嘲笑、憎恶、同情等思想感情。如：

“他倘若低头看，断然是看不到自己的脚尖的，中间隆起的那个部位，会把视线挡住。稀稀拉拉的花白头发，整齐地朝后梳拢着，蘸了水，没有一根错乱的。白皙皙的脸上，看不见一条皱纹，像刚出锅的馒头。由于胖，鼻子、眼睛就显得特别小;由于小，就显得格外精采有神。”(王润滋《卖蟹》)

通过描写，塑造出“过滤嘴”的形象：老而胖，整洁考究，富态优裕，高人一等。在描写中渗透着作者的嘲笑。

三、浓墨重彩细描

即以生动、形象、传神的语言，多方位、多层次、多角度，细致全面地去刻画人物形象。如：

“……坐在南首的是一个瘦瘦的，五十上下的中国人;穿一件牙黄的长衫，嘴里咬着一支烟嘴，跟着那火光的一亮一亮，腾起一阵一阵烟雾。”

“他的面孔黄里带白，瘦得叫人担心，好像大病新愈的人，但是精神很好，没有一点颓唐的样子，头发约莫一寸长，显然好久没剪了，却一根一根精神抖擞地直竖着。胡须很打眼，好像浓墨写的隶体‘一’字。”

“黄里带白的脸，瘦得让人担心，头上直竖着寸把长的头发;牙黄羽纱的长衫;隶体‘一’字似的胡须;左手里捏着的一支黄色烟嘴，安烟的一头已经熏黑了。”(阿累《一面》)

这三处，作者通过全面而细致的描写，刻画出处于艰苦条件下的鲁迅的精神面貌，一位“越老越顽强”的伟大战士的形象，即赫然屹立在我们的面前。

人物描写的方法是很多的，每种方法各有千秋，同学们可以根据写作的需要，灵活地加以运用。

[人物写作技巧与方法

导语：英语作文是最容易拿分，也是最容易丢分的题型。写作上面有什么技巧呢?下面是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望能够对您有所帮助。

一：开头

句子的开头方式，不要一味地都是主语开头，接着是谓语、宾语，最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置于句首，或用分词做状语等。

〔原文〕We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.

〔修正〕Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.

〔原文〕The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.

〔修正〕Hearing the bad news， the young man couldn’t help crying.

二：经过

2.在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等。

①强调句

〔原文〕I met him in the street yesterday.

〔修正〕It was in the street that I met him yesterday.

It was yesterday that I met him in the street.

②由with或without引导的短语。如:

He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand.

③分词短语。如:

Satisfied with the result，He decided to go on with a new experiment.

④倒装句。如:

Only in this way can we achieve our goal.

Never before have I seen such a wonderful film.

Not only should we study in the college, but also learn how to be a decent person.

⑤省略句。如:

If so，victory will be ours.

You can make some changes wherever necessary.

3.通过分句和合句，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

〔原文〕He stopped us half an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.

〔修正〕He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.

〔原文〕We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.

Some told stories. Some played chess.

〔修正〕After a short rest， we had great fun singing and dancing， telling jokes and playing chess.注意使用不同长度的句子，要结合使用，不能只用短句或只用长句。

4.学会使用过渡词。如:

①递进: then(然后)， besides(还有)， furthermore(而且)， moreover(此外)等。

②转折: however(然而)， but(但是)， on the contrary (相反)， after all(毕竟)等。

③总结: finally(最后)， at last(最后)， in brief(总之)， in conclusion(最后)等。

④强调: indeed(确实)， certainly(一定)， surely(确定)， above all(尤其)等。

⑤对比: in the same way(同样地)， just as(正如)， on the one hand…on the other hand(一方面……另一方面……)等。

相似的比较： similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …,

5.注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。如:

〔原文〕A new railway is being built in my hometown.

〔修正〕A new railway is under construction in my hometown.

