期末考试英语记叙文写作指导汇总20篇

记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主，以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体形式。

一.高考记叙文写作占有重要地位

我们看三个高考作文试题：

2009年湖南卷作文“请以‘踮起脚尖’为题目，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。”

2008年安徽卷作文“请以‘带着感动出发’为题，写一篇不少于800字的文章。”要求“文体自选”。

2007年浙江卷作文“请以‘生无所息/生有所息’为话题写一篇文章。可讲述你自己或身边的故事，抒发你的真情实感，也可阐明你的思想观点。”

从以上作文试题可以看出，不管是明确要求写记叙文，还是要求文体自选，高考中的记叙文写作始终占有重要地位，有其自身的巨大优势。

二.高考记叙文写作的四大要领

要领一.讲一个完整的故事

记叙文是用来做什么的?

记叙文的本质特点是故事性，记叙文是用来讲故事的。好的的记叙文正如好的电视剧，情节精彩，故事性强，悬念重重，能引人入胜。有了故事性，才有了记叙文的本质。

故事精彩，记叙文才能吸引人，才能给读者留下深刻的印象。抓住了故事性的记叙文，即便文笔一般，文章也差不到哪里去。通常情况下，学生写的记叙文不佳，最主要的原因就是故事的框架、选材和情节没有构造好，文章显得平庸乏味。学生写记叙文要从故事性入手，有故事则有内容，有内容才有精彩。高考记叙文写作，成败的关键皆由故事性决定。

优秀的记叙文，往往构思精致巧妙，情节引人入胜，高明的作者都在故事情节的完整及构思的巧妙方面下功夫。记叙文要完整生动地叙述故事，名家名作无不是寓巧妙的情节构思于完整的故事之中。故事的情节是要靠矛盾的发展去推动的，因而情节的发展要有自然性、合理性和完整性。如果片面求新而破坏了故事的完整性，就会得不偿失。

要领二.塑一个鲜活的人物

写记叙文离不开写人。写人千万不能写成纸人，站立不起来，鲜活不起来。写人要把人物写鲜活起来，要写得有血有肉，从而给读者留下深刻的印象。

要让记叙文中的人物形象鲜活起来，除了对人物与事件进行叙述以外，还必须进行细致深入的描写。描写人物常用的方法是肖像描写、动作描写、语言描写、心理活动描写等等。

要领三.作一番生动的描写

记叙文中的描写，包括人物描写、景物描写、场面描写等等。

人物的肖像描写，主要指描写人的容貌、神情、姿态、服饰等方面。肖像刻画要以形写神，形神俱似，不可千人一面，千篇一律。形神兼备的肖像描写有助于揭示人物的性格特征和内心世界，表现出人物的时代特征;结合情节的发展，还能显示人物的命运。

人物的语言描写要做到立片言而尽显人物精神。人物语言包括独白和对话两种。独白指人物的自言自语，对话是两个人或多个人之间的相互交谈。历来优秀作家都十分重视人物语言的描写，常说的“如闻其声，如见其人”，既是对作家塑造生动人物形象的高明技法的赞誉，也是语言描写的功能和作用的体现。

人物的动作描写要做到在举手投足之间见到人物的真性情。对人物进行心理描写则要做到洞幽烛微，表现人物的精神面貌，窥视人物的心灵世界，刻画人物的性格特征，揭示人物的身份境遇，突出作品的主题思想。

景物描写要突出景物的神韵，必须抓住景物的层次和主要特征有序描写。场面描写要突出场面的特点，要把人物置于场面之中。

不管是人物描写、景物描写，还是场面描写，都必须注意细节描写，就是对故事情节中那些极富个性特点的细枝末节方面进行描写。细节虽小，却往往通过作品给人留下深刻、难忘的印象。优秀的文学作品，甚至一篇不太成功的作文，常常因其某一独特而极具个性的细节描写，而令我们过目不忘。

写人记事绘景，可正面描摹，以见真形;也可侧面烘托，以显神韵。正面描摹，即对作文中要写的人物、事件、环境等进行正面而直接的、具体、生动、形象的刻画。侧面烘托，则是借他人他物或环境，以衬托此人此物此景而显出精神的一种方法。这样，写事件则场面活现，写人物则栩栩如生。

要领四.抒一段动人的情感

抒情，简单地说，就是用真挚的语言来抒发内心的情感。在记叙的过程中，恰到好处地对所记叙的人和事抒发感情，可以让平白的叙事锦上添花，引起读者的共鸣。抒情的文字有时渗透在文章的字里行间，作者凭借所描述的人、事、景、物来传情达意，即间接抒情，常见的间接抒情方法有叙事抒情、借景抒情、托物言志三种。抒情文字有时在叙述和描写的基础上直接抒发，也就是直抒胸臆。

2008江苏卷：有些人只是在童年有过好奇心，有些人一生都能保持好奇心。质疑、发现、智慧、高尚、惊喜、快乐、烦恼、平庸……这中间的每个词都有可能像影子一样跟在好奇心的后面。请以“好奇心”为题写一篇不少于800字的文章。要求：①角度自选;②立意自定;③除诗歌外，文体自选。

好奇心

两个人都长年纪了，相距不过几米的屋子，有什么必要隔几分钟就喊一下?

每次去奶奶家，这件事总是会勾起我的好奇心。

奶奶八十了，但眼不昏耳不聋，还能眯着眼在屋里做针线。大她三岁的爷爷便不行了，不愿走动，总是坐在藤椅上晒太阳。

相隔不过几米，奶奶过几分钟，便会放下活儿，“老头子!”奶奶这么叫。

爷爷不应，奶奶便急，迈着碎碎的步子到跟前。爷爷好好的呢，在藤椅上睡熟了。于是孩子般地笑嗔：“这个死老头子，人家喊了也不睬。”

这样的事天天发生。

我很好奇。

是奶奶闷吗?没有人说话?那她为什么只喊一下而不是和爷爷唠嗑呢?

