期末考试英语记叙文写作指导(通用19篇)

1、欲扬先抑，开发胃口

唉，老师怎么让我和他坐一个桌呢？她可是我班最凶的女生啦！就因为这，大伙都叫她“虎妞”。——《同桌》

2、开门见山，直截了当

我和阿敏的交情可不一般——初中三年的同桌。对她，我有一肚子的话要说。——《同桌》

3、描形绘神，印象逼真

她，长得真丑：黄瘦的脸；尖尖的下巴；淡得几乎看不见的眉毛下，一双细眯的眼睛；鼻子扁而大；一口参差不齐的牙齿，略有黄色……唉！甭提了，她的外表真不符合这么动听的名字——祝丽丽。——《同桌》

4、自然交代，平引下文

新学期一开始，我就注意到一个问题：我们班三十三名男生，二十七名女生，男生两人一桌恰好多一名，女生亦如此，必将出现一个男生和一个女生同坐一桌的危机。可万万没想到这个危机会降临到我的头上。——《同桌》

5、歌词开头，响彻云际

“明天你是否会想起/昨天你写的日记/明天你是否会惦起/曾经最爱哭的你……”一曲悠扬的《同桌的你》从路边音像书店传了出来，那带着绵绵情思的乐曲，把我的思绪带回了三年前的时光……——《同桌》

6、排比反复，创造旋律

朋友，就是我可以为他献出真挚情感的人；朋友，就是我可以对他付出全部信任的人；朋友，欢乐时与我分享，危难时与我同行。人生中没有朋友，就像生活中没有阳光。我就有着这样的一个好朋友。——《朋友》

7、设问开篇，无沿无边

往事如烟，随着时光的流逝，大都渐渐淡忘，而那双眼睛，怎能使我忘怀？——《朋友》

8、名言指路，开宗明义

培根说过：“无真实朋友之人，可以谓之真可怜而永陷于孤独生活之人。”他的话道出了朋友的重要。是的，假如一个人丧失了友情，他简直无法生存在世界上。——《朋友》

9、对比映衬，突出重点

随着岁月的流逝，许多人渐渐被我淡忘了，然而，有那么一双眼睛，一种声音一个身影，至今萦绕在我的心头，久久不能忘怀。——《朋友》

10、倒叙开头，吸引读者

当我们乘着离开国防教育学校的时候，不知道为什么，泪水竟然在我的眼眶里打转。难道是留恋吗？是留恋那一段虽苦虽累但充满活力的生活，还是留恋那待人苛刻却真诚亲切的军人，我们的教官？——《朋友》

11、拨乱反正，拨云见日

有人说，淡泊就是看破红尘，看透一切，认为一切都是假的、虚伪的……这种看法是对淡泊的曲解。如果我们翻一下词典就会明白，“淡泊”是不追求名利的意思……——《淡泊》

12、泰山压顶，观点强现

目前，校园攀比之风肆虐，我认为这种风气确实需要刹一刹。——《攀比风，可休矣》

13、联想象征，奇妙无穷

一个梦，曾经在西方强盗的炮舰下埋葬，留下的是老一辈辛酸是泪珠不止的心痛和望眼欲穿的期盼作为见证。伴随着流泪的长江长大的我们也就少年已尝愁滋味，踩着前辈留下的印证期待，期待着有那么一天……——《期待》

14、环境描写，渲染气氛

十月九日又到了，鲁迅先生已经逝世六十年了。从傍晚到子夜，静静地，一个人坐在窗前，任冷雨打着窗棂。灯下一盆吊兰淡淡地涂抹一壁翠色书柜。夜风荡起，身上微微泛起寒意。想起了鲁迅先生，泪水就滑落下来。

15、题记为冠，哲理为先

世间万物皆难逃自然辩证法，孰是孰非，孰优孰劣，孰喜孰忧，岂可一言以蔽之？——《假如记忆可以移植》

16、博览群书，信手拈来

据说，在非洲的原野上，有一种食虫的花朵，色彩绚丽，芳香异常，许多飞虫抵御不了“诱惑”而葬身其中……——《抵御“诱惑”》

17、抒发情感，以情动人

暮色中，几缕炊烟从农舍里袅袅升起。我捧着一束栀子花，站在张老师的窗前。张老师，您还是那样忙碌？该歇歇了吧，今天是您的节日——教师节。我带着我的收获来看您来了。——《琐忆》

18、以物喻人，含义深长

在一望无际的旷野上，一棵古老的树，虽然生命已到了最后一刻，但它仍然倔强的生长着。在它的身旁，一棵小树正在抽出嫩嫩的芽。老树的根枯了，它把生命的汁液输给了小树；老树的叶黄了，它把绿色的生命注入了小树。老树历经沧桑，走完了它艰难的历程。如今，小树刚刚抽枝吐叶，老树却离开了它……这正像外公离开了我，他来不及接受我对他的报答之情，就匆匆离开了我。——《琐忆》

19、解题铺陈，明示中心

责任，就是一个人分内应该做的事。军人，有保家卫国的责任；医生，有救死扶伤的责任；教师，有培养接班人的责任。工人、农民、职员、商人……人人都有自己的责任。在我们的社会里，各行各业都有许多尽职尽责的人，他们组成了一道道最美的风景——请允许我，从这道道美丽的风景画卷中撷取一幅动人的画面吧。

20、设置矛盾，引人入胜

“我就不信，你在这个班生活了两年多，对这个集体就会没有一点感情？……”这是今天早晨班主任陈老师对我说的话。我望着陈老师愤怒的目光，委屈的眼泪直在眼眶里打转，心理说：“陈老师，你误会了……我怎么能不爱我们的班级体呢？”

记叙文的写作要注意六要素：时间、地点、人物，事件的起因、经过、结果。要综合运用记叙、议论、抒情、描写等多种表达方式，但相对于记叙、描写来说，其他表达方式都只是辅助手段，不能喧宾夺主。

高考中，在什么情况下适合写记叙文呢?一是考生自己擅长写记叙文，就选择写记叙文;二是试题适合写记叙文，就写记叙文，如2012年高考江苏卷作文题“忧与爱”，就比较适合写记叙文;三是试题要求写记叙文，就写记叙文。

技法指导一：叙事清晰完整

以叙事为主的记叙文，必须做到清晰完整。清晰，指叙述的条理性;完整，指叙述事件要体现出事件的起因、发展、高潮、结局。要达到清晰完整的要求，最重要的是要有一条明晰的叙事线索，并按照线索有条不紊地叙述事件。

叙事类文章安排线索的方法有以下几种：

①以时间为序。

文章以时间的推移为顺序，叙写客观事物发展的自然进程：如写一天，从早晨、中午写到晚上;写一个人，从童年、少年、青年写到老年;写一件事，从发生、发展写到结束。这样写事情，可以使经过有头有尾，文章脉络清楚，层次井然。

以时间为序作文时，要注意以下三点：一要根据文章主题的需要对材料进行取舍，做到主次分明、重点突出;二要学会彩线串珠，用一条红线把所有的材料贯串起来，做到脉络贯通、头绪清楚;三要巧设悬念，灵活穿插，运用先抑后扬、疏密相间、张弛结合等手法，做到文章波澜起伏、引人入胜，以免落入记“流水账”的俗套。

近年来高考中出现的“日记式”作文，也属于以时间为序的写法，这种文体给作者选材带来了更大的自由，也便于抒写真情实感。

②以空间为序。

文章以空间转移为序，通过对人物在不同地点、场合表现的描述，多角度塑造人物形象，或通过对不同地点、方位等发生的事件的描述表现主题。

以空间为序作文时，整体运思上有以下两种方式：一是按作者行踪的先后顺序来写，例如《游了三个湖》《长江三峡》《雨中登泰山》等;二是按景物所处的空间方位来写，这种写法常见于写建筑物及名胜景观，例如《故宫博物院》《蒲松龄故居》等。无论采用哪一种方式写作，都要交代清楚方位，都要让读者清楚地感知写作的立足点(观察点)。

近年来的高考中，一些考生写的“镜头组合式”作文，也应属于以空间为序的作文。这种写法，选材空间大，取材自由，且层次清楚，可操作性强。

③以事件为序。

文章以事件的发生、发展、结局为序，对事件的来龙去脉进行具体描述，以表现人物的精神世界，表现某种主题。

以事件为序行文，要注意以下两点：一是作者要明确事件本身的含义，并能将这种含义准确地表达出来;二是要善于使用悬念、抑扬、渲染等艺术手段，把故事讲得跌宕多姿、有声有色、曲折动人。

④以情感为序。

文章以人物的情感跌宕为序，让人物的思想感情在事件的发展中如大海的波涛，时起时伏，一波未平，一波又起。人物的情感富于变化，更显真实动人;事件的发生矛盾迭起，情节更为曲折，更能引人入胜。

【文例】

维纳斯，你在哪里?