6.避免重复使用某一单词或短语。如:

〔原文〕I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

〔修正〕I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

I like reading while watching television appeals to my brother.

三、 结尾

1、 All in all, what really matters is, in fact, that……(比如说到和谐社会 All in all, what really matters is, in fact, that we should build our society a harmonious society.)

2、 Therefore, it’s not difficult to draw a conclusion that……

3、 As a result , we should take effective measures to do sth.(我们必须采取一些有效的措施来做些什么)

4、 From what has been discussed above , we may conclude that ……

5、 Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

还是有的。我这里给即将高考的考生赠送一粒“临时抱佛脚”的“高考作文速升法仙丹”，让你们在高考作文时，不会那么慌乱、盲目、抓瞎。敬请服用!药不能停!

上周在广东某市，晚上吃饭时，一位教育局领导问我，孩子在市重点上学，初中作文写得还不错，上了高中之后，作文写得越来越不好了。能不能抽出半个小时，跟她谈谈怎样写好作文?

写作文是个大难题，只谈半个小时就要有效果，就是天上文曲星下凡也做不到啊。但老虎老师知难而上，略微思考了三秒钟说，好吧，我试试。

实际上谈得很融洽，四十多分钟，高中生很高兴地走了。教育局领导说，没想到，叶开老师竟然可以从阅读开始，这么讲写作文。

我说，这是我长期的实践经验，对于在小学初中阶段缺乏有效阅读积累的学生，这种临时抱佛脚的方法，也非常有效。

前 天，我在杭州讲课，与来杭州东站接我的省语文教研员章老师说到这件事情，我说，写作文还是有技巧的，但是中小学作文教学都比较盲目，教师自己擅长“下水” 写作的很稀少，又没有好的写作课教材可以参考，完全是“摸着石头过河”。因此，中小学作文的教与学，除了少数语文老师摸到窍门之外，大多数主要都处在“摸 猫”状态，学生写作文很不稳定。我的办法是：“一本书，一名作家，一个时代······”

具体解释了我的“速成法”之后，章老师觉得非常有效，值得推广。

语 文能力本应是一种综合的人文素养，但今天的应试教育体系下，语文也变成了没完没了的刷题，并且耗费了大量的精力和时间，并没有刷出好的效果。尤其是高考作 文，通常做法是猜题测题套题，滥用好词好句名人名言，而通篇内容空洞，虚情假意。这样的作文，即使“不离题”，也只能拿到中等的分数。高考一分只差就会痛 失名校，这样的“中等”作文，在参加高考时完全不行。

语文的客观题，通常在学生们的三年高中学习中都刷题刷到头晕了，基本合格的学生，大多知道王维王摩诘李白李太白，丢分通常是课文以外的知识没法答出来。这些我们不讲。

而70分的作文，则是难以把握的重中之重。满分要靠命，不能乱追求。但是要保证能考到58-63分的优秀线，语文分数就很高了。

如果深入了解“一本书、一名作家、一个时代”的深阅读写作法，你真的很有可能写出满分高考作文。对于初中生、小学生来说，这个方法也非常有效，可以说更加有效。

丰富有效的阅读，是中小学生写出好作文的核心基础，丢开阅读谈写作的都是耍流氓。但如果在小学、初中里读书比较少，积累不够多，到了高中阶段怎么办?具体的做法是：

1、找一本你最喜欢的书，精读。读过了没关系，再读两遍。广东那个高中生是喜欢毛姆的《月亮与六便士》，我建议她再读两遍，然后找英文原版读一遍。并且要对法国大画家高更的人生有个了解，看看他的画和他的相关传记。

2、了解英国作家毛姆的人生和他的其他作品，有时间的话可以延伸阅读他的其他名作如《人性的枷锁》《刀锋》、以及游记《在中国的屏风上》等。毛姆曾不远万里来到中国，去四川成都拜见一个拖着大辫子的中国老头辜鸿铭。你要知道这些琐碎的事情。

