期末考试英语记叙文写作指导合集20篇

我的家乡在扶余，家乡的特产有很多。但我最爱的还是家乡的葡萄。

提起家乡的葡萄，可真的是远近闻名呢，人们都会竖起大拇指：“桂林的山水甲天下，扶余的葡萄誉神洲啊！”

阳春三月，冰雪融化，春姑娘缓缓走来。葡萄苗慢慢地伸出了嫩绿的枝丫。初春时节，才下过几阵蒙蒙细雨，刚刚苏醒的葡萄藤好像在大口大口地吮吸着甘甜的雨露，它们在一点一点的向上爬，向上长。

夏天来了，葡萄也已经长出了一片片绿油油的叶子了，它们像一个个大蒲扇一样，郁郁葱葱，绕着葡萄架向上攀登，像一条条绿色的丝带把整个葡萄架遮的严严实实的，在它们之间偷偷地长出了一串串嫩绿的葡萄，看上去就像一串串路宝石，晶莹、有光亮，让人一看就萌生爱慕之心。中午的太阳像火球一样炙烤着大地。大人们常常拿着扇子兴致勃勃地来到院子里的葡萄架下，他们有时候下棋，有时候谈天说地。而我们小孩儿呢，就爬在凳子上抬起头看着这一串串晶莹剔透的葡萄流口水，只盼着它们快快长大，变熟。

秋天是收获的季节，当然了葡萄也要成熟了。它的果实已经由绿色变成了红紫色，一串串地点缀在绿油油的叶子间。看上去就像是一串串晶莹闪亮的黑珍珠。这下子可乐坏我们这些小孩子了，我们终于可以摘下这一串串的“珍珠”品尝一下了。啊！真是甜啊！一直甜到了心里去。大人们可要忙活了，他们有的摘葡萄，有的往框里放葡萄，还有的往车上搬葡萄。忙活了一天总算是忙完了。望着一筐筐珍珠似的大葡萄，无论是大人还是小孩儿都打心眼里高兴。

我爱我的家乡，更爱我家乡的葡萄。

纵观中考所考记叙文，都具有以下特点：思想内容健康，有较强的道德导引性;语言优美，情感真挚;记叙文的文体特点突出，规范典型。

其考察角度有以下几点：

1、考查对文章的整体感知和理解。

这种考题主要是考查考生是否读懂了文章的内涵，是否对文章记叙的中心了然于心。其文题的设置常与文章的标题结合在一起。如2003年重庆市题《生命中不能承受之痛》的第一题为：本文所说的“生命中不能承受的痛”具体指什么事?概括全文内容回答。又如2003年武汉市题《一桩奇特的诉讼案》的第一题为：这桩诉讼案原因“奇特”在哪里?第二题为：用精练而明确的语言概括本文主旨。以上所举三题均为最为常见的考查对文章整体感知和理解的命题形式。这种问题的本质其实是要探寻文章记叙的事件的核心。

( 教师应对学生做如下指导：对于这样的问题最好不要急于作出回答。虽然这种问题常在前两题中出现。但在做题时不妨先从其他题目入手，而把这种问题放在最后。在读透文章的基础上理清文章的脉络，找出文章的线索，弄懂文章题目的表面含义和内在含义，然后进行语言组织，完成答案。)

2、 考查对文章重点词句的理解。

这种考题主要是考查考生对文章个别词句的理解能力。一般情况下，这些考查的词句在文中都有其特定的含义，考生在解释时要注意灵活运用，要符合文章的语言环境。典型考题如2003年新疆乌鲁木齐市题《星期一早晨的奇迹》的第一题为：请根据语言环境，解释文中两个加点词的意义。2003年重庆市题《生命中不能承受之痛》的第三题为：爸爸“读懂了女儿通过手掌传递给他的语言”，女儿“语言”的具体含义是?2003年江苏省盐城市题《牵着母亲过马路》中第一题为：第(1)段中写“年近花甲的母亲喜不自禁”，第(7)段中写“母亲的眼中闪过惊喜”。母亲为什么喜不自禁?母亲为什么眼里闪过惊喜?这几道题或针对词语或针对句子设计题目，要求考生进行正确理解。这些词和句子一般来说都是理解文章内涵的关键部分。

(教师对学生的指导：做这类题目要把握一个准则：词不离句，句不离段，段不离文。也就是说解释词语和句子都必须回到文章中去，在词语和句子所在的特定语言环境中进行理解。决不可望文生义，随意揣测。做题步骤是(1)看清题干要求，锁定词句。(2)回到文中，还原词句位置。(3)划定语言环境，前后勾连，综合信息。(4)组织语言，完成答案。)

3、 考查对文章描写手法的掌握。

对于记叙文而言，描写手法的运用是其最为重要的写作特点。一般来说，凡考记叙文阅读，描写手法大多是必考内容。所以考生必须将动作、语言、心理、神态、环境描写的特征熟记于心。对这几种描写手法的作用也要牢牢记住。典型考题如2003年陕西省题《最美的眼神》中第四题是：在塑造雒老师形象时，本文运用了什么描写手法?2003年我市试题《担子》第四题为：文章开头部分的景物描写有什么作用?2003年河南省题《选择》第一题为：第(6)段中划线句子属于——描写，表现了父亲——————的心理。这几道题考查的都是最常用的描写方法，对这样的题目，考生要争取获取满分。

(教师对学生的指导：做这类题目，只需把握一点。那就是准确区分各种描写手法，特 别要注意心理描写与语言描写的区别。此外各种描写的作用要记牢，并且要注意结合文章具体内容来回答其作用。)

4、 考查对文章修辞运用的理解与作用。

修辞运用在记叙文中必不可少，修辞运用得好，可以使文章更生动，更形象，使文章更富有表现力。修辞有两种，一是词语的铸炼，二是比喻、排比、拟人等修辞手法的运用。这两项内容都是中考记叙文阅读的重要考查内容。如2003年海南省题《母亲的纯净水》的第三题为：在“如果她把它看作是一件丑陋的衣衫，那么它就真的遮住了心灵的光芒”这句话中，有人说可以将“丑陋”改为“丑恶”。你认为可不可以?请说明理由。2003年河南省题《今晚入梦》第一题为：第(2)段中作者把————比喻为“祥和的云光”，这个比喻形象的表现了————。2003年山西省题《捅马蜂窝》的第七题为：文中加“─——”的句子用了比喻，结合文章理解其运用的妙处。从以上几体可以看出，中考语文记叙文阅读对修辞的考查难度并不大，修辞手法多集中在比喻等最常见的形式上。

( 教师对学生的指导：辨析词语的修辞效果要注意分析词语的意义、色彩、轻重、词性等，既要分析其不同之处，又要分析其相同之处，更要分析出为什么要用这个词。至于分析修辞手法的表达效果首先要掌握修辞手法的常规作用，比如比喻的表达作用一般是可以使文章表达更生动、形象，排比的表达作用主要是可以增强语言的表达力度，加强语言的气势。其次要具体结合文章内容具体说明怎样更形象了，怎样有气势了。)

5、 考查对文章思路的把握。

检验考生是否对文章的内容掌握了，最好的办法就是让考生将叙述的过程写出来，也就是理出文章的脉络。中考中此类考题比较常见，如2003年山西省考题《捅马蜂窝》的第二题为：围绕捅马蜂窝这件事，作者精心安排的思路是：————“我”捅马蜂窝————后院又有了马蜂窝。2003年山东威海市题《智慧的美丽》的第二题为：读完全文，请你用恰当的词语说明“我”的情感(心理)变化。( )——( )——( )----(流泪)。2003年北京市题《月是故乡明》的第一题为：作者在第4、5段中追忆了那些童年趣事?请按先后顺序填写，( )——(捉知了)——(   )——(   )——(    )。

(教师对学生的指导 ：做此类题从两点入手，一是读透文章内容，弄清所叙事件的开端、发展、高潮、结局。二是充分利用题目所给的提示结合文章内容进行前后推理。在上面几例中，需要学生填写的只是整个思路的一部分，学生应根据已知信息结合文章内容进行推断。)

6、考查学生知识迁移的能力与创新的能力。

近年的中考题中，为适应新课标的要求，在阅读题中出现了大量的开放性试题。这些题目或引导考生对文章进行深入思考，或启发考生运用已有知识进行创新写作。可以说，这种考题现在已成为各地命题的首选形式。在2003年的考题中，这种开放性的试题屡见不鲜。如2003年上海市题《成全一棵树》的第4题为：第17段写道：“他百感交集。”如果你是一个戏剧或电影的编剧，请你为他设计一段独白。2003年江苏盐城市题《牵着母亲过马路》的第6题为：这篇文章写得很感人，(1)你认为最使自己感动的内容是什么?(2)你受到了什么启发或教育?(能恰当引用古诗文、语言优美者可另加1-2分)。200年陕西省题《最美的眼神》的第5题为：读完这篇文章后，你最想对老师说些什么?请写出你想说的话来。

( 教师对学生的指导：开放性试题要用开放的眼光来对待。首先，做这类题不可循规蹈矩，只要不逾越提干的要求，尽可以畅所欲言。其次这类题目想象性较强，考生要根据要求大胆想象，如上面第一例就必须围绕“百感交集”展开想象，何谓“百感”?兴奋、愉悦、苦涩、痛苦等等都有才是百感。写作时就不能只写一种感受。再者，这类题目最讲究个性，讲究语言。在写作是要把自己平时的阅读储备发掘出来，写出文采，写出个性，写出独特。上面第二例中明确指出“能恰当引用古诗文、语言优美者可另加1-2分”，其目的就是要考生尽其所能，考出水平。)

期末考试的前一天晚上，奶奶做了很多好吃的，饭桌上，爸爸妈妈不失时机地对我轮番“轰炸”。妈妈说：“明天的语文考试作文一定要写完，前面基础部分要写快点，好留点时间后面检查。”爸爸说：“考试时认真点，要多检查。”听得我脑袋都爆炸了。心想：“真麻烦，用得着说这么多嘛!”