喊爷爷做什么呢?还这么不停地喊?我想起奶奶每次看见爷爷好好的，满意离去的背影。阳光总是以最完美的角度铺在奶奶身上，每每这样的画面闪烁着温暖的光辉。

是不是只要有人答应便好呢?我好奇地继续想。

那好。再有这种事发生时，我便捂住嘴，学爷爷的声音迟缓地答：“唉——”可每每奶奶都能辨别出来，无论我用布还是用棉花捂以求声音的逼真。“细丫头在这儿捣乱……”奶奶皱纹满布的手会轻拍我，以示责备。微微笑。

奶奶依旧。

我的好奇心不减反增。算了，我破釜沉舟。“奶奶，你老这么喊来喊去做什么呢?也不嫌烦。”

奶奶看我，宽容地笑：“丫头，你不懂的。知道他好好的，我才心安的。”

心，被濡湿了。是花蕊中的一滴露。连日以来如同小虫一样不断噬咬我心的好奇心得到满足。

你在，就心安的。这是人世间最最美丽的风景。粗茶淡饭有什么要紧?年华老去有什么要紧?你在，就心安。

我想，所谓爱，便是如此。就是我所爱的人，我惦念的人，必得在我看得见的地方，我手够得到的地方，我能够走到的地方，好好的存在着。

我庆幸我拥有好奇心，才得以知晓奶奶一辈子的关心，温情与爱。我知道了，那声声呼唤是在说，有你在，整个世界，都在。

点评：此文是叙写日常生活的规范的记叙文，成功的秘诀在于从“我”独特的视角探求老人的内心世界。奶奶的言行，的确让孙女好奇。于是，调皮的“丫头”对奶奶进行了一番“侦察”，结果“侦察”到了“人世间最最美丽的风景”——濡湿了人们的心，美得如“花蕊中的一滴露”!此文是叙写日常生活的规范的记叙文，能在“尺水”中“兴波”，能用鲜活的细节描写展示澎湃的内心波澜，读来意味无穷。这是2008年高考记叙文的拔尖之作。

记叙文的人物描写技能

重点与难点：

如何通过描写反映人物的性格特点，进而表达出作者的情感。

学习过程：

一、概述

人物是记叙文中表达作者情感的重要部分，即使是写事的记叙文也要依靠人物来完成主题的表达，因而对作品中的人物进行描写就显得尤为关键。

二、了解从哪些方面来描写人物

1.肖像描写。人物肖像描写指对人物长相体态，衣着打扮，神态表情，姿势声音以及生理特征等的描写。肖像描写不求形似要求神似，不求描写面面俱到，只求突出人物的身份、性格。如下面这段文字：“常常微笑着，态度很温和”反复出现在《纪念刘和珍君》一文中，用以塑造刘和珍美丽的形象，更为了戳穿段政府的无耻谰言。

“他(鲁迅)留着浓黑的胡须，目光明亮，满头是倔强得一簇簇直竖起来的头发，仿佛处处在告白他对现实社会的不调和。”

2.语言描写。人物语言是人物思想的直接表现。因此语言描写最重要是能反映人物的心声，并表现人物的思想性格。一定要透过语言把握人物的身份、性格，也就是我们说的“语言描写的个性化”。 我们在描写人物语言的时候就应该抓住人物的身份、地位、年龄、性格去写作，否则就会很不谐调。语言表达一定要得体。

门被打坏了，开了一个拳头大的窟窿。班主任来了，瞪着眼说：“谁踢坏的?”捣乱鬼董小天斜着眼，冷笑着：“鬼知道，又没有人叫我一定要看好门?”旁边的张小勇，朝老师做了个鬼脸：“哈……，开了窗，好通风。”谁知这一下却惹恼了站在旁边的高芳芳。“是董小天，他来时，一阵风正好把门关了，他就抬起脚，用力一踢。”董小天脚一跺：“大白天别说梦话!你小心点，不要诬陷好人!”“我才不瞎说呢，大家都看见的。你凭什么，做了坏事，还要耍嘴。”老师说：“还有谁看见的?”“我，……没看见。”胆小的李星使劲地咽了一口水，神情恍惚。

捣乱鬼无事生非，油嘴滑舌;张小勇油嘴滑舌，混淆是非;高芳芳正义、勇敢，不留情面;李星性格软弱，胆小怕事，各自的思想境界以及性格特点活灵活现。

3.行动描写。行动描写是通过人物的行动来刻画人物的方法，是塑造人物，揭示人物性格的重要手段。《药》写刽子手康大叔，主要就是用行动描写来对他的流氓反动性格进行刻画的：老栓慌忙摸出洋钱，抖抖的想交给他，却又不敢去接他的东西。那人便焦急起来，嚷道：“怕什么?怎的不拿?”老栓还踌躇着，黑的人便抢过灯笼，一把扯下纸罩，裹了馒头，塞与老栓;一手抓过洋钱，捏一捏，转身去了。嘴里哼着说，“这老东西……”(贪婪的一面)

“老栓只是忙。要是他的儿子……”驼背五少爷话还未完，突然闯进了一个满脸横肉的人，披一件玄色布衫，散着纽扣，用很宽的玄色腰带，胡乱捆在腰间。刚进门，便对老栓嚷道……(流氓形象)

4.心理描写。对人物内心活动的刻画是心理描写，它直接揭示人物的内心世界，但在心理描写的方法上却可以分为直接描写和间接描写，大致有以下几种：

a.直接描写心理。往往表现为“××想” “他觉得……”。

b.用动作表情写心理。如他“拖着铅一般重的腿。”

c.环境写心理。如“每次开门的时候，就有一阵云雾似的冷空气吹到他脸上，这使他觉得很爽快，于是她把冷空气深深地吸进去。”

d.内心独白写心理。“完蛋了吗?”母亲问自己道。但是接着就颤抖地回答：“大约还不妨吧……”

e.幻觉写心理，也可以通过梦境写心理。

《祝福》结尾：从白天以至初夜的疑虑，全给祝福的空气一扫而空了，只觉得天地圣众歆享了牲醴的香烟，都醉醺醺地在空中蹒跚，豫备给鲁镇的人们以无限的幸福。

三、了解用哪些手段来描写人物

以下是根据曾获奥斯卡金奖的美国著名电影《音乐之声》的一个片段描述的一段话：

父亲吹响了哨子，玛丽亚小姐站到一边，六个孩子从房间里出来，排成一队走下楼梯。又有一个女孩来到队前，父亲让她站到队中。父亲为孩子和玛丽亚小姐互相介绍。

下面还有一段文字，与上面文字描述的对象相同，看看给我们的感受是否也相同呢?