3、 了解毛姆所处的时代，对那个时代的其他作家也要有些了解，知道个大概。如第一次世界大战时毛姆在干什么，第二次世界大战时他在干什么。还有，他同时代的作 家如英国的萧伯纳、德国的托马斯·曼、法国的安德烈·纪德等，他们都在干什么。那个时代的中国，还有怪人辜鸿铭等，凡是毛姆知道的、认识的，都可以略微了 解，明白一点当时的时代背景和思想潮流，会知道毛姆对自然与人性的认识。

在深入阅读《月亮与六便士》之后，你在写作文时，就可以不断调用这 部作品以及这位作家的资料来充实内容了。比如，某年广东的作文题目是“心灵中闪过微光”，题目不佳，很抽象，很难写好。但我们运用《月亮与六便士》的内 容，可以这么说，“当法国画家高更离开繁华而喧嚣的巴黎，来到南太平洋深处的波利尼西亚群岛时，他的内心充满了矛盾与沮丧。就在那里，他碰到了一个塔希提 姑娘。在塔希提岛上，他度过了人生中最丰富也是最珍贵的时期······”

如此类推，无论什么作文题，都可以套用。

对中国考生，通常来说最好的选择是“四大名著”，因为阅卷老师大多读过，没读过的也肯定知道(没读过四大名著的语文老师?哼哼!不配当语文老师)，因此，你在高考作文时，恰当地引用“四大名著”的内容时，他们都会知道，很容易让他们产生亲切感。

上海特级语文教师余党绪说，他有个学生特别喜欢《水浒传》，了如指掌，说什么都知道，写作文时，无论什么题目都能绕到《水浒传》上。因此他的作文说理时很有逻辑，资料很有说服力。高考时，这位同学写出了满分作文。

如果你对《水浒传》如数家珍，在写作时能够恰当地引用，并逻辑合理，即使不能满分，也基本都是可以达到优的分数，确保语文的考试在优秀级别，就可以于考试中，立于不败了。

昨天下午两点钟，我在杭州江干区采荷中学讲《人工智能时代的创造性写作》，谈了一堆万物互联、纳米技术、大脑扫描、人机结合声明、碳基生命和硅基生命等内容，最后谈到了《西游记》，

我 建议听课的六百多名初一同学，如果喜欢的话就精读《西游记》。什么叫做精读呢?就是除了吴承恩的《西游记》之外，你还知道朱鼎臣的《唐三藏西游释厄传》杨 致和的《西游记传》等相关作品，最好还知道丘处机等《长春真人西游记》、玄奘的《大唐西域记》等不直接有关但是可以拓展认识的作品。当代的影视改编版本， 如上海美术电影制片厂早期的动画片《大闹天宫》、央视版《西游记》、如刘镇伟、周星驰版《大话西游》、如周星驰版《西游降魔篇》，还有新的动画片《西游记 之大神归来》，新的改编版《西游记之三打白骨精》以及周润发等主演的新《大闹天宫》等。另外，现代人新解《西游记》，如今何在等《悟空传》等，也可以了 解，还可以看看《孙悟空等师父是谁》等网文，知道一下人们为何用“猪一般的队友”等方式来活用《西游记》这部经典，这样，你写作文时，就言之有物，下笔如 有神了。

我小时候是胡乱生长的，整天都是打家劫舍、捉鱼摸虾，没干什么好事。但是父亲比较关心我们的阅读，在七十年代末书籍缺乏年代，我们还是能读到“四大名著”连环画等小人书，后来看到梁羽生、金庸、古龙等人的武侠小说，语文课本之外，知道了世界如此丰富。

这些武侠小说虽然算不上是经典名著，但也开拓了我们的知识，拓展了我们的思维。我少年时代读金庸的《天龙八部》，完全不明白什么叫做“天龙八部”，也完全不懂佛经佛法佛教，但知道了大理国、吐蕃、西夏、大辽，那个宋代四面受敌的时代，在武侠小说里写得比革命史精彩多了。