考试结束后，我感觉良好。因为语文的作文写完了，还留了一些时间检查。数学好像也没遇到难题。心想：这回数学考个九十九应该没有问题，语文嘛，应该比平常会好一点，至少不会太差。

发试卷那天，看到我的成绩：数学九十五分，语文九十四分，脑子一下懵了，不敢相信这是真的。仔细检查了扣分的地方，才发现有些是因为题目看漏了;有些是因为题目看错了;还有些则是因为写了错别字;数学的错误则全是因为计算的粗心。所有的错误全是一些不应该的扣分。那一刻我的肠子都悔青了!真后悔当初没有听爸爸妈妈的叮嘱。假如当初做题时能认真一点，检查时能仔细一点，或许就不会考得那么差了。

唉，我好后悔!以后我一定要吸取教训，不能再大意失荆州了!

九年级一轮模拟考试已经结束，试卷下发后，我认真分析了本次考试。试题难易适中，重难点把握得当，但学生成绩并不理想，许多讲过多遍的题目都做错了，说明学生平时听课不够认真，需要加强课堂管理，引导学生听进去，短文填空和书面表达学生普遍失分较重，这也是学生最头痛的题目，在二轮考试前需要加强这一方面题型的训练。四班学生无尖子学生，后面尾巴太长，课堂上学生无反应，与老师互动较差，在以后的教学过程中加强与学生的交流，期望在二轮考试前能取得必须的进步

考完试后，我要好好反思一下。

我的奥数考了40。5，我的目标是45分以上，如果我把不该错的题写对，我就能上45分以上了，我考的特别不好。数学考了109分，我错了不该做的题，是计算题的单位，本来是万，我写成亿了，要不然我就考了满分，我考得也不好，英语考试的分没有说出来分数。

奥数反思，我没有好好检察，如果我好好检查的话，有四分不应该错，这样我就能上44。5，还有一题是敲钟的，有六个十三，本来是六乘十三，我给算成六乘十二了，加上这个分我就能上45分的，我真应该好好检察，都怪我没有认真写，从中我收获到，知道什么题应该怎么做，最重要的收获的是不好好检察，是考不到好的分数的。

数学反思，我考了109分，满分是110分，我就差这一分，我考的是很好，但那一分我是不应该错的，我检察了一个错误，还有一个错误没有检察到，这个事几万减几万的，数我算对了，没有对的是单位，单位明明是万，我就写成亿，从中我收获到，这题都是学过的，但题虽然很简单，如果不细心检察，还是考不了高分的，特别像我这样，简单的题，居然没有检察到错误，白白把分送了出去，我真不应该呀！

我从中反思到很多很多东西。

[期末反思400字作文

外面传来摩托车的油门声。先是十几米开外的弯道处传来熟悉的轰鸣声，后是换挡，减速的噗噗声。

不用猜测，不用犹豫，我立刻放下作业去开门。

“爸——”

我站在一楼的台阶上，冲那还未驶来的车上的他叫着。

他像往常一样，两脚从脚踏板上伸下来，把腿上的力聚在脚尖上，点着两边的地，在凹凸不平，碎石杂乱的泥地上尽量保持着平衡，在积满雨水的水坑旁稍稍拐了个弯儿，缓缓地将车停在屋檐下。下车后，他顺手将搭在柴堆上的一张旧雨衣拿下来盖在车上，小心地用木柴压着。拎着一个装满卷尺之类的建筑工具的肥料袋，慢慢走向屋。

没有什么言语，他只是和我对视了一会儿。没有笑容，不过眉头很顺，额上黄皱皱的纹路似乎被汗水润开了些。步伐有些蹒跚，很轻，但迈出去时却有一种说不出的稳。

我随父亲慢慢走进屋，找了把椅子坐着。父亲坐在对面，背靠着椅子，把头略微仰起，闭上眼，是要小憩一会儿。

秋日的风从窗户吹进，有些凉意。父亲脸上汗滴不停地冒，来不及流下就串成了一波波涟漪，在明亮的灯光下抖动着。他把腿伸长舒展一些，让姿势更加舒适。裤子上沾着不少灰尘，有星星点点混凝土的残渣，膝盖处还有两个刚磨破的小洞。父亲一向是很爱惜衣物的，那一条裤子已经历过三个秋天的寒噤。

灯光下，他那乱蓬蓬的头发总会被弟弟说成是山野中的野鸡窝。几根钻出来的白发，也像山里架起的通信塔那样显而易见。

我放下书，轻轻走到父亲身后，仿着按摩师的手法在父亲背上捶着。那脊梁骨像是一道峡谷，深深凹陷了进去。他背上的骨头在我手下是那么清晰那么坚硬。低头时，见着那夏日颈上的黝黑被秋日的凉风抹淡，然后留下了黄色皮肤中的点点伤痕。父亲没有动，很沉默，静静的空气中，只有他那粗重的呼吸声。

母亲擀了一些饺子皮，端着一小盆饺子馅儿坐在我们对面。不经意间，她抬头，望着父亲，眼角弯起，笑纹在脸上散开。那笑，像清风抖动树叶离枝，淡淡的，却意味深长。

我没有见着坐在怀前父亲的面容是怎样的，不过似乎也知晓。父亲面向母亲，在背后的视角中，他的下颚微微动了，动得很慢，很轻。如果你见过夜半展开的樱花，就应有同感，那动作慢得令人舒心，亲切而又新奇。

我向来喜欢一个人在清晨爬上西边的山顶，坐在熟悉的石板上，静静等待那颗金色的火球如梦般升起。云雾淡淡地装点它，不强烈，不刺眼，让你可以那么认真的感受它的柔和热。而父亲，大概是那时的太阳，离得远，却真切，描得淡，却浓厚……

写简单的议论文来阐明自己的观点，应当说出持这种观点的理由和根据。阐明观点的理由和根据，一般有两种办法：一是摆事实；二是讲道理。用事实来阐明观点，事实必须确凿，有代表性，能够正确反映事物的本质。事实可以是一个，也可以是几个。不必面面俱到，要写得概括简明。用道理作论据，特别是引用革命导师、先贤和名人的有关论述，一定要持严肃的科学态度，不可有错漏，更不能断章取义。

这两种方法常结合使用。在运用事实阐明观点时，也要讲道理，要在举例的基础上加以分析；在用道理阐明观点时，也要联系实际，避免空发议论。

2.写作提示

（1）注意将摆事实、讲道理结合运用，避免空发议论和以例代理。

(2)掌握议论文的基本写作技法，即运用事例论证、说理论证、引用论证等方法来证明观点。

3.修改重点

议论文的基本要素；运用事实和讲道理的和谐搭配。

4.习作提示

一题： 讨论：你认为当今最值得发扬和提倡的传统美德是什么？要求用摆事实讲道理的方法说得让人信服。注意观点正确，有自己的见解。

提示：中华民族的传统美德有这些: 父慈子孝，兄弟友爱；为人谦和，礼貌待人；诚实可信，知恩图报；爱国爱民，心忧天下；克己奉公，廉洁公正；修身养性，君子慎独；见利思义，以义制利；勤劳俭朴，艰苦奋斗；质朴求实，宽容大度；勇敢刚毅，身体力行

Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and friends. Other people believe that the best way of learning about life is through personal experience.

Compare the advantages of these two different ways of learning about life. Which do you think is preferable?

Model Answer:

From my everyday experience and observation I can stand that the best way of learning about life is through personal experience. However, some people think that it is wiser to learn about life through listening to the advice of family and friends. It does not mean I totally disagree with this way of learning. Moreover, I think that it is wise for a person to take an intermediate position because each of these ways has its own advantages. Bellow I will give my reasons to support my point of view.

