优秀英语大写作技巧【优秀20篇】

英语写作要拿高分其实并不是很难，只要掌握了一定的词量以及写作方法就有可以能拿到高分。下面是语文迷为大家整理的英语写作高分秘诀，希望对你有帮助。

一、中考英语写作的概述

你对于在中考英语写作中拿高分有把握吗?实际考试中，许多学生却常常有“无话可说”的感觉。那要如何我们才能克服这种无话的状态，取得高分呢?

归根到底这是一个英语基本功——单词、短语和句型的问题。

英语作文的前提条件是掌握了一定量的词汇、语法及体裁、题材等方面的知识。学生如果想要在写作方面有本质上的提升，必须进行多次的写作练习。因此，必须合理地设置训练步骤，遵循从初级到高级，从简单到复杂的原则去练习，经过一段写作实践之后，写作水平一定会有大幅度的提高。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。

二、中考英语写作的评分标准

1、老师拿到的标准

写作水平的高低和文章的好坏，分数是最直接的评分标准，也是考生们最关心的。但是多少考生真正透彻知道中考英语写作的评分标准?什么样的文章才是阅卷老师眼中的好文章?

评分标准：

(1)整篇作文满分20分，其中内容8分，语言8分，结构4分。

(2)内容贴切，句子流畅，用语准确，加整体印象分1分。

(3)不满60个词，少1——5个词扣0.5分，6——10个词扣1分。

(4)所有给出问题涉及的三项内容，每少一项扣3分。

(5)每个拼写，大小写，标点符号等错误扣0.5分;同一的拼写错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

(6)语法错误每项扣1分，同一错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

2、老师想看到的标准

语言(8分)：

词——固定搭配、高频重点词汇;

句——复杂句(各种从句)、特殊句型、正确的句子!

内容(8分)：(总、分)论点、论据支持句;简洁、切合主题的记叙内容。

结构(4分)：

语言结构——句子重点突出、内容清晰;

内容结构——论点、论据以及记叙之间的逻辑关系;

句数控制——对于相对内容的句数掌握;

亮点、出彩点——排比、拟人、谚语、成语、押韵等。

三、扣分

内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“Iwanttodosomethingformyschool”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。

但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。

当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。

所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

标点错误：每4个扣0.5。

四、加分

作文的组织结构分。就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。

“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分。很多家长(微博)和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。

因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。

微写作虽然微，但也有文章的体式。其文章的起承转合也需要交代清楚。从外在来说，请假、启事等要符合文体的要求;从内在来说，讲一件事情要讲清楚，要用自己的语言表达自己的思想，且把想表达的内容、情感很好地表达出来。那么，平时的训练就要包括两个方面：一是认识能力和思维水平，二是语言文字的表达能力。

建议高三老师要开展分层教学，因为每个学生的升学需求是不一样的。对于要考一流名校的学生，老师要提出明确要求，比如要创新、要夺人眼球，写得四平八稳就不行。此外，对于其他层次的学生，要根据学生的实际情况提出相应的要求。

老师在指导学生复习时，自己先要学会辨题。凡是符合今年高考指导思想的微写作题目可以多练，不太合适的题目要加以改造，因为微写作总体来说强调与生活结合、与现实结合，是要让学生写作时有话可说。他特别强调，微写作的开放性很强，显性的限制一般只有字数要求，其余大多隐含在情境中，指导学生时要特别注意。

教学中可分解突破描述、议论和抒情等各个能力点，将学生需要掌握的各类应用文体格式以及描述、议论、抒情的各种方法化解落实在每天的微写作练习中，如每日一句话新闻每日百字时评每日百字班级叙事等，同时着重从简明、连贯、得体的角度，训练应用文体的表达。

语文是一门博大精深的学科，要想学好语文，学习兴趣、良好的学习习惯等都是很重要的。有人感到学习语文很吃力，主要是由于没有掌握正确的方法，其次我们需要学会分析各种类型题目的做题技巧，当然这些都是建立在一定知识的积累之上。

虽然说语文的学习死记硬背较多，但是对于文言文，古诗词的学习，我们还是需要一些技巧的，对于文言文和古诗词，一些常用的词语或者常用句式需要我们特别记忆，这样即便是我们遇到一篇没有学过的诗词或者文言文，这些语句也是通用的，可谓是一理通百理明。

更重要的是我们要培养语文学习的兴趣。这个培养过程，古人分为三个阶段：知之、好之、乐之。先说“知之”：走进语文，不抵触，不反感，不因对以前的老师、教材和考试的印象而迁怒语文;能如此，方可初尝语文的甘霖。再说“好之”：日日操习，用心投入，不懈怠，不放弃，不因外界干扰、其他学科和考试分数而离开语文;能如此，方可欣赏语文的漫天红霞。后说“乐之”：处处留心，养成习惯，言谈举止，一笑一颦，莫非语文;能如此，方可进入语文的神仙洞天!

小学阶段不同年级的作文有不同要求和写作技巧小学英语写作指导小学英语写作指导。

对于小学3年级的学生，在他们已经掌握好了如颜色(colour)、衣服(clothes)、数字(number)、星期(day of the week)、月份(month)、宠物(pet)、情感(feeling)、身体部位(body)、文具(school things)的基础上进行文章的填空，如果学生能够按照文章的要求写进相关的信息，那就已经很不错了。下面是一个自我介绍的简单例子：

Myself

Hello，my name is_____. I am_____years old.My favourite colour is_____，_____， and_____.My favourite pet is______，_____ and______. My favourite food is_____，______and______.My favourite day is______. My favourite school thing is______and______.My favourite number is and______.I am______today.

上面的这个例子，如果学生能够依次能吧自己的姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色、喜欢的宠物、喜欢的食物、喜欢的日子、喜欢的文具、喜欢的数字和今天的心情准确无误地写出来，那么就已经能够完成了3年级阶段的作文要求。

对于4年级的学生，可以写一篇介绍自己课室或者自己卧室的文章。下面是一篇4年级学生的介绍课室范文。

My classroom

I am studying at Tongji primary school.I am in Class Two, Grade Four. (介绍自己所在的学校和所在的年级) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom. There are twenty-five desks in our classroom, they are brown. There are many books on the desk. There are fifty students, thirty boys and twenty girls. There is a picture on the wall. There are two fans on the wall. (用there+be句型把班里和摆设和班上的人数都表达出来了) It is tidy and clean.I like my classroom very much.(最后是作者的总结)

对于5年级的学生，作文的要求也提高了很多，很多学生在介绍别人或者是写自己喜欢的小动物的时候很容易忘了第三人称单数动词要加ses，如：He get up at 7 o’clock(get忘了加s)，在用到现在进行的时候动词很容易忘了加ing(如I am play the piano，play就忘记了加ing)，介词和介词短语也占了很重要的位置如介词in，on，at，of。介词短语如dream of(区分dream that)和be afraid of都是很重要的介词短语，很多学生忘记了介词后面要加动词小学英语写作指导少儿基础英语。

对于6年级的学生，作文考查的是英语的综合应用能力，而且出的题目大部分都是看图作文，这就在一定程度上增加了写作的难度，它也是综合了3年级的分类词汇，4年级的句型，方位介词，5年级的重点介词短语和时态，不过我相信只要平时多点积累单词和句型、多点动笔、多注意语法上的问题、多看作文书，那么就能写出流畅、有深度的文章。

导语：我们在写作的时候说明文有什么样的写作技巧呢？以下是小编为大家分享的小学说明文的写作技巧，欢迎借鉴！

说明文，即用来解释或说明事物、理论、方法、过程或某种抽象概念的文章。说明文的基本目的就是说清楚。也就是说，要让人看了文章后对文章中解释或说明的对象有清晰明确的认识。这就决定了说明文的基本特征是客观和科学。

说明文首要的一点是明确说明的 对象，然后用准确的语言，结合多种说明手法对之进行介绍和描述。常用的说明手法有下定义、分类别、作比较、引资料、举例子、列数字、画图表等。下定义，即给要说明的对象下一个明确的定义。如博物馆的定义就是征集、保藏、陈列和研究代表自然和人类的实物,并为公众提供知识、教育和欣赏的文化教育机构。分类别是将要说明的对象按照某种标准划分类别，以帮助读者对事物的理解。如电视机，可以分为彩色电视机和黑白电视机。作比较，即将这种事物与那种事物比较异同，从而更清楚地说明事物的特点。如将城市和乡村作比较，将大学和幼儿园作比较等。作比较的时候一定要注意比较的事物之间应当具有可比性，不能生拉硬扯，也不能不尊重客观事实，胡乱比较。为了说明某种事物的特点，有时候需要介绍它的背景、原理、历史等，这时就要用到引资料这种手法。比如我们要对长城进行说明，适当地引用一些历史文献，就更有助于今天的人们了解长城的历史，从而加深对长城中所蕴含的民族精神的认识。在复杂说明文中，列图表具有不可替代的优势。大量的数据、冗长的叙述、复杂的相互关系等，都可以通过图表得到直观的表达。

