我们应该怎样保护环境英语作文初中（汇编20篇）

Once man did not have to think about the protection of his environment。 There were few people on the earth， and natural resources seemed to be unlimited。Today things are different。 The world has bee too crowded。 We are using up our natural resources，and polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals。 If we continue to do this， human life on earth will not survive。 We realize that if too many fish are taken from the sea， there will soon be none left。 Yet，with modern fishing methods， more and more fish are caught。We know that if too many trees are cut down， forests will disappear。 Yet， we continue to use powerful machines to cut down more and more trees。 We see that if rivers are polluted with waste products， we will die。 Yet， waste products are still put into rivers。

过去，人们不必担心保护环境的问题。因为那时地球上人口稀少，自然资源似乎取之不尽。如今，一切都改变了。世界变得拥挤异常。我们正在耗尽我们的自然资源，有毒化学制品的使用也正污染着环境。如果我们继续这样下去，地球上的生命将不复存在。我们都明白如果从海里捕捉太多的鱼，海里就不会再有鱼了。可是，现代化的捕鱼技术使得捕鱼量越来越大。我们都明白如果砍伐太多的树木，森林就会消失。可是，我们仍旧使用强大的机械砍伐越来越多的树木。我们都明白如果河水被废弃物污染的话，我们仅有死路一条。可是废弃物仍然源源不断地进入河里。

We know that if the population continues to rise at the present rate， in a few years， there won＇t be enough food。What can we do to solve these problems?If we eat more vegetables and less meat， there will be more food available。 Land for crops feeds five times more people than land where animals are kept。Our natural resources will last longer if we learn to recycie them。The world population will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth control。

我们明白，人口继续照此刻这个速度增长的话，不出几年，就会发生食物短缺。我们该如何解决这些问题呢?如果我们多吃蔬菜，少吃肉类的话，我们就会有更多的食物。因为同样大小的土地如果种庄稼的话会比养殖动物多养活五倍多的人。如果我们学会再利用的话，自然资源就能持续更久。如果人们使用现代化的生育控制方法，世界人口就不会增长如此迅猛。

Finally， if we educate people to think about the problems we shall have a better and cleaner planet in the future。

最终，如果我们能够教育人们都意识到这些问题的话，未来我们就会有一个更好、更洁净的星球。

When winter comes, the topic of haze will never be ignored. When it comes,

many pictures will be showed. People make fun of these pictures and they

actually laugh at themselves, living with these poison air. Even in the daytime,

people can’t see their faces beyond 10 meters. Many schools choose to stop the

class and let the students stay at home. It is obvious that haze is a great

threat to people’s health. This new type of destruction is the result of

polluted environment. Businessmen chase for the profit and take the cost of

polluting the environment. Now their offspring have to suffer from it. It is

never too late to do something to protect our earth.

At the memory of my childhood, apart from outside the Chinese New Year

Dragon Boat Festival on a number of the most lively, and because parents are

busy job, a child usually with my grandmother to stay in the countryside

together. Dragon Boat Festival at that time to make me unforgettable.

With the usual, like the Chinese Lunar New Year, Dragon Boat Festival the

day before at night, so my grandmother will always obediently sat bedside, give

me some holiday rules, such as talking nonsense not to not allowed to eat cold

tzu not allowed with small partnership roughnot allowed to play in the water ...

... I have always been granted to his head. Grandma let me early, so that

tomorrow can have a good spirit.

Good morning, I got up early, get dressed on the first toward the kitchen,

when the grandmother has the kitchen to manage everything well, cooking up a few

bundles tied and Gui Gui leaf rope, the nothing glutinous rice lying quietly

filled a small bucket of water, like a pearl Jingying, cooking benches placed on

some of the small dishes, which containing various materials: there is peanuts,

there is red bean paste, there is meat, red pond.

So I sat eating breakfast table and watched busy grandmother.

The countryside are on both sides of the cooking, while used to boil water

while cooking to cooking and grandmother had already cleaned the duck Add big

pot, wooden ladle scoop from another pot of hot water a few dipper Add cauldron

of water, and then also carefully Add 1 tsp salt, and then Tim foci in a few

branches, it has been sitting next to me started to give my son a series

network.

Grandmother‘s hand because of the long-term labor has rough bark like a

general, but without losing dexterity, an envelope with red string woven into

the sub on.

