英语作文写作技巧和方法（实用20篇）

下面是小编为你带来的剧本写作方法之25个写作技巧，希望对你有帮助。

【什么是编剧】编剧是一 种职业，正如木匠、铁匠、厨师、开锁匠等一 样，没有什么了不得的。在我看来，只要打 算、正在、已经靠写剧本为生，或者可以把剧 本卖出去的，都可以自称“编剧”，没什么高贵，不就木匠而已吗?

【逻辑力】对于做一个编剧的要求，与其说需 要想象力，不如说更需要逻辑力。想象力像孩子，逻辑力才是成人。你听一个孩子讲他漫无边际的幻想，最多赞许他天真烂漫，但不会为 他的“故事”着迷，不会探究，不会好奇，不会 较真，不会期待，不会震撼，不会深思，而这些感受的形成，需要一个逻辑缜密的创作才能达成。

【熟识角色】谁是主角?他出场前在做什么? 家庭状况体貌特征?学历教育?优点缺点个人 喜好人际关系……认识他非一次性完成，反复琢磨并与其他角色相互砥砺，仿佛在生活中遇见 人，对他身世背景的了解不断深化。最重要， 人物设计为你写他的目的服务。结论：人物小传须反复多次完成，并服从于剧本主题。

【A点】下笔前一定问自己：这个剧本你非写 不可吗?什么让你如鲠在喉?也许是一个愤 怒、一段思念、一个画面、一场高潮戏、一个流泪片段，甚至可能是一次委屈。总之，找到 这个动力源，把它作A点确定下来。有了A，才能推演出B，由B再推演C和D。也许往下推演不顺而回过头来调整A，但是，写剧本必须找到 A。

【编剧秘笈】影视剧是正着看：从头看到尾; 却是倒着写：从尾往头写。观众不知道结局， 可有一万个猜测，增加观看乐趣;编剧不知结 局，也会有一万个可能，那就让自己迷失而无 法前行。不仅倒着写，还要反着写，结局是和 解，前面就是误会;结局是顿悟，前面就是迷 瞪，拧巴。总之，想好了最后一个高潮再下笔!

【寻找首先出拳的人】无论一部电影、一个短 片，还是一个戏剧段落，开场3—5分钟，必须 有人出拳，就是第一块骨牌，第一个撞击，第 一次危机。这第一拳最好足够的狠，才能激起 强烈反响，被撞击方和观众才能被打懵，才能 引起足够大的波澜，才能引起一系列的连锁反 应，才能吊起观众的胃口、好奇心：后来呢?

【关于题材1】什么是题材?回答“你的剧本是 讲什么”的答案，就是题材。讲教育、讲抗战、 讲父爱、讲复仇……。题材重要吗?重要，许多 题材不能拍，有些题材太难搞，还有些题材被人写烂了，制片人拒绝，是因为哪怕你作为观 众也拒绝。听劝，不要动笔。有些题材一下让 人感到有亮点，会有人鼓励你写。重要!

【关于题材2】题材也不重要，太泛，无实质意 义。除了某些特定题材被禁止之外，理论上没 有冷题材和热题材之分。即便是制片人出品 人，也仅仅是把题材作为交谈的第一句话，接下来还是要看编剧怎样去写某个题材。从什么 角度、挖掘到什么深度、表达什么思想和情 怀、反映什么问题、何处有升华，这些才重 要。

【关于明星】如今明星片酬过高已让电影电视 剧不堪重负。为什么明星涨价?因为明星不够 用。明星为什么不够用?因为缺乏造星机制。 其实，每一个明星都是从非明星小演员变幻而 来，靠什么变?靠一部好戏。好剧本，好导 演，好的班底。但如今的电视台和出品公司似 乎忘记了这一切，到底先有鸡还是先有蛋?

【可否主题先行】可以!编剧常接到命题作 文，主题先行也出过经典作品。关键：1.不求 主题深刻，所有的主题都是大路货;2.不能直奔主题，越曲折越好;3.主题不重要，用什么 故事去说明它才重要;4.弱化主题的存在，隐 藏它，主题是观众品出来的;5.主题是有意 义，故事是有意思，首先有意思，而后有意义。

【动作】编故事的关键是找到角色动作。动作 分两种：主动动作和被动动作。前者是我想干 嘛。想考研，出击准备，迎接挑战。被动动作是路上走得好好的，一个花盆从天而降砸在头 上，流血抢救、血型不对、没带钱，医生不 在…编剧的任务就是给角色动作设置障碍，他克服重重障碍达到目的或转危为安，就是故事。

【事件】用简略方式将观众带入角色所处的规 定情景后，必须发生事件。只有事件才能让人 物活起来并让观众感同身受。事件要件：1.有 足够的冲击力，让人物动起来;2.须引起观众 的关注和期待;3.能引起连锁反应;4.能造成人物冲突(外部)和纠结(内在)的空间。一部电影需要3—5个相互关联的事件。

【拐点】事件发展过程中的变化和转折。人物动作带领观众朝某个方向走，或达到目的或出现意外使得人物动作方向改变的那个点，就叫拐点。拐点特征：1.逻辑的必然;2.关注和情绪的小高峰;3.拐的方向出人意料(需要编剧挖坑给观众跳);4.具有节奏调节能力;5.体现变化与多元特征;6.起到转承启合的作用。

【下狠手】故事产生于动作，动作来源于人物，人物发力源于编剧给他的压力。我称之为压弹簧。编剧压弹簧越给力，人物的动作发力越大。所以，老好人当不了好编剧。编剧对心爱的主人公不能太好，你得让他受苦，被凌辱，遭打击，让他危机重重、走投无路、苦不堪言、生不如死……所谓天将降大任于斯是也。