按说明的对象不同，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。前者着重在于说明的成因、构造、形状、用途等，后者则重在说明事理。这两类说明文常用的写作手法也有一定的区别。比如事物说明文重在说明事物的物理特征，常用的是下定义、分类别等说明手法，事理说明文重在说明事物的逻辑特征，地要用到引资料、作比较等说明手法。但时候，在同一篇文章中，几种说明手法都要用到，相辅相成，互为补充。

如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：

观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。

观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。

观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。

写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。 逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。

当然，大多数说明文会综合使用多种说明顺序。因此，在写作时，我们要合理地安排好说明顺序，理清说明文的结构层次。常用的结构层次有并列式、层进式和总分式三种。比如我们以“水”为题目进行写作，可以先写水的外形特征，再写水的分类，然后写水的用途，这是并列式的写作层次。我们也可以先写水的外形，再写水的成因，最后写水给人类带来的利与害，这是层进式的结构层次。先概括水的用途和特征，再一一细述，就是总分式。

说明文的特点

说明文是一种对事物作客观说明的一种文体，目的在于给予读者知识。中学生对说明文的写作最感头痛，往往举步维艰。其实，说明文的写作并非像同学们所害怕的那样，只要理顺了头绪，把阅读说明文和写作说明文结合起来，以阅读课文为写作借鉴的范例，多观察、多分析、多练习，就能逐步学会选用恰当的说明方法，正确而有条理地说明事物的特征

第一，要写好一篇说明文，首先得分清说明文和记叙文的区别。说明文的写作是授人以知，让人明白，记叙文写作目的是以情感人、让人动情。说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识，说明是手段。说明文与议论文的区别，主要在于说明文的目的主要是说明，议论文的目的则主要是说理；说明文要求把实体事物或抽象事理本身的情况说清楚，议论文则要求提出个人对议论对象的看法或主张

第二，要完成一篇说明文，须将说明文的特点烂熟于心。说明文的特点主要有说明性、知识性、科学性、实用性。只有很好地掌握了说明文的这些特点，才能将说明文写好

第三，须将说明文的类型分清楚，如果从内容上而言，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文，如果从表达方式上分，可以分为平实说明文和科学小品文事物说明文：以具体事物为说明对象，将事物是怎样的作为说明重点，对事物的状态、性质、功能、构造、发展变化等特征，进行科学说明。事理说明文：以事物的发生，发展变化以及相互联系的成因等为说明对象的说明文，说清怎么样和为什么，使人不仅知其然，还要知其所以然平实性说明文：是指用平实、简洁、明白的语言对事物的外形，内部结构，功用及种属关系加以较客观的说明，用词造句一般不带感情色彩和主观倾向，很少使用描写，更少使用修辞手法。

“好的开端是成功的一半”。开头在文章中的作用十分重要。小编收集了中考作文写作技巧，作文开头技巧，欢迎阅读。

1.落笔入题，总领全篇

例1.小时候，对印在连环画、贺卡上那些“挥着翅膀的孩子——天使”爱得痴迷。那纯洁的，绒棉似的白翅膀是一切美好的象征，它装饰着我儿时的梦。(重庆满分文《白翅膀装饰着我的梦……》开头)

这篇文章一开头就交代自己喜欢白翅膀，并用“它装饰着我儿时的梦”既照应文题，又领起下文。这种开头能给人干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓的感觉。应为考场作文开头的首选方法。

2.序引题记，醒人耳目

例2.叶子，是不会飞翔的翅膀;翅膀，是落在天上的叶子。(重庆满分文《翅膀，落在天上的叶子》题记)

这个题记采用比喻的方法来揭示“翅膀”和“叶子”的关系。“翅膀”和“叶子”怎么可以划上等于号呢?这个疑问，犹如一个谜团，一下子勾起阅读者的好奇心，只有当你读完全文才知道这是一篇“丑小鸭变成小天鹅”翻版的童话故事，作者用一个落叶代替“丑小鸭”，写他的无悔选择，写他的执著梦想，写他的美好心灵，新颖独到，让人耳目一新。

3.写景烘托，渲染心情

例3.又是炎夏了，开始有知了叫了。(北京满分文《动力来自那双眸子》开头)

这篇文章不落别人窠臼，独辟蹊径，从小处切入，从一双具体可见、可感的“眸子”切入，来写一位数学教师的目光情感的传达，给班上的每一位学生所带来的阳光般的温暖和突飞式的进步。此处开头的自然环境描写，既渲染了特定的气氛，衬托了人物的心情，又推动了故事情节的发展。

4.巧用对比，说明问题

例4.早晨8点刚过，一位怒容满面的妈妈就扯着一个个子高高的男孩推开了张教授办公室的门。一进门，妈妈就开始向张教授数落孩子的不是。而那个男孩似乎满不在乎，总是抬着头看天花板，身体还在不停地晃动着。时不时的还回上一句表示反对。(山东莱芜满分文《其实并不是这样》)

文章开头大肆渲染母亲眼中孩子的“不好”，可到了教授那里，教授反而轻易地就指出了孩子的“优点”，这样的对比，只能说明一点，其实并不是孩子不好，是“母亲”的眼光有问题，教育孩子的思想有问题。

5.反向立意，别出心裁

例5.我是魔鬼，是一个心中住着天使的魔鬼。(山东滨州满分文〈让天使永驻心中〉开头)

文章题目是“让天使永驻心中”，可开头就是一句“我是魔鬼”，让人感觉奇怪。再往下，第个段落的开头句都是“我是魔鬼”，一直到最后，细读才会领略到此反向立意的妙处是在突出“安琪儿”。

6.角度新颖，情理交融

例6.“王蜂一口针，橘子两边分。世间痛恨事，最毒淫妇心。”自从《水浒》一问世，人们便拿此评价其中的人物——潘金莲。这个人物形象成了人们心目中心狠手毒的“淫妇”、“荡妇”的典型。

潘金莲你实在是冤枉啊!(山东莱芜满分文《其实并不是这样》开头)

小作者将人们熟悉的《水浒》故事写入作文，读来却不觉重复。此处引用《水浒》开头，巧妙引出议论对象——潘金莲，既显自己的文化底蕴，又能将此与自己的观点形成对比，合情合理。

7.句式工整，含蓄蕴藉

例7.曾经留恋“秦王扫六合，虎视何雄哉”的英雄幸福，曾经追求“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的隐士幸福;也曾经探寻“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”的志士幸福。但是我毕竟是我，我要去采撷最美丽的幸福，来点缀无悔的青春!于是，我乘上幸福专列，开始了寻找幸福的路程。(山东济宁满分文《乘上幸福的列车》开头)

文章开头诗文的引用，使文章的语言古雅流畅而充满诗意，意蕴丰腴而耐人寻味。

8.比喻扣题，主旨凸现

例8.每个人降临人世时都没有翅膀，惟有读书才能使生命飞翔。(重庆满分文《读书——生命飞翔的羽翼》开头)

这章的思路相当开阔，一般人很少将读书和“翅膀”话题联系在一起，考生一开头以比喻句“每个人降临人世时都没有翅膀，惟有读书才能使生命飞翔”开启下文，很好地凸现了文章的主旨“读书——生命飞翔的羽翼”。

9.起兴开头，直奔主题

例9.雄鹰拥有翅膀，就能展翅高飞;飞机拥有翅膀，就能翱翔蓝天。我也幻想有一对翅膀，风雨中让我展翅飞翔，没有谁能把我阻挡飞越世界的梦想。(重庆满分文《假如给我一双翅膀》开头)

此开头由雄鹰、飞机起兴，倾诉“我”对梦想的执著之情，为下文描绘那些拥有翅膀的种种理由设置了悬念。

10.排比开头，注入诗韵

例11.云卷云舒，卷舒的是心灵的纯净无暇;雁过雁往，过往的是人性的清姿丽影;花开花落，开落的是灵魂的郁秀芬芳。(山东日照满分文《给我一个懂你的机会》)

作者文笔优美，此开头选取了自然界中几个画面进行描写，用语典押，句式整齐，朗朗上口，富有韵味。

11.一线串珠，珠珠润丰

例11.幸福是什么?(山东济宁满分文《幸福小语》)

文章以“幸福是什么?”开头，独句成段，发人深思，引起下文。下文分别用“司马迁说”“陶潜说”“李太白说”“刘禹锡说”“陈景润说”“林肯说”“甘地说”“我说”来高度概括8个人的幸福观，起到了“万箭攒射”的效果。作者丰厚的积累可见一斑。

12.论坛形式，新奇无比

例12.【主题帖子】幸福是什么?幸福是微笑着的闪着泪光的双眼;是耳边亲切的问候;是孩子们在沙滩上玩耍;是风烛残年的老人携手夕阳;是全家人围成一桌在中秋之夜享受天伦……一千个人对“幸福”就会有一千种诠释，正象一千读者眼中有一千个“哈姆雷特”。(不信请到“幸福”论坛里转一转。)(天津满分文《论坛里的“幸福水”》开头)

此开头从论坛“主题帖子”开始，用设问句引起读者注意，用排比句巧作道理论证，用“一千个人对‘幸福’就会有一千种诠释，正象一千读者眼中有一千个‘哈姆雷特’”概括自己对幸福的观点。新鲜的形式，巧妙的开头，实在是高招!