At this point, the eggs are cooked, the grandmother picked up one of the

largest on the use of red paper red dye, and then do a clean cloth, into yard,

hanging on my neck. Then, my grandmother pocket containing seeds, candy,

peanuts, often very happy to me, because this way I can and small partners to

look at a dragon boat race.

Grandmother always put me to the gate, asked the want me to come back as

soon as possible to eat tzu. I always fell on the disappeared.

Small partners at this time are almost , and Sisters from the big head next

door, led us to the river this group watch dragon-boat race. Because of the

smaller rivers, so only two of the dragon boat, each boat has 13 individuals, 12

individuals paddle, one individual Ta and shouting slogans, One, Two, Hey Yo,

one, two, as soon as possible, 12 dark young man moves neatly划着, two dragon boat

sailed forward catch.

However, the children will know what look? We are only just a bustling Fig.

Girls in general saw a moment, we found that boring, and sat to one side from

snacks to share, boys, it is not, of their total enjoy chasing the dragon boat

race down the shore, because of the people paddling up the larger, almost every

boys who have significant traces of water splashing.

, and are perhaps a boat to the end of the bar, just things finished, stood

up, with partners go hand happily go home.

The sun is also slowly climbing the air, the kitchen has a bay leaf

fragrance, and I quickly jumped on the kitchen, the has been the major tzu. In

general, I would put that on the threshold sit tzu eat clean, and occasionally

there will be a few rice grains to eat chicken and watch the greedy big

cock-like, I was also amused ... ...

Today, even though over the Dragon Boat Festival, the mother every year

package tzu, made give my son, even though the mother‘s skill is not less than

the grandmother, but I always feel that what less.

I really miss the Dragon Boat Festival childhood ah!

我的朋友

My best friend is Mary. She lives in a tall building. She lives on the fifth floor. Everyday she takes the lift up and down. She is twelve years old. She is tall and thin. She has short black hair，two big eyes and a small mouth. She is very cute. I like playing with her. We are in the same class. I like to read books but she likes playing games. She likes to eat popcorn and ice creams. I like them， too. Her favourite food is fish， so she is clever. She loves her cat. She often plays with her. The cat likes Mary，too. They are cute.

这篇是讲述我的好朋友玛丽。介绍她的住址，她住在一幢高楼里。她住在五楼。她的年龄，她十二岁。她的外貌，她又高又瘦。她有短的黑色的头发，两只大眼睛和一个小嘴巴。

Water is very important to us. If you don’t have water for three days, you

will die. We can use water for flowers, swimming, washing and many different

things. We use it to cook, make electricity, put out fires and so on. We use

millions of liters of water every day.

Do you know how does the water come to your home? It travels through water

pipes. Some are long and wide but some are short and narrow. Then the water

travels through the water pipes to the reservoirs. Then it travels through the

water pipes to the river and to the special factories (we call water plants)

that purify the water. When the water is purified, we can drink it. Please don’t

leave garbage in the water on which we line, and keep the water clean.

保护森林(Protecting the Forests)

Now in some places of our country, a number of people have been cutting down the trees in the forests because they need wood and more farmland. The areas of forests are getting smaller and smaller. Some scientists say that there will be no vast forests in 20 or 30 years. It is really a terrible thing. Where the forests disappear, dust storms will occur occasionally. The weather will get hot and dry. The whole earth will become a big desert. A lot of plants and animals will disappear.Crops will not grow anywhere. Life will be difficult for everyone. The human beings will be punished for their forest-destroying activities.

Therefore, we should realize the importance of taking care of our forests. We should do our best to protect our living environment and keep our mountains green,the water clean, and the sky blue.