【生活质感】什么是剧本的生活质感：1.人物 鲜活，2.故事贴近生活，3.对话生动有趣，4.细节丰富，5.平和但有张力……如何变成剧本?大 概：1.善于观察;2.保持敏感;3.准确截取;4. 学会提炼;5.大胆推理;6.坚持积累;7.复合表达。这些大体属于技术层面，其实功夫在诗外，保持和培养自身人文情怀最重要。

【个性化对白】编剧困惑之一，总不能千人一 面，千口一腔吧。但语言又有极大的同一性， 我们都说人话，不说鸟语，过于特别会造作。 人物个性化对白应该是：1.不能违背人物性格;2.尽量有一些个性化标志(口头禅、用词);3.说话的方式比用词更重要;4.人物内在依据大于外在形似;5.强化亮点避免刻意。

【和观众谈恋爱】写剧本好比和观众谈场恋 爱。观众是美女，你首先必须爱她，然后挑 逗、讨好、诱惑她，弄清楚她想什么，她要什 么，然后给予、付出，满足她。可一味地附和，无原则的让步也不行，你得有坚守。你不 能过分宠她，对她的弱点你得抑制、教训、警告、恐吓，随后(高潮时)征服她，方抱得美人归。

【戏剧任务】是一场戏、一个段落甚至整个剧 本中编剧想要完成的任务。它可以同时是角色 的任务，也可分开。攻打无名高地，角色任务 是战胜敌人，戏剧任务却是展现战争的残酷或 兄弟情。要点：1.必须提前明确;2.与角色任 务同步;3.指挥角色动作的真正灵魂;4.角色任务包裹戏剧任务;5.全剧戏剧任务=主题。

【可恨的编剧】编剧是什么?编剧是无中生有的人(虚构)，是无事生非的挑拨者(冲 突)，是狠心郎负心汉(让人流泪)，是奸妻不共戴天的仇敌(激怒)，是大乱的贼子(高潮)……从前有个帅哥巧遇一个美 女，他们一见钟情，坠入爱河，从此过上幸福 的生活——这样一帆风顺的故事谁看呀?

【合理与奇特】写剧本设置人物和事件时常纠 结，因为合理与奇特注定相互矛盾，处处合理 则易平淡，过分奇特又难免违背逻辑。首先考虑奇特，先出奇招，然后将其合理 化。如果费老劲也没能使其合理，弃之。然后重新再寻找并设置一个奇特。即便没有奇特的 事件，也尽量换一个奇特的角度。总之要奇。

【小高潮】相对大高潮而言的，在电影里突 出，因电影一次观赏，结尾前定有最大高潮出现，之前的小危机及解决(拐点)被称为小高潮。电视剧太长，难找大高潮(多次观影)，加之电视剧分集实际由导演最后任意切割，更难准确设置拐点，所以只能模糊。经验：以故事段落为标准，3到6个拐点配一个段落高潮。

【首三集】电视剧约定俗成为长篇评书，在漫长观影过程中，观众要付出大量的时间和关注，于是首三集成为观众决定是否继续看的关键，也成为购片者和电视台(搜集收视率)评判依据，至关重要。英雄三板斧新官三把火： 1.信息量大(人物场面风格视觉动作);2.节奏紧凑;3.冲突迭起;4.戏剧张力强，玩命!5. 制造大悬念(让人觉得后续有大戏要唱);6.有趣(台词、机关设置、细节)。总之，编剧有多大劲使多大劲。

【剧本标准】罗伯特·麦基曾在好莱坞当剧本编 辑，他常写下评语说某剧本场景诙谐、感觉敏 锐、文笔通顺、用词恰当，但故事令人失望。 他从来没有写过这样的评语：该剧本语法糟 糕、拼写错误、对白拗口、方位杂乱、打印格 式不规范，但它故事精彩、动人心魄、人物深 邃、高潮迭起。前者坏剧本，后者好剧本。

【交代戏】虽然对故事背景、人物关系、事件 来龙等需要必要的交代，但应尽量避免纯粹、 单独的交代戏，好的交代应该是：1.非一次性 在不同场景和对话中泄露出来;2.留下可补充 的残缺让观众自己去概括或推理;3.符合场景 和人物自身逻辑自然流露;4.尽量用交代带出 人物性格特种;5.尽量对情节发展有推动。

【过场戏】为衔接两场戏设置的过度段落，特点是游离于剧情之外。不好的剧本通篇都是过场戏，而写得好的过场戏应该是：1.逻辑的一 环，因而不可或缺(虽本身不推动剧情，但拿掉则破坏剧情);2.节奏调节器(不从剧情上起作用，但为下一个高潮做情绪情感铺垫);3.可玩味的闲笔，展现抒情幽默风格趣味风情。

【高潮】指文艺作品中矛盾冲突发展到顶点及 其解决。电影中主角贯穿始终的动作不断遇到 阻碍(冲突)，阻碍来自敌对方(人、自然、有形或无形势力、甚至自身等)，并越来越大，主角危机四伏。结尾前最后一个危机越不过去，酿成遭灭顶之灾，主人公用尽全力反败为胜战胜对手(正剧喜剧)或失败(悲剧)。 要点：1.最后的危机须做到极致(将主人公置于死地);2.一定要形成拐点(顶点急转直下)。

内容

1、你想说的最重要的事是什么?如果已经说出来了，在草稿中找出这段话，并在句子下面划线。如果还没有说出来，现在就写。

2、文章里所写的每件事都同主旨相关吗?哪个部分你不需要?如果你写的是当你在银行实习时，意识到自己宁愿成为一名核物理学家，那么坐公交上班这段话就显得十分没有必要了。

3、你做到具体化了吗?如果发现自己只是泛泛而谈，那么就把一般变为具体。

4、你有没有思考并回答读者最想问的问题?