父亲神情严肃地吹响了哨子，只见玛丽亚小姐神色慌张地躲到一边，惶恐地望着楼上。六个孩子从几个房间里夺门而出，行动迅捷如同听到了警报。他们匆忙中排成一队，踏着父亲的哨声，挺胸抬头，甩臂踏足走下楼梯，俨然凯旋的士兵，在大厅站成整齐的一列。另外一个女孩专注地读着书来到队前，父亲表情凝重地要过书，拍打了一下，命令女孩站入队中。父亲从尾到头巡视了一遍，如同一位将军检阅自己的士兵，煞有介事地纠正着孩子的动作……

生动的人物描写体现在哪些方面?

明确：准确用词。例如：“慌张、惶恐”就准确地写出了玛丽亚小姐吃惊、害怕，不知发生什么事情的表情、神态。另外还有“夺门而出”的“夺”字写出了孩子们听到哨声后往外跑时动作的敏捷、迅速。

运用修辞。两处运用了比喻的修辞。

抓住特征。父亲：非常严厉。孩子：规矩、木偶式的。

描写细节。例如：“父亲表情凝重地要过书，拍打了一下”中“拍打”这一细小的动作就很传神。

四、作文实践

请以“特别的爱给特别的你”为题，写一篇不少于800字的记叙文，要求以“特别的你”为主要内容，运用多种描写手段多侧面地描写人物，凸显其某种性格特征。

历年高考作文题记叙文考查一览

2013

江西卷

阅读下面的文字，按要求作文。(50分)

一段时间以来，“中学生有三怕：奥数、英文、周树人”成了校园流行语。实际情况是，有些同学有这“三怕”(或其中“一怕”“二怕”)，有些同学不但不怕反倒喜欢。

你对上述“怕”或“不怕”(含喜欢)有何体验或思考?请自选角度，自拟题目，写一篇文章。

要求：⑴写记叙文或议论文。⑵不得透露个人信息。⑶不得抄袭，不得套作。⑷不少于700字。

湖南卷

材料1：它被天边的彩云所吸引，奋力飞腾，寒冷、饥寒、风雨都无法阻止它，它毅然决然的向上飞，飞上高山之巅，它已精疲力竭，伤痕累累，一个声音问，值得吗?天地苍茫、彩云缭绕，它内心充实而满足，喃喃的答道：我愿意!

材料2：父亲的书桌对面有一把小椅子，儿子坐在那里陪伴回家在桌子前剪报的父亲，父子俩没有说话，静静相对，儿子望着父亲祥和的面容，心里充溢着宁静的幸福。父亲，您辛苦了，能这样陪陪您，我真的很愿意。

根据上面两则材料，结合自己的感受和思考，任选角度、自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的记叙文或议论文。

2012

湖南卷

伸出是温暖的服务，摊开是放飞的想象，张大是创造的力量，捧起是收获的快乐……

根据上述图文，自选角度，自定立意，自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的记叙文或议论文。

2011

江西省高考作文：孟子三乐

“君子有三乐，而王天下不与存焉。父母俱存，兄弟无故，一乐也;仰不愧于天，俯不怍于人，二乐也;得天下英才而教育之，三乐也。君子有三乐，而王天下者不与存焉。”以“孟子三乐”为主题写一篇记叙文或议论文，字数700字左右

2010

江西高考作文题：命题作文《找回童年》

为什么要找回童年?因为现在社会太功利了，小朋友们压力过大，童年早已离开。

现在的社会需要纯真，需要找回童年。

重点关注“找回”这个动词。

记叙议论都可以，文体要明确。

湖南卷作文题：“早”

请以“早”为题，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。(60分)

2009

湖北卷

请以“站在 的门口”为题写一篇文章。

要求：①请先将题目补充完整，并写在答题卡上，然后作文。

②立意自定。

③文体不限。可以记叙经历，抒发感情，发表议论，展开想象，等等。

④不少于800字

湖南卷

请以“踮起脚尖”为题目，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

2008

湖南卷

"天街小雨润如酥，草色遥看近却无”根据韩愈诗中你读出的意境和哲理写一篇议论文或记叙文。

2010年普通高等学校招生考试浙江卷作文

命题作文：“角色转换之间”

传说有的雏鸟长大后，会衔食喂养衰老的母鸟。人们把此现象称为“反哺”。

人类社会也存在类似现象。年轻一代对年长一代的文化影响被称之为“文化反哺”。千百年来，在以父辈对子辈施教为主流的正统传承方式下，文化反哺犹如潜流引而不现，但在迅疾变化的当今社会，年轻人获得了前所未有的反哺能力。他们在科学知识、价值观念、生活方式、审美情趣等各个方面，越来越明显地影响着年长一代，施教者与受教者之间，角色常常发生转换。

以“角色转换之间”为题，可以讲述故事，抒发情感，也可以发表见解。文体除诗歌外不限，字数在800字以上。

角色转换之间

一个夜深人静的晚上，伴随着不知名的虫叫，我辗转反侧，睡不着觉，起来冲了个凉水澡，可还是?觉全身上下黏糊糊的，像躺在一个巨大的面粉堆里，透不过气。导致严重失眠，上课哈欠连天，成绩退步连连。爸爸一寻思就买了台空调来，全家很开心。爸爸手把手教我先插上电源，在空调的百叶窗转动后，再用遥控器，哪个是风速，哪个是制冷，哪个是左右风，我熟记于心。

一个慵懒的午后，我惬意地在空调房里观看影片《2012》，地球灾难的降临，人们竟渺小得如同蚂蚁一样被自然灾害夺取生命。心惊胆战的一幕幕总萦绕在眼前，似乎召之即来，挥之不去。我百无聊赖地打开电脑寻找答案：人类自身行为在蚕食着自己的家园……

我急急地跑?爸爸面前，商量着把空调关了，爸爸诧异，完全不能理解。我一脸严肃：“老爸，开空调产生的氟利昂会破坏臭氧层，我们就成了间接杀手，造成臭氧层空洞，长久以往，地球上的生物都将遭受灭顶之灾。”

“不会的，我们这一家子能影响多少呢?”爸爸不以为然。

“可是积少成多啊，你一点我一点不就一大点嘛，我们不开空调了好吗?”