保护森林

在我国的一些地区，由于需要木材和得到更多的耕地，许多人一直在砍伐森林中的树木，森林面积正变得越来越小。一些科学家预言二三十年后将不会再有大片的森林，这真的是一件可怕的事情。森林在哪里消失，沙尘暴就在哪里发生，天气会变得炎热而干燥，整个地球会变成一个大沙漠，大量的动植物会消失，没有地方再长庄稼，生活会变得很艰难，人类因为破坏森林的活动将受到惩罚。

因此，我们应该认识到保护森林的重要性，尽最大努力保护我们的生存环境，保持山绿、水清、天蓝。

[保护森林环境英语作文

你喜欢一个干干净净，人们把垃圾扔到垃圾箱里，地面上一点垃圾都没有的世界。还是一个乱七八糟，人们把垃圾随手乱扔的世界？如果让我选择，我一定会选一个干干净净，人们把垃圾扔到垃圾箱里，地面上一点垃圾都没有的世界。

前些日子，我坐车去图书馆的时候看见一个衣着高贵的女人手里拿着几个空饮料瓶，随手一扔便继续昂着头挺着胸走。这个高贵的女人是选择一个乱七八糟，人们把垃圾随手乱扔的世界。接着一个衣着朴素的小女孩走过去，把那几个空瓶扔进垃圾箱里。

外表高贵是没有用的，最主要的是心灵高贵，那么小女孩是选择了一个干干净净，人们把垃圾扔到垃圾箱里，地面上一点垃圾都没有的世界。

我喜欢干干净净的世界，我希望地球变成一个干干净净的地球。

人人都环保，地球更美丽。

SNOW At dusk，the weather became colder while the sky was gray，and the cold wind was blowing strongly.It seemed that it was going to snow soon. A moment later，the snowflakes began to fall quietly.Soon the land before my eyes was all white，like a beautiful blanket.Then it snowed more and more heavily.The trees were all covered with white quilts.The whole city became a silver world. T

he next morning，it stopped snowing and cleared up.I went into the yard.Looking far away，I saw a beautiful silver white world.A group of children were playing happily.Some were throwing snowballs to each other，others were making a snowman.Snow seemed to bring us warm and wishes.Cold as it was，nobaby felt cold in the white world.

I love snow，because it is pure white.It brings us hope and vigour.

With the improvement of our living standard， more and more people can afford a car. As a result，our roads are more often than not crammed with cars.

However，with more and more waste gas being discharged by the cars，the problem of air pollution bees even more serious. So nowadays we advocate to lead a low-carbon life.

My suggestion is we should ride bikes more often instead of driving cars.By riding a bike， we can not only exercise our body but also protect our environment.

Why not have a try， my dear friends?

与我们的生活水平的提高，越来越多的人都买得起汽车的。因此，道路往往没有堆满了汽车。然而，随着越来越多的废气排放是汽车、空气污染问题变得更加严重。所以此刻我们提倡过低碳的生活。

我的推荐是我们就应更经常骑自行车而不是开车骑一辆自行车，我们不仅仅能锻炼身体，也能保护我们的环境。为什么不试试，我亲爱的朋友?

Water pollution on the impact of industrial and agricultural production of industrial and agricultural production not only need to have enough water, but also have some requirements for water quality. Otherwise, the industrial and agricultural industry will cause great losses, especially in the industrial and agricultural production process using contaminated water, the human has a great harm. First, the destruction of industrial equipment, a serious impact on product quality. Second, the chemical composition of the soil changes, fertility decreased, leading to crop reduction and serious pollution. Third, the city to increase domestic water and industrial water treatment costs.

Clean air is the necessary material basis for people to survive, an adult to breathe an average of 15 cubic meters of air a day, if people breathe heavily polluted air, no doubt harmful to health. Therefore, the study of the impact of air pollution, awareness of the value of clean air is a very complex frontier research project. And children in the growth and development stage, is the most sensitive to the outside world air pollution, the study of air pollution on children more likely to obtain valuable results. Based on this, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Environmental Monitoring Station Chief Engineer Wei Fusheng for the Chinese chief scientist of the Sino-US scientific and technological cooperation projects one by one air pollution on the impact of human respiratory health research, in Guangzhou, Wuhan, Lanzhou, Chongqing and other cities and suburbs The results showed that 8196 questionnaires were used to investigate the pulmonary function of children in the air, including environmental monitoring data, and about 3 million data were obtained. After statistical analysis, Air pollution has a quantitative understanding of the effects of human respiratory health (especially children). The results confirmed that the impact on human health to the fine particles of air pollution is most serious (China has 2/3 of the city exceeded), followed by sulfur dioxide pollution (1/3 of our city exceeded), the impact of nitrogen oxide pollution relative Weak. It can be said that fine particles (respirable particulate matter) is the first killer of human health. According to experts, particulate matter attached to the toxic heavy metals, acidic oxides compared with the soil enrichment hundreds of times, thousands of times, or even tens of thousands of times, and can float in the air up to several days, harmful substances with the inhalation Particles into the human lungs, and may through the alveolar into the blood, directly endanger human health.