李 阳

维纳斯不见了。

我翻箱倒柜地寻找着，心房完全被气愤和悲哀占据了。我心里明白，它肯定是被他们拿走了。

这座维纳斯小石膏像是我放假时从学校里借回来的。我爱绘画，想在假期里画几张不同角度的维纳斯素描。她那优雅、端庄、娴静的姿态，虽然断了臂，却给人留下了充分想象的空间，更具有一种摄人心魄的艺术魅力。

可是，这种美带给家里的却不亚于一次六级地震。两个姐姐目光一触上它，就“呀”的尖叫一声，满脸羞红地躲开了，爷爷气得胡子直抖：“这，这成何体统!伤风败俗啊!”爸爸更是拍桌子，瞪眼睛，骂我不要脸，没教养。我急忙解释说这是艺术品，是美!可他们就是不听，认为赤裸裸的见不得人。妈妈倒是没有说别的，只是问我这东西有什么用处。我说用来画画。妈妈叹了口气：“又是画画!你考进了，干吗还要画个没完没了?看你都瘦成什么样子了!”我该怎么说呢?妈妈，你能够理解儿子对精神生活的追求吗?

妈妈挑水回来了，见我急得发疯了似的，爱怜地叹气：“唉，昨晚爷爷对你爹说家丑不可外扬，要从速处理。一早，你爹去山里翻地，顺手用布包了带走了。妈劝不住……”

我狠狠地跺跺脚，往外就跑。

是的，生活在山沟里的爷爷、爸爸他们是勤劳、善良、纯朴的，可同时又是落后、愚昧、无知的——多么令人悲哀的一面啊!

太阳已经升起来了。大山、小溪、田野、村庄，一切都沐浴在灿烂的阳光里。爸爸到哪儿去了?他是埋了它，还是扔了它?或者——我不敢想下去，急忙朝最可疑的地方——溪谷跑去。进了溪谷，视野顿时狭窄了。谷壁上爬满了野葡萄，谷底是一大片一人多高的蒿草，神秘地簌簌地响动着。我正四处张望着，不防脚底一滑，“噗”地一声摔倒在蒿草丛里，费了九牛二虎之力，才把两只脚拔了出来，我顾不上洗去污泥，又急急地寻找起来……爬过一道陡坡，却仍然没有找到维纳斯。我气喘吁吁地在一块被骄阳烤得烫人的岩石上坐下来，头一阵晕眩，豆大的汗珠一粒粒地摔碎在岩石上，一眨眼就被吸干了。瞧瞧裤子的污泥早已变成干块脱落得差不多了，我只觉得全身又累又乏。可是，要找维纳斯的决心非但没有减弱，反而更加坚定了。

愚昧无知可以扼杀美，却无法阻止我对美的追求!

维纳斯呵，你在哪里?

技法鉴赏：作者在叙述自己创作过程的文章里说：“去年暑假，喜欢涂涂画画的我从学校带回一座维纳斯小石膏像，没想到竟引起一场家庭风波，面对父亲的责骂，我抱怨、气愤!这原始的情感冲动，是促使我写作《维纳斯，你在哪里?》的最初因素。可以说假如没有这次情感冲动，没有这种切身的体验，《维纳斯，你在哪里?》是不可能凭空出现的。”“我”有高尚的审美情操，对美的追求，对美的热爱，对破坏美的庸俗的思想行为的愤懑，交织着向前发展，跌宕起伏，激情层层推进，产生了震慑人心的艺术力量。

技法指导二：情节波澜起伏

“凡做人贵直，而作文贵曲。”(清·袁枚)特别是写记叙文，要学会一些设计情节波折的方法：

①误会。利用时间、地点、人为因素，故意造成人物之间的误解，丰富情节的戏剧性，于尺水兴波。如习作《期望》写“我”整天沉醉于武侠小说的刀光剑影之中，成绩急剧下降。而没有文化偏想培养出一个文化人的母亲见“我”整天抱着厚厚的一本书“用功”，心中有几分欢喜。“我”则为自己的瞒天过海之术而得意。直到一个风雪肆虐的日子里，母亲一大早起来，踏着冰雪，忍着饥饿，来到二十里外的学校，给“我”送来“我”常念的厚书——《神雕侠侣》时，“我”才流下了悔恨的泪水。文章用误会法，写母亲因“我”学习用功而欢喜，又用误会法，写母亲错把“我”常看的武侠小说当成教材，冒着风雪严寒与饥饿到二十里外的学校送书的感人情节，突出了母亲的善良和盼子成才的热切心情，也表现了“我”的忏悔和惭愧。

②抑扬。从“抑”“扬”的顺序看，有“先扬后抑”“先抑后扬”两种;从“抑”“扬”的对象来看，有“抑人”“抑物”两种。

如梁实秋的《我的一位国文老师》一文，开头交代老师的绰号是“徐老虎”，给人穷凶极恶的感觉;接着写外貌，“脑袋有棱有角”“头很尖，秃秃的，亮亮的”“脸，方方的，扁扁的”，还说他像《聊斋志异》中的夜叉，真是有些古怪;让人难以忍受的是他的“狞笑”和“鼻孔里常川的藏着两筒清水鼻涕”。然而就是这样一个形容猥琐、可怜可鄙的人，却是一位满腹经纶、古道热肠、热心教学、严肃育人的好先生。梁实秋的这篇短文，不但张扬了自己老师的个性风采，而且给我们留下了抑扬结合的珍贵的写作技巧。

③陡转。故事情节不是循常理发展，而是陡然遇到情理中的“意外”，转向另一方面去。如《窗》写两位卧床的重病人，住在仅有一门一窗的狭小房间里，只有透过窗口才可望见外界，生活死寂如灰。为了安慰病友，近窗病人每天向病友讲述窗外斑斓多姿的景观，病友摆脱了寂寞，得到了快慰。至此故事似乎可以作结了。然而病友突生嫉妒，在近窗病人疾病发作时竟见死不救，待争到近窗的铺位，见到的只是光秃秃的一堵墙。文末陡起波澜，出现逆转，使小说有了强烈的艺术魅力。

④巧合。故事巧合是指在文章中设置故事的偶合或人物的奇遇。如《卖牛》一文，写由于家庭贫穷，哥哥三十多岁了还没有找到媳妇。母亲十分着急，好不容易托一个能说会道的媒人找到一个愿意嫁过来的姑娘，但对方要求5 000元的彩礼。母亲东奔西走，只借得了2 000元，还剩3 000元，母亲决定让“我”与哥哥一起去卖牛。牛顺利地卖给了一个老汉，卖后哥哥却又主动告诉老汉自己卖的牛曾得过烂蹄病，并同意老汉退牛，最后又把经纪人拿走的那100元也送给了老汉。由于哥哥的老实，好端端的一桩婚事又要告吹了，“我”埋怨哥哥，母亲也为哥哥不能娶上媳妇而再次流下了伤心的眼泪。此时，作者安排了一个使人物命运柳暗花明的“巧合”：那买牛的老汉，原来正是姑娘的父亲，哥哥未来的老丈人。老人看上了哥哥“心地好，诚实守信”，决定不要彩礼，把姑娘嫁过来。这使文章顿生波澜，善良诚实的哥哥终因善良而改变了命运，过上了幸福生活。

【文例】

三双鞋子

付美洲

躺在垃圾箱中的鞋子终于耐不住寂寞，开始说话了。

布鞋说：“想当初我是多么年轻漂亮。我是女主人的母亲一针一线精心缝制的，大年三十晚上，我诞生了。女主人把我放在她的床头，过年那天穿上我高兴地东跳西蹦。她对妈妈说一定要好好上学，长大了当干部，孝敬母亲，为人民服务……真没有想到，这人说变就变，变得这么快呀!”皮革鞋说：“老弟，好汉不提当年勇，你不是一双布鞋吗?我可是顶好的皮鞋呀!而且价值两千元，还是王经理把我送给女主人的。女主人一见我就喜出望外，她当初常和我去找王经理，我们还多次一起去王经理的别墅呢，听她说她是局长，还让王经理有什么困难直接去找她，不过呢，倒是她常去陪王经理坐轿车，进宾馆，吃海鲜，唉……”

尖头皮鞋听他俩说得那样热闹，也开口道：“两位老弟，你看，我才可惜呢，还锃亮锃亮的，这不好好的就被抛弃了。想当初我可是女主人用公款买的。那时，女主人和一个俊男在一块跳舞，我亲耳听她说道：‘我手上有公款，可用来买了这双鞋，你可以借给我点，先补上吗?现在查得严。’这位女主人，怎么说不要我就不要我了呢?以后，她能穿什么样的高级鞋呢?”