爸爸摇摇头说：“你不懂。”

“老爸，你女儿已经十七岁了，怎么会不懂?你没有看过《2012》地球的惨状，看过后一定会改观的。”我翻翻白眼。

“傻孩子，电影可不一定是真的。?

“哎——爸爸，真的话就来不及了。”我急得直跳脚。

爸爸瞧见我的眼泪攻势，忙急着开溜，借口去上厕所了。我无可奈何长吁短叹：“天啦，真是顽固加死板。”

夜晚，全家窝在沙发上看电视，漫无目的地调台。突然一则新闻映入眼帘：某某河流污染严重，鱼类离奇死亡……我眼前一亮，继续苦口婆心地劝导：“爸爸你看，最近污染又严重了，我觉得夏天越来越热了，前年冬天就没下过鹅毛大雪呢!全球气候变暖，泥石流、台风等自然灾害越来越多了……”妈妈随声附和道：“是啊，我们小时候河水可清了，是吧，孩子他爸?”“对啊?爸爸，咱们不要开空调了。”爸爸一直不说话，凝视着空调下方的墙壁。我顺眼看过去，那是去年年底爸爸的一张“优秀村干部”的奖状。睡觉的时候，爸爸关掉了空调，搬出了那台“蓬头垢面”的风扇，还对妈妈说：“孩子他妈，明天咱们再去买两把风扇吧。”

花开花落，阴晴圆缺，悠悠岁月，想起小时候爸爸教我开空调，现在我教爸爸关空调。角色转换之间，作为施教者的我，成就感十足啊!

2007年山东地区高考作文题为：

请以“时间不会使记忆风化”为话题写一篇不少于800字文章，自拟题目，自选主题自选文体，文体特征鲜明。

时间使记忆开出花

草长莺飞的季节，淙淙流水傍势而下，抚摸过我的脚丫。回头看看她，阳光把温柔慈祥倾斜在她折有皱纹的脸上，银色的白发在光下闪闪发亮。我飞奔过去，溅起一片浪花。她却微笑着摆手，离去。醒来，梦中的记忆和幻觉，让我禁不住泪如雨下。

这位离开的老人，是我的奶奶，在离开我的一年后的今天，我心中的思念，同与她在一起的记忆一样，像泉眼出涌的泉水一样连续不断。记忆是风，挥之不去，一直在我的脑海中盘旋。

冬天的早晨寒冷，尽管阳光射进院子，却依旧融化不了铁桶内的寒冰。我在堂屋的板凳上，乖乖地等着奶奶把我“放进手心”。六岁的孩童，对于奶奶的信任和依赖，山重海深。我的奶奶，穿着深灰色的大棉袄，慈爱地抚摸过我的脑袋。她的手大而厚，被时间打下了艰辛生活的烙印，一道道，却是她的自豪与骄傲。奶奶说到做到，用红线套住我的耳洞，从此把我放进了她的手心。我快乐时，她知道;我难过时，她亦明了。一根红线，牵住的，是我一生对她的想念和眷恋。

记忆那么多，怎么能被一颗心容纳?时间不紧不慢地走，记忆却在生根、发芽。童年逝去，伴着奶奶年龄的毫不客气地增势。我对她说，您一定会活过一百岁。奶奶哈哈地笑，幸福而满足。说这话的时候，我一拳一拳地捶她的肩、她的腰。我在成长，而她在老去。她的头发之中，白色的发丝压抑着苟残的黑发。我很想将它们拔下，似乎那样，时间就会停下。

当沉重的学业限制了我去探望她的次数的时候，我浑然不知这会使我后悔我的选择。我记得奶奶身体健康，虽然他一生都在劳累和艰辛中度过，然而我的奶奶，是要成为百岁老人的啊!

人类不是时间的主人，时光暂停一秒，我的大脑随着她的离开，一片空白。随后而来的，是无数的记忆。

我的奶奶做刨冰给我解热;我的奶奶说我是她最疼爱的孩子;我的奶奶最爱吃桂圆;我对奶奶说女孩子要自立自强;我的奶奶……我的奶奶，我一生之中唯一的阿奶，离开了，只剩下记忆。

泪水被擦拭之后，时间履行它的职责，风干心中的痛苦。然而，记忆顽强地生长，即使被时间碾过，却一定要生根发芽。

一刹那，记忆生根发芽，开出美丽的花，无数的花瓣轻轻摇曳，承载着我的思念。时间不会使记忆风化，却让它开出了花。

今天我们知道了考试成绩，我数学考了92，语文49，英语44。数学有一道题是没有见过的题型，我就是这道题做错了，是因为没有看懂题，而且没有动脑筋去想题，所以这道题我就答错了；数学其他题我都是见过的，但是有几个题还是打错了，是因为粗心了，其实我是会做的。

语文错了两道题是因为我粗心了，并不是我不会。

英语错的题是没有记清单词的意思，所以打错了，还有一个题我不知道peaches是什么意思。这次考试我考的不算很好，主要的原因是我太粗心了，而且遇到没见过的题没有去思考，我要改掉这两个最大的毛病，希望接下来可以取得好成绩。

导语：英语作文在英语试卷中还是相当重要的一部分，你知道写作有哪些技巧吗?下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

初中英语作文分为四等。一等文：13-15分;二等文：9-12分;三等文：5-8分;四等文：0-4分。教给大家十个字，搞定初中英语写作，帮你拿到一等文。

要点+结构+逻辑+语法+亮点

要点：

实际上中考英语写作就等于两个字，翻译!因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点，要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好，只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点，也就是文章的第二段内容，要做到全，围绕中心。

结构：

中考最流行的结构就是三段式，深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼?因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段：简单明了，开门见山，不超过2句话，如，我们想表达小强很强壮，第一段直接说XQis extremely strong。观点明确，这一句足矣。2014年中考英语写作技巧

第二段：分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭，He has ten mealseveryday!详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时，He does exercise 2 hours a day!详举做了什么运动。

第三段：经过第二段的论证，可以得出结论。但请注意，不能完全照抄第一段，要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如，Howstrong and robust XQ is!I hope to be him one day!