后来，我算是把金庸的武侠小说全都读透了，八十年代初进入大陆的香港电视连续剧如《射雕英雄传》《神雕侠侣》等，成为我们那个时代的精神大餐。

为了深入理解新派武侠小说，我也曾有意识地了解了金庸先生的人生经历，后来顺藤摸瓜，又去读了旧式武侠小说如《三侠五义》等。这种延伸性阅读法，使我的阅读比同龄人丰富得多，在高考时，我几乎毫不费力地拿到了全县语文高考的最高分。

后来考研究生、考博士，我都是第一名，这个真是轻轻松松，势如破竹，完全可以大肆吹嘘的。

女儿说：“爸爸是考神!”

是因为，我有好办法，又能更早地运用这种方法。

好方法不常有，能把好方法运用好的更是不寻常。

纵观历年的高考书面表达，其文体题材各异，有书信、口头通知、简介、日记、自我介绍、记叙文、描写文、说明文、看图作文等，不同的体裁需要考生应用适当的篇章结构，将题目所提供的信息清晰、明了、准确，逻辑合理地表达出来。

篇章结构在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用，同样的信息点会因为不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明，逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者在很短的时间内获得并准确理解题目所规定的信息;而叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章则让人一头雾水，不知所云何物。当然，后者是失败的表达，即使作者在写作的过程中使用了再漂亮的词汇和句型，混乱的文章结构也不会让读者准确领悟作者的意图。

记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。

记叙文的写作要素：

1 要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who ,how，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。

2. 事情的叙述可以按时间或空间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，从而理解文章主题。

3. 时态通常使用与过去有关的时态，如一般过去时。

记叙文的篇章结构：

开头 the beginning——交待必要的背景。如：时间、地点、人物等。

中间 the middle——交待故事情节(事情的主体)。如：事件的发生、发展和前因后果。(可以使用表示时间或空间的连接词，使文章连贯。 如：at first…then…few minutes later…)

结尾 the ending——事情的结果或感想、愿望等。(所表达的感想或愿望应与所记叙的内容有关系，起到扣题或点题的作用，使文章结构紧凑)。

例如NEMT2000

假设你是李华，正在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你目击了一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时的所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。

注意：1. 目击者应该准确报告事实

2. 词数100左右

3. 结尾已为你写好

考场作文怎样开头，这决定考题所规定的内容，文章的性质和考生独特的构思。小编整理了中考作文的开头写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

古人说“凤头豹尾”，就是说开头要写得有姿有彩，像凤凰的头那样，有人说：“好的开头等于成功的一半”，这些都说明了开头的重要。同样，好的开头，对于中考作文来说，也具有重要意义。

那么，什么样的开头是好的呢?文无定法，开头无固定的格式，衡量好坏的标准只有一个，那就是看它是不是文章的有机组成部分，能否为文章的内容和中心服务，能否吸引读者读下去。

由于时间与篇幅的限制，考场作文的开头讲究简洁、生动、优美，可考虑选用如下开头方法。

1、开门见山式 所谓“开门见山”，是一种比喻的说法，指的是写文章时直截了当入题的一种写法。如《谈骨气》一开头就亮出观点：“我们中国人是有骨气的。”《白杨礼赞》一开头就触及题旨：“白杨树实在是不平凡的，我赞美白杨树!”这种方法在各类文章的写作中得到广泛的运用，占有很大的比例。它的表达角度，可以是开头直叙本事，也可以起笔点题;可以开宗明义揭示主旨，也可以单刀直入点明敌论。如此等等。由于这种写法干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓，所以应为考场作文开头的首选方法。