From the one side, learning through ones personal experience brings many benefits. First of all, scientists say that personal experience has greater impact on a person. I have to agree with this. Take for example children. They will not believe their parents that something can hurt them until they try it and make sure in it. Furthermore, most likely they will remember this experience longer. Second of all, people learn how to analyze their mistakes, make conclusions and next time try to avoid them. So, I think it is a great experience that makes people stronger, more self-confident and persistent. They gain more knowledge and experience that will be very helpful and valuable in the future.

From the other side, listening to the advice of family and friends brings many benefits too. Parents with great patience pass down their knowledge and experience to their children. They teach them all they know and they want their children do not make the same mistakes. In addition to those practical benefits, learning from someones advice is painless. For example, parents nowadays very often talk to their children about drugs. I think it is a great example when one should not try drugs in order to gain new experience. I think it is a case when children must trust their parents.

To sum up, I think it is wise to combine both of these ways to learn and try to analyze personal mistakes as well as not personal. I think together they can greatly simplify ones life and make the way to success shorter.

一、写作要领

考生无论遇到哪一类试题，都要仔细审题，根据题目的要求确定文章的类型和中心内容，并对你自己熟悉的、可写的内容进行筛选、整理、规划、列出提纲，这是很重要的一步。提纲列好后，要围绕提纲内容展开说明自己的观点和结论，不要在写作时抛开提纲。一篇好的作文应该具备以下5个方面：

(1)内容切题，主题鲜明。

(2)表达清楚准确，条理清晰。

(3)结构完整，衔接流畅自然。

(4)句法正确多样。

(5)用词恰当丰富。

二、方法与步骤

1．提纲

提纲是写作一篇文章的详细计划、安排。提纲准备的目的是：

(1)计划要写什么。

(2)文章的思想的表达顺序。

(3)如何安排段落。

(4)使写作从头到尾围绕主题进行。内容一般用短语和词。主题、副题表达先后顺序，要用数字标明。提纲内容的安排是写作一篇好文章的关键。

2．依据提纲写作

(1)初稿

在完成提纲安排后，动笔写作的第一步是打初稿，在写初稿时要争取做到心中有数，胸有成竹，经过反复练习后，能够按照提纲安排落笔成文，一气呵成。如果突发奇想，也可修改提纲，顺理成章，但切忌偏离正题。在初稿写作时要有意识加大行距，为文章的修改留有余地。

(2)定稿及修改方法

在完成初稿后，修改是必不可少的过程。修改文章要注意以下几点：

①内容是否切题，论点是否鲜明，论证是否合理、严密。

②段落衔接时过渡使用是否合理，语句是否通顺、有没有语法错误，用词是否恰当。

③拼写是否正确，标点符号、大小写是否有错误，有无其他笔误。

词汇拼写错误较为严重，词汇选用上会有不当的情况。

应对策略就是平时阅读过程中注意单词拼写，关注单词使用语境，多积累高级词汇和句型。

语法掌握不好，句子的基本构成主谓结构掌握不清。

Due to the fact that the mental state, we have to keep a balance between the physical and the mental.

这句话中，due to the fact that后面需要接一个句子，而上句中只是一个名词性短语，所以错误。另外，between...and...需要连接两个名词短语，上句中形容词physical和mental后缺少名词性成分。改正为Due to the fact that the mental state plays a significant role, we have to keep a balance between the physical well-being and the mental health.

格式不正确，结构不清晰，汉语式英文思维太过明显，翻译的过程中常常不合英文写作要求。

应对的策略是多阅读范文，写作前列提纲，注意使用衔接词。

格式不正确常常出现在应用文中，有人会忘记写落款。这是我们在写作过程中特别需要注意的，否则格式错误就要相应的扣分。另外，有些文章结构不清晰，或者没有分段，或者段落之间的内容混乱。开头段就开始论述问题，第二段提出建议，结尾段又给出原因，逻辑混乱不清，抓不住重点。所以我们在写文章时一定要先打腹稿，明确行文结构和大概内容，这样在写作过程中才不至于不知道说什么，甚至瞎写一通。

总而言之，新大纲非常强调大家的英语写作技能，我们在平时的备考过程中一定要多进行英文文章的写作，养成良好的写作习惯，注意单词拼写、语法检查、逻辑结构，这样写出的文章才能过关。

教学课件是辅助教学的多媒体教具，是现代教育技术发展的产物，具有很强的时代特点，也是教育现代化的标志之一。下面是小编整理的英语写作基础教程课件，希望对你有帮助。

一、课程教学目标

本课程为高等学校英语专业课程体系中一门英语专业知识课程，属专业必修课性质。通过本课程的教学，使学生能正确理解和掌握英语写作的基础知识和技巧，例如词汇的恰当用法、英语成分与各类型结构的多样化运用等，并能按照不同要求正确书写便条、信函和通知等应用文，缩写课文内容，组织提纲并根据提纲书写短文（150单词左右），正确使用标点符号。

二、先修课的要求

本课程面向英语专业一年级学生，学生应具备基本英语写作能力，达到英语专业入学时的各项要求。

三、教学环节、内容及学时分配

Unit 1:正确用词

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

通过举例及练习提升学生对词汇的敏感度，学会如何正确运用词汇；写便条。

【本章重点及难点】

辨析词汇不同侧面的意义，如：denotative & connotative meanings; affective & collocative meanings.

【教学内容】

1. Denotation and connotation

2. Attitude and collocation

3. False friends

4. Subject-verb agreement

5. Note-writing

5. Follow-up exercises

Unit 2:恰当用词

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

学会鉴别不同文体，即正式、常用、口语和俚语，并根据不同文体使用恰当的词汇；写较为正式的便条。

【本章重点及难点】

避免中式英语

【教学内容】

1.Various styles in English

2. Chinglish

3. Writing notes to older people, strangers and business clients

5. Follow-up exercises

Unit 3:简洁精确用词

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

纠正学生习作中常见的冗余用词，帮助学生建立分类记忆词汇的习惯从而精确用词；写正式通知。

【本章重点及难点】

提高学生对词汇细微差别的敏感度，尤其是名、动、形容词，培养良好的词汇学习的习惯。

【教学内容】

1. Conciseness

2. Preciseness

3. Effectiveness

4. Modifiers and related problems

5. Informal notice

Unit 4：基本句型

【学时】 3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

通过例句比较，使学生理解并学会选择恰当的词汇作主语，避免动词的名词化倾向；明确主语通常的位置及主语后置时的影响；总结何种情况下使用主动语态或被动语态的原则；归纳一般现在时的较特殊用法及单句中时态的匹配；掌握虚拟语气的常见用法；学写正式通知。

【本章重点难点】

构建最基本句子框架；句中词序的变化对语意重心的影响。

【教学内容】

1. Subject and its position

2. Active voice & passive voice

3. Tense and sequence of tenses

5. Mood

6. Extended notice

7. Follow-up exercises

Unit 5:基本句型的扩展（一）

【学时】 3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

使学生掌握扩展基本句型的方式之一：增添修饰成分，并会正确使用七种类型的修饰语；正确使用定语从句达到强调作用；为段落缩写。

【本章重点难点】

使用修饰语扩展句子，以及修饰语的顺序。

【教学内容】

1. Attributes

2. Relative clauses

3. Incomplete sentences

4. Word order

5. Precis for short paragragh

6. Follow-up exercises

Unit 6基本句型的扩展（二）

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

学会使用分词和独立主格结构来扩展句子；为较长篇章写缩写。

【本章重点难点】

复杂分词结构的使用；学会在两个或以上的动词中正确选择用作分词结构的动词；避免悬垂修饰语、连写句、连串句。

【教学内容】

1. Participles

2. Absolutes

3. Comma-split sentences

4. Fused sentences

5. Precis for longer articles

6. Follow-up exercises

Unit 7连接句子的方法之一：并列

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

了解并列在单词、词组、从句和句子这四个层面的使用；学会不同类型连接词的用法；掌握并列句的具体用法和功能，以及更为复杂的并列句的使用，例如并列词的重复或缺失、用分号连接的并列句和有插入结构的并列句。

【本章重点难点】

如何正确应用并列句；错误的并列。

【教学内容】

1. Coordinate structures

2. Coordination at the sentence level

3. Functions of coordinate sentences

4. Advanced usages of coordinate sentences

5. Lack of unity & faulty parallelism

6. Follow-up exercises

Unit 8连接句子的方法之二：从属

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

辨析并列句与从属句在表达语意上的区别；正确使用名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句；理解从属句的两大功能；学写提纲。