逻辑：

这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的，转折的，总结的逻辑词等。递进：除了first，second，third，finally等还可以使用高级点的，如first of all(首先)，in addition，whatsmore，moreover(都是另外的意思)，in a word，all inall(表示总结的)。转折：but，yet，however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词，因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法：

其他几点都不是硬性的要求，不那样做不能说是错，只能说是不好，但是语法却是硬性的。如，单词的使用，时态等。

亮点：

当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文，最后两个字，亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前，都是结构清晰的三段式，要点都很全，都用了一些逻辑词，都没有语法错误，但是A篇只用了beautiful，good-looking，B篇却用到了attractive，charming，catching等，我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇，词组，句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以，以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

英语作文依靠的是同学们的语感和平时的积累，但是在面临中考的紧要关头，要想在短时间内提高英语写作水平不是一件容易的事情，这就需要同学们掌握中考英语作文写作技巧。

英语写作是语言综合运用能力的具体体现，也是很多高中学生学习中的弱项。如何提高自己的英语写作能力呢?

一、提高英语写作能力的原则

(一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序，由易到难，循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段，要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯，狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后，再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等，这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。

(二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言，可以用回答提问的口头作文，也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文，也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局，也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言，可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文，也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。

(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论，学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识，从而了解别人的思想，再通过说和写来表达自己的思想，让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此，写与听说读紧密结合，进行多元化的能力训练，可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。

(四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导，控制学生的汉语语言思维，发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿，而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导，可给出范文让学生模仿，以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维，尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维，以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。

(五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事，而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备，要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。

二、提高英语写作能力的方法。

(一)通过积累词汇量，提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样，词汇是说话写作的必需材料，也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象，如果要写一个句子，10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出，有2 个单词用法不当，又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此，在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词，记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多，各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯，可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程，要长期地坚持下去，才能不断积累大量的词汇，为英语写作打下坚实的基础。

(二)通过扩大阅读量，提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”，这是汉语的一种学习方法，同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径，同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法，有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中，教师要注意以下问题：一是指导阅读方法，分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等，帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合，通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量，扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广，才能不断扩大学生的知识面，使学生适应各种题材的写作。

(三)通过提高听说能力，提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的，提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课，多开展专门的听说训练，同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动，让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语，久而久之，学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。

(四)通过重视写作过程，提高英语写作能力。长期以来，英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位，教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败，重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等)，忽视写作过程的指导。

“期末考试”，我立马从梦中惊醒。我揉了揉眼睛，顺便打了一个哈欠，然后懒洋洋的翻了一下日历，看了看日历上圈着红圈的日子和打着密密麻麻被叉掉的日子，我吓了一跳，红圈原来是代表期末考的日子，而红叉是指已经过去的日子。而现在只剩一天了。

我连忙从床上爬了起来，立马冲进了洗手间，迅速穿完衣服，然后嘴里咬着一块面包就出门了。我从书包里拿出了一本考试复习大纲一边吃着面包一边看着。

我一路上打了不少哈欠，也不少次差点被车碰到。终于在七点三十五分到了班级门口。我轻轻推开门，悄悄的走了进去。此时，同学们个个拿着复习资料，有的还吃着早餐。

教室里除了同学们的翻书声和哈欠声什么也听不到。我挪开了椅子，慢慢地把书包放了上去。接着，我也跟着同学加入了复习的行列。我心想，我一定要把考试考好，为了这次期末考我付出了太多心血，每天都要在课堂上听老师分析试卷或考试，回家也有一大堆作业。我每天得到八点才能写完，我一定要战胜这次考试。

这一天早上大部分都是自习，我拿出了二十张语数试卷，还有我自己带的几本全解，早上的全部时间就是复习并寻找自己不懂的题目，下午把科学英语复习了一遍。到了放学我们各自跟同学告别，迎接明天的考试。

期末考试就像一场学习的战争，只有不停的积累知识才能取得胜利。

In our accommodations, many students have computers. Also we can see in the electronic reading room and the cybercafés, rows of students sit in front of the monitors. Computers play an important role in our everyday life.

We use computers to cope with files and photos etc. And the internet is just a large database and we can get on the internet to search for anything we need through the computers. We can keep in touch with the others with the emails, msn and QQ etc. Enjoying ourselves in music, games and movies can loosen us after nervous classes.

Each coin has two sides. Disadvantages of the computers can also do harm to us. Most of us students use the computers more to play games and chat with strangers than searching for useful information. That’s a waste of time. There is so much rubbish on the net, which are some medium messages about crime or sex. It does harm to our minds.

From all above, we should learn to use computers in our own right ways. The computers doesn’t have no responsibility, it depends on the way we use them.

Dear Jean，

I am sorry to argue with you several days ago。 We haven t talked with each

other these days。 You are my best friend， aren t you?

Few days ago when I heard you lost my lovely book， I was really mad， so I

argued with you， and said that I could not be your friend from then on。 Later， I

didn t sleep well those days。 I always remembered a lot of fun we had。 So I

decided to write a letter to say sorry to you。 I also think you should be

careful and take good care of your things。 Let s be best friends again， OK?

Yours ever，

Julia

一眨眼，一学期又即将过去，紧张的期末考试又即将来临!期末考试对于学生来说，无疑是一个末日，因为考得好，家长表扬;考得不好，家长给你一顿“皮带炒肉丝”!所以，我要在期末阶段，认真温习!

我还是先来分析一下优、缺点吧!在第一、二、三单元测试时，我每次都考出了高分，成绩名类前茅。我想这会和我上课认真、暂时的仔细有很大关系!可是好景不长，到了后来的考试中，成绩一直是中中等等，这可能是我审题不仔细，马虎的缘故吧!我的优点是：注意力集中;缺点是：马虎、骄傲。所以，我要在期末温习中将缺点化为优点，成为班级的强手!

我的目标到然是95分以上和考第一啦!而对手厉凡成为了我的一个绊脚石，他的优点是认真、细心;缺点是：注意力不集中。他的优点是我的缺点，他的缺点是我的优点。所以我要取长补短，步步高升，使厉凡成为我的手下败将，是我前进的步伐不会磕磕绊绊!

我平时的考试扣分只要在了阅读、改错上，这两块内容恰恰是要细心，所以我要先克服马虎这个缺点，才能再去掌握具体方法。我想具体做法应该是，认真审题，弄准每个字的意思，回答要全面，不添字，不漏字，不错字，最重要的到然是动脑筋啦!