1、确定内容，就是选择材料;确定中心，就是确定中心思想，也叫立意。2、中心思想是文章的灵魂，材料是文章的血肉。3、中心思想从材料中提炼，还要靠材料来表现。4、同一个材料从不同的角度分析，往往会发现几种不同的思想含义。

考试说明：中考时，学生怎样根据命题要求来确定表达的内容呢?这是在确定中心之前首先要解决的问题。所谓选择材料就是针对这个意思说的。

纷繁多变的当代社会生活是写作的源头活水，中学生只有紧跟时代步伐，同现实生活息息相通，才能不断激发出对生活的新鲜感受，写出时代感强的鲜活文章。从中考作文来看，考生在确定表达的内容时，可从以下六个方面着手。

1、着眼当代热点

山东省中考作文要求考生根据"操场上，小鹿同学突然晕倒了……"这一材料，

就这件事可能发生的种种情况进行联想和想象。有位考生把构思和选材的目光投向揭露***的罪恶这场政治斗争，以《走出生命的误区》为题叙写了小鹿同学痴迷***,患心肌炎却迷信"有大师保护，快要成仙"的歪理邪说，拒绝医治最终晕倒这令人痛心的过程，强烈声讨***摧残下一代的罪恶行径。这种选材与当代的政治斗争紧密联系，具有鲜明的时代色彩。

2、着眼当代新风

兰州市中考作文题是《美在身边》，大多数生活面窄的考生都把寻找美的目光投向学校或家庭，而有位考生调动自己的课外阅读积累，这样写道："记得5月初的《兰州晚报》上刊登了兰州急救中心O型血告急的消息，第二天，就有2000多名群众挽起袖子为急救事业无偿献血，挽救了众多病人的生命，这不正是有无数颗美好心灵汇聚而谱写的爱之歌吗?"这样的新风这样的"美",就出现在中考前一个多月，真实、鲜活、动人，跳动着时代脉搏，是那些"人有我有大家有"的被用滥了的材料所无法相比的。

3、着眼当代改革

当代改革大潮涌动着创新的灵魂，在中考作文中引入改革题材，能给人全新的感受和思考。广东省中考作文题是《新的》。有位考生把课程改革引进选材的视野，以《新的课程》为题，描写同学们对电脑等新课程的热切呼唤，事真情深，现实意义强烈。而河北省有位考生反向落笔，历数应试教育的种种弊端，结尾处写道："中国的莘莘学子，何时才能搬掉书岳题山，指通豫南，达于汉阴"呢?这位考生拟题《中国的教育家，你难道还没有发现吗》(命题要求是以"发现"为话题作文)，对教育改革的期盼之情振聋发聩。文章以对教育现状的全新审视作为题材，体现出作者与时俱进的意识，那直陈时弊勇于改革的锐气，新人耳目。

4、着眼当代科技

科技高度发展是当今时代的重要特征。中考作文如能写及高科技带来的现代文明，或是就"记忆移植"这类双刃剑发表看法，定能显示出强烈的时代意识。武汉一考生写的题为《"我"为我服务》(命题要求以"服务"为话题作文)的科幻故事就是范例。题中带引号的"我"是"克隆学生公司"同过"我"的细胞复制出来的克隆人。克隆人"我"代替原"我"读书、作文、考试，原"我"却"躲在游戏机室，尽享美好人生。"一年后，克隆人"我"帮原"我"考入重点高中后便离去，此时原来的"我"大脑竟像"生了锈的轮子"不会思维，腿部肌肉也严重萎缩，原"我"在文末呼喊："可怕的服务!可怕的克隆人!"作者对高科技发展的产物--克隆人明确地表示否定态度，带有很强的趣味性与时代感，别巨匠心。

5、着眼当代名人

当议论需要例证或者叙写需要旁及某一内容时，选择的眼光应多向当代名人扫描，力避陈陈相因，人云亦云。江苏淮安市中考所考的是全命题作文"在机遇面前".有位考生以香港总商会会长霍英东先生和美国微软之父比尔o盖茨为例，论证"把握机会必须具有战略眼光和开拓精神"这一论点，材料鲜活典型。阅读时浓厚的时代气息扑面而来。四川省2001年所考的是半命题作文《我渴望》。有位考生别出心裁，拟题《我渴望做一回自我》，选材涉及近年来被狂炒的两位"名人"--韩寒和哈佛女孩刘亦婷。文章叙述自己机械生硬地模仿韩寒、刘亦婷所带来的不良后果，抒发了做一回自我的自信和勇气。材料的鲜活和"名人"引发的多种视角能激起读者全新的思考。

6、着眼当代理念

例如，大城市居民怎样看待来自农村的民工群体?传统观念与当代理念在这里怎样发生碰撞?四川省的一位考生以《我渴望大家理解他们》为题，生动地描述了一位青年民工舍身救城市儿童的故事，抨击了人们的偏见和世故，文章还对如何看待改革开放大背景下的"民工"做出了充满激情的回答，充满着人文关怀色彩。这种着眼于当代新理念构建的选材视角，是独特而富有启迪意义的。

说明文首要的一点是明确说明的 对象，然后用准确的语言，结合多种说明手法对之进行介绍和描述。常用的说明手法有下定义、分类别、作比较、引资料、举例子、列数字、画图表等。下定义，即给要说明的对象下一个明确的定义。如博物馆的定义就是征集、保藏、陈列和研究代表自然和人类的实物,并为公众提供知识、教育和欣赏的文化教育机构。分类别是将要说明的对象按照某种标准划分类别，以帮助读者对事物的理解。如电视机，可以分为彩色电视机和黑白电视机。作比较，即将这种事物与那种事物比较异同，从而更清楚地说明事物的特点。如将城市和乡村作比较，将大学和幼儿园作比较等。作比较的时候一定要注意比较的事物之间应当具有可比性，不能生拉硬扯，也不能不尊重客观事实，胡乱比较。为了说明某种事物的特点，有时候需要介绍它的背景、原理、历史等，这时就要用到引资料这种手法。比如我们要对长城进行说明，适当地引用一些历史文献，就更有助于今天的人们了解长城的历史，从而加深对长城中所蕴含的民族精神的认识。在复杂说明文中，列图表具有不可替代的优势。大量的数据、冗长的叙述、复杂的相互关系等，都可以通过图表得到直观的表达。

按说明的对象不同，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。前者着重在于说明的成因、构造、形状、用途等，后者则重在说明事理。这两类说明文常用的写作手法也有一定的区别。比如事物说明文重在说明事物的物理特征，常用的是下定义、分类别等说明手法，事理说明文重在说明事物的逻辑特征，地要用到引资料、作比较等说明手法。但时候，在同一篇文章中，几种说明手法都要用到，相辅相成，互为补充。

如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：

观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。

观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。

观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。

写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。 逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。

从世界各地来看，读书节已成为当代社会的文化景观，而且是最近20年的新风潮。不过，现代意义上的第一个“读书节”，最早可追溯到1926年西班牙国王首次设立的“西班牙自由节”，并把伟大作家塞万提斯的生日10月7日作为这个节日的庆祝日。

From all over the world, Reading Festival has become the cultural landscape of contemporary society, and it is a new trend in recent 20 years. However, the first "Reading Festival" in the modern sense, the earliest can be traced back to 1926, the king of Spain for the first time to set up a "Spanish freedom festival", and the great writer Cervantess birthday in October 7th as a celebration of the holiday.

1930年庆祝活动移到4月23日――塞万提斯的忌日，碰巧这一天也是加泰罗尼亚地区大众节日“圣乔治节”。传说中勇士乔治屠龙救公主，并获得了公主回赠的礼物――一本书，象征着知识与力量。每到这一天，加泰罗尼亚的妇女们就给丈夫或男朋友赠送一本书，男人们则会回赠一枝玫瑰花。由此相沿成习，如今每到这一天，书籍减价10%，玫瑰花的价格则陡然上涨。

Celebration on 1930 to April 23rd -- the anniversary of the death of Cervantes, to this day is also the Catalonia area public holiday "St. Georges day". The legend goes that the knight George slew a dragon and saved a princess, and was granted a gift in return: a book, representing knowledge and power. Every year on this day, Catalonia women will give a book to their husband or boyfriend, the men will give a rose. Thus become a custom through long time usage, and now every day, the book price by 10%, prices rose sharply rise.

世界读书日就来源于此。巧合的是，这天是著名作家塞万提斯、莎士比亚、维加3位著名文学大师的辞世纪念日，又是美国作家纳博科夫、法国作家莫里斯・德鲁昂、冰岛诺贝尔文学奖得主拉克斯内斯等多位文学家的生日。巧合之外，则是人们对书籍的热爱和对阅读重要性的深层认识。主旋律都是一样的：无论是年老还是年轻，无论是贫穷还是富有，无论是患病还是健康，都能享受阅读的乐趣，都能尊重和感谢为人类文明作出巨大贡献的文学、文化、科学思想大师们，都能保护知识产权。

World Book Day comes from this. Coincidentally, this is the famous writer Cervantes died, Shakespeare Vega, 3 famous literary masters of the day, and Nabokov, French writer USA writer Maurice de Rouen, Iceland Nobel prize winner Laks Ness and many other writers day. Coincidentally, is that people love of books and a deep understanding of the importance of reading. The main theme is the same: whether old or young, whether rich or poor, whether it is sick or healthy, can enjoy the pleasure of reading, respect and gratitude can make great contributions to human civilization, literature, culture, scientific thinking gurus, can protect the intellectual property rights.