【本章重点难点】

从属句的有效使用；从属句与并列句的选用原则。

【教学内容】

1.Subordination vs.coordination

2.Types of subordination

3.Functions of subordination

4.Effective use of subordination

5.Misplaced modifiers

6.Basic format of a short composition

7.Follow-up exercises

Unit 9句子多样化

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

使学生理解句子多样化的重要性，并从句子长度、句子结构、语意重心和句子开头这四个方面达到句子多样化的目的；正确使用倒装，避免逐字翻译；学写短文开头。

【本章重点难点】

达到句子多样化的方法；如何通过重新排序和特殊结构达到强调的目的。

【教学内容】

1. Ways to achieve sentence variety

2. Inversion & word-for-word translation

3. Introduction of a short paragraph

4. Follow-up exercises

Unit 10标点符号

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

理解常用标点符号的功能和用法；学写短文结尾。

【本章重点难点】

标点的用法；插入语的三种不同标点组合的区别。

【教学内容】

1.Functions of punctuation

2. How to end a sentence

3. How to join sentences of equal weight

4. How to punctuate within a sentence

5. The conclusion of a short composition

四、教学策略与方法建议

本课程采用课堂讲授和写作实践相结合的教学方式。课堂讲授使用多媒体教学，由教师讲解写作技巧引导学生发现使用规律，结合小组活动和个人训练等各种形式提高学生的写作学习热情。在课外布置适量的写作任务，及时操练和巩固所学的写作知识和写作技巧，加强对语言的实际运用能力。

五、教材与学习资源

本课程教材为邹申主编的《写作教程（第一册）》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一、句式多变，词汇丰富。

鉴于这部分的写作要求和难度，不论是写书信还是编故事，由于100词的字数要求，考生必须要学会用具体的，多样化的语句来描写某样东西或某件事情。有的学生从头至尾都用"Thereis"的句式，而且重复多遍，看来单调乏味，很难得高分。我们不妨用主动和被动句式、各种不同的从句、动词不定式、强调句、虚拟语气等等，当然我们要写的句式必须是自己熟悉的，有把握的。

词汇量的大小影响写作成绩。试想你形容餐馆good，食品good，氛围good，那也太无聊了，我们平时就积累一些词汇，比如餐馆cleanandtidy，食品niceandtasty，氛围friendlyandpleasant等等，而不至于到考试时言之无物。

二、问题都答，加上连词。

如果第二单元你要给笔友写一份回信，信中有这么一个问题Haveyougotafavoriterestaurant?Tellmeaboutthefoodandwhatyoulikeabouttherestaurant。这个问题看似非常简单，但如果你就回答一句Ihavegotmyfavoriterestaurant.可以，但如果你不学会怎么扩展这个话题，那一封信中根本就写不了上百个单词。因此，学会拓展话题这一点在这部分中尤为重要，如你可以写餐馆的名字、位置、特色等等。

如果你选择编故事也很好。我们PET考生大多是青少年，正是想象力非常丰富的时候，很适合去编故事。但在书写的过程中，一定要注意尽量用自己有把握的语言来表达和描述。此外，既然是故事，就应该把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、过程以及结果都完整地表述出来。因此，我们在平时就把日常生活中所发生的有意义的小事儿用英文记录下来，日积月累你会发现，你的书写素材会越来越多，这种考试对你来说，将会是"apieceofcake"。

另外注意适当使用一些关联词，如and,but,so,if，使行文更加流畅。

三、平时勤练，克服畏惧。

因为该部分要求比较高，建议考生平时可以多做这样的书写练习。在学而思PET，我们会练习四五篇大作文，希望同学们平时就认真对待，描写到位，在老师的指导下，逐步明白自己的弱项在哪里，进而逐渐消除无话可写的心理恐惧，并提高写作水平。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。下面是小编整理的2017年小学生记叙文写作指导，欢迎阅读。

在记叙文写作中，叙述好一件简单的事，这是一项基本功。练好这个基本功，以后进行复杂的叙事，也就有了基础。德国大作家歌德曾经说过：“一个人只要能把一件事说得很清楚，他也就能把许多事都说得清楚了。”那么，怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢?

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么，怎样安排记叙顺序才能使文章条理清楚呢?

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

有些小朋友看见同学写出一些好文章来，便惊叹道：“这些内容，我也熟悉的，怎么我没能把它们写出来!”这个问题值得深思，说穿了，那是因为你缺乏从小事中写出深意的能力。生活中，惊天动地的事情是少见的，一般人所经历的大多是平凡的、细小的事情。自古以来，好文章数也数不尽，大多写的也是平凡的、细小的事。《红楼梦》写的是封建社会大官僚仕宦家族中的生活琐事，这些生活琐事在那样的门第中可以说是平常又平常的了，但它反映的思想意义却是深刻的，成为举世公认的巨著。

那么，怎样从小事中写出深意呢?

一、提高思想水平，训练一副见微知著的好眼力。

照相机能摄像，人的双眼也能摄像。然而人和照相机毕竟不同，双眼是带着感情去选镜头的。观察的人本身要有一定的思想水平，只有这样，才可能看到事情的里层，发现其中蕴含的深意。

二、深入思考、分析、挖掘、寻找出事情所蕴含的深意。

在日常生活中，要做到凡事多加留意，尽可能深入地去想一想，不只注意到它的表象，还要去挖掘它的本质，弄清它的来龙去脉。这样，就能有敏感的头脑和锐利的好眼力，挖掘、寻找出事情中所蕴含的深意。

三、把事情放在一定的背景中去写。

背景就是时代环境，指的是社会变迁和政治动态等。一件小事，孤零零地看，是不起眼的，如果把它和事情发生的背景联系起来，那就不寻常了。

四、“事”与“意”的榫头要对得合适。

从小事中写出深意来，容易犯的毛病是“事”和“意”的榫头对得不准，往往是主观上(意)想“深”，客观上(事)显得内容单薄。因此，我们在具体写的时候，避免在提示事情所蕴含的意义时候犯任意“拔高”的毛病。

有一篇题目叫《节日的早晨》作文，叙的内容是一家人愉快地吃早点的情形，结尾是

吃完早点，我开了院门一看，只见人们穿着美丽的新衣服，三个一群五个一伙的，走向热闹的大街，走向光明的共产主义明天。

这段话的结尾处，犯有“拔高”文章思想意义的毛病。如果写好吃早点的情形，体现人民生活水平在共产党的领导下步步提高是可以的，可是将它和“走向光明的共产主义明天”联系在一起，那“事”和“意”的榫头就对得不合适了。

总之，我们只要提高自己的思想水平，对听到或看到的事深入地想一番，认识它的意义，鉴别它的价值，并把它放在特定的环境中去写，就能从小事中写出深意来。

不少同学的作文，不是写拾到皮夹子交公，就是写为抱小孩的妇女让座;不是写帮助同学补课，就是写送迷路的小孩回家……总之，尽是写一些人家写“烂”的材料。于是语文老师常常在他们的作文后面写上类似的评语：选材陈旧，希望今后选择新颖、独特的材料。

那么，怎样才能选择到新颖、独特的材料呢?

一、从自己的生活中去找

不少同学看到作文题目，不是到自己的生活中去找材料，而是道听途说，或者是从概念出发去记叙、描写。记好人好事，总是写“拾皮夹”、“让座”、“为人补课”，不管此事自巳是否经历过，是否有感触。这样的内容，怎么会给人耳目一新的感觉呢?

其实，我们每个人居住的环境不同，兴趣爱好不同，经历的事情必然不同。能把自己那些与众不同的经历作为选材的内容，那么，你所选择的材料一定是自己独有的，新鲜生动的。

二、做生活的有心人。

常听一些同学说，我们是学生，生活贫乏，看不出有什么新鲜、独特的事情值得记叙。同学们生活面不广是事实，要扩大作文选材的范围，就要求我们尽可能地广泛接触生活。那么是不是我们同学生活圈子小，就没有新鲜、独特的材料可以写呢?不是的。只要做生活的有心人，就会有独特的材料让你挑选。住在城里的人，恐怕都见过老年人跳迪斯科吧?可是有的同学熟视无睹，竟然让这样的材料从眼皮底下悄悄溜走了。

三、选择新角度，让常见的材料放出异彩。

一般来说，同学们的生活圈子小，家庭、教室、操场。接触的人少，家人、老师、同学。同学们在作文时，所叙述的事往往是常见的。常见的材料中就没有新鲜的东西吗?不是的。只要我们开动脑筋，对常见的材料改变一下叙述的角度，也会让它放出异彩。

四、打开思路，扩大视野。

有相当一部分同学，思路比较狭窄，他们的目光只注意好人好事，作文的材料老是不能扩大。如果我们同学把观察的目光投射到整个生活里，既看到那些好人好事，也看到那些坏人坏事，作文的材料一定会丰富多采起来。

法国巴黎艺术馆里，陈列了一座伟大的文学家巴尔扎克的雕像，奇怪的是：他的雕像却没有手。他的手呢?是被艺术家罗丹用斧头砍去了。罗丹为什么要砍掉巴尔扎克雕像的双手呢?原来，在一个深夜里，罗丹好不容易完成了巴尔扎克的雕像，非常满意，连夜叫醒了他的学生来欣赏雕像。他的学生把雕像反复地看了个够，后来，目光渐渐地集中在雕像的手上：巴尔扎克的那双手叠合起来，放在胸前，十分逼真。学生们不禁连声地说：“好极了，老师，我可从没见过这样一双奇妙的手啊!”罗丹的脸上笑容消失了。他突然走到工作室的一角，提起一把大

斧，直奔雕像，砍掉了那双“完美的手”。

罗丹的雕像是要表现巴尔扎克的精神、气质，现在那双手(次要部分)突出了，人们看了雕像，只欣赏手的完美，而忽略了主要的内容。所以，罗丹砍掉了雕像的双手，以突出雕像所要表现的意义。

雕塑是这样，写作文也是这样，只有围绕中心安排详写和略写，叙事的重点才能突出。

那么，在记叙的过程中，怎样妥当地安排详写和略写呢?