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent.

I strongly agree that great achievements often lead to great discontent. In fact, I would assert more specifically that great individual achievements can cause discontent for the individual achiever or for the society impacted by the achievement, or both. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that whether a great achievement causes great discontent can depend on one s personal perspective, as well as the perspective of time.

With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied and discontent with their accomplishments-no matter how great. Great athletes are compelled to try to better their record-breaking performances; great artists and musicians typically claim that their greatest work will be their next one--a sign of personal discontent. And many child prot g s, especially those who achieve some measure of fame early in life, later suffer psychological discontent for having peaked so early. Perhaps the paradigmatic modern example of a great achiever s discontent was Einstein, whose theoretical breakthroughs in physics only raised new theoretical conundrums which Einstein himself recognized and spent the last twenty years of his life struggling unsuccessfully to solve.

[GRE考试写作作文

这次期末考试是我考的最差的一次，也是最让我伤心的一次，数学是76。5分，语文是88分，英语是94分。这一次考试分数把快乐的暑假变成了悲伤的暑假，一把成绩带回家，就被爸爸批评一顿。在成绩还没出来之前，我真的没有想到我会考的这么差。

现在，我已经知道为什么考这么不好了。首先是我的语文课外书阅读的不够多，还有是考试前一天晚上很晚睡觉，到了第二天考试时有点想睡觉。在复习阶段没有多看书，也没有好好复习，只想着玩和看电视了。在考试看题目的时候，没有看清重点就开始做了，做好了也没有好好检查，还有就是平时上课没有认真听老师讲课。

以后我要把所有的缺点都改正，要养成早睡早起，少看电视多看书的好习惯。

我相信只要养成一个好的学习习惯，下次我一定会考出好成绩。

现实生活中没有完美的人生,正如舞台上没有纯粹的喜剧.

海浪不回避礁石的撞击,才得以壮观,人生不拒绝遗憾的存在,才得以乐观.

--题记

这两句话我很喜欢,正和我这次考试一样,这次考试不是完美的,但现实中没有全是完美的,正如第一句现实生活中没有完美的人生,这次的失利不代表失败,一次的失败不代表永久的失败,这次的失败并不能说明什么.只要在哪里跌倒,就在哪里爬起,这次的失败不是给下次的成功有了经验吗，有了失败才有成功,失败乃是成功之母嘛.而返回到前面说，人的一生不可能是一帆风顺的,哪能不经历点风风雨雨,"不经历风雨怎么见彩虹,没有人能随随便便成功",这句话说的不也就是吗.这次考试考完了就过去了,不要再去想,只要知道自己错在哪里,就是最好的，也可以说是一种进步,知道了哪里错还要去填补这快空缺,补得严严实实,缝不可透.第二句名句也是说不经历点挫折失败,哪能有成功胜利.

虽然刚才一直都在安慰自己,可是我还是按捺不住自己的情感,豆大的眼珠总是在眼圈晃动,这回考试辜负了太多人的期望,就不用一一再提,我真的自己也很不甘心,很伤心,辜负了你们,对不起,真的对不起,辜负了你们的一片苦苦期望,爸爸妈妈.我的全家人.好友.y友.老师....都对我们寄予了很高的期望,可是我却....虽然老师对我的成绩十分满意,可就是让我数学再努努力,而我的其他家人好友们都对我的成绩难以置信，怎么才考这么点，怎么别的时候不失礼，非要在这个时候失礼，这是多么重要的一次考试，但是我还是希望过去就过去了，不要再提了，提也只能让我更伤心。这次考试是普遍的没考好，可大姨对我说，不要把普遍当作理由，我会记住的257d，深深地记住。爸爸也对我说，第一名只有一个。难道不是吗，虽然是普遍没考好，但也有考好的呀，我还是要象他们奋进，需要的则还是努力，假期里好好弥补自己的不足,再一步地提高提高,我相信,只要有我的努力,就一定会有我的成功,只要我努力了，我能行.不经一番彻骨寒,怎得梅花扑鼻香.我到下次考试时一定不会再辜负你们了,争取升学考试时一鸣惊人.你们相信我吗.你们还会一如既往地鼓励我支持我吗.我在你们眼里还是个优等生吗.我希望还能象以前一样,你们还能鼓励我支持我相信我,好吗.在升学考试时我一定要给你们一个惊喜.

不再想了，过去就过去了,笑对人生,人生路上坎坎坷坷,这算什么."风雨中,这点痛算什么,擦干泪不要怕,至少我们还有梦...."抬起头扬起胸,以后的路还很长....

当我呆在家中无聊的在抽屉中翻腾时，就在不经意间，找到了三份试卷――那是我本次期末考试的卷子，我拿着它，仔细地读着，我的思绪又回到了考试时。

随着”叮铃铃……“，考试的铃声响了，监考老师抱着厚厚的一摞试卷走进教室，把试卷分发给到同学手中后，便宣布开考。

在把班级，姓名写好之后，就开始做题了，因为学校为了防止学生作弊，特意把我们和三年级的学生混到一起，其实这招挺灵，教室中一点说话的声音都没有，只有此起彼伏的写字时发出的”沙沙“声，随着题型的变化，那声音一会儿被推向高潮，一会儿又落入低谷。大约五十分钟后，我的试卷上就只剩下作文题了，是让我们写有关”关心“的作文的，我冥思苦想了好半天，总算是写出来了。接下来就该检查了，我从第一题――看拼音，写词语开始查起，一直查到最后面的作文题，足足检查了三遍，才放下心来，可还是由于粗心漏掉了一个错题，扣去了0。5分，还有在作文上由于字写得不好看而丢掉了了2分。所以，我最终只得了 97。5分。

在这一次期末考试中，我语文得了97。5分，数学得了96分，英语得了97分，由于粗心大意只取得了第六名的成绩，所以我决定要将粗心这个坏毛病改掉。

1. 不用说……

It goes without saying that …

= (It is) needless to say (that) ….

= It is obvious that ….

例：It goes without saying that it pays off to keep early hours.

不用说早睡早起是值得的。

2. 在各种……之中，……

Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …

例︰Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that ….