5、你的文章是否像你的人?有没有在陈述自己时过于正式?是不是过于随意?寻找一种适合主题的语调(乏味的语调会毁了一个好故事)。

6、文章中最令你满意的是什么?

7、文章中最令你不满的是什么?哪一部分还不对头?要使它和文章其他部分一样好，你能做什么?

趣味

1、你开头的第一个句子能否抓住读者的注意力?如果你是读者，它能吸引你吗?“我14岁时，我家搬到了吉隆坡”是否同“他们把大货车开过来，上面装着各种各样的箱子。我的东西被他们无情地扔进里面，直到空荡荡的房间里只剩下我一个人。我们又搬家了。”一样吸引人?

2、你的文章是否需要更多的细节?举例来说，如果你已经写了在你志愿服务的野营地里，孩子们教会你“欣赏生活中简单的事情”，你还需要再多写一到两句话，详细描述一下这种教育意味着什么。

3、结尾能让读者们感觉文章已经写完了吗?结束语听上去像是结束语吗?在一篇写自己从错误中汲取教训的文章里，一个总结性的概括，不如某些发自内心的简单写法具有感染力。

4、大声地读你的文章，相信自己的耳朵。你认为这篇文章有趣吗?如果自己都觉得它令人厌倦，想想读者的感觉!

清楚

1、是否每个段落在文章中都有明确的位置?如果不是，就需要做些删除或改写一下。

2、你的读者能轻松地跟上你的思绪吗?有没有需要填充的裂缝或者需要删除的不必要的迂回?

3、有没有一些词或句子显得粗糙或模棱两可?如果有，删除模棱两可的词，加工粗糙的地方。

简洁

1、你的文章到底是从哪里正式开始的?能否把那些引导性的句子删除，直接进入主题?

2、有没有和主题无关的细节?如果有，删掉它们。

3、是否用了很多的词语，其实用一到两个词就可以完全代替?“我要告诉你们的非常重要的一点是，我申请的只有贵校一所学校，那是我从童年开始形成的一生的渴望。”这是一个无比冗长的句子，不如改为：“我只申请了艾莫利大学，因为我一直都想进这所学校。”记住，在一篇短文里，每一个字都要有意义。

用法和风格

1、你把所有的旧词、过时的词都删掉了吗?

2、你用没用主动语态和动作性很强的动词?

3、对句子的长度和结构进行过修改吗?

4、有没有用到描述性的词和比喻的手法?

5、是否避免了使用空洞的修饰语，如“very”，“rather”，“somewhat”等等?

6、如果使用了缩略语，它们是否和文章的风格统一?省略号的位置对不对?

语法

1、主语同动词单复数是否一致?

2、代词与先行词是否一致?

3、代词指代明确吗?(尤其要注意的是“this”和“that”)

4、修饰词的位置是否靠近被修饰词?

5、有没有悬垂结构或放错位置的修饰语?

6、动词的形式同时态及语态一致吗?

7、有没有逗号重叠的情况?

8、有没有发现不完整的句子?

标点符号

1、标点符号是否明确地划分开句子结构?

2、所用的标点符号，如省略号、冒号、波折号、分号、逗号、括号、连字号、引号等是否正确?

3、是否尽量不使用惊叹号?(合适的词语比惊叹号在表达上更为有效)

技巧

1、大写字母是否用得正确并前后呼应?

2、数字使用是否相互对应?(十以前的数字最好用拼写的方式，十以后的数字用符号代替。如果搞不清楚，就全用符号表示。)

3、每个词都拼写正确吗?

4、因篇幅所限需要分开的词分得是否正确?

5、你的文章是否打印得整洁?版式是否吸引人?

较对

1、有没有丢掉的词或行?

2、有没有单词错误?

以写人为主的记叙文主要是通过对人物外貌、语言、动作、心理活动的描写和典型事例的叙述来反映人物的思想、性格、品质、作风等特点。要写好写人为主的记叙文，下面是小编整理的写人作文的写作方法指导，希望对你有帮助！

(1)一、抓住人物的特点。

每个人都有自己的特点，这个特点可以从人物的年龄、外貌、语言、动作、兴趣、个性、生活习惯等诸方面去考虑。一个人的特点是多方面的，作文时，我们应根据中心思想有所选择地写。

二、选用典型事例。

人与事是分不开的。一个人做的事很多，在作文时我们应选择那些最能表现人物思想、性格和文章中心思想的典型事件。

三、运用细节描写。

细节描写就是对能充分表现文章中心思想的人物外貌，语言、动作、表情等细小环节作具体、细致的描写。

小学阶段以写人为主的记叙文，一般分为三种类型;写一个人、写两个人、写几个人。其中应以写一个人为主。

一、写一个人。

记一个人的写人记叙文，大致有以下三种情况：

(一)通过写一件事写一个人。有的文章写人只写了一件事，写这一类的作文要注意以下几点：

1、要选择有代表性的生动事例画写。反映一个人的精神面貌的事例是很多的，通过一件事写人就要选取最有代表性的生动事例来写。

2、要写出事情的发展过程，使人物的形象逐步完整。

3、要把事情写具体。用一个典型事例记叙一个人，应该把这一事例写具体，这样人物形象才能丰满。

4、为了使读者对人物了解得更全面，使重点记叙的这件事有充分的依据和坚实的思想基础，使人物的形象更加丰富，文章的开头可以对人物作简要的介绍。

(二)通过几件事写一个人。

我们在生活中会接触到各种各样的人，有时使用一件事来反映一个人就显得比较单簿，不足以充分反映人物的特点及其品质，因此，必须用两三件事才可能说的明白，再现得充分。

通过几件事写一个人，要注意以下几点：

1、几件事不能相互矛盾，，人物的性格在几件事中要和谐、统一。

2、概括交代和具体描写相结合。在一篇简短的作文中要用几件事写一个人，不可能将每一件事详细叙述，因此一般可以交代和具体描写相结合的方法。即先概括交代一些事例，再具体记叙一两件事。