Recently, the eight-year research results in Beijing adopted by the State Environmental Protection Administration presided over the expert appraisal. Experts believe that this research results for our understanding of the importance of clean air, improve the public and the leadership of environmental awareness is of great significance. The data of the research results provide a scientific basis for the national air environment legislation, the development and revision of air quality standards, emission standards and air pollution control policies.

这几年，我发现我们的城市越来越脏，到处都是垃圾。我们施甸大河上也很明显地能看到一些垃圾浮在上面，空中到处都是灰尘，对我们的身体有极大的威胁。看到这些情景，我不得不说说。

我发现有些小朋友把吃完东西的袋子随地乱扔，就算前面有一个垃圾桶，也不愿意扔进垃圾桶里。原来，我们扔垃圾没有秩序，可回收垃圾的垃圾桶里面也投进一些不可回收的垃圾，结果弄得臭气熏天，使人不敢靠近垃圾桶。如果我们把垃圾有秩序的分类投放，现在就不会因为一点臭味而养成乱扔垃圾的习惯。我们的城市一定会变得更加美丽、整洁，这一定会好的多。

在学校外，我发现一些学生在小摊上吃完东西后，就喜欢将袋子和纸碗扔进小摊边的河里，使大河变得又脏又臭。施甸大河是我们的母亲河，我们不能破坏她，以前，人们常常在河里洗澡，玩耍嬉戏，如今人们路过这恶臭的河水都会捂着鼻子快步走开，令我十分痛心。

汽车排放毒气，把天空给污染了，人们生活在灰尘中，对身体有极大的危害。如果，现在的汽车没有排气管，不能排放那些有毒的气体，而燃料是各种毒素细菌，能通过燃烧把它们彻底消灭，城市增加了大片的绿化带，我们呼吸到了新鲜的空气，那世界将会多么美好啊！

正如一首儿歌所唱的：“保护环境，人人有责；绿树成阴，空气清新；绿了大地，润了人心；功在当代，造福子孙；山上树木光，山下走泥浆；治山治水不栽树，有土有水保不住；植树造林镇风沙，遍地都是好庄稼。”

我们应该保护环境，让世界变得更美丽，更清新！

现在环境问题已经倍受人们关注,由于环境污染而造成的问题也接踵而来:温室效应,河流污染,鱼虾尸横遍野,人们出现的各种疾病等.导致这种情况,这种恶劣的问题的根源是什么?是人类!工厂排出的烟尘废气;马路上的瓜果皮及垃圾;臭水沟内家禽家畜的死尸,难道不都是人类的作为吗?

人类使河流污染：

1995年6月下旬,断流40多天的黄河济南段盼来了一次过流的机会.可缓缓而来的并不是清澈甘甜的河水,而是一股黑糊糊的污水河上漂浮着大量白沫及鱼虾的死尸,散发着一股刺鼻的臭气^^^^^^黄河,我们的母亲河,您为何会呈现出这般模样?是您养育了我们中华人民共和国,是您保卫了我们中华人民共和国,又是您激励了我们中华人民共和国.人类啊,你们难道要将生你养你保卫你和激励你的黄河扼杀掉吗?如果黄河再也不奔腾在黄土上,我们再也看不到它时,那我们---人类,就离绝种灭亡不远了.

人类使疾病灾害不断：

--年的非典型性肺炎席卷了全球,它使多少人家庭破碎,忍受疾病的折磨;它又使多少人流离失所,无家可归.我们不能怪是病魔让我们流离失所,让我们无家可归!因为这时人类自己做的苦果,是自做自受!当我们的痰液吐出体外时,有没有想过这可能使多少原本健康的人染病?当我们出入灯红酒绿的酒吧时,有没有想到过一种新的病毒又在你的身体内繁殖?但是,一切都是否定的.因为我们----人类,只想着自己,心里只有一种私欲在蔓延^^^^^^也正是因为如此,也许是报应,各种灾难来临,各种疾病降临,使我们又一次感受到我们现在没有的东西的美好.

