初中英语演讲简短(合集20篇)

In China , tea has a very long history and has formed the Chinese tea

culture. At the same time, tea is beneficial to our health, thus it is well

received by many people. Chinese tea culture is both extensive and profound,

which not only contains the level of material culture, but also includes a deep

level of spiritual civilization. Referring to Chinese tea, we can trace it back

to ancient times, which flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, Since then,

the spirit of tea has penetrated into the court and society, going deep into

Chinese poetry, painting, calligraphy , religion and medicine. For thousands of

years, China has accumulated a great deal of culture in tea cultivation and

production, moreover, enriching the spiritual culture of tea.

Once a year the Spring Festival is coming, everybody busy couplets, everybody is bursting with happiness atmosphere, very happy, our family is no exception, on the twenty-nine, I just got up, my mother called to my sister and couplets, we posted a big character in the central door, on both sides of the door posted couplets on the "Fu born Xi annual music" the second line is "rich suisui Tim Choi Huan" streamer is "Happy New Year" soon we posted a good, I look at my work very happy.

On New Years Eve, we put on new clothes and set off firecrackers with our sister. A "crackling" sound from our ears through, like thousands of households to send blessings, we are very happy. On the eve of new years Eve, we had dinner, and I watched the Spring Festival Gala with my father, mother and sister. That wonderful performance made my mood open, there was a cross talk, there was a sketch and a song and dance... Very pretty. But I like Xiao Shenyang? Ya egg? Zhao Benshan and the old finished "no money" is so fun.

Lunar New Years day I just woke up and found a gift money pillow, sister, we laugh, and we ate dumplings, went to grandmas home after worship, pay New Years call, grandparents, give us the gift money, but also to eat out, we eat, we are very happy.

I like the new year. Its good for the new year.

Recently, I saw an interested video that was shot by a young foreigner. He

played two roles-a Chinese mother and an American mother. He imitated the

reaction about how the mothers treated their children in education. It was so

obvious that Chinese mothers took care of their children all the time and they

would do all the things for them. While the American mothers focused on the

childrens independence. They would ask the kids to do housework and when they

grew up, they asked the kids to move out. Both parents showed different ways to

love their children and their love was equal, for every mother is a great

heroine.

6月是毕业季，以下是小编整理的关于初中毕业典礼英语作文，欢迎阅读。

Good morning,my dear teachers and schoolmates,

It’s a great honor for me to make a speech on behalf of the graduating classes.

How time flies! Our junior high school lives will come to an end.

In the past three years, we’ve had a beautiful school and it provides us with a good study place. Teachers are our friends. They’ve given us interesting lessons and we all love them.

We’ve learned a lot from them, not only knowledge but also the way to solve problems in life. Thanks for our teachers’ training, parents’ support and the help from classmates. Without them, we couldn’t have so much wonderful time.

At last, we hope our school will become better, our teachers will be healthy for ever and all our dreams will come true.

Thank you .

【译文】

早上好，我亲爱的老师和同学们，

能代表毕业班作演讲，我感到非常荣幸。

时间过得真快!我们的初中生活就要结束了。

在过去的三年中，我们有一所美丽的学校，它为我们提供了一个学习的好地方。老师是我们的朋友。他们给我们上了有趣的课，我们都很喜欢。

我们从中学到了很多东西，不仅是知识，而且是解决生活中问题的方法。感谢老师的培训、家长的支持和同学们的帮助。没有他们，我们就不会有那么多美好的时光。

最后，我们希望我们的学校会变得更好，我们的老师将永远健康，我们所有的梦想都会成真。

谢谢。

MyfavouriteteacherisMissHuang.Sheisabeautifullady.Shehastwobigeyes,ahighnoseandalittleredmouth.Thereisalways

asmileonherface.

MissHuanglikessingingandcollectingposters.Sheisgoodatplayingthepiano.Intheevening,shealwayssitsinfrontofthepianoandplaysnicemusic.Sheisgoodatdancing,too.Sometimessheteachesusdancing.

MissHuanglikesdogsverymuchbecausethedogisveryfriendlyandcute.Herfavouritecolorisblue.Becauseblueisthecoloroftheskyandthesea.

Thisismyfavouriteteacher.Ourclassmatesalllikeherverymuch.