3、通过对比的方法写一个人。

通过对比方法写一个人，一般有三种：第一种是同一个人前后相比，说明这个人变化;第二种是对一个人的认识前后相比，说明这个人的品质;第三种是一个人同另一个人比，突出歌颂其中一个人。

通过对比描写来突出人物形象，要注意几点：

运用对比描写，不应该勉强凑合，主要看作文的材料是否适合采用对比的写法。如果材料本身需要用对比的写法，那么作者才可以通过对比来写人，完成自己的写作意图。如果材料的本身不适合采用对比的手段，那么也不要人为的牵强附会，为对比而对比。两个人进行对比，不能割裂开来先写一个，后写一个，互不相干，而是围绕中心事件叙述，刻画两个人不同的思想性格。写人，如果从一个侧面去描写，人物形象往往单薄。如果从多个侧面去描写，人物形象就容易丰满。多侧面地描写人物形象，这个“侧面”的选择不是随心所欲的，而是从众多的材料中选择整理出各具代表性的若干侧面，分工而又合作地表现人物形象。通过多侧面描写来丰满人物形象，我们可以称它是“众星拱月”。“月”就是人物，“星”就是侧面，“拱”就是多侧面展示人物形象的过程。不过应该看到，“众星拱月”的“众星”也不是平分秋色的，它们之间也有主次、详略的区别。所以在写“众星”的时候，是没有必要平均使用力量的。

写好人物的形象

人物的形象，一般指人物的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等。人物的外貌，就是人物的外形特征，包括容貌、衣着、姿态、神情等等。外貌描写首先必须从文章中心思想的需要出发，要求抓住人物的本质特征，有选择、有重点地描写。人物的语言包括人物的独白，对话，交谈以及语气。“言为心声”。人物的语言是人物内心世界的直接表现。因此成功的语言描写能恰当地表现人物的身份、年龄、思想、品质、作风和个性特点。描写人物语言时，要注意符合人物的身份，表现人物的思想感情，反映人物相互间的关系。描写人物的动作时，不仅要写出人物“做什么”，还要写出“怎么做”。心理活动是无声的语言，是直接表现人物精神面貌，思想活动的手段。描写人物的心理活动时，要注意把心理活动产生的原因叙述清楚，还要注意与外貌、动作、语言描写结合起来。外貌、语言、动作、心理活动写好了，人物的形象就突出、鲜明了。

详细分解：

a语言描写：在记叙文写作中，进行人物语言的描写是不可缺少的。进行人物语言的描写，不是随心所欲的，想怎样写就怎样写，而应该像鲁迅先生指出的那样：“人物语言的描写，能使读者由说话看出人来。”这就是说从人物语言的描写中看出人物的鲜明特点。那么，怎样才能达到这种境界呢?

一、人物语言的描写要符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。

二、人物语言的描写，力求反映人物的特征。成功的对话描写，不仅要符合人物的身份、年龄、职业等特点，而且也要能反映出人物的思想感情，表现人物的性格特征。

三、人物语言要力求简洁，避免有话必录和拖泥带水的现象。

四、具有鲜明个性的人物语言描写，并不是垂手可得，而要通过艰辛的努力才能获得。同学们为自己笔下的人物设计语言，更应该如此。

b、心理描写：是对人物内心活动的描写。深入描写人物的内心活动，是展示人物形象的重要手段。事出有因。任何心理活动的引起是有原因的，把心理活动的起因写清楚，对于展示人物形象是必不可少的。通过心理描写来展示人物形象，一定要把心理活动的过程展现出来。不然，人物的形象无论如何都会显得苍白无力。

心理活动的展现和其它事物的发展一样，都是有层次的。我们把人物心理活动的层次逐渐写出来，人物形象的展示也会越来越具体。写心理活动时，有一点要特别注意：用第一人称写人时，可以写“我”的心理活动，但不能写别人的心理活动。因为别人心里是怎样想的，“我”是无法知道的呀!

在现实生活中，不同人物之间的性格特征，或同一人物在不同环境下内在性格的变化，常常处在不协调的矛盾状态之中。为了显示人物性格的差异，写作文就必须通过对比加以表现，将他们面对相同的事物作出不同的反应抖落出来，从而突出人物的形象。

c、外貌描写：描写人物的外貌就是指对人物的容貌、身材、衣着和表情的描写，叫做外貌描写。我们有的同学一写到以记人为主的作文时，往往是作这样的描写：高高的个子，大大的眼睛，目光炯炯有神……好像天下的人都是一个模样。其实，世界上的人有千千万万，没有完全相同的外貌。关键的问题是没有根据表达的需要，去描写人物的外貌。

怎样根据表达的需要去描写人物的外貌呢?