皮革鞋说：“考虑她干什么，我现在只是很怀念过去美好的时光!”皮鞋说：“走惯了灯红酒绿的舞会，见惯了山珍海味的筵席，这与垃圾为伍的日子可怎么过呀!”布鞋说：“我虽然没有过过高级生活，可我曾拥有过快乐时光，现在到哪里去找呢?”三双鞋子累了，慢慢睡去了。

突然，一个黑影钻进了垃圾箱，三双鞋子都被惊醒了，它们万万没有想到，那个黑影竟是它们的女主人。随后，便是凄厉的警笛和杂乱的脚步声，还有一颗心在惊悸地跳动……

技法鉴赏：文章从女主人穿过的三双鞋子这个全新的角度切入，通过饶有趣味的对话，展示女主人由一个纯洁的少女蜕化为腐败分子的过程。故事的结局前文已经有了大量的伏笔，如果再让鞋子来转述就显得平板而老套，作者采用“巧合”之法，让女主人“钻进”垃圾箱，既增加了情节的故事性，又昭示了故事的结局。

技法指导三：描写细致入微

①景物描写重形象。记叙文中的景物描写，对烘托主题、刻画人物、推动情节发展都有重要的作用。景物必须写得形象、真切、具体可感，才能起到应有的作用。

②人物描写显个性。人物的思想感情和个性特征主要通过自己的语言和行动表现出来。我们写记叙文要善于使自己笔下人物的一言一行，一举一动，一笑一颦，都具有特色，充满鲜明的个性，以展示其独特的内心世界。

③场面描写求丰富。场面描写要做到通过一个场景表现出丰富多彩的人物个性和思想内涵，并能做到主次分明，点面结合。

1、参考历年真题，总结规律。一般来说，高考英语作文体裁相对稳定，考生可参考当地最近五年的高考作文题目，从中分析规律，得出大的命题方向。如陕西对高考英语作文这一板块的考察，从新课改后重点突出的是学生对日常文体的应用，从09年至11年分别以电子邮件或写回信的方式让学生表达出对老师的真挚友谊、与家长沟通学习压力、或解决一些基本的学习难点等。因此我们不难看出，高考对学生作文的考察，会从学生的生活、学习、交友、家庭、社会活动等高中生较熟悉的层面，结合应用文的常见考察点：申请类、投诉类、感谢类、祝贺类等进行综合考察。

2、把对语言基础的应用作为考前强化重点。近年来的高考作文都非常注重考查学生的语言综合运用能力，根据《普通高中英语课程标准》对写作技能目标的要求，英语作文写作须“能根据所读文章进行转述或写摘要;能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告;能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度;能在写作中做到问题规范、语句通顺。”2012年高考英语作文的命题趋势，仍将会把学生对语言基础的应用作为首要考察点。

3、关注热点话题。纵观近几年的高考作文，可以发现，题材始终贴近社会、贴近现代生活，是中学生所熟知的热点话题。

除了把握好命题原则，掌握高考英语作文写作技巧更不可少：

1、审题：审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。

2、进行构思，列出简单的提纲，打造文章之骨架：审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。

3、扩展成文：根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。

这一次的期末考试结束了，但是我的反思还有结束，对于我的期末考，我觉得我有很多需要思考的地方。这一次的考试让我看到了自己的优点和缺点。

虽然这次语文试卷我得了95。5分，但是我并不满足。有好多题都是因为马虎而做错的。其中有一道题，是因为我不复习错的。还有就是因为我不经常看新闻联播答错的。所以，我以后要多看新闻联播，多关心国家大事!

这次的数学卷子我真不应该得85分，我应该得满分。有一道判断题老师已经讲过无数次了，但我还是做错了，一个判断题，就这样被减了一分!另一分是因为我检查时的疏忽，被扣掉的。

总体来讲，我的期末考试还有很多不足，我还需要继续努力，争取更大的进步!

你喜欢读书吗你知道书中描绘的纯洁美好的世界吗你体会过遨游在知识的海洋中那无穷的乐趣吗朋友，读书吧!你会受益终生的。

我很小就开始读书了，先是父母要求我读，后来我被书中的世界迷住了，慢慢地喜欢上了读书。读了书中的至理名言后，我掌握了不少知识，懂得了不少做人的道理。

你先看看我书桌玻璃板下的名言吧：“逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜。”这是《论语》中的一句话，它告诉我，时间不停地流逝，一去不复返，必须珍惜时间，珍惜时间就是珍惜今天，珍惜现在;“明日复明日，明日何其多，我生待明日，万事皆蹉跎。”要紧紧抓住现在，不让光阴虚度。

我知道了时间的宝贵，就身体力行，做事不拖拉不松懈。我国清代文学家蒲松龄，多次科考都名落孙山，后来专心创作，为了激励自己，他在铜镇尺上刻了一副对联：“有志者事竟成破釜沉舟百二秦关终归楚;苦心人天不负卧薪尝胆三千越甲可吞吴。”蒲松龄正是用项羽破釜沉舟大破秦兵，和勾践卧薪尝胆终于灭掉越国的历史故事来激励自己埋头写书的。由于他从不懈怠，终于创作出传世佳作《聊斋志异》。蒲松龄的故事，给我很大启发，立下志愿，要努力奋斗，争取成功。人们做事情，开始时热情高涨，劲头十足，但往往是虎头蛇尾，不能坚持到底，圆满结束。“靡不有初，鲜克有终”说的就是这个道理。这句名言时时鞭策我，做事不要惧怕困难，要坚持到底。

书籍给我力量，教我如何做事，教我如何做人。李白“天生我才必有用”的诗句，使我明白了：人要有所作为，人能有所作为;孙膑修兵法、司马迁写《史记》的故事告诉我，做人要自尊自爱，力争上游，不甘落后。这样才能化腐朽为神奇，变耻辱为光荣;齐桓公重用曾经是自己对手的管仲，告诉我对人要宽容大度，更需要的是理解与信任;东汉太学范式不远千里探望朋友，它告诉我“言必信行必果。”

名人给我力量，名言伴我成长，人类积累起来的一切经验与智慧，在知识的彼岸在等待着我们，等待我们去采撷去吸收。而到达彼岸的航船就是读书。开卷有益，让这些名人名言作为我们心中的灯塔，为生命之舟导航，让我们在生活的波涛中不畏困难，劈波斩浪，驶向理想的彼岸。

时光荏苒，岁月如梭。一转眼，一个学期就快过去了。上周，我们进行了一次月考。这次月考，我的语文英语成绩不是太理想。

今天下午，语文老师把我叫到她跟前，和我一起分析了一下我的错题原因，并且，老师还语重心长地对我说，这次月考我有些慌张了，可是这次仅仅是月考，到了期末考试我一定要认真！听了老师这些话，我真的很感动！

说到期末，还是先说说我的`期末竞争对象吧！这次还是王若霖，说起我这个对手，唉！那实在是太厉害了呀！从五年级上学期，一直到现在，我一直把她定为我的竞争对象。每次考试后，我都会拿自己的成绩与她的成绩做一下比较，可是，每次都是王若霖比我考的高。是王若霖太厉害，还是我不用心？期末考试成绩我一定会超越王若霖的！

说一下我的语文吧。语文，原本是我的强项，四年级五年级的大型考试，从没考过九十五分以下。不知道为什么，自从上了六年级，我的语文成绩慢慢在走下坡路……

我找到了成绩退步的一个关键原因：六年级，语文题越来越灵活。可是我的阅读量不是太大，平时的积累也不多。这是我的语文成绩下降的主要原因。所以，平时阅读量要大大提高，也要常积累！

一提起数学，我就会想起期中考试，当数学老师念我的成绩的那一刻，有些同学嘲笑起了我……从那时起，我便下定决心，在期末时，一定要考个好成绩！让他们另眼相看！近一段，在数学方面，我在慢慢努力，计算比以前细心了，读题比以前仔细了，思考问题的时间比以前长了……我在逐渐进步，这次期末我的数学成绩，一定会很高的！

下面就来说说我的英语。嗯，我的英语成绩不算是太稳定，忽高忽低。有时考好，有时考的不好……可是，我有一个可以考好英语的小窍门：只要把课文、单词、重点句背会并且背熟，那么高分就会落在你手！