译文：

我最喜欢的老师是黄老师。她是一位漂亮的女性。她有两只大大的眼睛，一个高高的鼻子和一张小小的红唇。她的脸上总带着笑容。

黄老师喜欢唱歌和收集海报。她钢琴弹得很好。晚上，她常常坐在钢琴前弹奏优美的乐曲。黄老师跳舞也很棒。有时她也会教我们跳舞。

黄老师非常喜欢狗，因为狗很友好也很可爱。黄老师最喜欢的颜色是蓝色，因为蓝色是天空和海的颜色。

这就是我喜欢的老师。我们班的同学都非常喜欢她。

Nowadays, with the development of technology, the market competition is

fierce and people feel great pressure. In order to improve the working

efficiency, they force themselves to work overtime. However, they are not

machine and need to slow down life pace, or they will break down sooner or

later.

We cant slow down the working hour, but we can control our private time. A

lot of young people mix with working time and private time, so they cant enjoy

their life and feel depressed all the time. The smart person will find the

balance. They will put aside the working stuff when the clock tells them that it

is time to be off work and find the way to release their pressure, such as

KTV.

Spending the time with friends and families is always a good way to enjoy

our time. No matter what kind of difficulties we face, when we recall of these

happy moments, we will have motivation to move on. We cant choose everything we

want, but we can adjust ourselves to the environment and keep the good mood.

Once life pace slows down, we control our life.

写作，作为中考英语三大重点模块之一，满分15分，是整张试卷中最难拿满分的部分，也是很多同学头疼的地方。

中考英语作文分四档：第一档（15—13分），第二档（12—9分），第三档（8—5分），第四档（4—0分），每一档都有具体的评分细则。

乐加乐中考研究中心胡赛楠老师强调：“充分认识到写作评分标准的重要性，按照标准要求规范自己的写作并多加修改，才能做到知己知彼、百战不殆。”

首先，审题要准。要点齐全，8分以上；要点不全，直接进入三类文；

其次，一档文应“观点正确”“语言准确”。“观点正确”是文章要积极向上，不可出现反动消极言论；所谓“语言准确”是要忠诚于词汇的惯用法和辨析，要有非常好的文字功底才能达到。

最后，第一档的“句式多样，词汇丰富”与第二档的“语法结构和词汇基本满足文章需要”不同，要求更多的句式和词汇。因此，应在作文中适量使用定语从句、感叹句、倒装句、祈使句等特殊句型；此外，一二档文的差别还在于“逻辑性”，在句式、词汇都相当的基础上，逻辑性强的文章容易得高分。

How to be a good learner?

As a good learner， we should have good habits and ways of learning。

We need to get ready for our lessons before class and always listen carefully in class。 It’s good to study in groups and help each other。 We should do more reading in our free time。 If we have some problems， we’d better ask others for help。 As a student， working hard is important， but don’t forget to do sports and keep healthy。

I think all these above will be helpful to us。

I am a love reading girl, since I was young, I very love books, and book

the indissoluble bond. I put the book as an indispensable nourishment, he saw a

book like the hungry to see bread, fondle admiringly. Because the book is the

source of human wisdom, is the ladder of human progress. Book give me knowledge

and wisdom, and also gave me strength and courage. In my room, there is a large

bookcase, there are all books, every birthday, mom and dad asked me to want what

gift, I will blurt out: "a book, I as long as the book." When reading, I often

forget all about eating and sleeping, as if into another world.

Reading, can make us grow many knowledge, solve the problem. On one

occasion, grandmother domesticated some hares, hares to depilate, grandma see

hares like bite lice, gradually to open mouth, the neck fur with red meat, and

then use the tongue to the sides, and behind them in a hurry to say to me: "you

see how this rabbit. Red meat are exposed, it doing?" . I to grandma said with a

smile: "it is the hair removal, then fluff will regrow of glistening." My

grandma listened to, smiled and said to me: "how do you know?" I proudly said:

"from the book to see." It seems that these reading useless really big ah.

Colorful in the book, read the "lei feng diary let me know how people live

to be more of others, read" how the steel was tempered "which I understand the

difficulties cannot be back, have the perseverance and strong will to overcome

difficulties.

Today we stay at home and not go to class. Do you know why? By the way, it is just because of the fog.