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

在写作文中，我们要懂得运用技巧，下面是小编整理的中考优秀作文写作的5项技巧分享，欢迎阅读。

1、有一个灵活的头脑：造句法、筛选法、换题法。

2、有一张可爱的脸蛋：书写要工整，自己的字能够写多好就必须写多好，不得使用涂改液，不得随意修改，特别是开头、结尾和段落的开头句，不能修改。

3、有一双闪亮的眼睛：好的文题等于成功了一半。参见《中考满分作文拟题技法——眉目传神惹人眼》

4、有一身漂亮的衣装：(1)一个最拿手的题材(适合自己);(2)一个好故事(好布料);(3)一个好结构(好设计);(4)一口流畅、优美的语言(好花纹、好色彩)。

5、有几件精美的饰品：(1)倒叙、描写、引用开头(好发型)(2)结尾：议论反问式、含蓄余味式、赞美抒情式、哲理深思式、名言点睛式、联想做梦式、决心号召式(名鞋);(3)名言名句名作的恰好点缀(钻石哟);(4)用景物描写渲染气氛(如梦的纱巾)。

第一种：总分式(最常见的全文结构，也称“总分总式”)

论说文的全文总体结构一般都是这种结构模式。在论说文的写作中，往往围绕文章的中心论点或议论的中心问题，展开层次，逐一阐述，最后得出结论，要遵循由“是什么”到“为什么”再到“怎么办”，即我们常说的“提出问题”、“分析问题”、“解决问题”这样一个过程。这种全文的论证过程是由人们认识事物时思维的自然过程决定的，不是人们主观赋予或规定的。

论证方法，一般都要在中心论点的统率下，确立几个从属于中心论点的、即为阐述中心论点服务的分论点，然后通过对分论点的逐一阐述，使中心论点得到深刻有力的证明。

因而论说文全文结构，往往是“总—分—总”式。

同样是议论文，有的侧重理证，有的侧重例证;有的横式并列论证，有的纵向深入论证;有的一事一议，有的借题发挥，有的比喻论证。

【例文借鉴】(几乎篇篇皆是，所以小编这里就部多说了。)

第二种：并列式(比较常见的论证结构)

并列式，也叫“横式”，也叫排比论证。它常用于议论文的论证部分，其特点是，论证的层次作横向展开，分论点之间的关系是并列的，也就是分论点从不同的角度、不同的侧面对中心论点或论述的中心问题展开论证，使文章呈现出一种多管齐下、齐头并进的格局。并列式的各个分论点，其先后次序有时是可以前后互换的;它们看起来是各自独立的，其实是紧密相关、不可分割的一个整体。

语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据;但是,写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。小编收集了英语论文的格式与写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、英语论文的标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英语论文提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英语论文的文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jias A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotles father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

五、英语论文的文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。

3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A

Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.

---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,

Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.

引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。

An Author with an Editor

Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.

Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.

本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:

Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:

Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribners,

1962.vii-xxxix.

如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):

Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.

London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.

A Multivolume Work

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.

第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。

A Selection from an Anthology

Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”

Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New

York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.

被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。

Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”

Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.

报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。

Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cathers Nostalgia: A Study in

Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.

月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。

Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post

31 July,1985:B1.

引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献(略)

关于立意

作文的立意必须积极向上。对于有争议的内容，不要太大胆。譬如，你要求中日开战夺回钓鱼岛，中菲海军在黄岩岛摆战场，你骂朝鲜独裁，等等类似的内容，只能降低你的分数。一句话，我们要写阅卷老师愿意看的，作文得高分才是正途。

关于题材

慎写古人，譬如，每次中考，司马迁、李白、屈原、陶渊明、林则徐等，都会当做材料出现在作文里，老师们已经看腻了，大家要避免这个误区了。

那我们选什么题材呢?准备一个比较典型的题材。也就是说，准备好8件生动的事儿，以备中考作文采用。

这里需要强调的是，无论同学们写什么题材，强烈建议用第一人称，写你自身经历的事儿，写你生活中真实的感悟。大家储备素材的时候，要找自己亲身经历的事情，或者发生在身边现实生活中的事例。一般来说，在考场上瞎编乱造，多数会出现纰漏，导致减分。

关于结构

作文的结构无非是“总分总”、“分总”、“总分”。就考文而言，前两者比较适用。大家一定要记住，作文的开头不要很长，不要因为玩弄作文书上的技巧而弄得开头超过了5行。

关于结尾，我们一定要明确，结尾就是抒情和扣题的。在结尾必须抒情，归纳你想表达什么，而且扣题，最好“糊膏药”(出现标题或标题中的关键词)。

关于语言

备考作文，语言的准备是最难的。在此给考生们提几点建议：一是遇到你喜欢的句子和段落，你干脆背下来，也许能用在考场上，反正就是这一锤子卖卖，即使没产生作用，也不会扣分。二是，记住要有描写。写人要有动作和语言描写，写事注意细节和环境描写。三是，句子最好短一些，不要一逗到底，一个句子的主谓宾定状补都有了，就用句号。四是注意修辞手法。

关于卷面

考场作文，是阅卷老师读了你的作文后打分的。卷面的整洁、写字的工整、段落结构的协调，都直接影响着阅卷老师的视力感觉，对阅卷老师的打分心理产生冲击。一个好的卷面，即使作文不怎么出色，分数也不会少。一篇生动的作文，如果卷面不整，分数就不会高。

关于文体

国家教育部关于中考的《指导意见》中，对作文的要求是：不得设置审题障碍，要淡化文体要求，鼓励学生写真情实感。据此，我们可以明确地准备记叙文一种体裁。同学们在备考的时候，要阅读优秀的记叙文范文，掌握几种叙事方法。譬如：开头情景渲染、开门见山点题、中间注意插叙等等。

关于标题

根据新课标精神，近两年的作文发生了一些变化。其中最大的变化是：命题和半命题作文成为主流。去年的中考作文，命题作文约占70%，半命题约占7.5%，话题和材料作文，占15%。即使出现了材料作文，有些也是二选一题目。

如果是命题作文，我们自然不用考虑起标题。如果是半命题或其他形式，我们则要尽力求新。如《从__身上学到的》，就考验了同学们的补题技巧和题材创新。有的同学直接填了“父母”、“老师”、“同学”，创新程度就不够。有的同学写了“那片松柏”、“温总理”、“那座雕像”、“陈贤妹”，就能使阅卷老师感到“眼前一亮”。

法律文书是司法行政机关及当事人、律师等在解决诉讼和非讼案件时使用的文书，也包括司法机关的非规范性文件。包括规范性和非规范性两种。小编收集了法律文书的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、律师实务文书写作的基本要求

(一)基本原则

1、以事实为根据

书写法律文书前，必须了解案情。律师可以通过当事人的陈述和提供的材料去了解，也可以接受当事人的委托自行去调查相关情况并取证。

在掌握了案情材料后，书写法律文书应紧扣所依据的材料，如实地反映客观情况，切忌主观臆断，随意拼凑。

“以事实为根据”的实质要求就是：书写的法律文书，应有相应的证据材料来证明，即法律文书表达的是法律事实，而不是客观事实。

2、以法律为准绳

书写法律文书时，律师应当根据法律规定，结合案件事实，分析当事人的请求是否合法、合理，如果存在不合法的情况，应予以拒绝。

在书写法律文书的过程中，针对案件事实，应当准确恰当地引用法律条文，保证法律文书的严肃性。

3、谨慎原则

法律文书是一种程式化的文书，庄重严肃、结构固定，采用程式化的行文，用词造句要求准确规范，解释单一，言简意赅，通俗易懂，绝不能摸棱两可，让人产生歧义。

另外律师应注意不要因为措辞不当给对方造成把柄，也不要在法律文书中作出对本方当事人不利的陈述。

如果发现了有错误存在，应当立即纠正，尽快消除不利影响和后果。

(二)特别注意问题

1、充分领会当事人的意图和目的

领会当事人的意图和目的，一方面能够分析判断这一目的是否合法合理，另一方面也能够保证律师工作的效率。

【案例：当事人诉求网站侵权索赔案】

我们曾接受一家公司的来访。来访公司诉称其公司网站的网页、内容基本都被另外一家同行公司模仿、抄袭，故来访公司准备起诉维权。我们在查看来访公司提供的公证保全的证据后，初步判断侵权成立的可能性较大，支持其通过诉讼维权。随后来访公司介绍了诉讼目的：准备向侵权公司索赔近千万元。我们认为，如此高额的赔偿数额没有事实和法律依据，亦不合理，因此建议来访公司对诉讼目的进行调整，然后再商谈委托代理事宜。