离期末考试不到十天时间，在这十天内，只要我们认真复习，认真做题，我相信，在上学期期末成绩单上，一定会展现出一个不一样的自己！

我的家乡在嘉定的马陆。那是一个风景如画、葡香四溢的地方。每年七月底，葡萄园内挂满了密匝匝是葡萄，就似一座座珍珠塔，一堆堆翡翠，让慕名而来的游客望而惊叹！

暑假里的一天，阳光明媚。我早早地和爷爷来到了美丽的美丽葡萄主题公园，参加一年一度的葡萄节。一进园，凉风习习，一阵阵葡萄香就迎面而来，甜甜的，好闻极了！随着香味，我们来到了葡萄架下。只见一串串葡萄如翡翠玛瑙似的，展现在我们眼前，紫红的、情侣档、淡黄的……我们的眼睛看得都快花了。“黑加仑，水晶，巨峰……”一个个地念出了它们的名字。尤其是“水晶”葡萄，那可是我的最爱！长长地的，绿绿的，晶莹透明的。真像是用水晶和玉石雕刻出来的。

参观完葡萄，我们来到了一个大草坪上。哈哈！那里正在举行“吃葡萄”比赛呢！我毫不犹豫地举手参加了。比赛是一对一淘汰赛。我的对手是一个大哥哥。大哥哥看看我，昂着头说“小家伙，我一定能赢你！”我握了握拳头“嘻嘻，吃葡萄可是最拿手的哦！鹿死谁手，还不一定哦！”果然，出乎他的意料，我以48：41的优势大获全胜……

不过随着比赛的继续，我的小肚子终于抗议，吃得太饱了，结果输给了一个叔叔。正当我垂头丧气的时候，叔叔鼓励我说：没关系，小朋友。输赢不重要！只要努力了，开心就好，葡萄好吃吧！”哈哈，草地上传来了一阵阵愉悦的笑声。最后，还去品尝了“葡萄”水饺，真是一绝啊！哎呦，我的肚子又在抗议了……

快乐的时光总是那么短暂，离开了葡萄园。我依依不舍地结束了这次葡萄节游玩。明年我肯定还会再来的！带上我的同学，我的老师，让他们也来品尝品尝我家乡的美味葡萄！棒极了！

[2017六年级语文期末考试作文

哦，好一场期末考试！

——期末考试，这号称学生致命弱点的考试！

这噩梦般的名字，深深地刻在每个学生的心底。一年级开始，老师、家长，甚至连门卫叔叔都无时无刻不在强调考试的重要性！成绩决定你上什么样的中学、大学，找什么样的工作，成绩是最重要的，其它都是其次、都是假的，没什么能与它伦比的！

考前，堆积如山的作业、卷子，老师、家长一刻不停地唠叨，我们不断地刷题、巩固。但凡有一个知识点没有掌握，他们都急得焦头烂额，如同热锅上的蚂蚁，不断地让我们做这方面的卷子、题库，我们就如同战士场上的将军，带领着铅笔，亲自上阵杀敌，敌人杀不尽，像长江黄河之水一般涌向我们，我挥舞着刀枪，砍向一个个敌人，最终，还是被淹没在这茫茫的江水中！这种日子似乎看不到尽头，无休无止，在我心中祈祷，家长啊，老师啊，能不能不要在考前布置这么多作业，不要再让我刷题，可是，他们根本就没听见，依旧我行我素……

考试那天，爸爸妈妈逼我吃着一根油条，加两个鸡蛋，希望我能考一百分！威逼利诱——考不好的话……考得好就……这些话常常让我胆战心惊，浮想联翩……

考试时，敌方带领着数学军团，语文军团，英语军团朝我杀来，我毫不示弱，见招拆招，你一枪我一剑，我仿佛身穿金黄色的铠甲，足蹬长筒马靴，手持一柄长剑，浑身上下金光闪闪，奋勇杀敌，额头上沁出晶莹的汗珠，战场上烟火袅袅……

考场里，学霸们在奋笔疾书，他们神情激昂，仿佛只是一些小打小闹，只要稍微注意，便可大获全胜，不浪费一兵一卒！再看看那些学渣们的表现吧，他们个个愁眉苦脸，慢吞吞的写着，仿佛一切都是宿命！监考老师也不一般，他们的眼睛如雷达一般，只要看哪位同学稍敢妄动，就会被立马盯上，老师在讲台上居高临下，所有同学都心惊胆战，生怕被盯上……

俗话说得好，考考考，老师的法宝，分分分，学生的命根！

期末考试，果然名不虚传！

何时为止？

1.巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容，先在前面作一个提示，但不马上解答，以引起读者的好奇兴趣，产生急于看下去的迫切心情，这样文章的开头，我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。

2.一线串珠

记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串连起来的一条主线，它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将这些珍珠串连起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及以作者的思想感情等。无论采取哪种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

3.以小见大

以小见大，就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常，但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质，小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。

4.穿插流动

5.粗笔勾勒

粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

6.烘托艺术

烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称，是指渲染某一部分，衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来，就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物，又称“衬托法”。衬托，也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物，使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出，从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物，被陪衬的事物才会显得突出，才能得到更加充分的说明。

1、衬托，可分正衬和反衬。

正衬，就是用类似的事物，从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”，用蓝天衬雪峰，使雪峰更高大。

反衬，就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝，来衬托雪峰的白，使雪峰更洁白。又 如“蝉噪林愈静，鸟鸣山更幽”，以有声衬无声。

2、运用衬托要爱憎分明，要宾主分明，陪衬事物与被陪衬事物，要让人一看便清楚，不能喧宾夺主。

3、衬托和对比的区别：

对比，是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似，但不同。对比，意在比，突出的对象是双方的，对立两事物无主宾之分。

衬托，意在衬，两事物有主宾之分，突出的是主要一方。如：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰，犹有花枝俏”，前句是对比，后句是反衬。

7.画龙点睛

画龙点睛是指在适当的时候以一二句议论，点明事物、人物、景物的意义之所在，或揭示作品主题，醒人之耳目，给人以启迪。点睛之处可以是在篇中，也可在篇末。

8.前后照应

前后照应法可以使文章严谨连贯，浑然一体，又突出内容和结构上的内在联系。照应一般有以下几种：

1、内容和标题相照应。这种照应方法常常是内容安排多处和题目照应，或在恰当的地方直接、间接地点明题意。如《背影》，文中多次描写“背影”，既与标题“背影”相照应，又进一步点明题旨，充分表达了作者对父亲深深的思念之情。

2、行文中间照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事，后面行文交代前面所写事的结果，使内容相互补充，层层深入。

3、结尾与开头照应法。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及，使文章首尾一致，成为有机的整体。如《白杨礼赞》一文，开头和结尾照应，不但使文章结构显得非常完整，而且使作者的赞美之情得到了淋漓尽致的抒发。

9.卒章显志

在文章结尾时，用一两句话点明中心、主题的手法就叫卒章显志，也叫“篇末点题”，“志”就是指文章的主题、中心。恰当运用这种手法可以增加文章的深刻性、感染力和结构美，有“画龙点睛”的艺术效果。

10.一波三折

记叙性文章要避免平铺直叙，记流水账，如能写得波澜起伏，就能引人入胜，耐看。

俄国作家柯罗连科的写景小品《火光》通篇运用了象征手法，但从字面上看，数百字的短文，由作者的感受引发了一波三折的景物变化，黑夜泛舟，火光又明又亮，好像就在眼前，这是开头展示的基本景象；船夫不以为然，认为还远着呢，兴起一波；自己从不相信到信服，又兴起一波；由“非常遥远”到“毕竟就在前头”，重要的是“必须加劲划桨”再兴一波“一波三折”，“波折”要入情入理，让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉，方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活，故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者，还会适得其反。

11.欲扬先抑

“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法。 采用这种写作手法，要自然合理，切不可牵强生硬。

We had English final exam yesterday. I feelvery sad now because I think I didn’t do well in the exam. Firstly, just amoment ago I realized that my composition in the exam stayed from the point,because I misunderstood the meaning of Green Campus. I thought Green Campus isonly the color of the campus. So I totally got away from the point. Inaddition, time was not enough for me. Eventually, I wrote some answers on theanswer sheet without thinking. Thus I’m afraid I can’t pass the exam. I am nowvery anxious.