人类,团结起来吧!也许你现在是一个工厂的老板,但你却将废气废水排入空气中和河内.对,你有钱了,你也赚钱了,但你这样做的代价是我国13亿人口的性命!也许你现在只是一个普通人,你没有资本,没有贪欲,但你往地上吐一口痰,就会带来几十人甚至数百人在医院里排队就医.人类,不要让贪欲克制了自己的进步;人类,不要让私欲迫使你违背良心;人类你们一定要牢记,生命大于金钱!

我们的母亲河----黄河的清澈甘甜,我们那健康的体魄是与清洁的环境画等号的!

保护环境,珍爱地球.有了清洁的环境才会有我们的地球,有了地球才会有我们----人类!我们人类的进步固然飞快,但是如果没有地球,没有清新的空气,我们会进步吗?

人类每天都在破坏环境，茂密的森林在人类的电锯下一片片地倒下，山瞬间变得像沙漠一样凄凉了；一个个巨大的烟囱冒着滚滚白烟，天空刹那间变得灰蒙蒙了；一根根巨大的水管里涌出了源源不断的黑色污水，海面上一下子浮上了许多一动不动的鱼。鱼类正面临着前所未有的灾难。

一天，鱼妈妈正准备出门买菜，它临走前，对鱼爸爸说：“管好孩子们，不要让它们去海里，不然会被渔夫捉走的。”鱼爸爸不负责任地说了声：“哦！”接着便游开了。鱼妈妈非常担心，可如果还不赶到菜市场，菜市场就关门，鱼妈妈只好心事重重地走了。

鱼爸爸对小红鱼、小黑鱼说：“你们不要去海边玩儿。”说完就管自己呼呼大睡。小黑鱼觉得溪里不好玩，它觉得爸爸妈妈不让它们去海边，那里一定有什么好玩的东西，好奇的它叫上妹妹小红鱼，一同来到了海边。海风吹拂着，海浪追逐着，多美的大海啊，它们在这里嬉戏游玩，可开心啦！

这时一个渔夫划着船来了，他发现了小红鱼和小黑鱼，赶紧用网一捞，第一下没捞着。渔夫趁小红鱼和小黑鱼没发现，第二下终于把它们捞了上来。

鱼妈妈回到家，看到鱼爸爸还在睡觉，而孩子们却不见了。它找遍了每个角落，都没有小红鱼和小黑鱼的下落，便知道自己的孩子肯定落入了“魔爪”。

望着被人类破坏得不成样子的环境，鱼妈妈流下了痛苦的眼泪，呼唤道：“人类，你们什么时候才能放过我们？”

As the world gets smaller with the development of technology, people

between different countries can learn different culture. They can find the

information from the Internet and most people learn the culture from media. But

the fact is that most media report the events in their perspective, which is not

showing the truth. So the best way for people to learn culture is to come to the

local place, staying for some time and talking to the local people, then they

will find what they learn is different from before. So the opinions from other

people and the media are just references. The truth is waiting for you to

find.

地球是我们的家园，有一句广告语说得好：“地球是我家，创卫靠大家!”可是谁又真正了解过，行动过。10个人中恐怕只有3个人真正了解过，行动过，而其余7个人无非就是偶尔从电视上看到，这么大的差距，真可悲。

保护环境说起来简单，其实做起来难，大街小巷上到处都有痰，人们到处都在吸烟，吸完了就丢在地上。中国是一个吸烟大国，2000年的中国烟民已达3。6亿人，其中青少年就有500万2005年的中国青少年烟民正向这1000万跃进。吸烟有害健康，无数人应吸烟导致多种癌症及心血管病的事例摆在眼前，吸烟者却还在增长。

吸烟暂且不说，就说垃圾吧，有些人把垃圾倒在马路上。每个人经过时都会闻到一股浓浓的臭味，还有的人把废水倒在马路旁的花草上，使这些花草都枯萎了。人们吃过的香蕉皮，喝过的酸奶瓶，使用过的塑料物品都扔在了马路上，大街上。

垃圾不是随手一扔就了事的，还有乱贴乱画，践踏草坪等不雅现象，不要以为别人不知道就可以为所欲为，它关乎到这个地方的环境甚至是整个市的整洁。

地球是唯一一能让大家生存的地方，地球也只有一个，我们不要让陋习毁了地球，不要把电视广告语成为一片浮云，环境卫生不是说说就管用的，应该行动起来，管好自己的嘴，不随地吐痰，不在公共场所吸烟;管好自己的手，不乱扔乱画，不乱扔乱丢;管好自己的腿，不踩踏草坪;管好自己的家搞好学校以及公共场所的卫生坏境，并且多多宣传这类知识，让大家都携起手来共创美好家园。

Our class have had a discussion about whether we can use mobile phones.