2、制作规范

如果是手写的，应当工整，清洁，如果是打印的，应当清晰。

法律文书的成稿不应有涂抹。如果确实在成稿后需要涂改、时间紧急的，应在涂改之处进行签署，并向接受文书的一方做出说明。

3、主题突出

在文书的表述上，要主题突出，尽量直接、明确表达意图;法律逻辑要清晰，有理有据;文字表达流畅，行文简练。

4、注意技术细节

很多法律文书都是要提交给政府、法院等国家机构的，这些机构对文书纸张、份数等可能有特别要求。因此在制作文书时，应先了解特别要求，再制作。

比如，各个法院对起诉状份数的要求就不一样，如果没有按照要求的份数提交，就可能延误案件受理和审判。

5、避免常见错误

比如，起诉状对当事人的名称、地址表述错误或不准确，造成无法送达诉讼文书，甚至被驳回起诉。很常见的有：在表述公司名称时，漏掉“责任”二字;还有“北京××公司”被写成“北京市××公司”，这些都是很小的问题，但却很容易犯下错误。

二、民事起诉状的写作技巧

民事起诉状，是民事案件中的原告，为维护自己的民事权益，就有关民事权利与义务的纠纷，向人民法院提起诉讼，要求依法处理而提交的法律文书。《民事诉讼法》第一百零八条明确规定了起诉的条件：(一)原告是与本案有直接利害关系的公民、法人和其他组织;(二)有明确的被告;(三)有具体的诉讼请求和事实、理由;(四)属于人民法院受理民事诉讼的范围和受诉人民法院管辖。根据以上法律规定和《法院文书样式(试行)》，民事起诉状的格式没有太多争议，内容主要由三部分构成：一、首部，主要写明民事案件双方当事人的基本情况，必须有明确的请求对象;二、正文，包括诉讼请求、事实和理由、证据和证据来源;三、尾部，主要依次写明受诉人民法院全称、起诉人名称、起诉时间以及附项内容。起诉状的格式并不复杂，但是，要写出一份好诉状，达到想要的效果，并非易事。写作起诉状时必须注意以下几个问题：

1.原告的资格

根据《民事诉讼法》第一百零八条的规定，原告必须与本案有直接利害关系，而不是间接利害关系，因此哪怕当事人是无诉讼行为能力人，他的监护人也无资格越俎代庖充当原告，而只能在原告之后列出“法定代理人”的姓名及基本情况，正是基于此，在对原告身份情况的说明中，除姓名、性别、民族、职业、工作单位和住所外，年龄是一个不可忽视的填写项目，据此可以直接判断其有无诉讼行为能力，其监护人是否已作为法定代理人代为参加诉讼，在写作民事起诉状时，如果原告无诉讼行为能力，一定要在原告之后列出法定代理人的基本情况及与原告的关系，理顺当事人之间的内部关系。

开头、结尾

一、开头方式：

1、概述式：

开头用简介的语言介绍事物的概况，给人以总体的形象。如：

在台北市市中心有一栋特别高的大楼，那就是台北的101。它在2003年完工，已经过了十三年，它曾经被称为“世界第一高楼”，是世界唯一一座建在地震活动带的摩天大楼。

2、设问式：

开头设问，能激发读者的阅读兴趣并有急切了解事物或事理的心态。如：

为什么太阳下山了之后月亮就出来了呢?为什么到了晚上太阳就不见了呢?为什么白天的时候我们就看不到月亮和星星呢?今天就让我们一起去探索外太空吧!

二、结尾方法：

1、展望法：

就是在说明对象说完后表示深沉的感叹的写法。如：

不仅是克隆动物，科学家们已成功制作出克隆人的案例，这复制科技将会带给人们多大的利害，将来我们人类一定会好好地探讨这个奇妙的克隆。

2、号召法：

就是对读者发号召的方法。如：

气候变迁是一个非常严肃的问题，很多人都没有意识到我们的地球将毁在我们的手中，我们不但没解决气候变迁的问题，反而让这个问题变得更严重。保护地球你我开始做起，我们可以从最基本的开始做，还要记得提醒你身边的人，请为保护地球出一份力量。

3、旁补法：

就是文章最后追加补充其不足的写法。如：

当然，除了以上讲的这些灵异现象，还有其他种类的，如死亡事件、失踪事件，不过很多都只是因为人们的心理产生变化而因此能看一些奇怪的东西或事情，没有人知道幕后的真相到底是什么。

说明文概括总结：

介绍物品三要点，外形结构功能全;文具玩具最常见，生活用品有千万;描写外形有顺序，描写结构按空间;描写功能述生活，典型细节写一段;开头介绍名来历，结尾赞美把晴点。

导语：所谓好的开始是成功的一半，用在写作文上是再合适不过的了，好的开头可以更好的引出下文，而且能给阅卷老师留下深刻的印象。以下是小编为大家精心整理的高分作文开头的八大写作技巧，欢迎大家参考！

【开门见山】一开头就紧扣题目，点明与内容有关的人、事、物。

例：在我的记忆深处，有一张欧洲人的脸。那被棕色的略带卷曲的头发覆盖的宽阔前额，那高高的鼻子，碧蓝的深深的凹陷的眼睛，那抿成一条线的双唇……构成了一张坚毅而开朗的脸盘，这就是我的法籍教师——伊凡先生。 (张彤 《伊凡先生》)。

【比喻开篇】用一个事物打比方，说明另一个道理。

例：书，人们称为人类文明的“长生果”。这个比喻，我觉得就我自己说，特别亲切。 像蝴蝶飞过花丛，像泉水流经山谷，我每忆及少年时代，就禁不住涌起视听的愉悦之感。在记忆的心扉中，少年时代的读书生活恰似一幅流光溢彩的画页，也似一阕跳跃着欢快音符的乐章。

【设问开头】文章以提问开头，通过提问，启人以思，激发读者的阅读兴趣。

例：朋友，你读过毛xx同志的《沁园春·雪》吗?你不为词中“山舞银蛇，原驰蜡象”的盛景陶醉吗?你聆听过如雷贯耳的朔风吗?如果你是温柔细腻的南方人，那你一定对北方的隆冬充满了热切的向往。好吧，请你随着我的拙笔去畅游一番吧!(杨晓兰 《冬之琐记》) 。

【设置悬念】在开头提出问题，摆出矛盾，设置疑团，却不作答，以激发读者的兴趣和好奇心。

例：刘老师从怀里摸出一个红丝绸的小包来，慢慢地小心翼翼地一层一层地打开。这是什么玩意儿?同学们的心里都在疑惑，伸直脖子，眼睛直勾勾地盯住那个红包。有的干脆站了起来，本来很安静的教室，显得有些骚动。(唐天军《神秘的班会》)。

【议论开头】文章的开头用耐人寻味的富有哲理性、知识性的语言进行议论，阐明自己的观点、见解或主张，引出下文。

例：20世纪末，网络笼罩了人们的生活。网络把一个有形的世界正装进一个虚幻的空间，他把人与人之间的流距离拉近了，但同时也在疏远人与人之间的现实距离。 (韩杰 《网恋》)。

【抒情开头】文章一开始就把自己或作品中人物的爱憎感情抒发出来，使读者受到情绪上的感染。

例：清晨，几缕金色的阳光柔柔的倚在我的小窗上。我想此刻，我的脸上一定有一层七彩光辐射开来，让幸福和温馨暖暖地簇拥着我。书桌上放着一张朋友寄来的音乐贺卡，打开贺卡，霎时，那熟悉的充满欢快的旋律在我周围轻轻萦绕，“生日快乐”几个字随着节奏闪出红光。我真激动，抬头仰望蓝天白云，有一种欢悦就要冲口而出：今天——我16岁了。(段雪梅 《唱给世界的歌》)。

【情景交融】文章开头描绘出一种特殊的笼罩全篇的氛围和情调，导入正文。

例：蒙蒙的细雨滴落在我的面颊上，我一边享受着这份清凉，一边悠闲地四望。一棵小树蓦地扑入眼帘，纤柔的枝干透出一份水灵灵的稚嫩，几分新绿在蒙着雨珠的叶片上骄傲地闪耀。好喜人的小树!我停下来，爱怜地凝望它在秋雨中摇曳……(李彬 《秋雨》) 。

【引用开篇】在文章的开头引用一些名言警句，能增强文章的说服力。

例：“业精于勤荒于嬉。”这是我国古代文学家韩愈留给后人的格言。这是说勤奋可以使学业更加精深，松懈就会使学业荒废。现在我们的知识还是很贫乏的、肤浅的，如果不勤奋学习，就不能很好地为祖国建设贡献力。勤奋应该成为我们的座右铭。 (佚名 《谈勤奋》)。

由于应用广泛，写作形式灵活多样，在高考写作中受到考生的青睐。记叙文的叙述方式多种多样，有顺叙，倒叙，插叙，平叙和补叙。在高考中，一篇详略得当，有变化，有波澜，情景交融的记叙文容易打动阅卷老师的心。