Haze? Nanjing and other places of dust is overmuch, combined with the dust and fog, becomes the haze, inhaled into people get lung disease, asthma and other respiratory diseases.

Recently, pm2.5 is close to the extraordinary, in nanjing today at 3 o clock in the morning, pm2.5 has reached 466 micrograms of a cubic meters, entered the serious pollution, pm2.5 is one of the "culprit" haze weather. Not just the pm2.5 exceeds bid badly, pm10 has recently started to crazy, 3 a.m. yesterday, pm10 has reached 579 micrograms of a cubic meters, the nanjing the worst pollution index was about to break! In addition, the sky appeared a "mock sun"! Is too much because floats in the sky. If nanjing on October 1, the sky is blue, so today in nanjing will be gray and a piece of the sky.

Fog not only have an effect on the human body, many planes, ships, cars and so on all cant normal travel. Nanjing lukou airport has 53 flights affected by haze on time boot. Many highways have been closed, the highest visibility on the streets of only 10 meters the following, the car travel is very inconvenient. Hundreds of ships to stay in the Yangtze river in zhenjiang. The influence of the fogs really big ah!

We air pollution index of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river has been more than the north, like tianjin, Beijing, hebei and other provinces, cities have been we left behind. The factory in the north is more, to produce a lot of dust, according to the reason for the northern cities should air pollution is the most "powerful", can be in November to December Chinas worst air index, almost all is our "occupy" in jiangsu province.

Now that the fog is so terrible, we should also consider what to do! 1, when faced with heavy fog, the first thing to hide the fog haze. Haze days dont go out as far as possible, dont get up early to exercise more. 2, mask is fog out of necessity. Will always wearing surgical masks, but not always wearing a mask, only on the road, a lot of bacteria such as hospital, pm2.5 wear a lot of place, at other times, try to put in my pocket.

This is the fog haze, a great influence on our body, we must learn to prevent it! That is why our school classes.

今天我们同学都留在家里不去上课。你们知道为什么吗?对了，就是因为雾霾。

雾霾是什么呢?南京等地的灰尘过多，而雾跟这些灰尘相结合，就变成了霾，人大量吸入会得肺病、哮喘等呼吸道疾病。

最近，南京的pm2.5接近爆表，到了今天凌晨3点，pm2.5已经达到了466微克一立方米，进入了严重污染，pm2.5是雾霾天气的“罪魁祸首”之一。不仅仅是pm2.5超标严重，pm10最近也开始疯狂起来，昨天凌晨3点，pm10已经达到了579微克一立方米，这项指标就快要破南京最差污染了!而且，天上还出现了一个“幻日”!就是因为天空中的漂浮物过多而形成的。如果说10月1日的南京的天空是湛蓝的，那么今天南京的天空将是灰蒙蒙地一片。

不仅雾霾对人体有影响，许多飞机、船只、汽车等都不能正常出行。南京禄口机场已有53个航班受雾霾影响不能准点开机。许多条高速公路都已经关闭，街头的最高能见度才仅仅10米即以下，这让汽车出行非常不方便。数百只船只停留在长江镇江段。雾霾的影响可真大呀!

我们长江中下游的空气污染指数已经超过了北方，像天津、北京、河北等省、市都已经被我们落在后面。北方的工厂较多，会排出很多的灰尘，按道理来讲北方城市应该空气污染是最“强”的，可11月到12月中国的空气最差指数，几乎全部是我们江苏“占领”的。

既然雾霾这么可怕，我们也应该想想该怎么办吧!1、当遇到浓雾天气，首先要躲雾霾。雾霾天尽量不要出门，更不要早起锻炼。2、口罩是雾天外出的必需品。要常带口罩，但不能常戴口罩，只有在马路上、医院里等病菌很多，pm2.5很多的地方戴，其他时候，尽量放在口袋里。

这就是雾霾，对我们人体影响很大，我们要学会预防它哦!这也就是我们学校为什么停课的原因了。

When I was a child, I learned to walk, talk, this is happiness. But, this kind of happiness is to others. For example, I learned to speak, my parents, grandparents, etc

It will be very happy, because I learned to speak, that I grow up.

I grew up, and into the kindergarten. , I learned to addition and subtraction within 20, then, is my own happiness. Because I grew up, not only has learned addition and subtraction within 20.