我们昨天英语期末考试。我感到很伤心，因为我觉得我没把试考好。首先，不久前我才发现我把作文写离题了，因为我把绿色校园的意思理解错了。我以为绿色校园是指校园的颜色。所以我离题了。此外，时间对我来说也是不够的。最终，有些题目我都没看就直接写答案上去了。所以我怕我会考试不及格。我现在很担心。

In my opinion, examinations are necessary for students. They can tell us how much the students have learned and what their strong points and what their weak points are in their study progress. Therefore, the proper exams are useful to the students further studies. From

At the same time, they are also helpful to the teachers. The teachers can get to know clearly what their students problems are. Then they can get to change their teaching plans and improve their teaching methods so as to help their students study. However, if there are too many examinations, they will do more harm than good to the students. The examinations will become a heavy burden on the students. Sooner or later the students will get tired of them and lose interest in studying.

In a word, examinations are necessary, but too many are not good. Therefore we should reduce unnecessary examinations.

在我看来,考试对于学生是必要的。他们可以告诉我们多少学生已经学会了和他们的强项和弱点是什么在他们的研究进展。因此,适当的考试对学生进一步的研究是有用的。从与此同时,他们还帮助老师。教师可以清楚地了解他们的学生的问题是什么。然后他们可以改变他们的教学计划和改善他们的教学方法,帮助学生学习。然而,如果有太多的考试,他们将弊大于利。学生的考试将成为一个沉重的负担。学生迟早会厌倦他们,失去对学习的兴趣。

总之,考试是必要的,但是太多并不好。因此,我们应该减少不必要的检查。

1、追求立意新颖深刻

立意就是确定文章的中心或主题，要做到深刻(相对而言)，就要仔细审题，推敲材料，善于由少见多、以小见大，善于联系实际探究本质，见他人之所未见。

2、追求选材精真新小

选材要讲四个追求：一要精，二要真，三要新，四要小。

所谓精，就是要选择具有代表性、典型性的材料，即选择能够反映事物本质，表现人物精神的材料。

所谓真，就是选择真实准确的材料，即选择自己有切实经历或感受的材料。只有真，才能写出真情、真知，才能写得具体生动，才能令人信服。

所谓新，就是选择新颖的材料———生活中的新鲜事，或者老素材的新发现;而且还要力求选择生动的材料，材料本身新鲜生动，文章也就容易写得活泼新颖。

应杜绝模式化、规律化的选材倾向，写老师总牵扯到“蜡烛”，写爱心总离不开“希望工程”或让座，写成功总想到爱迪生、爱因斯坦、张海迪……诸如此类，使人读之生厌。假如你是一位阅卷教师连续不断地看到“歌颂蜡烛”或“让座”的文章，会怎么判分?新颖的材料是记叙文获得高分的基本条件。

所谓小，就是选择能够表现主题、刻画人物的小事，以小见大，用一滴水来反映太阳的光辉。切入的角度宜小不宜大，选小一点，容易把话说清楚，写起文章来，可以像一只狮子吃一只兔子一样简单!

3、追求构思别出心裁

切入和截取都应有讲究。切入：对于同一个材料，同一件事情要从不同的角度来审视，正视、侧视、反视、仰视、俯视、透视……然后再选择一个最佳的角度着笔，不落旧套，使人耳目一新。记叙文有“六要素”，即时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果。写作中，六个要素要做到有详有略，有所侧重，不能平均用力。一般地说，详写的部分就是重点部分，是体现中心的关键所在。详写有时会像电影特写镜头一样，把事物的细枝末节进行放大，让读者看到细微之处。详略处理不当，会影响或冲淡中心的表达。

4、追求情节曲折起伏

文似看山不喜平，平铺直叙的文章缺乏吸引力和感染力。这就要注意设置悬念，创造冲突，抑扬变化，合理逆转，使文章生动有味。

(1)悬念法，即设置疑团，借以激发读者的阅读兴趣。通俗地说，它是在情节发展中设置谜面，使读者产生急切的期盼心理，然后在适当的时机揭开谜底，如课文《一碗阳春面》等文章。

(2)巧合法，如课文《林教头风雪山神庙》连设巧合，环环相扣，推动着情节发展。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

In,Dumbledore said to

Harry,Youth,live with more fun.Youth,a large amount of wealth.Youth days,spend

with friends,spend with joys.

Youth,some spend it,some treasure it,but I show respect to it.Not too much

fun with youth for me, niether do i feel happy or sad.I am just puzzled.Where a

youth can create a great many things?Or just go down,falling into the vally of

disapponitment?Finally,I find it just a fun for being a youth.Dont think too

many things about the past childhood,or the coming unknown life.Just for you,for

me,enjoy the fun in our youth,then be a tough man step-by-step go.

一、纵观近年各地中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

1、以图表提供情景的作文要以“读”为主，首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精；在写作时目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。

2、以图画提供情景的作文应以“看”为主，通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。

3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，英文书信格式与中文有所不同，(1)、一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列；(2)、左边顶格写上收信人的姓名；(3)、正文部分；(4)、祝愿的话；(5)、写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写，不要漏写。

二、各地的评分标准略有差异，但是都包括以下几个方面：整体印象、语言表达、词数规定等几方面内容。我们在写作中要尽量避免扣分，争取有加分点。当然用英文写作不同于用母语那样得心应手，常常会受到生词、语法、惯用法的限制，只要同学们平时注意两种语言的异同性，抓住写作要点，也可妙笔生花。

1、为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚，要把时间固定下来，如：记叙一件事要用过去时；写经常发生的事或对人物的描写，要用一般现在时。整个文章中的人称要一致，首尾呼应，不要随意改动，以免造成误解。

2、不要为了追求“一鸣惊人”而去找一些生冷的词汇，对这些一知半解的词你不会用，不知道如何搭配，结果可能适得其反，使文章显的生硬、不协调，甚至错误百出，所以要使用有把握的词，避免不必要的失分。比如说发生了一起意外事件，我们通常用“have an accident”来表示，不要错误的使用“have an incident”。

3、注意不同语言的表达习惯，也是写好英语作文的重要环节，如“我的理想是做一名歌手”，很多同学写成“My ambition is to do/make a singer，”“to do”表示“做”或者“干”，“to make”表示“制作”，而“做一名歌手”则表示“成为一名歌手”应该用“be/become a singer”；又如“看书、看报”应用“read a book/newspaper”，而不是“see a book/newspaper”。因此，平时应该注意不同语言的表达习惯，切忌望文生义或一味生搬硬套。

4、有些同学因怕出错而只写短句或简单句，写出的文章过于幼稚、空洞乏味。要使文章有血有肉就要把平时学的知识用进去，如：定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词和比较等句型，关键时用上一、二个，就能使文章不同凡响，更有文采，特别是对关联词的使用，如“so that”、“not…but”“not only。。。but also”等，会使你的文章逻辑结构紧密、层次鲜明、条理清楚，更能显示出你的英文功底，但要做到这些并非一日之功，要靠平时的不断训练和积累。

5、最简单的增分点就是认真的书写。工整漂亮的书写会给评卷老师留下美好的第一印象，在扣分时自然会“手下留情”，而且很多地区都在写作上有1分的书写分。只要平时多下点功夫，得到这一分并不难。

三、最后将中考写作的基本步骤和技巧归纳为以下几个环节：

1、细心审题细读题目中每一项提示或观察所给的每一幅画，明确文章的中心思想，弄清题意，确定写作体裁，掌握所要表达的要点做到心中有数，避免随心所欲，文不对题。

2、理顺要点在所给提示或图上标出要点，然后按事件先后的顺序或各要点之间的内在联系排序，分出层次。如果是看图作文，则要按图构思，这样做既可避免要点遗漏，又可使表达内容条理清楚。

3、构成框架将理顺的要点或每幅图画的含义加以连贯，构成写作的整体框架，进一步定人称、定时态语态、定顺序、定段落、定开头结尾。基本框架构成后，写作就有了把握。4、组织句子用自己最熟悉的短语或句型将理顺的要点逐句表达出来，多用简单句，用有把握的复合句。要扬长避短，避难就易。若遇到表达障碍，可换一种说法，将一句变成两、三句，只求达意。

5、串句成篇将写好的句子连贯地组织起来，注意上下句的逻辑关系，适当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等关联词语，使短文浑然一体，层次分明，过渡自然。6、检查修改文章草成后，默读1～2遍，检查修改，尤其要注意人称、大小写、拼写、习惯用语、格式有无错误，要点有无遗漏，文句有无语病，词数是否恰当，行文是否连贯。