2、背景渐入式 自然科学告诉我们宇宙是一个大系统，社会科学告诉我们，人类社会又是一个大系统。一棵树是在一座森林的系统之内，一片叶又属于这棵树的系统。一个人属于社会这个系统，一根指头又属于这个人的系统。因此，任何单个事物，任何一种现象都离不开它所属的系统，即它赖以生存的社会背景或自然背景。如《孔己已》开头：“当街一个曲尺形的大柜台……可以随时温酒”。《在烈日和暴雨下》开头：“六月十五那天，天热得发了狂!”这些开头或交待事情发生的时间、地点、节令、气候或阐述论题的背景、环境等。在考场作文时，有些题目乍一看，觉得突兀，不可捉摸，但联系背景一想，便豁然开朗了。如1999年的高考作文题目是《假如记忆可以移植》，联系近几年的科技发展，克隆技术的问世了，基因可以移植了，航天技术更是突飞猛进。近几年来，我国的经济持续发展，经济建设取得了突出成就。联系这些背景，文章的内容可写了，联想与想象也便有了立足点了。

3、设问置疑式 先倒叙事情的结果，设置悬念，或先设问破题，引起说明或议论。如《枣核》的开头：“动身访美之前，……可是却很蹊跷。”又如《万紫千红的花》开头设问：“花为什么会有各种美丽鲜艳的色彩呢?”这种开头方法，其目的是设置悬念，引起读者的关注，激发读者的兴趣，同时增加文章的曲折，显现文章的布局之美。这种开头技法在中考作文中的频率很高。当然，这种开头形式要注意巧妙运用，避免单一、或追求形式上的好奇。

(其实，这种开头的形式是很丰富的，如： ①先提出一个悬而未决的问题。 ②先截取一个精彩的事件片断。 ③先交待一个起线索作用的物件。 ④先安排一个引发故事的场景。 ⑤先介绍与故事情节紧密相关的人物。)

4、名言警句式 开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等，可以达到吸引读者，帮助突出中心的作用。如《回声》开头引用了艾青的一首诗。《怀疑与学问》开头引用了程颐的话：“学者先要会疑”等。这种开头法，也是一般考生容易掌握和便于使用的方法。试想，哪个考生记不得几首古诗，几句格言，几条名言呢?考场作文，因题而异，相机引用，又何乐而不为?名言警句式开头运用得自如，往往能增强开端的气势，使人感到突兀、峥嵘、高远。当然，引用时要尽量准确，避免出现知识性错误。

5、精辟设喻式 开头设喻，以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头：“石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。”《马说》开头：“世有伯乐，然后有千里马。”以伯乐与千里马的故事为喻引出中心论点，精辟设喻式多用于议论文的开头，它能使文章发端新颖，增强文章的吸引力和表达效果。既然是“设喻”，就得注意所言之“他物“与本题有一定的相似之处，不能牵强附会。

此外，还有抒情议论议式，刻画人物式等开头法，在此不一一赘述。

总之，考场作文怎样开头，这决定考题所规定的内容，文章的性质和考生独特的构思。各位考生拿到题目后，勿必三思而后行，切忌草草了事。

正像巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我。

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活、精干的文学体裁。作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明。

同时，这也就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。也如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”，写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在，这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

首先，必须明确一个散文写作观念，即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有的教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人、写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者的业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。感情体验，是散文的内在结构，有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。

有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显，而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。

只要弄清这些，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

记叙散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述“我”和该人，重点在后，介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】一种情况:一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。另一种情况:几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起，以对该人的感情体验及整体议论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。