At this moment I have graduated from the kindergarten, the elementary school trip. Begin to learn a new course, now I am no longer a former I, is really began to swim in the ocean of knowledge.

I also read many books, it is the joy of learning. Such as Yang hongying "Wolf" no tail is very good-looking. I read with relish, fondle admiringly, even to eat after a few pages. This is also a kind of happiness of learning.

Learning is really so freely? Really that happy? B: yes. The joy of learning is unable to solve the problem of the same age. In fact just want to quietly answered. When the teacher walked to the side, a brief nod gently, a faint smile, at the moment we made a merry heart!

小时候，我学会了走路、说话，这就是快乐。但，这种快乐是带给别人的。比如，我学会了说话，我的父母、爷爷奶奶等就

会很高兴，因为我学会了说话，说明我长大了。

长大的我，进了幼儿园。我，学会了20以内的加法和减法，这时，就是我自己的快乐了。因为我不仅长大了，还学会了20以内的加法和减法。

这时的我已经幼儿园毕业了，踏上了小学的路程。开始学习新的课程，现在的我不再是以前的我了，是真正的开始在知识的海洋中遨游。

我还读过很多书籍，那也是学习的快乐。比如杨红樱的《没有尾巴的狼》就很好看。我读的津津有味、爱不释手，连吃饭也要看上几页。这也是一种学习的快乐。

学习真的有那么自如吗?真有那么快乐吗?是的。学习的快乐就是相同年龄无法解答的问题。其实只要静静地想就可以解答了。当老师走到身边，轻轻地点了下头，一个淡淡的微笑，此刻我们心里乐开了花!

The sun shines on us. It gives us light and heat. It makes everything grow. It gives the earth life.

The earth turns round itself. As it turns, we have day and night. It’s bright by day and dark by night.(英语作文)

The earth also travels round the sun in an orbit. As it travels, we have four seasons. It is hot in summer and cold in winter. the days are long in summer and short in winter. In spring it is warm and the days are getting longer. In autumn it is cool and the days are getting shorter.(中国)

A no African black boy, this year 12, small eyes, collapse collapse on the nose. And there was a big ears Desmond tutu gene "siddhi moving ears!

"The teacher is saying!" See, I and sister trueer, for example, 3/4 * 7/10. I said must take three quarters into the denominator is ten, elder sister said, also can directly take, I didnt pay attention in class, to lead to such result, I this is impatient.

"Clicking" I played the boys favorite through the wire. The mother shouted: "have a pear for me!" When I was have a good time, very reluctantly said: "go play again for a while." After a while mother urged again, I still say to play for a while. When I play enough, its been more than an hour, after the mother took a pear, mother long give a sigh said: "eat pears, you wash is really not easy!" This is I love playing computer.

"Get up!" Sister woke me, I rubbed his dim eyes, deep ground to say: "what time is it?" "11" "only 11 o clock will go to sleep!" "Today, cleaning,! Hurry up!" Three words heard the cleaning, I immediately pack to sleep, you know, I usually take a little clothes, socks, are ok, but... Cleaning or forget it! Sister cry to me a few words: "slacker!" This is not love doing housework, I love to sleep.

"Second, second pass" the person who is fierce Shouting it is me. I love playing basketball and table tennis, although Im not too good, but I can play, a free until to dont want to play! And table tennis, we are all activity to practice and play, although I played not champions, but "no challenge champion will never be the champion" is the movement of love me!!!!!!!

"Oh! I have forgot my meal card in our bedroom!" Poor Zhang Shanzheng pain shouted. "I borrow your" I said without hesitation! Zhang Shanzheng hurriedly said thank you to me, my arms around him. "All are brothers, dont mention it!" Another time before six and I (3) class Zhao Junkai and fit in with the cui, we are all iron elder brothers, once was playing it, Zhao Junkai injured, we two word, holding him and ran the clinic, to check he dont have my card. I didnt take, I will let him to register my name, since the return of money!

This is me, more I trouble, less advantage of me. Dont you want to make friends with me?

一个没有非洲人黑的小男孩，今年12，小眼睛，塌塌的鼻子。又有大耳朵图图的基因“动耳神功!”