第一、根据表达的需要，描写人物的外在特征。每个人物都有他(她)自己的特有外貌，总是在一定的程序上表现出内在状态。由于人们的出身、经历、素养、社会环境的影响，同时自己鲜明的个性，这些在他(她)的表情、姿态、服饰等方面都能流露出来。

第二、根据表达的需要，有重点地描写外貌。

有的同学他们不分主次，不根据中心思想的需要，面面俱到地进行描写。“眉毛胡子一把抓。”可是效果呢?罗里罗嗦，让人看半天也不会知道特征在哪里。

第三、根据表达的需要，安排好外貌描写的顺序。对于一个人的外貌，作者往往是从多方面进行的。这些方方面面，哪些先写，哪些后写，应该遵循一定的顺序。但是，有时为了表达的需要，或者观察角度的变化，外貌描写的顺序也会有变化。

总之，外貌描写要有利于文章的中心思想的表达，有利于人物内心世界的展示，只有这样，才可以说文章的外貌描写是成功的。

托福词汇的运用在托福各题型中都起到很重要的作用，在托福写作中，我们也可以通过托福词汇的替换来达到考托福的写作高分。下面，我们就来看一下在托福写作中进行词汇替换的四种方式。

一、使用同义词进行替换

英语和我们中文一样，事实上，会有许多同义词，近义词，反义词等的同类比，所以词汇量积累越大的同学，其在这方面的知识就越多。因此，对于写作来说，寻找同义词替换是一个非常之棒的方法。使用同义词的好处就是首先可以向审核者展示你是一个词汇达人，你的词汇量足够丰富，其次可以让文章富有变化。因此，同义词在文章写作里的运用好坏一定会成为判断你写作好坏的一个标准。审核者认同你的同时，会给你一个好的分数。

二、使用各种形式的同根词进行替换

英语学的好的同学，自然是会明白英语词汇里有同根词。这种同根词要明白，他们其实是通过对单词的变换来吸引审核者的眼睛的。这种吸引他们并获得高分的方式，你不妨试一下。一些单词我们都十分明白，可以在他们懊悔面或者是在后面加上一些前缀或者是后缀并产生很多新的词汇。而且这些词汇会让我们避免在文章中过多地重复利用某一个熟悉的词，这样会让文章看上去变化多，而且层次也丰富。

三、使用短语进行替换

托福写作中，允许你使用各种各样的短语，只要你是一个短语达人，那么你就开始运用这些短语吧。这些短语用的好，不仅让你的文章看上去节奏感强，而且更能准确而精确地表达你想要表达的意思。在一些特殊的情况下，因为有好些不同的短语要吧表达同样的意思，那么就用这种方式来替换你本身想要进行的表达。

四、综合运用自我方法进行替换

经过了许多方法的练习后，你一定会形成一套属于自己的方法，自己最熟悉，最喜欢运用的方法。那么，好的，这就是我们练习所要达到的一个目的。现在，你懂了，下面就是开始运用综合性的方法来进行替换了。那么，你准备好了吗?我们在使用同义词替换的时候，也可以把原句进行结构上的变换。那么这样做就是让审核者最终发现你所写的句子和原来的截然不同，但是意思却是一样的，会让他们觉得你是一个改句子的达人哦。

总结

不管如何讲，在托福写作中，想要让自己的文章更吸引人，光变换单词是不够的，我们还要把单词和句子的结构进行有机的调整和变换，并把两者结合使用，从而让自己的文章更丰富多彩，在后面的文章中，小鱼儿就会托福的写作进行更加多的方法分享。请大家关注并积极参与。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

游记作文写不好，中小学生很容易犯这个毛病，下面整理了一些游记的经典写作方法，希望对大家的写作有所帮助!

第一种写法：重点在于抒发、阐明某次游玩的心得体会。

例如王安石的《游褒禅山记》，重点不在于描摹自然景色，而在于寄寓哲理。实际上这个哲理他早就成竹于胸了，只是借今天游山之机说出而已，读者千万不要被那句于是余有叹焉迷住眼睛，以为他是临时才有感而发的。幸亏他所说的尽吾志也而不能至者，可以无悔矣的哲理还算实在话，他勉强算成功了。我要特别指出的是，他的成功还有赖于下面两个条件：他当官颇有政绩，这个哲理是他亲身体验过的，还不至于是单纯地板起面孔训人;他后来当了宰相，实行变革，虽不很成功，倒也算是名垂青史，人们大都是因尊敬他的人而加倍地尊敬他的文了。发展才是硬道理，这句话有多少人说过?出自邓爷爷之口就是名言，出自你之口也许就只是笑话了。不是话不对，是说的人不同。

我们再来看个例子。德咏同志的《断桥断想》(见楼仲焕、徐昭武主编的《19791988散文拔萃》，南京出版社1989年7月第1版)，干脆几乎不写风景了，一下笔就写断想，由白素贞及蛇，及文艺，及人，最后说：今天还有没有那种不管好蛇毒蛇，是蛇必除的法海和尚?又有没有那种不分善恶、见蛇就晕的许仙之辈呢?这，我就不得而知了。由于已有心理准备，他的议论倒并不觉得突然，也似乎比较容易接受。

还有一种方法也似乎比较容易让人接受。苏轼的《石钟山记》，写景之余还顺便考察山的命名由来，最后提出事不目见耳闻而臆断其有无，可乎，还是让人佩服其勇气和见解的，虽然他的见解其实是不确的(关于这点可参看俞樾的《春在堂随笔》)。