抒情散文模式

【开头】①叙述自己与景物的关系。②议论景物和自己。

【中间】①描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。②发挥联想。

【结尾】感慨

删除诸如"who is”或"that is"类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

说明文的中心鲜明突出，文章具有科学性，条理性，语言确切生动。下面是小编帮大家整理的说明文的写作技巧，希望大家喜欢。

写说明文和写其它文章一样，必须明确写作意图，确立文章中心;充分占有材料，力求做到言之有物、言之有序。除了这些一般性的要求之外，说明文的写作还有如下要求：

（一） 抓住事物特征，把握说明中心

任何事物都具有自身的质的规定性，一个事物的特征是区别于其它事物的标志。写说明文只有抓住事物的特征，才能把被说明的事物准确清晰地介绍给读者，让人们对事物有确切的了解。事物往往有方面的特征，介绍事物时，不可能在一篇说明文里面面俱到;只能根据需要，一次谈一两个特征。因此，要写好说明文，还必须把握说明文的中心。如：《漫活圆周率》是一篇介绍数学基础的说明文。文章题为“漫话”，并没有漫无边际地随意堆砌关于圆周率的材料，而是围绕求出圆周率的更精确的数值这个中心，向人们介绍了古今中外数学家对圆周率的数值所做的贡献。

抓住事物特点，把握说明中心，这是写说明文的一个重要要求，要做到这一点，写作者必须在写作前对被 说明的事物作深入细致的研究。必须懂得只有熟悉被说明的事物，认识并掌握被说明事物本身的规律性，才能做到这一点。

（二） 针对具体情况，选好写作角度

写说明文也是要求有的放矢的。写什么、怎样写，要从读者的实际情况考虑，使文章具有针对性，切合读者的知识水平、职业特点和年龄大小。往往读者对象不同，写的角度也不同。如阐述吸烟有害的说明文很多，有的是针对老年人的，有的是对妇女而言的，的有是对青少年而言的，角度不同，说明的内容则各有侧重。《青少年吸烟害处大》这篇文章从青少年是国家的未来和希望的高度介绍吸烟对青少年的危害，突出分析青少年的生理特征，说明青少年接触毒性物质比成年人吸收快、排除慢、毒害大的情况，指出“吸烟对青少年是绝对有害而无一利的”。这样说明目的清楚，针对性强。

写说明文选取什么角度要依实际情况而定。比如，介绍牛的知识，如果是为饲养者写的，要侧重介绍牛的生活习惯和特性;如果是为使用者写的，要侧重介绍牛的功能和力气;如果是为兽医写的，则主要介绍它的身体构造;如果是为食用者写的，可以主要介绍它的营养价值。当然，作为科普知识介绍，不妨全面一点为好。

（三） 务求解说清楚、做到条理分明

写说明文的目的就是让人获得知识的技能，只有解说清楚，才能达到这个目的。说明说明，一说即明，如何解说清楚，要讲究说明的方法，注意结构的安排，着力语言的运用。关于说明的方法，这里就不详细介绍了。这里着重讲讲结构安排的条理性问题。

文章的条理性是客观事物、事理本身的特点、规律在文章结构上的反映。说明文解说事物、阐释事理要按其本身的条理来安排说明的次序，使之层次清楚，主次分明，安排说明文的结构首先要注意条理性。如何具体安排结构，不同类型的说明文有不同要求，介绍产品制作过程的说明文，往往按照产品生产工序来安排结构，如叶圣陶的《景泰蓝的制作》是一篇介绍手工工艺品景泰蓝的说明文。它按照制作工艺的程序，抓住“做胎”、“掐丝”、“涂色”、“烧制”、“打磨”五道关键工序依次作了详细具体的说明，全篇言之有序，给人的印象十分鲜明。这一类安排，以时间变化为序，着重写事物的过程。

（四）语言准确简明，文字通俗浅显

选用准确的语言，精当地解说事物的事理，是说明文语言的基本要求。说明文是以介绍知识性内容为主的，只有如实反映被说明内容的客观情况，才能保证知识的科学性。相反，语言不准确就会失去知识的科学性。

明代学者徐光启笔译古数学家欧几里得的《几何原理》，其中的一节：

凡论度必始于一体。自点引之而为线，自线广之而为面，自面积之而为体，各自三大纲。是心有长而无阔者谓之线，有长与阔而无厚者谓之面，长与阔厚俱全者谓之体。唯点无长阔厚薄，其间不能容，不可以数度，然线之两端即点，而线面体皆由此生。点虽不入于数，实为从数之本。