一、事情的发生和结果要略写，事情的发展过程要详写。事情的发生阶段，往往是交代时间、地点、人物，以及起因，事情的结果部分，往往是写出事情的结局或点明事情的中心。它们在整个事情中，或者说在整篇文章中，仅仅是枝节部分，所以要略写。事情的发展过程，是整个事情，或者整篇文章中的主体部分，它往往具体体现中心思想，因而要详写。

二、有点有面地叙事，“面”要略写，“点”要详写。有点有面地叙事，“面”上的内容往往是渲染气氛，交代背景，起烘托的作用。“点”上的内容往往是文章的重点。直接体现中心思想的，所以要详写。这里需要说明的一点是：在文章中，重点突出详写的部分时，不能忽视略写的部分。略写虽是寥寥几笔，但运用得好，可以对文章重点的突出、主题的表现，起到“绿叶映衬红花”的作用。

一篇文章，好比一架运转正常的机器，文章中的一个个段落就好比机器中那些大大小小的零件，这些零件不仅相互照应，而且那些大零件需要小零件把它们连接起来。文章里的段落也需要相互照应，也需要一些“小零件”，即过渡段和过渡句把它们自然、紧密地连接起来。不然，文章就会显得支离破碎。所以，写文章时，一定要注意段与段之间的过渡和照应。

一般说，记叙文在下面几种情况需要过渡

一、由这件事转到另一件事时需要过渡。

二、记叙的时间发生变化时需要过渡。

三、由倒叙转入顺叙时需要过渡。

四、运用插叙时的起止处需要过渡。

一般来说，插叙内容写完以后要注意与原来的叙事线索衔接。叙事中的照应有三种情况

一、文题照应。在叙事过程中，我们所写的内容务必切题，要和文章的标题相照应。二、首尾呼应。文章的开头和结尾遥相呼应，可以使文章结构紧凑。

三、前后照应。在一篇文章中，前面的内容和后面的内容要互相照应。

总之，过渡和照应，是叙事文章中必不可少的，我们在作

文时千万不能忽视。

写文章应该怎样开头?怎么结尾?谁也不会带着这个问题去问警察，因为警察不是教语文的，跟他关系不大。然而有一则外国幽默，却说有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，而这个警察终于谈出“门道”来了。全文摘抄

有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，警察说：“作报告时，首先要有信心，报告的开头要像逮捕犯人一样，富于戏剧性;报告中间要像审讯犯人一样有条不紊;报告的结尾要像宣判一样简洁明快。”

看了这则幽默，同学们可能会捧腹大笑，有的笑那个“向警察请教作报告”的人，是向聋子借听力，是向盲人问路;有的笑那个警察是：“不懂装懂，胡说八道。”其实，那位外国警察谈的作报告的诀窍也一样适用于写文章，所谓开头要“富于戏剧性”，就是说开头要漂亮;所谓结尾要“简洁明快”，就是说结尾要干脆有力。

到“开头漂亮”的主要途径是

一、叙述好事件的起因。如《边线》作文，开头这样写道：“大扫除刚结束，不知哪个‘缺德鬼’把一小团废纸扔在五年级的走廊上。”文章的开头便是军军和牛牛争吵这件事的起因，具有夺人眼目的力量。

二、描写环境，烘托气氛。如《风》作文，作者一开头就描写了风的猛烈：“走在路上，风要把我吹得飘起来。”甚至“前面路口的大杨树被风刮得东倒西歪，发出‘唰唰’的响声……”文章的开头交代了上学路上的恶劣环境，正是为了适应表达中心思想的需要，也增强了感染力。

三、激人兴趣，引人入胜。如《一堂有趣的自然课》，作者开头就写道：“清脆的上课铃声刚止住，马老师就抱着一大堆毛皮子、丝绸帕、玻璃棍和橡胶棒等东西，快步走进了教室。”马老师究竟要干什么?难道你不想看下去吗?

四、开门见山，点明题旨。如《“雷锋”来到运动场》作文，作者开头写道：“学校十三届田径运动会结束了。在总结会上，老师和同学们纷纷赞扬一位不知名的‘雷锋’。”这样直截了当，一下子把读者注意力吸引到中心思想上，起到总领全文的作用。

做到“结尾有力”的主要途径是

一、把事件的结局交代清楚。如《一堂有趣有自然课》，是这样结局的

下课铃声响了，当同学们恋恋不舍地放下手中的实验时，一个个不由自主地埋怨道：“怎么搞的，这节课时间这么短!”

这种顺着情节的发展，以事情的终结作全文的结尾，干净利落，不枝不蔓，事情结束，文章也就结束了。

二、语言含蓄，发人深思。在记叙文中，作者以独特的认识和理解，写下深刻含蓄的结语，力求意味深长，发人深思。

三、结尾同开头呼应。结尾照应开头，能使文章结构谨严，浑然一体。

四、篇末点题，突出中心。篇末点题，尤如画龙点睛，这“睛”点得好，会使全篇顿生光彩。画龙点睛式的结尾，能帮助读者悟出全文的深意，给人留下深刻的印象。

1、欲扬先抑，开发胃口

唉，老师怎么让我和他坐一个桌呢？她可是我班最凶的女生啦！就因为这，大伙都叫她“虎妞”。——《同桌》

2、开门见山，直截了当

我和阿敏的交情可不一般——初中三年的同桌。对她，我有一肚子的话要说。——《同桌》

3、描形绘神，印象逼真

她，长得真丑：黄瘦的脸；尖尖的下巴；淡得几乎看不见的眉毛下，一双细眯的眼睛；鼻子扁而大；一口参差不齐的牙齿，略有黄色……唉！甭提了，她的外表真不符合这么动听的名字——祝丽丽。——《同桌》

4、自然交代，平引下文

新学期一开始，我就注意到一个问题：我们班三十三名男生，二十七名女生，男生两人一桌恰好多一名，女生亦如此，必将出现一个男生和一个女生同坐一桌的危机。可万万没想到这个危机会降临到我的头上。——《同桌》

5、歌词开头，响彻云际

“明天你是否会想起/昨天你写的日记/明天你是否会惦起/曾经最爱哭的你……”一曲悠扬的《同桌的你》从路边音像书店传了出来，那带着绵绵情思的乐曲，把我的思绪带回了三年前的时光……——《同桌》

6、排比反复，创造旋律

朋友，就是我可以为他献出真挚情感的人；朋友，就是我可以对他付出全部信任的人；朋友，欢乐时与我分享，危难时与我同行。人生中没有朋友，就像生活中没有阳光。我就有着这样的一个好朋友。——《朋友》

7、设问开篇，无沿无边

往事如烟，随着时光的流逝，大都渐渐淡忘，而那双眼睛，怎能使我忘怀？——《朋友》

8、名言指路，开宗明义

培根说过：“无真实朋友之人，可以谓之真可怜而永陷于孤独生活之人。”他的话道出了朋友的重要。是的，假如一个人丧失了友情，他简直无法生存在世界上。——《朋友》

9、对比映衬，突出重点

随着岁月的流逝，许多人渐渐被我淡忘了，然而，有那么一双眼睛，一种声音一个身影，至今萦绕在我的心头，久久不能忘怀。——《朋友》

10、倒叙开头，吸引读者

当我们乘着离开国防教育学校的时候，不知道为什么，泪水竟然在我的眼眶里打转。难道是留恋吗？是留恋那一段虽苦虽累但充满活力的生活，还是留恋那待人苛刻却真诚亲切的军人，我们的教官？——《朋友》