记叙文阅读方法指导

记叙文是以记叙、描写为主要表达方式，以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容的一种文体，它的主要特点是通过生动的形象和具体的事件来反映生活，表达作者的思想感情;文章的中心思想是蕴含在具体材料之中的，是通过对人、事、景物的生动描写来表现的。记叙文的另一特点，就是以记叙为主，采用综合表达方式，包括记叙中的描写、说明、议论和抒情等。记叙文阅读的基本方法包括：

一、整体感知

1、理清记叙的要素，包括时间、地点、人物和事件的原因、经过和结果。一般来说，每篇记叙文都应具备这六要素，把这些要素交待清楚，内容才显得完整，眉目才清楚。

2、理清记叙的顺序。记叙的顺序有三种：顺叙、倒叙和插叙。倒叙往往出于作者表达的需要;或是为了突出中心;或是为了使内容集中，对比鲜明;或是为了结构的变化，使叙述有波澜;或是为了造成悬念，引人入胜。插叙，有两种：一是由于某种需要，暂时把叙述线索中断一下，插-进有关的另一件事情的叙述;二是插-进对有关事情的追溯和回忆，叙述完了，仍按原线索继续叙述。如2005年山西XX市中考试题《喝得很慢的土豆汤》一文中的第二题“请按事情发生的本来顺序，为本文另写一个开头。”本文采用了倒叙的顺序，此题主要考查考生对文章的分析、理解能力以及对素材进行重组的能力。只要熟悉文章的故事情节以及人物性格，进行合理的想象，就会写出符合要求的答案。再如2006年XX市中考试题《献你一束花》一文中的第三题“选文第4、5两段在记叙的顺序的安排上有什么特点?这样写有什么好处?”这里采用了插叙的顺序，只要理清了事件，再联系上下文就不难回答。

3、理出记叙的线索。线索是文章的纲，抓住了这个纲，就能理顺文章的内容，掌握文章的结构，理解文章的中心思想。作为叙述线索，可以有多种，如以时间发展为线索，以事件为线索，以某人为线索，以见闻为线索，以地点的转换为线索，以感情为线索等等。如2006年浙江XX市中考试题《不落别处》一文的第一题“本文的线索是什么?”本文是以“奖券”为线索，只要通读全文，联系文题，理顺内容，此题不难作答。

二、分析综合

1、分析记叙文的表达方式。采用综合表达方法是记叙文的主要特点之一，即除了以记叙为主之外，还要运用描写、说明、议论和抒情。描写是指在叙述过程中，用生动、形象的语言对人物、事件以及环境进行描写，给人以鲜明、生动的印象;说明是记叙的一种补充，它要交代解释记叙文中需要加以说明的部分;议论是在记叙描写的基础上直接发表作者的见解，起画龙点睛的作用;抒情是指在记叙的基础上采用直抒胸臆的手法，抒发作者难以抑制的感情。弄清这些特点，有助于提高阅读记叙文的能力。

2、分析记叙文常用表现手法。①过渡。主要从两方面入手分析：第一，分析过渡的方法和规律。常见的过渡方法有用词语过渡、用句子过渡、用段过渡。第二，了解过渡的作用。人们常说，写文章要承上启下，这就离不开恰当的过渡。穿针引线，组织成篇，可以说是对过渡重要作用的恰当比喻。②照应。阅读时要注意分析作者的照应技巧，做到四看：一看起段与题目的照应，二看开头与结尾照应，三看前设悬念，后有照应，层层推进，多处照应，四看相同或相近的语句、段复叠式照应。复叠式照应对突出文章中心，标明文章线索都起到了重要作用。③悬念。悬念是写作中为加强表达效果，吸引、感染读者常用的手法之一。④“抑扬”的表现手法。巧用扬抑则是使笔底波澜陡起、摇曳生姿的常用手法之一。欲扬先抑或欲抑先扬可以是贯穿于作品整体的，也可以出现于作品的局部，但作者同样根据目的与手段安排好了轻重、主从、详略，阅读时应注意把握。⑤衬托。衬托是用一些别的人或事物作陪衬来突出某一人或事物的写作手法。如2005年辽宁XX市课改区中考试题《月光饼》一文中的第4题“作者在台湾生活多年，可她仍感觉台湾的各种月饼‘做得比大陆更腻口，想起家乡的月光饼，那又香又脆的味儿好象还在嘴边呢!’从全文看这是什么写法?有什么作用?”此题考查写作上的特点和运用的手法，这里用了对比(或衬托)，其用意十分明白，就是表达思乡情怀。

3、把握关键词语的深刻含义。应注意从以下几个方面分析：一是结合具体语言环境，借助上下文去推测、判断词语的

含义。二是试用同义或近义词语替换作比较，理解词语的含义。理解得对不对，还可通过朗读体味，通过工具书来查证。三是注意句中隐含的意思(即言外之意)。如XX市2006年中等学校招生统一考试题《献你一束花》一文中第4题“选文第⑿段中‘奇异的力量’指什么?”此题考查对文中短语的理解，这类题结合上下文内容分析，不能简单地割裂地理解词语。

4、归纳记叙文的中心。常用的有以下几种方法：一是从分析标题入手。标题是文章的眼睛，它使读者获得总的印象，有的可从中窥出文章的中心。二是从分析材料入手。材料是表现文章中心的基础，可以通过材料蕴含的意义总结中心。三是从分析段首入手。文章常开篇点题，分析开篇的语句、段落，往往可以把握文章的中心。四是从分析篇末入手。许多记叙文都是在篇末点明主题或深化中心意思的，分析结尾的含义常常可以捕捉到文章的中心。五是从分析文中议论、抒情入手。记叙文中的议论、抒情句，有画龙点睛之功效，我们要善于抓住这个“睛”来“看”文章的中心意思。六是从概括段意或分析人物事件入手。有些文章的中心思想隐含在人物事件或文章各部分之中，要作综合归纳，才能突出中心意思。如XX市2006年中等学校招生统一考试题《献你一束花》一文中第五题“选文最后一段有什么作用?请从内容和结构两方面回答。”此题考查对文章最后一段作用的分析，记叙文最后一段从内容上看通常有点明(或突出)中心、深化中心等作用;从结构上说通常有总结全文、照应开头等作用。

三、鉴赏评价

1、分析人物形象。分析人物形象，可以从分析人物的直接描写入手，还可以从分析人物与人物之间的关系入手。有些作品除了中心人物之外，还有其他人物，分析时我们既要抓住中心人物，又要分析人物与人物之间的关系。

2、分析写作技巧。分析记叙文的写作技巧，除了注意体裁的特点之外，还应从以下几个方面考虑：从文章的取材方面看，选择材料是文章写作过程中的重要步骤，有的文章，作者善于紧紧围绕中心选择材料。从文章结构布局方面看，分析文章的结构特点，要着眼于全文的整体构思，理清文章的思路、脉络，分析文章各部分的内在联系。从文章的表达方式看，可以研究其记叙、抒情、议论相结合的综合表达方式运用得怎样，人物的肖像描写、行动描写、对括描写、心理描写以及人物活动的环境描写，怎样为表现中心思想服务等。从文章的语言运用看，可先看遣词造句的准确性、形象性、鲜明性、生动性，成语典故的运用，句式的变换，修辞方法的运用等等。还有语言风格，有的朴实自然，有的清新流畅，有的含蓄蕴藉，有的通俗晓畅，有的幽默辛辣等等。如河南省2005年中考试题《宝石项圈》中的第二题“从第六段第七段的甲、乙两处句子中任选一处，具体分析其在表达上的好处。”做这类题目要求答全两个方面：一是句子运用的手法，二是表达的内容。回答此类题，学生很可能只答一个方面，或仅说明使用的手法，或单纯说明句子的作用，使答案不全面，而不能得满分。再如2005年XX市XX区中考试题《奔跑的火焰》中的第四题“文中对茫茫雪原上红狐奔逃的情景，描写得非常精彩。请从第4、5、10三段中选择你最喜欢的一段赏析。”此题考查了对作品艺术手法的赏析，具有选择性和开放性，体现了对考生的人文关怀。

3、评价文章的思想内容和作者的观点态度。要求考生了解作者赞成什么，反对什么，对文中描写对象是歌颂赞美还是批判讽刺，是喜爱同情还是厌恶憎恨。如2005年辽宁XX市课改区中考试题《月光饼》一文中的第五题“文中记叙了中秋节作者与表姑争吵、和好的经历，让你在为人处事方面明白了什么道理?请结合生活实际，用简洁的语言表达出来。”此题考查读文与自身实际的关系，这是阅读的目的，凡阅读就会有所收获，也会对自己的认识或情感有所影响和启发，在记叙文阅读中，这类开放式的联系实际的题目很多，但是必须表达出真实的感受和体会，要结合得自然才有说服力。学习方法