“老师就是这样讲的啊!”看，我又和姐姐较真，就比如说3/4*7/10吧!我说必须把3/4化成分母是十，姐姐说，也可以直接乘，都是我在课上没注意听，才导致成这样的结果，这就是不耐烦的我。

“嗒嗒”我又玩起了男生的最爱《穿越火线》。妈妈喊到：“给我洗个梨!”我正玩得高兴的时候，就很不情愿地说：“再玩一会再去。”过了一会妈妈又催了，我还是说再玩一会。等到我玩够了，已经过了一个多小时了，之后才给妈妈洗了个梨，妈妈长叹一口气说：“吃你洗的梨，可真是不太容易啊!”这就是爱玩电脑的我。

“起床了!”姐姐叫醒了我，我揉了揉朦胧的眼睛，低沉地说：“几点了?”“11点了”“才11点再睡会!”“今天大扫除，!赶紧起来!”一听到大扫除三个字，我立即就装睡，要知道，平常我洗个小衣服、小袜子，还行，可是……大扫除还是算了吧!姐姐对我嚎了几句：“懒虫!”这就是不爱干家务，爱睡觉的我。

“秒传，秒传”那个正激烈喊着的人正是我。我非常爱打篮球和乒乓球，虽然打得不是太好，但是一有空我就玩，直到玩到不想玩为止!还有乒乓球，我们都是活动课练和玩，虽然我打得不是冠军，但是，“不与冠军较量就永远不会是冠军”这就是爱运动的我!

“哎呀!我的饭卡忘在寝室了!”可怜的张山正痛苦得呐喊道。“我借你”我毫不犹豫的说!张山郑连忙对我说了声谢谢，我搂住他。“都是兄弟，不用客气!”还有一次我和以前六(3)班的赵俊凯还有崔合群，我们都是铁哥们，有一次正在玩耍时，赵俊凯受伤了，我们俩二话不说，挽着他就往医务室跑，要结账了他没带卡。我也没带，我就让他登记我的名字，下回来还钱!

这就是我，毛病多的我，优点少的我。你们难道不愿意跟我交朋友吗?

Leaving school How times flies!We have spent three years in the school I am very sad that I have to say goodbye to you.Ive learned much in the past three years. Our teachers worked hard and took good care of us. All the students studied very hard and were all very friendly to each other.

We will go to different senior schools next term. Lets keep in touch with each other. And I also hope everyone will have a bright future.

My plan for may day

On May 1sh, Im going to my grandmothers home.I think that must be very significative.Because she is too old to visit me and my parents, and she must be very have in mind our.

I will go for a walk with my grandmother and buy she some summer wears.they must fit her like best. Of course , I dont think that is a easy work! So it must takes me many time.

After shopping, we will have a good rest and have lunch in my grandmothers home.

And then, I will clean the home with my grandmother.

At last, I go home.

Of course, I must finish my homewolk.

[初中英语作文之我的五一计划

Childhood is often regarded as a memorable and beautiful period of one’s life and I passed it happily as a grade-school student. My grade school days were really carefree ones. I got along well with my classmates and On holidays we strolled along the street visited the park and shared one another s candies The teacher of our class was a patient woman who took pains to teach us how to behave and often accompanied us to play games after class-games which were enlivened by songs prattle and laughters. My grade school days were surely the happiest time in my life. Though in retrospect what I did long ago is some-what childish it is nevertheless unforgettable.

I was only nine years old when I learnt how to use a computer. my mother is my first teacher. I know how to type, how to copy a file, and how to visit a web site on the internet. one day, mom was not at home.

I turned on the computer and began to learn how to chat on net. the first one I met there was a boy called tom. he greeted me politely. when he knew that I was only a 9-year-old girl, and almost knew nothing about chatting on net,he started showing me how to use the chatting tools, how to download, and how to send e-mails. I learnt a lot from him.

Let my little niece winter vacation homework today, she readily agreed, she

took out a pile of books from the school bag and book, Ill ask her winter

vacation homework you have so much? She said, "yeah, were going to do winter

vacation homework book, write a complete book of the words and it is each line,

and a day to write a diary, and mathematical complete book of exercises to do."

After hearing her answer I am a little consternation, winter vacation in only a

month off, how can have so much homework, but also for second grade

children.