一 记事的文章

1 要把记叙六要素交代清楚，记事要完整。

2 要确立一个线索，或以时空为线索，或以人物为线索，或以某物为线索，或以情感的变化为线索。

3 要明确写这件事的目的是什么，你想通过这件事表达哪些情感，揭示什么意义。 中心要集中统一，不要出现多中心的毛病。

4 选材要新鲜真实，有时代气息，有生活气息，不要写别人都写烂了的事，也不要胡编乱造。最好写自己亲身经历过的事情，这样才能写出真情实感，才能感动自己，感动别人。

5 注意详略得当，与中心关系紧密的事要浓墨重彩的详写，与中心关系不紧的略写，与中心无关的事不写。

6 不要只有叙述性的语言，要有生动的描写，要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，要有点明主旨的抒情议论句， 要注意多次点题。

7 内容一定要饱满，不要太单薄。

8 叙事文章不要平铺直叙，故事情节要一波三折，有曲折之美。要会设置悬念，要出人意料，要会运用倒叙插叙，要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛，要会运用对比法、抑扬法等。

9 要结构完整，层次清晰。

10 可运用书信体、日记体、片断组合体、小小说等一些体裁。

11 用词贴切，句式灵活，善于运用修辞手法，文句有表现力。

12 学会运用小标题。小标题运用的主要方式有：

①.日记标题式，以日记连缀的方式成文;

②.字母标题式，以A、B、C、D等若干段连缀成文;

③.单词标题式，以诸如春、夏、秋、冬，喜、怒、哀、乐等单词统领的段连缀成文;

④.数码标题式，以(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)等数字标明段落;

⑤.引用语录式，以诗词或散文中的句子作为几个小故事的小标题;

⑥.概述情节式，在段首运用诸如“序幕”、“发展”、“高潮”、“尾声”之类的词语;

⑦.概括内容式，如“她来了”、“她哭了”、“她笑了”之类;

⑧.留出空行式，即各段之间自然空一行，若干段并列，显得格外醒目。

二 写人的文章

1 一定要写出人物的个性，不要千人一面，千人一腔。

2 写人的文章是为了表现人物的性格特点或品质。选择一些典型事例来表现人物特点，这是一个最重要的方法，这些典型事例一定要特别，有个性，与众不同。

3 人物形象一定要饱满，有血有肉，不要干瘪乏味，不要只见筋骨不见血肉。要想人物饱满有个性，就一定要有生动细致的细节描写，包括人物的动作、神情、外貌、服饰、心理等方面的细节描写，要学会描写人物的眼睛。这些描写一定要能突出人物的性格或品质。

4 要学会用侧面描写，通过他人的眼光或评论来写人物。

5 要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛。

6 要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，

7 用词要贴切生动，句式要灵活多样，要善于运用修辞手法，文句要有表现力。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的联系：记事记叙文一定会涉及到写人，写人记叙文中的人物的性格和品质一定会通过具体的事来体现。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的区别：记事记叙文以记事为主，写人不是目的，一般是把某一件事情写清楚写生动并揭示事情的意义;写人记叙文以描写人物为主，重在反映人物的性格品质，一般会通过多件事情来表现人物的性格品质。

同学们平时写记叙文时应重点关注的问题：

1 如何使记叙文立意高远; 2 如何在记叙文布局谋篇上创新; 3 如何使记叙文情节曲折;

4 如何使记叙文内容充实; 5 如何使记叙文文采飞扬。

三 记叙文写作的十种技巧

巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容，先在前面作一个提示，但不马上解答，以引起读者的好奇兴趣，产生急于看下去的迫切心情，这样文章的开头，我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。

一线串珠

记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串连起来的一条主线，它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将这些珍珠串连起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及以作者的思想感情等。无论采取哪种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

以小见大

以小见大，就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常，但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质，小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。

穿插流动

粗笔勾勒

粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

曲径通幽

杨朔的散文《荔枝蜜》意在由蜜蜂而赞颂劳动人民的崇高品质，并表达自己向劳动人民学习的意愿。但文章并没有直接道出这一主题，而是通过展示作者对蜜蜂思想感情的变化，曲折有致地表达了主题。作者开头写自己对蜜蜂在感情上“疙疙瘩瘩”，接着写自己因吃了荔枝蜜而“想去看蜜蜂”，然后又写了蜜蜂的辛勤劳动与养蜂人的介绍。文章结尾写作者做梦“变成一只小蜜蜂”。由此可见，“曲径通幽”是指一种不是开门见山，直抒胸臆，而是曲折委婉地逐步显现主题的谋篇手法。

运用“曲径通幽”法，要注意两点：(一)“曲径”是手段，“通幽”是目的，手段要为目的服务。(二)行文的曲折应适当有度，不要为曲折而曲折。

烘托艺术

烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称，是指渲染某一部分，衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来，就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物，又称“衬托法”。衬托，也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物，使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出，从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物，被陪衬的事物才会显得突出，才能得到更加充分的说明。

1、衬托，可分正衬和反衬。

正衬，就是用类似的事物，从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”，用蓝天衬雪峰，使雪峰更高大

反衬，就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝，来衬托雪峰的白，使雪峰更洁白。又如“蝉噪林愈静，鸟鸣山更幽”，以有声衬无声。

2、运用衬托要爱憎分明，要宾主分明，陪衬事物与被陪衬事物，要让人一看便清楚，不能喧宾夺主。

3、衬托和对比的区别：

对比，是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似，但不同。对比，意在比，突出的对象是双方的，对立两事物无主宾之分。

衬托，意在衬，两事物有主宾之分，突出的是主要一方。如：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰，犹有花枝俏”，前句是对比，后句是反衬。

画龙点睛

画龙点睛是指在适当的时候以一二句议论，点明事物、人物、景物的意义之所在，或揭示作品主题，醒人之耳目，给人以启迪。点睛之处可以是在篇中，也可在篇末。

铺垫蓄势

铺垫也称铺叙衬垫，它是为了突出主要的人物或事物而铺叙另外的人物或事物以作衬垫。运用铺垫写法是为了蓄积气势，是为了突出文章主旨。陶铸《松树的风格》前几段的大量文字浓墨重彩地描绘松树的形象，赞美它“要求于人的甚少，给予人的甚多”，又用杨柳、桃李同松树作对比，补充说明松树“给人以启发、以深思和勇气”，直到第九段作者才笔锋一转，点明题旨说：“我每次看到松树，想到它那种崇高的风格的时候，就联想到共产主义风格。”原来此篇前面对松树的描绘和赞美是铺垫蓄势，后面对共产主义风格的赞美才是全文的主旨。这篇文章正因为有了前面形象感人的铺垫，后面入题也才显得格外坚实有力。杜牧的《阿房宫赋》第一段极力描绘阿房宫规模的宏伟和建筑的壮丽;第二段极力渲染阿房宫中美女之多和珍宝之富;第三段夹叙夹议，论述秦王朝统治者穷奢极欲，大营宫室，招致国家迅速覆亡、宫室一旦毁灭的必然结果;最后第四段作者以“呜呼”领起，发出深沉的议论慨叹，指出秦统治者要能爱天下之民，国家就不会败亡，表明秦之灭亡乃是一个深刻的教训。这篇赋，前两段的描绘渲染，是为后两段的议论铺垫蓄势，描绘渲染是议论的基础，议论则揭示主题，突出文旨，这正是铺垫蓄势的用意所在。

运用铺垫手法须注意两点：一是要注意写好铺叙的那一部分，只有将这部分写充分了，才能有效地蓄积气势。二是运用铺垫要自然，如果为铺垫而铺垫，过多地堆砌，反会暴露出人为的痕迹，那效果就适得其反了。

前后照应

前后照应法可以使文章严谨连贯，浑然一体，又突出内容和结构上的内在联系。照应一般有以下几种：

1、内容和标题相照应。这种照应方法常常是内容安排多处和题目照应，或在恰当的地方直接、间接地点明题意。如《背影》，文中多次描写“背影”，既与标题“背影”相照应，又进一步点明题旨，充分表达了作者对父亲深深的思念之情。

2、行文中间照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事，后面行文交代前面所写事的结果，使内容相互补充，层层深入。

3、结尾与开头照应法。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及，使文章首尾一致，成为有机的整体。如《白杨礼赞》一文，开头和结尾照应，不但使文章结构显得非常完整，而且使作者的赞美之情得到了淋漓尽致的抒发。

镜头剪辑

镜头指影视所拍摄的一系列画面。镜头剪辑用于写作，指选取一组生动的画面来表现主题。此类文章是将所写的人物按照或故事、或画面、或片段、有序地写下来，其间的每一部分都可单独成文，组合起来又是一个完整的篇章。这种又被人们称为“冰糖葫芦式”结构，由于其形式新颖，巧妙精致而受到好评。

卒章显志

在文章结尾时，用一两句话点明中心、主题的手法就叫卒章显志，也叫“篇末点题”，“志”就是指文章的主题、中心。恰当运用这种手法可以增加文章的深刻性、感染力和结构美，有“画龙点睛”的艺术效果。