对高中生来说，记叙文写作已有一定基础了，但在写作中，存在着一些问题。下面就谈谈自己的一些看法。

一、常见问题及原因分析

(一)首尾不入题目

文章的开头、结尾入题，才能使文章结构严谨、内容集中、中心突出，给读者留下眉目清楚、主题鲜明的感觉。但许多同学在写作中却往往不注意这一点，入题的意识很差，常常是想怎么写就怎么写，缺乏认真思考。这里特别值得提出的是，有些同学不明确倒叙式开头的记叙文，开头一般得入题，并且结尾要回到现实中来;顺叙式的记叙文，开头可入题也可不入，而结尾部分是必须入题的。

(二)记人和记事的记叙文不分

有些同学不讲究记人和记事的记叙文在写法上的区别，常常是看到一个题目就没头没脑地写下去，结果把一篇文章写得非牛非马，成了个“四不像”。原因在于他们不明确记人为主的记叙文，开头结尾应该突出强调的是人;记事为主的记叙文，开头结尾突出强调的才是事。另外，记人为主的记叙文也要记事，通过事件的叙述、描写突出人物的性格(记事为记人服务);记事为主的记叙文也要写到人，目的是通过人物的交代和细节的描写使事件的记叙更具体、更完整，深刻地揭示事件意义，表现文章主题。

(三)选材不典型，重点不突出

选材不典型是部分同学写作中存在的通病，许多同学愿意写别人的材料，不愿写自己的材料。事实上随着年级的升高，作文命题越来越倾向于写自己熟悉的生活。而不善于运用自己生活中的材料，不理解、不认识自己熟悉的生活是很难完成写作任务的。

例如，《生活告诉我》一文，许多同学不选自己亲身经历过的材料，特别是自己的生活材料，却去写别人的事迹材料，全篇罗列张海迪、女排姑娘或别的英雄人物的事迹等等，而自己的事迹、感受一点也没涉及。另外，重点不突出也是部分同学在写作表达上常犯的毛病。例如，《感动》一文，有些同学把部分笔墨集中于此，只习惯于在主体部分中完整记叙事件的过程，最后，在结尾处用一句话简单概括：“这就是令我感动的一件事”，觉得这样就可以了，文中很难看到习作者深受感动的情景或感动的心理活动描写，也就是说没明确揭示“感动”的原因。

(四)写法上，概括叙述多，细致描写少

许多同学习惯于对人物的活动、事件的过程作概括的叙述，而不愿意，或者不善于作具体细致的描写。究其原因，概括的叙述较之具体细致的描写，要简单省劲一些，这些情况经常出现在一些有惰性的同学的写作中。

(五)语文表达差

其中原因有如下几点：1.生活单调，集体性的活动少。许多同学对单调的生活认识理解不足，写起文章生拖硬拉，没有真情实感;2.平时写文不善动脑，只是照搬照抄，一旦脱离了作文选而独立成文，便出现文不从字不顺的现象;3.个别同学语文基础太差，语言不通的现象也存在。

二、常见问题的纠正指导

针对高中同学写作中出现的上述几方面问题，现在集中谈谈对其纠正过程中应着重注意的几方面问题。

(一)审题与选材

记叙文写作中出现的选材不当、写作重点不突出、记人记事不分，其主要原因是审题不当、对标题把握不准。审题通常指的是，审体裁、审范围、审重点(题眼)、审人称等。不少同学常常忽略的其中审重点和审范围。例如，《变化在我身边》写作的重点是我身边的变化而不是我本身的变化，《一句名言鼓舞着我》重点不是一句名言的内容及由来，而我在名言鼓舞下的思想和行为，《值得回忆的一个人》写作的重点是主人公之所以值得回忆的思想和言行。

为了突出重点，表现中心，选用的材料必须典型。选用的材料可根据标题酌情安排。例如，写整体(像《温暖的班集体》)选材力求点、面结合;写个人，则或选一件典型事例，或写某人2—3 个生活片断。

(二)开头与结尾

记叙文的结构，通常有“凤头”、“猪肚”、“豹尾”之说。所谓凤头，指的是文章开头应给人以美感;猎肚，指的是内容充实;豹尾指的是文章结尾要圆滑有力。这里只说说写好文章的开头和结尾。

俗话说，“好的开端是成功的一半”，写好了文章开头对整篇文章的成功至关重要。因为开头是给人留下的第一印象。自古至今，许多文学家都十分重视写好文章的开头，我们学写记叙文也必须千方百计地写好开头。无论是倒叙式还是顺叙文，都务必写得优美而有吸引力，不写那些与标题无关或距题目太远的话。

文章结尾是给人留下的最后一个印象，它对决定文章的圆满成功也起了重要作用。俗言道：“编筐编篓，重在收口。”我们也务必用功写好文章的结尾。文章结尾要做到紧扣标题或文章中心，不得跑题。力求使结尾写得自然、简炼、耐人寻味，给人启迪。

(三)表达与语言

记叙文的表达方式以记叙、描写为主，兼以议论和抒情。文章的主体部分，在表达上必须紧紧围绕并突出本文的中心。写一件事则要重点突出、层次清楚，写几个生活片断则要求详略安排得当，避免平均用力;具体表达中要注意写到细处去，通过人物或事件的细节描写，表现人物性格或事件中心;语言方面，力求生动、形象、灵活，使文章形象精彩。

(四)借鉴与改造

鉴于目前的实际情况，要坚决杜绝照搬抄作文选的做法。初学者可以仿写，但必须弄明白作文选中的作文在立意、选材、结构、语言诸方面的优点，逐渐独立成文。还可以参考优秀作文的选材、结构安排和表达技巧，但必须经过改造，使之为我所用。我们坚决反对不分青红皂白胡乱搬用精彩选段或整篇文章的行为，因为标题变了，写作重点必然变，相应的表达方式方法也得变。

三、示例

下面是一位同学写的《值得回忆的同桌——李华》一文的开头、结尾，处理得较好。

(开头)时间的齿轮转得可真快呀!时间老人不管我们的态度如何，毫

不留情地把我们带到了新的学期。面对新的同桌，似乐非乐的我又想起了我的老同桌——李华。

(结尾)啊，李华，原谅我的鲁莽吧。我愿收回那天恶毒的话，用我今天真诚的道歉来弥补我的过失。让我们重新张开那友谊的风帆吧!你是永远值得我回忆的。

另一篇是《我真想哭》。

的宿舍，感受着这陌生的黑暗与寂静。我真想哭啊!

(结尾)器是一种懦弱的表现，但它却是人的一种本能，当一个人在悲痛、烦闷、愁肠百结时，他就需要哭，需要发泄。现在我终于懂得了，我真想痛痛快快地大哭一场。

下面是某同学写《感动》一文中的一个片断，写得具体、细致、感人。

那是深秋一天的下午，天气骤变，你(王老师)的胃病又犯了。当时，您正在讲课，只见您的脸色有些发黄，样子挺可怕的，你还是硬撑着讲下去。同学们被您的精神深深地感动着，许多同学的眼角闪烁着晶莹的泪珠。前排一位女同学忍不住站起来对您说：“老师，您快去医院看看吧!”大家也纷纷应和着：“老师，您去休息吧，我们这节上自习。”只见您的嘴角露出一丝微笑，摇了摇头，挥手示意刚才站起来的那位同学坐下。说：“我不要紧，咱们继续上课。”

灾区的同学们：

你们好！

2008年5月12日，这个令所有人都难以忘怀的日子，这个让我们刻骨铭心的一天。巴蜀大地上突如其来的灾难，一次剧烈的地震，让所有的华夏儿女都记住了这一天。

我是同你们一个年龄段的同学，同样也遭受了这个巨大的灾难。在这次地震中，你们可能失去了自己的亲人、老师、朋友、同学，也可能曾被压在那黑漆漆的废墟中，因为这次灾难，失去了双手。但你们一定不要哭泣，不要伤心，灾难会过去的。阳光，我们还要迎来。不经历风雨，怎能见彩虹，这点伤痛算的了什么？悲伤又有什么用？古人说：塞翁失马，焉知非福。灾难过去，就是美好生活的来临，风雨过后，就是彩虹的出现。面对灾难、困难，不要低头，不要胆怯，我们是一家人，有福一起享，有难我们一起当，再大的困难都难不倒我们。你们一定要振作，家园可以重建，美好生活可以再来。同学们，你们是希望，一定要努力学习，美好的生活就靠你们。