11、拨乱反正，拨云见日

有人说，淡泊就是看破红尘，看透一切，认为一切都是假的、虚伪的……这种看法是对淡泊的曲解。如果我们翻一下词典就会明白，“淡泊”是不追求名利的意思……——《淡泊》

12、泰山压顶，观点强现

目前，校园攀比之风肆虐，我认为这种风气确实需要刹一刹。——《攀比风，可休矣》

13、联想象征，奇妙无穷

一个梦，曾经在西方强盗的炮舰下埋葬，留下的是老一辈辛酸是泪珠不止的心痛和望眼欲穿的期盼作为见证。伴随着流泪的长江长大的我们也就少年已尝愁滋味，踩着前辈留下的印证期待，期待着有那么一天……——《期待》

14、环境描写，渲染气氛

十月九日又到了，鲁迅先生已经逝世六十年了。从傍晚到子夜，静静地，一个人坐在窗前，任冷雨打着窗棂。灯下一盆吊兰淡淡地涂抹一壁翠色书柜。夜风荡起，身上微微泛起寒意。想起了鲁迅先生，泪水就滑落下来。

15、题记为冠，哲理为先

世间万物皆难逃自然辩证法，孰是孰非，孰优孰劣，孰喜孰忧，岂可一言以蔽之？——《假如记忆可以移植》

16、博览群书，信手拈来

据说，在非洲的原野上，有一种食虫的花朵，色彩绚丽，芳香异常，许多飞虫抵御不了“诱惑”而葬身其中……——《抵御“诱惑”》

17、抒发情感，以情动人

暮色中，几缕炊烟从农舍里袅袅升起。我捧着一束栀子花，站在张老师的窗前。张老师，您还是那样忙碌？该歇歇了吧，今天是您的节日——教师节。我带着我的收获来看您来了。——《琐忆》

18、以物喻人，含义深长

在一望无际的旷野上，一棵古老的树，虽然生命已到了最后一刻，但它仍然倔强的生长着。在它的身旁，一棵小树正在抽出嫩嫩的芽。老树的根枯了，它把生命的汁液输给了小树；老树的叶黄了，它把绿色的生命注入了小树。老树历经沧桑，走完了它艰难的历程。如今，小树刚刚抽枝吐叶，老树却离开了它……这正像外公离开了我，他来不及接受我对他的报答之情，就匆匆离开了我。——《琐忆》

19、解题铺陈，明示中心

责任，就是一个人分内应该做的事。军人，有保家卫国的责任；医生，有救死扶伤的责任；教师，有培养接班人的责任。工人、农民、职员、商人……人人都有自己的责任。在我们的社会里，各行各业都有许多尽职尽责的人，他们组成了一道道最美的风景——请允许我，从这道道美丽的风景画卷中撷取一幅动人的画面吧。

20、设置矛盾，引人入胜

“我就不信，你在这个班生活了两年多，对这个集体就会没有一点感情？……”这是今天早晨班主任陈老师对我说的话。我望着陈老师愤怒的目光，委屈的眼泪直在眼眶里打转，心理说：“陈老师，你误会了……我怎么能不爱我们的班级体呢？”

高考是争分夺秒的战场，对写作手法熟悉，不仅能的高分，也能提高你的速度。下面由小编为大家提供关于高考高分作文的写作方法指导，希望对大家有帮助!

高分作文的写作方法一、结构模式要简

高考作文先要整体构思。开头结尾，过渡照应，主体展开，材料选取等，在动笔前要通盘考虑。只有自己想清楚了，才能写清楚;自己写清楚了，阅卷老 师才能看清楚;阅卷老师看清楚了，给分才能给清楚。笔者认为，考场作文的结构应该简明，因为教师阅卷时，每篇作文平均阅读的时间仅为一分钟。因此，一篇应 试的议论文最好只包括三大部分，五到八段文字：第一部分，简要提引原材料，在这个基础之上引出自己的感悟，作为中心观点，这个观点要明明白白，旗帜鲜明; 第二部分，分三至五段，前两段(或三段)从古今中外不同角度各取一个例子，紧扣观点进行正面论证;后一段(或两段)可从反面选取事例与前文进行对比论证; 第三部分，对全文论述的观点进行总结升华，给人以完整感。这样结构文章既简明又严谨且不呆板，还能让阅卷老师一目了然。

高分作文的写作方法二、列提纲要快

高考既考能力又考速度。考场上列作文提纲，可先写出简单的结构模式，然后把可能能用上的词句和例子，如名言警句、古诗词、古今中外的事例(尤其 是带有时代气息的当今事例)，简省写出，只要自己看得懂就行。写于卷面之前，可边浏览边修改，择优录用。这样既能节省时间，又能一气呵成，避免文面多处涂改。

高分作文的写作方法三、内容要新

1.题目要新颖别致。“题好文一半”，许多阅卷老师就是根据学生命的题目来判定他的审题能力和写作水平的。因此，能拟一个独具特色的题目，就能以一道亮丽的风景线吸引住老师的视线，分数自然偏高。

2.开头要新颖独特，结尾要深刻感人。从题目实际出发，选取自己最拿手的文体，精心打造开头和结尾，确保获得高分。

3.素材的选取要新鲜贴切。材料新颖又切合题意，那就能显示自己敏捷的思维能力和深厚的文化底蕴，让阅卷老师耳目一新，作文分数自然就能上一个 档次。我们要力避大众化和过于平淡的素材，要善于从现实生活、历史典故、文学名著中去搜寻别人没有用过的材料，而且要注意材料的贴切性、典型性、新颖性、 多样性。

高分作文的写作方法四、立意要深

1.要扣命意。高分作文必定是扣题行文的。扣题能力其实就是审题能力，如果扣题不紧，得的分数会很低。

2.立意要有深度，要“掘地三尺”。“千古文章意为高”，不少考生的应试作文往往是蜻蜓点水，浅尝辄止，立意没有深度。立意，我们可以从历史和 文化的沃野中去找寻理论的“掘地三尺”的深度。通过纵向和横向的比较，理想和现实的观照，偶然和必然的分析尝试辩证地寻找理性的答案。阅卷老师一般对深具 慧眼、富有哲理的作文情有独钟，给分较高。

3.立意不能浅俗，思想不要幼稚，态度不要“嬉皮士”。每年的高考作文都有一些境界低下、思想庸俗之作。我们要明白，高考体现国家意志，而国家 意志则重在弘扬真、善、美。有些同学喜欢唱反调，不管写什么都用调侃嘲讽的口气来写，显得很不严肃。高考作文立意要境界高雅、胸襟阔大，力避市侩气息、低俗趣味。

高分作文的写作方法五、感情要真

文章不是无病呻吟的“涂鸭”，而是酸甜苦辣感情的寄托。诚挚朴实的情感，读来是一种享受，品来是一种惬意。真情实感的自然流露，常能打动阅卷者。要让阅卷老师感动，自己首先要投入，要动真感情。真情实感的文章往往能得高分。

高分作文的写作方法六、语言要美

流畅优美的语言给人赏心悦目的感觉，这种语言能力要靠平常的努力锻炼。无错字、病句，词句洗练流利，语脉首尾贯通，文意开合自如，是做到语言美的第一关。词语生动、句式灵活、文句有意蕴是语言美的真正体现。作文的语言美，可以从以下几个方面来练就：

一是恰当引用古今中外名人名言、诗词名句、谚语、典故等;

二是综合使用多种修辞手法，比如排比、比喻、反问、设问、对偶、夸张等;

三是综合使用各种句式，如多用短句，变式句，倒装句，双重否定句等。

四是丰富自己的生活和文化积累。因为“腹有诗书文自华”。

五是锤词炼句，以铺陈、抑扬、排比、反问等手法增强文章气势。总而言之，润饰好了语言，能寓繁于简，寓抽象于具体;能使文句更形象生动，更含蓄幽默，更有意蕴;能使文意更鲜明突出，更富有哲理，更耐人寻味。

高分作文的写作方法七、文面要洁

文面如人面，它是敲开阅卷老师心扉的第一块砖。高考阅卷时间紧，天气又热，评卷老师每天面对电脑屏幕，心态很微妙。字迹清楚、端正，字体美观大 方，无明显涂痕的试卷，能立即获得评卷老师的好感，这样一来印象分就高了。试想：一份字迹潦草、卷面不整洁的试卷出现在工作强度极大又十分疲累甚至有点焦 躁的你的面前，你岂愿卒读?太潦草的作文，往往只看了首尾，可能三类作文偏下的分数就出来了。当然，我们所写之字不一定是练过书法的(练过当然更好)，而 只是要求所写之字大小一样，一笔一画认真书写，不潦草，不涂改(实在需要修改时也应用笔轻轻划去，切不可重重涂写，乱打叉)，要让阅卷老师知道你所写的字 是什么字，以求一个整体效果。