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

在我看来，玩电脑游戏既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do/that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

=It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：We shouldn’t spend too much time on something we aren’t interested in.

我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：At least it will prove how honest you are.

那至少可以证明你很诚实。

8. 状语从句

⑴ 如果你不…，你就会… If you don’t ..., you’ll ...

例︰If you don’t keep working hard, you’ll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

⑵ 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

⑶ 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

每当我想到我家附近那一.��清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不...... I think / I don’t think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesn’t think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

1.I hate hiking and Im not into classical music.

2.I surf the Internet all the time and I like playing computer games.

3.Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.

4.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.

5.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.

6.He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself.

7.Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about.

8.When he makes friends with Wilson, he understand that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.

9.The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers.

10.I found the bathroom, but I didn’t find what I was looking for.

11.Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back.

12.There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.

13.In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue.

14.In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.

15.In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.

16.With so many people communicating in English every day ,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

17.For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.

18.In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess “(meaning “I think”),just as the British did 300 years ago.

19.At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ,ending up with different words.

20.Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.

21.However,most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.

22.Many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful.

23.Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.

24.Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.

25.Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety.

26.A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.

27.If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks.

28.The name “whitewater “comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.

29.As with hiking ,you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes.

30.Jane and Betty are going on separate holidays in a few days’ time.

31.When are you off to Guangzhou?

32.My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi.

33.See you when I get back.

34.The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.

35.Now ,the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.

36.Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.

37.Flora,whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.

38.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.

39.The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.

40.I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu.

41.He told me that I could go on a two-day trip to Leshan and Emei, which wasn’t too expensive.

42.First,we went to Leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha.

43.Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small.

44.Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.

45.Steven Spielberg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America.

46.In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a film which he made when he was thirteen years old.

47.The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.

48.Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.

49.This was the moment when Spieberg’s career really took off.

50.It is about a big white shark that attacks swimmers who are spending their holidays in a small village by the sea.

在多年的雅思教学中，我发现学生在实际考试中面临着不同的写作障碍，影响了考试成绩，雅思英语考试中应该如何克服写作障碍。归纳起来大致有以下几个方面：

一、真情流露，无从下笔

有的考生在考试时见到作文题，顿感思路塞车，好像有许多话要说，但又不知究竟应从那里写起。明智的做法是“投其所好、尽情发挥。”考生不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落，一篇250词左右的作文一般不会超过15句话，把这15句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大概只说那么几句话，事实上往往是说得越多错误越多。因此，每句话紧扣提纲，见好就收,这才是最稳妥的对策。

二、心里明白，难以表达

在考场上有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也明白，就是不知道该说什么，头脑里一片空白。这是在雅思写作考试中的一种常见的现象，针对这一现象，最有效的办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实，具体的例证和具体的现象。事实上，雅思的作文题目一定是一个具有社会普遍型话题，其目的是让不同教育背景的考生都有话可说。因此，考生一定能就题目联想起具体细小的事情再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的实质内容，这不失为一种很好的策略。

因此，当头脑出现空白时，应该由具体细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发的思考形成观点，再进行论述。这种定式思维的形成需要多下功夫多练习。

三、一味追求标新立异，导致无从下笔

考试时通常发现有的考生聚精会神的坐在那里冥思苦想，非要想出一个与众不同的观点。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误，参考时间为40分钟的作文，一般应在35分钟之内完成,再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。可有的考生十几分钟一句话都写不了，就是因为他太进入角色了，这是考试中一个很大的误区。

考作文的目的纯粹是通过这一命题形式，考查考生的英语水平如何，雅思英语《雅思英语考试中应该如何克服写作障碍》。命题人关注的是书面表达能力，而不是看一个人有没有内容，思想有没有深度，所以“一味追求标新立异”是没有必要的。

四、构思、写作不统一，落实有困难

实事求是的讲，要求考生完全运用英语思维来写作文是不现实的。很多考生在实际写作过程中，脑子里想的是中文句子，然后再把中文句子译成英文。因此采用“得其意，忘其形”的方法，忘掉中文的语法结构，句法形式则可能要整个地打乱，“钻进去，跳出来”。所谓“钻进去”就是要看意思是否到位了，“跳出来”就是要忘记中文的语言形式。实际上把英文译成中文，关键是要在转换中把意思表达出来。

针对构思、写作不统一，落实有困难情况。必须摒弃翻译中追求一一对应的关系，并机械地把中文译成英文的方法，应该把中文句子结构彻底地忘记，然后用比较简单的“万能”英语表达。平时不妨做一做这样的练习，通过阅读不认识词条的英文注解，然后试着把单词译成中文词，再去对照英汉词典的汉语释义，慢慢地就会开始领会用英语表达的门道了。

五、被动心态压抑新构思

尽管雅思考试作文为规定式命题，但考生仍可积极主动地发挥。其主动性在于采取回避的策略，表达上采取迂回的方式，即运用不很复杂的语言。内容的取舍上避重就轻地写比较易于表达的内容。很多人在写作过程中从头至尾都处于被动状态，当有内容想要表达清楚的时候，却又发现种种途径都不可能表达好，只好硬着头皮把自己意识到没把握的东西勉强写上去。连自己都意识到可能是错误的东西，只会产生于己不利的负面影响。所以，当有的内容感觉一点找不着，英语实在表达不清楚的时候，就应该彻底地放弃。单词拼写错误也是雅思考试作文写作的一大问题。常用单词是不能拼错的，有的单词平时会拼写，考试时突然没把握了，不妨换一下或许还能想起另外一个难度大一点、拼写有把握的来代替。应该回避明确知道自己不会拼写的词。如果没法换一个词，将句子改换一种说法亦未尝不可。有的考生在考卷上没把握的地方标上问号，或者把两种可能都写上，让判卷老师选择，这个方法是不可取的。