Some students think it is good to use mobile phones because they can take

photos with them in our daily life. They can also listen to music to relax

themselves in free time. Besides, using mobile phones makes it easy to keep in

touch with their parents and friends.

But some others dont think so. They think students shouldnt use mobile

phones. Using mobile phones too much is bad for their eyes and its a waste of

time to chat with friends. Sometimes some students use mobile phones to play

games. It will have a bad effect on study.

In my opinion, I think wed better not use mobile phones. We should spend

more time on our study instead of using mobile phones.

All our life, we will meet all kinds of difficulties, we have to face them

and fix them, that is what our parents tell us. Indeed, life is a journey, we

will meet different people and confront with distress, most people feel uneasy

when fail comes, they think there is no hope in life. Well, we are always told

that life is still going on even though we face difficulty. Why don’t we smile

with life, since we there is no way to avoid frustration, the only way we can do

is to embrace what life brings for us, no matter what happens, just smile,

everything will be alright.

Looking ahead, and some are just a bump on the ground, large tracts of forest were cut down, into peoples lives in the wood products. It is only for their own interests, many animal it to become destitute and homeless. This is not a false illusion, this is the bloody facts.

Once upon a time, a large number of animals and plants in the world were destroyed, and many animals and plants are on the verge of extinction, which is why? This is because the man casually trees, destroy the ecological environment, this is the fundamental reason.

Land resource is one of the three major geological resources (mineral resources, water resources, land resources), is the most basic human production activities and labor objects. Human utilization of land reflects the development of human civilization, but also caused the direct destruction of land resources, which is mainly manifested as unreasonable cultivation caused by soil erosion, land desertification, land salinization of soil and soil pollution and so on, and the soil and water loss is particularly serious, today the world is facing a serious crisis. According to estimates, soil loss of the cultivated land is about 230 tons / year.

Some people think acid rain is a silent crisis, and in the history of the impact our most serious threat to the environment, is a look at the enemy. This is not alarmist. With the increase in industrialization and energy consumption, acid emissions are also increasing, they enter the air, after a series of role in the formation of acid rain.

A Visit to the Flower Show

Last week Nature Park held a flower show. I went to visit it with my friends. I was very glad to see so many beautiful flowers in the park. I was really amazed to see a sea of colourful

flowers. They told me that some rare flowers came from Taiwan. Thousands of people stopped and watched them carefully. I took many pictures there. Taiwan has always been a part of our country. I am sure sooner or later we can go there to see many more beautiful flowers. What great fun it will be.

A few days ago, the movie Red Sea Operation was very hot and people were

very impressive about the policemen, who saved the citizens lives in a very

urgent situation, some even sacrificed their lives as the price. We live in a

peaceful country. This is because policemen protect us all the time, and they

are the great persons. March 14th is the policemens day, people make this day

for them and show respect. They deserve the publics praise. They sacrifice so

much, such as the time to accompany their families. Many childrens future dream

is to be a policeman, as this career brings the public hope and future.

Generally speaking, life in high school is busy and fulfilling, due to the

ultimate goal---College Entrance Examination. Many people say that there is no

fun left but bored study and endless exercises. However, as a high school

student, I can’t agree with them. Personally, I live a fruitful but happy life

in high school. It can’t be denied that study is my priority that I must spend

most of my time and energy on it. Sometimes, study may make me frustrated or

even drive me crazy, but I still can adjust my mood to enjoy my life. Besides, I

can also get a sense of achievement when I do well in my study or make progress.

The most important is that my friends bring much happiness to me and my parents’

care inspires me to go on. I think friends in high school are my best friend

forever, because they know me a lot and witness all of my emotions. They are the

persons who grow with me. In addition, teachers in high school care much about

our students both in study and life, and classmates are always friendly to each

other. We build deep friendship together. All of these make up my fruitful life

in high school, which I will cherish forever.