这里所谈的高考作文七“要”，多少有一些“急功近利”、“离经叛道”的味道，但它确实是获取应试作文高分的有效策略。希望高三学子予以重视，针对自己的实际状况，采取相应的措施，使作文复习备考更具针对性，也更富有成效。

所谓材料作文，是要求写作者根据所给的一段文字或图画等具体材料，按照作文命题要求，进行写作的一种作文形式。它的特点是读写结合。写作者要经过阅读材料、理解分析、提炼主旨、联想想象、筛选甄别、文字表达等步骤，才能完成一篇文章的写作。材料作文的类型有：根据文字材料作文、看图作文、扩写、缩写、改写、续写等。例如2005年中考作文题。

高考历年满分作文选

材料作文写作中需要注意的是：

1.要读懂材料。认真阅读材料，理清材料思路，明确材料指向，归纳材料要点，把握材料寓意，最终提炼写作中心。这是材料作文写作的关键，也是考场作文能否及格的第一步。

提炼中心练习。阅读所给文字，归纳写作要点：

小时候妈妈经常教育我们说：“滴水之恩，当涌泉相报。无论何时何地，都不要忘记别人对你的恩情，这才是做人的根本。”现在我也用妈妈这句话教育我的孩子，希望他做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人。2002年6月的某一天，儿子放学回来，一进门就说：“妈妈，我们学校要给受灾地区捐款，这一次我捐100元。”“为什么？”“因为这次受灾地区有陕西省，我很担心周至县枣春小学的孩子们，还有我住过的老乡家是否被水淹了。妈妈，他们会被水淹死吗？还有那些可爱的小狗。”说着说着儿子的眼圈红了起来，我也被他感动了，于是从包里拿出100元递给他。他所说的地方是他2001年随星星河记者团采访过的地方。

这则材料只要找到点题句——希望儿子做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人，即“感恩”，中心内容就迎刃而解了。

2.要联系实际。确定写作中心后，内容构思是要选择切入点，从身边小事、眼前情境、街头见闻等入笔，徐徐展开生活画卷，联系作者的学习、生活实际，写实事、抒真情、谈看法、说体会。

3.要力求出新。在文章观点无误的前提下，展开多角度的思考，突破思维定势，克服从众心理，独辟蹊径，力求写出人无我有、人有我新、摄人心魄的好文章。还是“感恩”的材料，一位同学的作文是这样开头的：

family，家庭。F代表爸爸，father；a代表和，and；m代表妈妈，mother；i代表我，I；l代表爱，love；y代表你们，you。把汉语的意思连在一起，就是“爸爸和妈妈，我爱你们”。

那晚，我和一个语文课代表，为了帮老师查点什么，晚上八点左右，才在同学们的关心声与道别声中，走出了校门。也就在此时此刻，我才想起我忘记把晚归的事情告诉给这个世界上最爱我，最疼我，最关心我的人——我那恩重如山的家人。

4.要锤炼语言，巧用修辞，力求使文章达到内容与形式的和谐统一。

5.避免材料作文跑题的方法是要注意开头、结尾的写法，做到首尾呼应，反复点题。

Too much emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills in elementary school. Many students who are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading turn away from schoolwork merely because they are poor readers. But books recorded on audiocassette tape provide an important alternative for students at this crucial stage in their education, one the school board should not reject merely because of the expense involved. After all, many studies attest to the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; there is even evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become able readers. Thus, hearing books on tape can only make students more eager to read and to learn. Therefore, the school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape and to use them in elementary education.

In this argument, the writer claims that elementary schools place too much emphasis on the development of reading skills; therefore books on audiocassette should be provided as an alternative method of learning. The arguer attempts to substantiate the conclusion by citing studies that show the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; including evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become better readers. This argument ultimately fails as it suffers from several critical fallacies.

First of all, the writer flatly states, without any supporting evidence whatsoever, that many students are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading, then continues on in the same sentence to state that students turn away from schoolwork solely because they are poor readers. Students often read to themselves or to the other students in a classroom situation - hardly a lonely activity. Additionally, this argument puts the effect before the cause - inviting the circular logic that students stop trying to learn to read because they are poor readers. Following this argument to its logical conclusion, because they are poor readers, they should not try to learn how to improve their reading. This absurd argument is analogous to saying that a new student should never start to learn in the first place, because he or she knows nothing.

[最新关于GRE出国考试作文范例

“踏上异乡人生路，家乡再无春夏秋。”已近而立之年，一直背井离乡。常常思念家乡，除了家人，其实最思念的还是家乡的绿水青山。

“绿树村边合，青山郭外斜”这就是我家乡的真实写照。这个鲁中山区的小村落，三面环山，只有一条路通往外界，这里就是我印象里的天堂。

我经常跟别人讲，我的家乡很美，一家人坐在屋子里吃饭，抬头便可看到不远处的绿水青山。家家户户饮用的都是深山里的山泉水，甘甜无比，此情此景想想都好美!

记得小时候的夏天是充满快乐的。那时候山上的树木郁郁葱葱，远远看去就像一大片绿色的海洋。树林里有很多小动物，它们都跑出来打打闹闹。枝头的鸟儿，在叽叽喳喳的唱着动听的歌曲。河流像围巾一样围绕着大山，画面温馨极了。河水倒映着树木，变成了一幅绿色的油画。

另外，令我记忆犹新的还有山里奇形怪状的石头了。我和小伙伴玩累了，就往大石头上一躺，听着树林里此起彼伏的蝉声，就像一阵阵催眠曲一样。望着树叶之间的阳光，慢慢闭上眼睛，眯上一会儿。我们最喜欢穿梭在这样的绿水青山之中，不知道有多少石头承载过我和我的梦。

一觉醒来，夕阳西下，给整个小村落披上了一层面纱。山里的鸟儿归巢了，河水也降低了声调，怕惊扰到即将到来的夜一样。

慢慢的，青山被染成了墨绿色，河水也睡着了，整个村落都安静下来了。我和小伙伴，带上采来的野果，乘兴回家。

还记得小时候的秋天是充满丰收的。山上的梯田里，可爱的村民在小心翼翼的照顾着庄稼，仿佛照顾着自己的孩子一样。粮食伴着喜悦，一车一车的满载而归。农民伯伯一丝不苟地埋头耕田，喊牛摔鞭的声音回荡在山谷之中，

夹杂着叮咚的河水，奏出了一曲丰收的乐歌。大片田地都被翻了个身，农民伯伯坐在田头，拿出烟袋，美美地抽上几口，仿佛换了一个人似的。你看，老牛都馋的流口水了!哈哈……在这个秋天，绿水青山都笑了!

如此惬意的小时候，留在了家乡，留在了青山绿水之中。好想回到家乡，怀抱青山绿水，亲吻她。放到我的思念里，继续远方!

希望家乡的绿水青山依旧，希望祖国处处是绿水青山。

写作包括两部分，一是要求在35分钟内写一篇150字左右的短文，二是要求在10分钟内写一个50--60字的便条。这两部分均为命题作文，作文内容与大学生的日常生活、学习都密切相关，另外也有社会热点问题，比如环保、旅游、健身等，题目理解起来都比较容易。

短文写作部分文体为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，论据充分，论证严密，基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章，应该注意一下写作步骤：

1.审题：作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题，因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文，而且多有中文提示或提纲，所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图，然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题，该涉及的内容，所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等，在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。

2.组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。

3.修改：也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容，检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写；字母大小写和标点符号；数的一致性（包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性）；指代关系（包括指代的一致性和代词的选用）；动词形式（时态、语态、语气）等方面。

关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道，短文写作的时间为35分钟, 要力争写完写好, 这就要求考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间: 审题1～2分钟；组织素材, 细节和关键词: 4～5分钟；起草: 20～25分钟；修改定稿: 4～5分钟。

最后要说明的是，从某种意义上来说，专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构，而对于固定的题型，有固定不变的表达法。因此，大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当，搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型，包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法，然后自己多动笔写一写，只要按这样的方法进行练习，相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。因为是三段式作文，写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了，开门见山；第二段的论据要能充分说明论点，论证条理清楚；第三段的结论要水到渠成，切忌草率，严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。

便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚，比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。

导语：听说读写是构成英语语言交际能力的重要组成部分，其中要求较高的是“写”的能力。下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

一、学生写作过程中出现的现状

1.词汇量太少

词汇是英语写作必不可少的基本要素，要写好一篇作文以表达自己的思想，必须以足够的词汇量为基础，但实际上大多数学生掌握的词汇量都达不到规定的要求，因而在写作时也就不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想。出现的问题往往有拼写错误，影响理解;词语误用，表达不准确;某一词语反复使用，语言表达缺乏变式，文章显得单调乏味;文章中出现大量“造词”，让人看了啼笑皆非等。