第二种写法：直接写某一次游历的所见所闻所感。

这是最简单的写法，也是最常见的写法。例如柳宗元的《至小丘西小石潭记》，是山水游记的典范作品之一，即写某次偶然发现并游历一个小石潭的事。先写发现经过，再写潭水清冽这是最直观的第一印象，自然首先提及;次写潭的构造这是第二印象，这样写完全符合观察顺序和生活逻辑;次写潭中游鱼鱼总是不容易发现的，要仔细看;更因仔细看，才发现它们的动态和静态都是那么可爱，所以多写几笔，其实鱼的可爱并非此时才知道，只是在这荒野之地见到，倍感惊喜而已;次写潭上景物，抒发抑郁忧伤之情触景生情，人之常情，而这个情自然是在那个特定的时空中的人生境遇的折射了;最后写同游者，这是古人的惯例(王安石《游褒禅山记》也是如此)，也是对人的尊重，现在一般不这样做了。

通观全文，作者完全是使用一种普通的写法。如果我们仔细想想，也能想到这些，但我们为什么不能写出这样的好文章?除了柳文的文字简洁美妙、感情率真动人外，我想最重要的原因恐怕是我们受到文以载道的思想的影响太深，以为一写文章就是要教训别人，好象不如此就不足道了，就不深刻了。余秋雨的大部分游记散文正是如此，难怪会招来批评。我敢说，柳宗元的文章肯定比余秋雨的更有生命力。其实，写文章就是说话，有话直说比较好，关子卖得太多了，像杨朔的散文，反而不好。有的人说起话来精彩极了，一写起文章反而干巴巴的。事实上，如果把他的话录下来，稍加整理和润色，就是一篇很好的文章。

但如果有人据此以为写文章就完全等于说话，那自然也是错的。因为说话一般是随意的，无序的，东拉西扯的，还可以随时做补充的。写文章决不能这样。请看袁宏道的游记名篇《满井游记》，先写局促一室之内，欲出不得的苦恼，再写至满井后若脱笼之鹄的快乐，然后重点写眼前所见。先写水冰皮始解，波色乍明水能返光，最先引起注意;次写山为晴雪所洗，娟然如拭目标大，也惹人注目;次写柳条将舒未舒，柔梢披风目标虽小，但在动，同时它在近处;次写麦田浅鬣寸许更近处，故能看得如此清晰;次写游人先景物后人物，颇具匠心;次写风无形的东西，最不易捉摸，到此时方引起注意;最后抒发感想始知郊田之外，未始无春，而城居者未之知也。试问谁讲话能如此层次分明、言简意赅而又让人有身临其境之感?

当然，这种分类叙述的方法，也不是他的发明。早在《山海经、南山经》中就有一篇《鹊山》，已经非常熟练地使用这种方法了。事实上，《山海经》中的其他文章也常常是这样的。

现在，我可以给大家口授一个写作提纲了：《洞寨山游记》未去时向往，将去时兴奋，到达后欢呼，然后天气，树木(桂花，茶花，迎春花，茉莉花)，草丛，建筑(涌泉亭，1号、2号、3号亭)，游人，然后你们的所作所为，然后略抒心情及感想(今天不用上课多好啊，又得浮生半日闲啊，始知郊田之外，未始无春，而城居者未之知也啊，等等)。然后你去看看《泉州晚报》，上面发表的文章也许还不如你的呢!

第二种写法：综合写某几次游历的所见所闻所感。

这是较难的一种写法，也较少见。非二流以上作家一般不敢轻易使用。例如袁宏道的《虎丘》，综合写了六次游历虎丘的经历及感受，给人的印象颇有立体感。尤其是第三段写中秋夜斗歌的精彩场面，决非一次就能凑巧碰上的，例如他最后一次去时就领略不到了歌者闻令来，皆避匿去了。但是这种情况又确实存在，晚明张岱在《虎丘中秋夜》中也有类似的描写。这种写法的难处在于你必须对该景点的大部分情况，包括自然景观和人文景观，都比较了解，并且最好有自己的独特见解。这当然不是一般人所能做到的。我们游完武夷山回来，还能记住几个山名?更别提什么独特见解了。同理，游过虎丘的人也不计其数，又有几个记得什么千人石、剑池、千顷云、文昌阁、平远堂呢?可是，要写游记就要用心去了解，去搜集，去体验。海明威不是有个冰山理论吗?写进文章的材料也许只是作者所知道的八分之一呢。以袁张二文论，都算做到了。描写风景及人文景观还算生动，且前者有山川兴废，信有时哉和虎丘之月，不知尚识余言否耶之叹，后者也有使非苏州，焉讨识者之叹，也还算新人耳目我们去游玩时就不一定有这种灵感。但是，相比之下，袁文显然比张文写得好，也比较有价值。一是前者比较具体、完整，二是内容几乎雷同，自然是后者无新意;三是后者在语言上袭用了前者至少一句话：雁落平沙，霞铺江上。

要想写好中考作文，在我看来，无非有以下几点：

1.严谨的布局：

正所谓万事开头难，不过只要开了个好头，这篇作文就会很好写了。

凤头：是文章的首段，是阅卷老师首先入眼的地方，一定要做好整篇文章的中心把握，要做到下文与首段上下连贯，紧密结合，要通过开头使下文有可写之处，开头要达到让阅卷老师耳目一新的效果。例如，巧用排比，比喻，拟人等修辞手法，并且通过这些修辞手法，而统领全文主旨。

猪肚：在一篇上好的文章中，分段都会恰到好处，而当文章中只有一大段或两三段时，这篇文章即使文采再出众，也不会有太高的分数，因为阅卷老师在中考判卷时，每三分钟就要判出一份作文，工作量相当大，如果不善于分段，阅卷老师可能失去耐心，从而看不完，就会草草的给出分数。所以，在我看来，一篇文章至少要分6-8个段，但不是一行或几行一段，而是要看起来像豆腐块，一块块整齐的排列在一起，使文章紧中有松，松弛有度。要看上去整篇文章是一个整体，而不是零散的。