总之，不能让自己陷人被动，想说什么，用什么方式说。说多少，说到什么程度。一切都应由考生主动把握，这样才会减少心理上的压力，

1. 说穿了，其实提高成绩并不难，就看你是不是肯下功夫积累——多做题，多总结。

2. 计划要细，动手要早，落实要准。计划与目标行动一致。

3. 全面复习：“地毯式轰炸”;查缺补漏：“精确制导”。

4. 宁给强项少一些时间，不差弱项一分功夫。

5. 博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之。

6. 越接近考试，往往越要在坚实上下功夫。

7. 不经三思不求教，不动笔墨不读书。

8. 对待试题：冷静乐观，对待考试：认真自信。

9. 笔记要便于看，要经常看，这是又一本教材。

1.期末考试冲刺教师寄语

2.2017期末寄语一句话

3.小学生期末自我寄语

4.期末考试后家长寄语

5.高中学期末家长寄语

6.小学生期末考试寄语2017

7.期末小学生简短寄语

8.2016期末散学校长寄语

9.2016年小学班主任期末寄语集锦

10.2016年第一学期班主任期末寄语

期末考试结束后，面对四个班的成绩，我喜忧参半：喜的是个班成绩比较均衡，优秀率都在百分之八十以上，及格率百分之九十九。忧的是我所教的四个班中的学困生比其他班多几个。感觉自己在平时的转化学困生工作中下了不少功夫，为什么没有进展呢?我静下心来好好反思自己的工作，总结经验与不足，为下学期的工作做一下铺垫：

一、教学经验

1。精心备课，不打无准备之仗。每节课上课前，我除了精心编写教案、学案外，还上网搜集各种英语课本知识相关的小视频，小动画，制作精美使用的课件，尽量用多种手段吸引学生的注意。事实证明精心，好上课的材料是提高课堂效率的有效策略。

2.严宽结合，狠抓课堂常规。我一直坚持对学生充满爱的教育，但绝不是无条件无原则的爱。尤其是在抓班级教学常规工作中，我更是注重严宽结合，当学生注意力集中时，我就抓紧讲解基础知识。当学生表现疲惫不专心时，我就放慢速度，运用课堂口令帮助学生集中精力。如：我要求学生坐端正会说：one-two-three学生就说：A-B-C并坐好。我要求学生认真听会说：Listen!学生要说：I will listen!总之，恰当的口令语是保证课堂顺利进行的重要条件之一。

3.以鼓励为主，关注学困生。我感觉教师的鼓励是学生奋进的催化剂，尤其针对学困生。平时我总是多给学困生表现的机会，及时肯定他们的进步，坚持给他们写鼓励性评语，让他们时时尝到成功的甜头。一学期下来，个班的学困生明显减少，并且普遍增强自信心，发挥出较强的主观能动性，激发出前所未有的兴趣和热情，英语成绩持续上升，在这次期末考试中脱颖而出。对于纪律不好的学生，我也是坚持多表扬少批评的原则，只要他们一有好的表现，我就会在全班同学面前大加表扬，强化他们已经形成的好习惯。确保班上每一个孩子都能参与到课堂教学的有效互动中，提高了课堂教学效率，在这次期末考试中四个班的成绩名列前茅。

二、不足之处：

1.对待学困生缺少耐心，没有关注好每一个学困生，为他们制定恰当的补习计划和措施。

2.经常犯急躁情绪，没有很好的反思自己的课堂教学而怪罪学生不会学习。

今后我会在原有成绩的基础上继续努力，潜心学习，积极探索更加有效地教学策略，关注每一个学生，为他们的终生学习奠定坚实的基础!

今天是期末考试，我早早的起床了，吃完早餐，爸爸把我送到了学校。

我看到好多同学，很早的就来了。

听说老师说，第一节是语文考试，我拿出语文书从头看到尾认真地复习。

叮铃铃，叮铃铃考试的铃响了，监考老师来了。

老师给我们发下卷子，还不让我们答卷子，先让我们写上班级姓名和学号，写完学号就给我们读了一遍卷子，然后就让我们开始答卷。

我很快就答完了卷子了便开始检查每一道题，检查完后，就听下课铃响了，我赶紧交上卷子，准备下一节课要用的东西。

ISSUE

1. College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.

2. There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts—especially at a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species.

3. 在冒险之前要考虑后果。

ARGUMENT

1. The following appeared in a letter from the owner of the Sunnyside Towers apartment complex to its manager. "One month ago, all the showerheads in the first three buildings of the Sunnyside Towers complex were modified to restrict maximum water flow to one-third of what it used to be. Although actual readings of water usage before and after the adjustment are not yet available, the change will obviously result in a considerable savings for Sunnyside Corporation, since the corporation must pay for water each month. Except for a few complaints about low water pressure, no problems with showers have been reported since the adjustment. Clearly, modifying showerheads to restrict water flow throughout all twelve buildings in the Sunnyside Towers complex will increase our profits further."

2. 考的是那个new Captain Seadood will be popular and profitable.

3. 公司做调查说现在电器的用能源量比以前少了很多，所以能源的用量会有所减少什么的。

[关于英语考试作文

速成，就是如何在短时间内取得够用的GMAT考试分数。作文地位有些特殊，它不是很重要，但是趋势却是大家的分数都越来越高，以前底线是4，现在已经提到了4.5。

我复习GMAT时作文就写过一篇，考试时作文时5.5。我是胡扯派的入门弟子，这里有一些小技巧和大家分享.

GMAT作文是很死的八股文，写五段，不要6段也不要4段，开头结尾，中间三段论证。练好打字速度，600以上最好，最少也不要低于450字。质量质量，质提不上去就靠量来充字数。

先是小作文，小作文怎么复习呢：先看OG上面argument的题目，对照着孙远作文宝典，看第六章的提纲就OK了。自己先找错误，找不出来时看提纲。看十篇就能练出火眼金睛，基本找错误没什么问题，然后是经典的七宗罪，这样就会对逻辑错误有一个宏观的认识了。一般用剥洋葱的的手法去写，一层一层的来这样不会漏掉错误，也层层递进，逻辑关系紧密。

然后是ISSUE：同样的道理，先看题目自己想观点，想不出来时看孙远宝典的提纲，十篇足够了。一般来说我都是写中立的观点，这样比较好些，先是开头亮明自己是中立的，接下来两段阐述观点，第四段来个让步，最后是结尾。

对于模板：开头结尾用模板，中间最好不要。模板都是废话，GMAT写作大众模板例如山峰和qiqiang的模板用烂了，多参考几篇范文自己写一个。中间段落根据论点阐述。不管是大作文还是小作文，先打开头和结尾，再打中间，这样可以保证文章结构是完整的。