语法规则和句型句式是英语写作涉及的另一基本要素。学生英语写作中出现的“大错”又多半是由语法错误引起的，学生在写作中语法不规范、句子结构混乱、含义不清等情况屡见不鲜，Chinese English现象更是不乏其中，所以词汇量和语法问题是中学生英语写作时首先要解决的问题。

2.词汇错误较多

学生在写作的时候，中式英语Chinglish ：如There are many people would like to go on a vacation. I by bike to school every day. 2、词汇错误：错别字、近义词混淆、词性误用3、词组、句型使用不正确，缺乏重点句型的使用：如I spent one hour to read the book yesterday. 4、时态、语态、人称把握不正确(审题不正确)。思维模式总是先汉语，后转化为英语，可能他想到了句子该怎样写，句型也知道的，但却有个别单词不会。如：“对我来说学英语是困难的”这个句子可能他想到了，句子结构“it is+adj for sb to do sth”也知道，但里面的形容词difficult不会写，导致句子表达含糊，以至于整篇文章错词百出，面目全非。

3.写出的长句达不到表达效果

一般的英语应试作文，总会给出汉语提示，学生写作也是从提示上入手，有的提示意思较长，所以学生写的时候会直接翻译，但对太长的句子又没有驾驭的能力，导致整个句子错误。

4.听力较弱影响写作能力

我们所面临的是一群农村学生，他们没有特别好的条件练习听力，每次的练习时间仅仅是每节英语课上，听听力的时间是在太少。有位作家说过：“不写没有读过的语言，不读没有说

的语言，不说没有听过的语言”。很明显，通过听的渠道获得语言信息及语言感受在英语学习中基础的基础。听不来也就写不上。

5.单词书写不规范，卷面书写较乱

对于大多数学生来说，格式、大小写、标点，书写不规范：句首字母大写不注意，使用从句时不会使用标点、大小写等)。如：After he went back home. He cooked supper.，考试时把单词写整齐的很少，学生普遍认为只要把单词写正确就可以得分，虽然觉得自己写的作文还可以，但卷子发下之后却没有得到期望的分数，而有的同学写作能力较差但书写整齐，写作得分也不是很低。

二、提高写作的方法

1.词汇的积累

初中学生在阅读理方面最大的障碍就是词汇量的缺乏，而扩大词汇量绝非死记硬背就能做到。最有效的方法就是大量接触各种不同体裁的英语文章，利用“在句中记，在文中记”的方法来积累词汇。因此我们指导学生依据英语报刊的特点，按栏目、话题、题材、体裁归类收集常用词，将出现频率较高的常用词汇积累到单词本子上，查字典写例句，初步学会这些单词的运用，放在身边，利用零散时间反复记忆，加强印象。

同时拟定时以单选、完型、阅读等形式考察学生对这些单词的掌握情况，通过测试和竞赛的方式进一步激发大家学习词汇的热情。不过，由于课程的时间安排问题，测试的工作开展较少，这也是实验工作中的一个不足。

2.熟练记住单词

( 1.) 巩固单词拼写，培养组句能力。 词汇匮乏是妨碍英语写作的最大障碍之一，有话想说，无词可写是大部分学生的苦恼。因此，我要求学生坚持每天听写、默写、循环记忆单词，掌握巩固词汇。还要求学生给出与单词有关的同义、近义、反义和词形相似的词，使词汇量得到最大限度的复现。如：反义词appear/disappear, crowded/uncrowded, polite/impolite/rude. 词形相似的词except/expect, chance/change/challenge. 还以某一词为中心，写出该词的不同形式或词性，组成典型的句型，从而不断丰富词汇和句型。如拼写单词die 时，不但要写出其过去式过去分词died，而且要写出其他词性(death, dead, dying), 再分别组句，如：The old man died two years ago. He has been dead for two years. His death made his dog very sad. It is dying.又如写到易混淆的词pay, spend, cost, take 时，可以多种方式表达句意。He paid 20 yuan for the book. He spent 20 yuan on the book. He spent 20 yuan buying the book. The book cost him 20 yuan. It takes him 20 minutes to read the book every day.等等。这样,通过大量的词汇练习不仅仅能有效地积累词汇，还为组句打下了基础，同时还能训练学生的发散性思维和总结、归纳、比较的能力，为学生正确使用词句奠定了良好的基础。以上这些机械操练虽然枯燥，但很有必要，它是能力培养的基础。在词句落实的基础上，可向学生提出稍高的要求，如写出高质量的句子： What a happy family I have ! (I have a happy family.) The story is so interesting that everyone likes it.( The story is very interesting. Everyone likes it. ) He didn’t come to school, because he was ill. (He was ill. He didn’t come to school.) I am good at not only English but also math.(I am good at English and I am good at math ，too. )( 2、) 阅读背诵精彩段落，围绕单元话题设计书面表达。 阅读是写作的 熟练记住每一话题的单词。熟记单词后让他们能够熟练的运用，能够把重点单词用来造句。然后熟记词组，特别是能够熟练的运用词组，能够用词组熟练造句。用词组和单词连成简单句，只要学生将句子表达清楚，语意连贯，就是一篇好的英语文章。

3.熟练使用简单句

简单句对学生来说相对好掌握些，可以要求学生们能够熟练划分主语、谓语、宾语。 正确掌握并列连词andbutor等词。在写作中要求学生不能随意发挥，也不能逐字逐句的翻译所给的文章，要求学生能抓住题中所给的条件，只要考生能将题中所给的要点全部表达清楚，而没有遗漏，在写作中并且注意到语言的连贯，那么就是一篇很好的英语文章。

4.加强听力训练，促进写作

目前英语听力教材使用的具体做法是：事先提出每课生词，教师领读几遍。排除生词障碍后，第一遍学生主让学生在课后反复听课文内容，并逐字逐句写下。每周星期五布置，星期一用课堂时间，教师将该文念一、二遍，让学生听写，教师收上来查阅，加以评讲。通过这种训练，提高学生的听力水平和表达能力。

5.书写规范，促进写作

关于书写的卷面整洁与否，字体如何，是老生常谈话题。可是由于印象分数的一分半分之差，很可能影响一生。在此处丢分纯属不值得，这也是笔者把它放在第一位的原因。在教学过程中，应坚持要求学生书写规范，写好匀笔斜体行书，注意连写，以及文面美观。可以采用出专刊的形式，让全班同学都参加英语书法评比，从而激发学生练习英语书写的兴趣，养成良好的书写习惯。

综上所述，在英语写作中听、说、读、写应同步发展。写作是一种语言输出形式，只有语言输入大于语言输出，语言输出才有可能。英语写作训练作为英语综合能力训练之一，是与英语的听说读是不可分割的，它们是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体，必须注重听、说、读、写能力的同步发展。

比如笔者实施多年的“五分钟课前训练”：在上正课前五分钟里，要学生用英语讲述一个故事(积累素材);或者课前朗读一篇短小精悍的文章，让大家课后模仿;或者就大家平时关心的话题写一个发言稿或演讲稿进行课前发言;或者让学生自立主题，围绕自己喜欢的主题写一段话。这种课前训练取得了很好的效果。

美国作家舒伯特指出:“Reading is writing”，即：阅读能够促进写作，因为对学生而言,他们对生活的体验、对人生的认识大多是从书本上获得，从大量的阅读中获取的，阅读不仅能帮助学生积累思想,也能帮助他们积累语言素材。“You ought to read very carefully. Not only very carefully，but also aloud，and that again and again till you know the passage by heart and write it as if it were your own.” 这就清楚地说明了熟读成诵对写作是多么重要。所以要想写出好文章,就必须大量读书，它是写作的基础。

阅读对写作固然重要，但其它形式写作训练同样不可忽视，英语写作实践是英语写作理论转化为写作能力的“中介”。英语写作要突出实践，正如学习游泳一样，写作的能力是练出来的。课外练笔是课堂写作训练最有益的补充，因为课堂时间有限，仅靠课堂写作训练培养学生的写作能力是不够的。作文不是“学”出来的，而是“写”出来的。学生必须进行大量的写作练习才能掌握并且灵活运用各种写作技能，而且写作技能只有在不断写作的过程中才能逐步得到提高和完善。

此外,学生的英语语言意识和英语思维能力的培养也需要大量的练习。可见,课外练笔非常必要，应该给予重视。课外练笔的形式多种多样，可采用让学生写英语日记、写英语周记，教师也可有意识地给学生提供一些尽量贴近生活的时尚话题，如奥运会、环境保护等，让学生在课外习作。

总之，学生要提高写作能力应在教师有计划、有组织的引导下进行，开展多种形式的写作实践，努力扩大学生的生活面和知识面，以提高学生的写作能力。