时空交织

在记叙一件较复杂的事情时，在同一时间段中，先叙甲地的情况，再叙乙地的情况，转而再写甲地的人事，这就是“时空交织”的文章构制方法。它有利于结构紧凑，文字简练。早年有一篇著名的通讯，题为《为了六十一个阶级弟兄》，说的是平陆县六十一个民工突然发生食物中毒事故。作者先写民工中毒后的场面，接着写卫生部接到紧急求援电报，再写平陆医院抢救经过，转而又写北京有关医药商店调运紧急药品的情况，如此轮流反复交织的叙说，构成了一曲动人心弦的凯歌。当然，采用这种方法有一定难度。

有时，在叙述一件事的过程中，作者运用插叙、补叙等手法，也可构成“时空交织”的感觉，我们把这种谋篇方法也纳入“时空交织”中。

一波三折

记叙性文章要避免平铺直叙，记流水账，如能写得波澜起伏，就能引人入胜，耐看。

俄国作家柯罗连科的写景小品《火光》通篇运用了象征手法，但从字面上看，数百字的短文，由作者的感受引发了一波三折的景物变化，黑夜泛舟，火光又明又亮，好像就在眼前，这是开头展示的基本景象;船夫不以为然，认为还远着呢，兴起一波;自己从不相信到信服，又兴起一波;由“非常遥远”到“毕竟就在前头”，重要的是“必须加劲划桨”再兴一波

“一波三折”，“波折”要入情入理，让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉，方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活，故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者，还会适得其反。

欲扬先抑

“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法。杨朔写过一篇著名的散文《荔枝蜜》。他在文中说小时候因为被蜜蜂螫过，因此对它总有疙疙瘩瘩的厌恶之感，但后来在广东从化参观了养蜂场，尝到了荔枝蜜，又听了养蜂老人的一番介绍，对小生灵蜜蜂顿生敬仰之情，它那勤恳、无私的品质正体现了中国劳动人民的美德。这是典型的欲扬先抑写作手法。所谓欲扬先抑，是指本要大力颂扬的对象，而落笔开始却贬抑它，批评它。前文的“抑”，反衬了后文的“扬”。采用这种写作手法，要自然合理，切不可牵强生硬。

记叙文范文

青春燃烧的痛

清晨。

空气中充满了潮湿的味道，露珠儿静静地躺在小草身上，缓缓升起的朝阳散发出柔柔的光线，给露珠儿镀上了一层美丽的色彩，露珠独自在叶片上静静地散发着光泽.就像是紫色的风铃寂寞地在风中摇摆，清脆的响声里散发着淡淡的忧伤。(景物描写渲染气氛，奠定了全文的感情基调。)

我慢慢地走进教室，在靠窗的位子坐下，打开我熟悉的书本，开始细细地品读。每天把书中的知识放入不算聪明的大脑，是我高中生活的必然模式。那一卷卷书本的墨香，把我引向一个神奇的世界。，阳光透过窗子洒进来，柔柔的，暖暖的，它缓缓地移动。从我身上一点点消失，我清晰地感受着时间的流逝。光线缓缓划过书本，好像给每一个清秀的文字插上了一双希望的翅膀，载着我的梦想飞向世界的某个角落。它站在阳光下向我招手，透过暖暖的光线把希望和勇气传递给我。(描写细腻，把光线的转移与时间的流逝紧密联系在一起，使抽象的时间变得具体可感。)

我追寻着它的脚步.虽然它遥远得像光线一样，但我仍然执著地追寻，就算每天只是小小的一步，我也无悔，因为我曾坚持。(追寻光线其实就是珍惜时间。)

中午。

我走在人潮中，耳边回荡的是一片欢声笑语，他们的脸上漾着一种叫青春的光彩。中午的阳光是炽热的，我却依然固执地抬起头，忍受着阳光刺眼的疼痛，倔强得不肯认输。我认为青春是我无限的资本，但被青春燃烧的疼痛，却如此清晰。(此处为转折，由现在的坚定转入对过去的后悔。)

我肆意地挥霍着时间，忘记了自己的使命，忘记了父母因劳作而弯曲的背脊，因期望而异常明亮的双眼。是什么让我迷惘了?是青春吗?但我能用一句“因为我还年轻”而推卸掉所有的责任吗?还是说这是青春的留白……(紧承上段，谈自己对过去的后悔。)

阳光被层层的树叶割得破碎，在地上印出一个个寂寞的阴影。原来再美的青春也会有忧伤。

黄昏。

望着缓缓下沉的夕阳，才明白，青春在时间面前是如此的苍白无力……

还有多少青春可以供我挥霍?父亲的背脊还要多弯才可以停止劳作?我迷茫地走了那么久后，猛然清醒，现在后悔的言词，已无法表达我此刻的心情。徐徐的微风吹来，我额前的发丝忽儿散开，我猛然发现自己还有拼搏的机会.因为我还在校园里，这是充满希望的地方。我要在这里积蓄力量，像一只雏鸟，默默地等待着羽毛丰满，在某一个黎明破晓的时刻奋力一飞……

望着西边仅剩下的一缕斜晖，我淡淡的微笑着向它走去。(自己对过去的后悔激发了此刻奋发的决心。)

【简要评析】

本文借一天的思绪流程表现自己对虚度时光的懊悔与幡然悔悟后奋发向上的决心。作者把虚度光阴称为“青春的痛”，比喻贴切，使人警醒。

在结构上，以太阳光为线索，由清晨、中午、黄昏三个时间段组成三个部分，层次清晰。

申论考试中，不少考生对拿高分没有办法，其实申论从本质上来说还是写作，所以常见的写作手法在申论中也可以适当运用。小编收集了三种申论高分写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、运用排比，增强气势，提升作文新高度

排比是作文中常见的修辞手法，不但能增强气势，还能解决考生无话可说的难题，还以“朋友圈”为例：

打开微信“朋友圈”，就能看到一个完整的文化微缩景观：既有“小清新”，也有“情怀党”;既有痛心质问“传统文化怎么了”，也有娓娓道来“告诉你一个真实的美国”;既能看到古典乐迷的“高大上”，也能看到各种“非主流”、“脑残体”……，文化其实已经写进了每一个人的生活里。

从这个案例可以看出，透过“朋友圈”这样一个生活常见的案例，可以引起阅卷人的共鸣，增加亮点，同时也增强了气势，提升了文章的高度，突破了无话可说的瓶颈。

二、巧用设问，切入主题，优化作文旧模式

修辞手法有很多，设问也是常见的一种。很多考生常常提出一个设问就草草了事，没有案例支撑，这样的设问比较单薄，其实结合一个反面案例，就会达到不一样的效果。以今年比较火的电影《小时代》为例：

去年以来，《小时代》系列电影持续掀起话题，抛开其内容不论，这票房和舆论的“双重风暴”也让人思考：电影创新该如何传递正能量、讲述好故事?电影产业如何营造一种正面的文化氛围?文化的发展应该是社会中每一个人，肩负起来的责任，其中媒体人要树立起弘扬中华文化的意识。

这个案例中的电影只是一个切入点，估计《小时代》很多人都看过，但是能否通过电影，发出一种设问，上升一定高度，看到事件后面的本质，其实也是体现考生能否深入论证的能力。

三、活用白描，承接地气，凸显作文个性化

白描的写法其实在我们的高中时代就很常见，在散文中的使用尤为突出。白描就是对于某一行为或者细节进行突出的描写，这种方法能够凸显考生文采，但是在议论文中，最好使用在开头和结尾，不要用在论述部分，因为会影响文章的论证效果，以如今的书店为例：

暮春，子夜，北京一角。毗邻王府井大街、24小时营业的三联韬奋书店内，依然灯火通明。几张书桌，数盏灯光，秒针滴答有声，手指划过书页，颇有“夜深还照读书窗”的意境。一些学者感慨：“找到阅读的价值，才有文化的回归。”

这样的写法尽量是引出总论点的时候使用，读起来能够让人心中沉静，“接地气”，也是个性化表达的较好方式之一。

考生对于如何获得好的作文分数一直较为困扰，关心身边每一个人、每一件事，从简单的写法开始，加强练习，不断增加亮点，凸显个性，论证深入，凸显新写法、新思路、新内容，高分其实已经在慢慢向你靠近!

一、审题

我们拿到作文后第一件要做的事就是审题。审题的作用在于使你写作不跑题(如果跑题，条理和语言再好，也得不到及格分，甚至0分。)那末审题要审什麽呢?