豹尾：在文章的最后处，应当让主题更突出鲜明，升华主题思想，使豹尾抽起来！或让人感到峰回路转，柳暗花明或更进一步的特殊效果。在文章末尾，应当再次点题，紧扣中心思想，让贯穿始终的中心思想继续延伸，引人深思。特别是要在结尾处，与开头形成呼应，对比，递进等等，来引发阅读老师的共鸣！

2.细腻的文笔：不管是记叙，议论还是散文；不管是写人写事还是写景。都要用细腻的文笔呈现出来，使文章中点更突出，让阅卷老师在看试卷的过程中，有深思，放慢阅读速度和重复阅读的情况出现，让阅卷老师身临其境，从而使文章更具灵性。

3.贯穿始终的思想感情：在一篇布局格式上很得当，错落有致的文章上，还必须要有一条贯穿始终的思想路线，这条线就像鱼的脊椎一样重要，这条线一定要清晰，明确，千万不可含混不清。

把握好这几点，一篇好的中考作文已经大致成型，不过要想在中考中脱颖而出，这仅仅是开始。

步步深入法是肖像描写中的一种动态描写，也就是要写出人物外貌的发展、变化。因此采用步步深入法描写人物肖像要注意前后联系，做到前后描写，同中有异。这样，文章才能前后连贯。步步深入法是在记叙人物活动时对人物的肖像进行描写，因此描写时要自然、恰当，不能使读者看了不协调的感觉。步步深入法是分成几次描写人物肖像的，而且每一次的描写均有变化，因此在描写外貌前，要对变化的原因作必要地说明。

连续动作法一般用于描写一个人的动作过程，如跳高、跳远、游泳、切菜、烧饭、钓鱼、挑水等。描写连续动作时，要按动作的顺序依次进行描写，这样文章才能通顺、连贯。其次描写连续动作，要注意准确地使用动词。

[日记写作的用词方法

在语文教学中，我发现很多学生不喜欢作文。原因是有的学生认为自己将来又不当作家，作文写好写不好无所谓；也有的学生提起作文就头疼，肚里无货，觉得没什么可写的；还有的学生对写作没有兴趣，懒得写等等，造成了学生作文成绩提高慢，老师无从下手或效果不好的现象。鉴于以上原因，我认为，语文老师如果能做到以下三条，那么学生写出来的作文就一定很有思想了。

一、纠正错误认识，让学生意识到写作在生活中的重要性

提高学生的思想认识，就要站在学生的立场，设身处地从学生的实际情况出发，让他们在交流中意识到写作差对自己形象的影响，因为现在的学生自尊心都很强，所以，他们都会想尽一切办法来提高自己的形象。每接手一个新班，我首先会告诉学生：语文是人类交流思想的工具。运用语言表达思想，最重要的表达方式就是写作。不当作家就用不着写作，就是把写作理解得太狭窄。著名教育家张志公先生说：“一个有文化的人必须会写。生活中要写信，要写日记。去看朋友要给他留个条儿。有事或者有病不能去上学、上班，得写个假条……所有这一切，都是生活、学习、工作之中必要的。写得好或不好，对于生活、学习和工作很有影响。”况且，现在网络越来越普及，用QQ软件聊天、用手机发个短信、在网络上写篇博客、发个微博……这些都与写作有关，你写的内容错字连篇，句意表达不明了等等，这些都会对我们的生活产生很大的影响，所以，张先生的话很清楚地告诉我们：一个人要生活、学习和工作，必须会作文。

二、培养良好的写作习惯，让写作成为学生的一大乐趣

良好的作文习惯是指导多读、多看、多写、多说、多改。

1.多读。读是写的基础。只有“读书破万卷”，才能“下笔如有神”。多读可使人提高认识，陶冶情操，更重要的是可以开阔视野，丰富语言，启发思路。所以，在教学中，我经常鼓励学生多读中外名著或现代优秀的小说、散文，至于教材中的优秀篇目，则要求学生熟读成诵。尤其是近年来，我以开展振兴阅读工程为契机，以学校图书室为依托，开展形式多样的读书活动，让学生参与进来。

2.多看。多看指对生活中的人、景、事、物等要多观察。我要求学生平时注意多观察父母、兄弟、老师、同学，观察他们的长相、言谈举止等；还可以仔细观察学校、街道等。总之，周围的一切都可以成为学生们观察的对象。为此，我还借鉴电视栏目的做法，开设了“每日视点”，要求学生在晨读前用一两句话表达自己看到的事物，培养学生良好的观察习惯。

3.多说。说和写虽然是两种不同的人际交流方式，但他们却有着密切的关系。(论文范文 )一般来说，说话流畅的人，他写的文章往往也很有条理。在平常教学中，我很注意鼓励学生多说，课堂上多给学生创造说的机会。平时学校或区里举办的演讲比赛，就成了我练兵的舞台，先在班内组织，然后推荐学生到上级部门参加，学生共同参与，无论谁选上，大家群策群力，共同把这次比赛做好，争取最好的成绩。同时，还培养了班级的凝聚力。

4.多写。无论是谁，要想真正提高写作水平和能力，就必须多写多练。在开学的第一周，我就要求学生每周至少写三篇周记。开始两个月，我对每个学生的周记都进行认真批阅、讲评。其实，写基本上就融合到了读、说等环节了，但是为了积累，让学生坚持以“烂笔头”的心态记下来，这样，既培养了学生写的能力，又提高了学生的语言组织能力。