现在你们一定在重建的板房里，虽然天气很冷，但人心是温暖的。在重建的校园里，朗朗的读书声，同学们下课后的欢声笑语一定会重现。你们一定不能愧对已逝去的亲人。在这次的灾难中，人民的众志成城感动了我，我们是你们坚强的后盾，是你们背后的力量。再大的困难我们也能克服，你们只要有信心，有毅力，巴蜀大地会再次出现繁荣的景象。祸兮福所依，福兮祸所伏。福祸相依，不正说明了这一点吗？灾难已经过去，迎来的是崭新的未来，美好、繁荣的生活。

相信吧！再难的困难也难不倒我们华夏儿女！难不倒我们英雄的中国人民！坚强些，崭新、美好的生活会出现的。

祝你们：

身体健康！

开心快乐！

七年级X班

20XX年1月8日

[同学们的一封信的初中期末考试作文

期末考试后的感受

每次期末考试后，我最关心的就是自己的成绩了。透过成绩的好坏，就能够看出我这一阶段对所学知识的掌握程度，能够看出我学习是不是很认真。这次月考，也不例外。

下课铃声敲响了，紧张的期末考试最后结束了。这时，操场上、走廊上、教室里，就像爆炸了一样，同学们讲话的声音提高了十倍。一个个都三五成群地围在一齐，讨论着有关期末考试的状况，大家都十分想明白自己不熟悉的题目做对了没有，这不，你一言、我一语，都在对答案哩。

之后，就是焦急地等待了，有忐忑不安、有紧张、有兴奋……

期末考试后的第三天，期末考试成绩出来了。立刻要上数学课了，朱老师把试卷往教室讲桌上一放，又去办公室了，我们都明白，这天要报成绩了。上课铃声最后响了，朱老师走进了教室，此刻，开始报成绩了。起初，教室里安静得连一根针掉地都能听见；之后，开始有人窃窃私语；最后，教室热闹起来了，一个个板凳上好像放了火炉，同学们开始坐不住了，恨不得下位置去讨论……

平时最爱数学的我，这次才考了91分。这道题，是因为结果写错了，扣了2分；这道题，答案少写了一个“0”，2分又离我而去……哎，粗心就是我最大的缺点。爸爸因为我的一次次粗心，和我谈了好多次，可每次都……可不是吗？如果不是我的粗心，“一根油条和两个鸡蛋”也不会“离家出走”了……

语文和英语，同样离不开我的粗心。当然，也有个别错误是我真正没有掌握好的原因。

每一次期末考试，或许是成功的喜悦，或许是失败的懊恼。不管怎样说，接下来，对于我们每个人，都是一个新的开始。考好了，再接再厉，不要骄傲；考差了，也不要气馁，找出自己不足的地方，努力改正。相信，下次期末考试会取得好成绩。

2005年英语考纲有重大变化，其中之一就是作文考查的变化，如何在短期内提高考研英语作文。新增加一篇小作文，使作文考查由一篇变为两篇，而原来的大作文的字数也由“不少于200字”调整为“150至200字”，满分20分。新增的作文是一篇100字左右的应用性短文，文体包括有信件、便笺、备忘录等，满分10分。既然是新增题型，就不会太难，但不好预测文体，这就要求考生复习时力求面面俱到，掌握写作规律及注意事项，尤其是对常见的应用文体如书信等

大作文的写作一般会给考生写作提纲，或图表，图画，或图文并茂。命题方式虽然多样，但题目涉及面往往是考生比较熟悉的内容，目的是测定考生语言的实际应用能力。要求表达清楚，文字连贯，中心突出，内容丰富，句式多变，句子结构和用词正确。

语言的应用能力不可能一蹴而就，必须厚积薄发，必须经过长期的实践锻炼。在提高英语写作能力方面，我觉得：一是要背大量的优秀范文，整段整篇地背，并转换为自己的语言，写作时自己能随心所欲支配。考试时避免套用以前死记硬背的几个范文，把一些不达意的词堆积在一起，没有统一性，无法很好地表现主题；二是要多动手。包括对背过的文章进行词语替换，句式转换，句子重组等，以及对某一主题展开写作。多动手才能提高笔下功夫，才能保证在考场上顺利写作。可以说背诵范文是培养语感，积累素材，掌握写作方法，动手写作是实践，是最终目的，这两者结合起来，就是“理论联系了实际”。另外，背诵范文应有针对性，写作训练也是一样，在训练中要掌握每一类型作文的写作规律，根据其每一类作文的写作特点——如提纲式作文就要求考生根据提纲提示的思路和规定的要点展开段落——全面训练，但不要带有押题的心理，靠背几篇范文就能应付考试的心态是不可取的。

下面说一下英语写作过程中的注意事项

一、认真审题

作文第一步是仔细审题，考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图表，图画，数字等，准确把握出题者意图。考研作文忌信手掂来，提笔就写，根本不审题，想到哪儿就写到哪儿，或完全凭自己想象编故事，置考试要求于不顾， “下笔千言，离题万里”。比如1998是一幅卡通画，老母鸡申明外加一首打油诗，讽刺一些企业把该尽职之事作为推销产品的承诺。如果考生说老母鸡很可爱，但爱自夸，然后说自己某个同学也爱自夸，这就偏离主题。2000年的作文“A Brief Histiry of World Commercial Fishing ”.它给出了两张图，从1900年的渔船和鱼量之比到1995年的渔船和鱼量之比的变化谈如何保护渔业资源，应从商业性滥捕鱼这一主题展开话题，有的考生却大谈环境污染，其它英语写作《如何在短期内提高考研英语作文》。这就偏离了主题，因为题中自始自终都没有谈到环境污染问题。

有的同学没有审题习惯，或担心时间不够草草审题，最后发现文不对题，草草收场，这就影响了英语成绩，同时也会影响后两门考试的考试心情。

二、列出提纲

考试规定的时间是很有限的，所以不能花太多时间准备一个详细的提纲，但关键词提纲或粗略提纲还是非常有必要的。对原始材料分析归纳后要形成一个基本的框架。文章打算分几段写，每段大概怎样写，自数控制在多少，开头段落是道破主题，点名要旨，引人入胜还是先给出主题一般的背景情况和对主题进行浓缩的陈述呢，中间段落和结尾有怎样写呢。这些都要心中有数。有的考生习惯用汉语构思文章，逐句翻译提纲，当碰到某个词卡住时就翻译不下去，僵在那里。要注意列提纲是为了更好更全面的表达主题。主题的表达可有多种形式，不一定非要寻找一个特定的词或句子。考试时考生要充分调动大脑，灵活运用以前所学知识。

三、开始写作

一篇文章往往由四部分组成，标题(title)，首段(opening paragraph),主体(body paragraph),结尾段( concluding paragraph)。标题要新颖，能引起读者兴趣，首段的内容根据文章的体裁而变化，比如议论文可以从一种现象，一种观点出发引出作者的观点。记叙文往往交代人物和故事背景。主体是文章的主要部分，通过合适的语篇模式表达一定的观点，考生要围绕中心按一定顺序分层次有重点的展开叙述，描写，议论。结尾段是对全文的总结，论点上要与前面的叙述一致和统一。写作时要注意以下几点。

1、要统一，连贯。

选择那些最能体现中心思想最具代表性的材料，这些材料要共同表达一致的信息。选材时切忌胡子眉毛一把抓。词语堆积，不伦不类。前后及段落之间在逻辑关系上要紧密衔接，不能把没有任何逻辑关系的词放在一起。可以用恰当的关联词把思想连贯的表达出来。

2、用词准确，语法正确

考试时要特别注意语法，此语，语气，标点符号等，为了避免太多单词拼写错误，语法错误，不要为了追求词语的华丽而堆积一些自己也没把握的单词，不要刻意追求长句而写一些自己不知对错的有多个从句组成的长句。考试时最好选择自己最有把握的词汇，短语，句式。

3、足够字数，卷面整洁

绝对不能字数不够，即使一句话颠来倒去说也要凑够字数。字数不够，即使写的非常精彩，也不能拿高分。

四、修改

英语写作时考生由于仓促，紧张等原因，很容易犯一些简单的，一眼就能发现的错误。所以考生一定要留出几分钟时间用于修改。不要大幅度进行修改，更不要因为修改破坏卷面整洁，影响阅卷老师心情。修改时可以从以下几点进行

1、语法

包括时态是否一致，主谓是否一致，名词单复数是否对应，被动主动语态是否错用等

2、词汇

包括连接上下句或段落的关联词，习惯用语，固定搭配，词类混淆，误用及物不及物动词等。

3、拼写和标点符号