这节解说数学基本概念的说明文，把什么是点、线、面、体，点与数度的联系和区别作了确切的阐释，语言也很精当。

此外，在说明文中往往有些内容是带有专门化的科学知识，涉及一些专门名词和专业术语，在说明中特别要求把它们运用得准确无误，使读者便于领会。如：“航空”与“航天”是两个不同的概念，有篇文章作了这样的解说：“飞机在大气层内飞行，称为航空;卫星、飞船在大气层外飞行，称为航天。它们是采用不同的飞行器在不同的空间来完成飞行任务的”。这种解说是十分准确的，使人对什么叫“航空”、什么叫“航天”得到了科学的了解。

说明文的语言必须简要精当。看下面的这段文字：

“蝉的幼虫脱皮是从背上开始的。先出来的一层旧皮从背上裂开，露出淡绿色的蝉来。先出来的是头，接着是吸管和前腿，最后是后腿和折叠着翅膀，只留下尾边尖儿还在那层旧皮里。这时候，它腾起身子，往后翻下来，头部倒挂着，原来折叠着的翅膀打开了，竭力伸直。接着，用一种几乎看不清的动作尽力把身体翻上去，用前脚的爪子钩住那层旧皮。这个动作使它的尾巴尖儿从那层旧皮里完全脱出不了。那层旧皮就只剩下空壳，成了蝉蜕，。从开始到完全脱出来，大约要半个钟头。

这段文字不到二百个字，具体说明了蝉的幼虫脱皮的整个过程。用简明的语言把幼虫脱皮的复杂动作细致而真切地写出来了。文字不枝不蔓，语言富有表现力，给人很清晰的印象。、

说明文要介绍一些科学知识和一些内容，往往是一般人所不熟悉的内容人，要把专门化的科学知识解说清楚，让人易于了解，必须做到深入浅出，通俗易懂，生动活泼，富有趣味。如，《洲际导弹自述》是一篇介绍洲际导弹知识的科技小品。文章用拟人化手法把洲际导弹问世、分类、构造、特点及其威力和弱点都解说得十分清楚，文章把它赋予假定的人类行为，读起来生动风趣，易于理解。为了把说明文写得生动活泼、通俗易懂，人们常常运用各种修辞手法，增强文章的形象性、趣味性。

在说明文的写作中，应该注意克服几种常见的毛病。这就是：

第一，防止知识性的差错。如有篇写“牛”的习作这样写道：“牛有水牛、黄牛两种，牛是反刍动物，只吃青草，不必喂料。牛都两只角，体强力大，是世界各国普遍使用的耕作工具。”由于写作者对有关牛的知识了解不够，有些只是一知半解。所以写起来造成知识性的错误。世界上牛的品种不只水牛、黄牛两种，杂交品种的牛并不长角;除了青草外，还必须给牛喂其它饲料;世界上也不是普遍使用牛作为耕作工具，牛还有专供食用、奶用或运输用,甚至作为神物崇拜的。

第二避免文体性的错误。如有篇说明文题为《蚯蚓》，其中写道：“……别看这小动物不惹眼，它可天天在松土、干活，它不讲究吃穿，不讲究休息，不讲住的，不讲报酬，整天埋头苦干，为人们劳作耕地，让作物生长茂盛。我不禁想起我们的老师，他们也有蚯蚓精神。

我愿作一条辛勤劳动的蚯蚓。”

显而易见，这篇习作把一篇说明文写成了一篇借物咏志的抒情散文了。

第三，克服片面性的论述。如，有篇题为《青蛙》的知识小品，介绍青蛙时写道：“青蛙是两栖、变温的动物，营养价值很高，……”这样定是片面的，青蛙能捕捉害虫，有益于庄稼的生长，只写它营养价值高，不宣传要保护它，饲养它，必然会造成不良社会影响。片面性是不利普及科学知识的。