1.体裁(议论文，说明文，描述文)

审题就是要审作文的题材和体裁。因为什末样的体裁就会用什末样的题材去写。那末体裁包括那些呢?它包括议论文，说明文和描述文。从近些年看，四级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的杂合体。例如： Directions: For this part ,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicTrying to Be A Good University Student .You should write at least 100 words and you shouldbase your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below :

1.做合格大学生的必要性

2.做合格大学生的必备条件(可以从德智体方面谈)

3.我计划这样做

很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。这是片面的，因为，第一段要求写"...必要性"，这说明本段体裁是议论文;第二段要求写"

...必备条件"，这说明本段要求写说明文;儿地三段要求写"...这样做"，这说明本段要求写描述文。所以在大多数情形下，四级作文是三种体裁的杂合体。

2.根据不同体裁确定写作方法

我们审题的目的就是根据不同体裁确定不同的写作方法。通过审题，我们可以看出四级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体，第二段为说明体，地三段为描述体。而各种文体又不同的写作方式： 议论文;要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两方面来论述。例如上面第一段的思路是：做合格大学生，会怎末样(这是从正面论述);不能做合格的大学生，会怎末样(从反面论述);所以我们要做合格的大学生(结了论)。

说明文：可以从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就上作文而言，可以从方面(德智体)来说明合格大学生的必要性。

描述文：一"人"为中心描述一个"做"的过程。与上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词，他要与第二段相互应进行描述。 二 确定主题句

通过审题，我们知道该如何确定正确的写作思路。下边我们就谈如何些。第一部就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可得及格分。写主题句嘴保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。例如上述三段主题句分别为：

1.It is very necessary to be a good university student . (议论体的主题句)

2.There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student .(说明体的主题句)

3.What I will do in the future is the following .(描述体主题句)

如果要求句是英语就可以把它变成主题句，例如这样一篇作文：

Good Health

1.Importance of good health

2.Ways to keep fit

3.My own practice

这样的作文的要求句就可以扩充成主题句。扩充后三段的主题句分别为：

1.It is very important to have good health .(将名词 importance变成形容词important)

2.There are four ways to keep fit for me .(用 there be 句型)

3.My own practices are the following .(采用原词)

二、条理清楚

保证不跑提示写作当中第一任务，第二个重要任务就是要做到条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚，对于说明文来说条理要清楚，对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清楚。就拿上例Good health 来说，第一段保持正反面要清楚救应这样写：正面(With good health ,we can...)，反面(Without good health ,we cando nothing .We cant do...)

为了使文章更具有条理性，我们可以用first(ly) second(ly) third(ly)等副词，他们可以是文章的条例性更加突出。作文是主观题，想得告分就必须引起老师的主意，老师的时间很短(每篇作文只有一两分钟就要阅完)，所以我们在列调试最好不用: To be with,... after that ,...And then, ... The next , ... Thefollowing , ... As last ... 。因为用这样的词语不利于老师看出你作文的条理性。

三、保证作文符合字数要求的十二句作文法

考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多，因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题，一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。

我们知道，四级作文都是三段式。我们算一下，如果我们在每一段中写上四句，即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。这样全片在十二句左右，每一句十多个词，就又120-150个字。大家可以试图找一些作文题练一练。

一、外显连接

所谓外显连接是指用特定的连接词将相关信息进行连接。通常情况下，例子作为论据由for example, for instance, like, such as, take… as 等引出。

如：it is undeniable that mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways. For example, when an emergency occurs, such as a traffic accident or a violent crime, mobile phones can help the victims to call the police or an ambulance immediately for help.

本例中，for example 引出例子论证“mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways.” 而后面的 such as 则引出emergency 的具体形式。For instance 与它的用法完全相同，即后面要接句子例证。 Like, such as, take…as 等直接名词（或相当于名词的词）。由于这些都是基本常识，这里不再赘述。

为了使连接词多样化，建议考生运用下面的一些短语（或句式）连接论点和论据：

…is a case in point;

…serve as a typical example

…can be taken as an example;

one example is that…

another one is that等

如：Working part time when you are studying in university is beneficial to your life. I myself is a case in point（or‘my experiences serve as a typical example’）. Through those experiences, I have learned to be independent and responsible.

二、内化连接

实际上，大家看原汁原味的文英文文章会发现有些信息的连接不用外显式，而是通过某些特定的词或者特定的方式给读者以清晰的层次感，从而使文章信息传递更通畅。

下面我们来看一下哪些例证可以省去连接词，实现内化连接。

1、人物经历作例子

其中的人物可以是名人，Thomas Edison gave us an example that success only comes after persistence and hard work. 也可以是作者自己的亲身经历 I remember that ten years ago cell phones were unusual and seldom seen. 人物经历作例子因为其较强的故事性而引人关注。但是切记，如果运用名人做例证，要注意信息的准确性； 如果运用自己的亲身经历做例子则要注意例子选择是否典型、有说服力。但是无论怎样，有人物经历时，一定会给人以非常明确的细节信息的感觉，所以完全可以省去连接词。

2、数字信息作例子：

引入带有数字信息的例证，除可以更具体、更详实的说明观点外，也可以内化连接词，因为数字信息所要传递的一定是一个量化的概念，而这一概念就是它所要论证的中心。看个例子：

The work was immense: filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time.

例子中immense是观点中心词，后面的具体数字都是对这一中心词的佐证。（当然我们不要忘记这里“：”也是在帮助这段文字内化连接，相当于“for example”）

3、专有名词信息作例子

人名、地名属于细节信息的范畴，也经常出现在例证中，以一种’fact’的形式出现。如：

Air pollution is increasingly becoming the focus of government and citizen concern around the globe. From Mexico City and New York to Singapore and Tokyo, new solutions to this old problem are being proposed and implemented with ever increasing speed.当你看到这些地名时，一定会想到它们是某一类具有相同性质的地域的代表，那么自然也就是’点’信息，而非‘面’信息，从而可以省去连接词的使用，却依然保持主次分明。

其它诸如期刊杂志名、书名等专有名词也可以有类似的用法。

4、一些小的介词（短语）引导例子

如果大家注意总结，会发现雅思阅读文章中有一些介词（短语）也可以引出例子。

如：from…to: Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world.

再如：including: …..

Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, catalysts and hexa.

这里including 相当于such，like等。

综上，举例论证除了需要牢牢掌握大家熟知的表举例的连接词外，还要注意积累一些隐去连接词却嵌入一些表细节信息的词汇的情况，或者注意学习老外用标点符号以及被我们轻视的一些小词来标示文章层次的巧妙的做法。同时，同学们也要关注一下，人物经历和事实信息（尤其是带有数字、专有名词的事实）作例证更有说服力也非常容易掌握。所以同学们要从举例论证的连接词、常用例子类型等角度全面掌握举例论证，从而让举例论证更好地论证观点，更好的为雅思大作文服务。

[雅思考试作文及写作技巧推荐

游记就是我们一起组织去玩了以后回来老师布置写一篇游记的作文，大部分是这样的，那么我们写游记作文主要抓住那些关键呢。那我们同学在游览之后，怎样把它写下来，而且有充实的、活泼的内容呢?下文是小编整理的相关内容，欢迎阅读参考!

一、按游览的顺序描写景物。

写作时，要在认真观察和记忆游览的景物的基础上，按照见到景物的次序，来所写看到的景物。这样才能做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不致于杂乱。观察景物，通常有两种方法。一种就是定点观察。如站在公园某一角，对公园进行由远及近的观察。又如我们登上塔顶，从东南西北四个东南西北四个方向对塔下景物进行观察。二就是移动观察，它又叫移步换位法。就是随着脚步的移动变换位置，一处一处地进行观察。选好了观察点，就是确定好了写的顺序。如课文《参观人民大会堂》，按参观的顺序，依次写了五处的景物。先写大会堂正门的国徽和柱子，其次写中央大厅的天花板和地面，接着写大礼堂，然后写宴会厅和会议厅。这样，就有条理有重点地写下了在大会堂所看到的景物。

二、抓住游览重点，详写过程。

一次参观游览活动，看到的景物很多，我们不能记“流水帐”。要把看到的景物中印象较深的写下来，其余地可以写得简略些。我们在一边参观游览，一边要抓住景物的特点，进行仔细观察。比方说，我们要写游览看到的景物为主的记叙文，写作的重点就是把看到的景物重点写下来。对于我们看到的特别好的景物，我们要进行具体地描写，突出重点。对于重点的景物，要注意详细描写出它们的位置、大小、动态、静态、颜色等。如我们写“菊花”，颜色就有“红的如枫叶、白的如冰霜、黄的如麦穗”等等，菊花的形状就有像 “小姑娘的卷发，毛茸茸的小鸡，绣球”等等。我们要把过程写详细、具体，做到主次分明，详略得当，写出来的文章才能突出重点，清楚明白，才能写出游览的意义，才有教育意义。

三、略写前后，情、理、景相结合。

我们在写游览记时，应把开头和结尾写得简略些。开头要交待清楚时间、地点和人物。如《游善卷洞》的开头“我的故乡江苏宜兴有一处著名的游览胜地——善卷洞”。结尾应用议论或抒情的方式写下自己的感受。如《天然动物园漫游记》的结尾写道 “‘哈哈……’我们在欢笑声中结束了这次愉快的野游。朱库米天然动物园行的乐趣是无穷的，无怪乎世界各地前去游览的人络绎不绝”。这样，写的文章有头有尾，读起来给人一个完整的印象。我们要把感情融化于景物中，写出真意。写作时，我们要倾注自己的思想感情。

还有，我们在写景的同时，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题，治学精神，使读者在领略自然风景的同时，受到启迪和教育。

[游记的写作有什么技巧