I will be in our school children compared with them, find our school

children is luckier. We only require students to finish winter vacation homework

book, and then make a happy years of China pictorial. Especially happy Chinese

New Year posters produced, it can let the student to understand the traditional

culture, and cultivate their ability, but also let them learn in life, found in

the life, and why not? So that the students didnt feel much homework, at the

same time also can get harvest, so now there are a lot of local education system

needs reform indeed, society needs is to be able to adapt to social development

talent, not only can keep the book a nerd. So these are thought-provoking!

My family includes three people and a pet. These three people are my father, my mother , and I. I also have a cat named cookie.

My father is hardworking and playful. He rus a small business at home. He is very busy, but he always s firnds the time to cook dinner and help me with homework. Although he is strict at times, he can also be playful and funny.

My mother is caring and hardworking, too. She’s a chemist and often works very late. Nevertheless, she is always there to take care of me. Though her expectations for me are very high. I know she only wants what’s best for me.

My cat, cookie, is a member of my family, too. She is a cute black and white cat. At times I find her eager to play. But usually she’s sleeping on the sofa. I never know what surprises she’ll bring next.

I consider myself very lucky to come from such a loving family. A family like mine should never be taken for granted. I love my family.

如何减肥 how to lose weight

it seems that many people today are overweight. no one wants to carry around extra pounds, lout few people know how to slum down effectively. they look for miracle pills and magic cures. in the end, they fail and the pounds come back. but the most effective way of losing weight is actually very simple. it is a combination of a good diet and proper exercise. what makes it work is determination. it requires discipline and commitment to succeed. here is an example that proves the truth of these words.

现在似乎有许多人的体重都过重。没有人会希望身上有多余的重量，但是很少人知道如何才能有效地瘦下来。他们会去寻找特效药，以及神奇的治疗法。最后不仅失败，而且反弹了。但是事实上，最有效的减肥方法非常简单。主要就是结合均衡的饮食，以及适当的运动。成功的关键就是要有决心。成功需要自制和投入。以下这个例子，可以证明这个方法是正确的。

my aunt had been trying to lose weight for years. she went on one diet after another, but none of them worked. she lost a lot of weight quickly only to have it come back. finally, she followed her doctors advice and began to eat a simple, well-balanced diet. she ate lots of fruits and vegetables and avoided high-fat foods. in addition, she joined an exercise class. she worked out three times a week. at first, my aunt wasnt happy because the weight came off so slowly. but her classmates encouraged her to stick to it and eventually she reached her goal. best of all, she was able to stay at her ideal weight. that was because she had developed healthy new habits.

我阿姨试图减肥已经好多年了。她一次又一次地节食，但是没有一次成功。她的体重会快速地下降，但没多久就又反弹了。最后，她听从医生的建议，开始吃简单、均衡的饮食。她吃大量的蔬果，并避免高脂肪的食物。除此之外，她还去参加运动课程。她一星期运动三次。起初，我阿姨并不是很开心，因为体重下降得很慢。但是她的同学们鼓励她坚持下去，最后她终于达到目标。最棒的是，她能够维持她的理想体重。因为她已经养成健康的新生活习惯。

这几年，许多同学都在假期补课，而且从来没有补过，由于我喜欢玩，不喜欢学习。眼看着新的假期又要来了，我们班上的许多同学都在报名被课。有的同学喜欢补数学；有的同学喜欢补作文；大多数同学喜欢补英语，由于英语太难啦！对我来讲，英语好像从来没有及格过，看着同学们都积极学习的样子，我也有些心动了。

由于去年假期，同学们都在补课，没有人和我玩，我现在想还不如去和他们一起补课算了，那么选哪一门课呢？后来想了一想，我就决定补自己最差的英语了。那天，我报了名，英语老师说：“凤凤，你早就得补你的英语了，这次来一定要好好学，其实英语一点都不难！”听了英语老师的话，我的心里别提多兴奋了。

到了补课其间，我们每个人都准备了新的笔记本，将老师讲的每一个要点都记了下来。因为在这里补课的同学还有其他班上的同学，所以学习热情很高涨，我也不好意思玩了。别的同学做什么，我就做什么，反正自己也没有好的学英语方法，所以现在就是我最好的学习机会。

差不多一个月的时间，我的英语水平提高了许多，最后的测试分数不再是倒数第一，我终于进步了。当我拿着成绩让爸爸妈妈看进，他们一直夸我有进步，并要继续努力。当时，我的心里乐滋滋的，非常感谢假期补英语的生活。