5.多改。一次写作成功的文章很少，要写出好文章，必须反复修改，这对于成功的作家来说是很重要的，对正在学习作文的中学生来说更是重要。作文批改之后，我对修改后的作文再次评阅、打分，最终在记分册记下修改后的作文成绩。为提高学生的写作兴趣，我要求学生积极向《聊城日报 教育周刊》等省、市级媒体、报刊投稿，进一步培养学生对作文修改的认识，同时，增强学生的信心，激发学生的写作的激情。

三、提高写作兴趣，让每个学生都成为文采飞扬的“小作家”

为了提高学生的写作兴趣，我采用了多种评阅形式。

1.教师评阅。学生开始的两个月，所有作文尤其是周记都由我亲自评阅，评阅完毕，在课堂上进行讲评。每次讲评，让几个学生把他们的好作文或片段在班上朗读，这样，既鼓励写得好的学生，又给写得差的学生树立了榜样。

2.组长评阅。学生写作文的习惯养成之后，我每周只抽查一部分学生的（两周轮阅一遍），其他的则由各组组长评阅。这种做法，不仅提高了学生写作文的兴趣，同时，也提高了组长的能力。

3.小组评阅。在老师抽查、组长评阅的同时，一般下情况下，我每周抽出时间让学生进行小组互评。学生从自己两周的作文中选出一篇优秀作文在小组间诵读，然后再评出一篇最好的班内交流。

4.班内交流。每组评出的优秀作文由作者在班上诵读，每读完一篇，全班学生进行评议。评议时既要指出优点，又要点出不足，对不足之处还可以提出修改意见。

5.专栏展示。在班内交流的文章经修改后打印出来，在班内的“作文专栏”进行展示，供全班学生学习、欣赏。

通过采用以上多种评阅作文的形式，提高了学生的写作兴趣，同时，学生的写作水平也渐渐提高了。

作文并不是枯燥无味的代名词，也不是令人头疼的同义词。它是快乐的，是让人乐此不疲的！其实写作可以很轻松，只要掌握方法，就会像你玩游戏那样玩得很好！ 以下是小编搜集的轻松写作的方法，欢迎阅读。

方法一：主次分明，详略得当！

我们写作时经常一味的想把它完成，并想得到高分。但我们常常忽略了它的主和次，总是大段大段的围绕中心写。我们应该把重要的最能体现文章主题的地方详写，而不重要的部分就简单的介绍一下。

方法二：有感而发。

在写作时，常常会遇到一些以现实生活为主题的题目，然而大多数人只是把自己想到的补充上去。我们应该善于去生活中发现，捕捉最能打动人的事件。在文章中，多一些细节描写——语言，动作，神态等等等等。

方法三：想别人没想到的。

有很多时候，写作人的主要内容和其他人的相似，这很常见。因为他们都只是单方面的去想。我们应该想别人想不到的，内容要新颖——首先题目要亮眼！我们要做到多方面思维“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。”

写作有很多很多方法——这些只是其中的几种，我们要熟练的掌握方法，取得更好的成绩！

一、遣词方面：用词要贴切而丰富，善用短语 ,词汇是语言的建筑材料，文章的好坏，选词很关键，如果用词精湛，就会使文章“亮”起来。

1、措辞要贴切具体

试比较下面句子：

A man is walking down the street.

A man is strolling down the street.

通过比较可以看出，前一句不如后一句表达得具体、生动。一个词如果内涵越具体，那么在特定的场景中恰当地使用它，就会收到意想不到的效果。很多同学写作时常随便用一个很笼统的词来描述一个具体事物或人，如 a nice man给人感觉很笼统空泛，我们可以用很多有个性的、具体的词描绘一个人，如 generous(大方的，慷慨的)，humorous(幽默的)，smart(漂亮的，潇洒的)，kind-hearted，warm-hearted，hospitable(好客的,招待周到的)，gentle(文雅的)，optimistic(乐观的)，easy-going(随和的)，spirited(英勇的)，cultivated(有教养的)，manly(有男子气概的)，knowledgeable(知识渊博的)等等。

2、要善于运用短语

短语用得好，会给评卷员留下深刻印象。如：

When he was a child，he wanted to learn everything.( 普通)

When he was a child，he had a strong appetite(胃口) for knowledge.(高级)

3、要避免汉语思维

用词要符合英语习惯，避免汉语思维的影响，如某些名词和动词搭配已约定俗成，不能随意打乱其搭配习惯，否则会显得生硬和词不达意。如汉语中的“学到知识”，英语中就不能说“learn knowledge”，而要说acquire knowledge (获得知识) 。类似的动宾结构还有achieve success (获得成功)，gain reputation (获得声誉)，attain ones end (达到目的)等。

二、造句方面：句式要准确而多变，活用复合句

简单句用得太多，会造成文章读起来乏味。在评卷员看来，同样意思的内容，能够运用比较复杂的句式结构来表达，当然会认为其运用语言的能力要比只会用简单句来表达要强，评分自然就高。

1、巧用非谓语动词

运用非谓语动词，可使文句看起来更简洁，使语言更加丰富多彩，重点更加突出，增加文采。如：

I covered my ears，trying to keep the noise out，but failed. (2004广东卷)

2、巧用with复合结构

“with+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词”结构，常作伴随状语以增加被描绘内容的生动性和情感性，使文章读起来更简洁明了。试比较：

I couldnt go on studying because there was so much noise troubling me. (普通)

I couldnt go on studying with so much noise troubling me. (高级)

3、巧用复合句

高考评分标准强调使用语法结构的数量和复杂性，鼓励考生尽量使用较复杂的结构，并且对由此产生的错误采取了宽容的态度。如果恰当运用各类从句，就会使文章出彩。

如：(定语从句) Whats more，people have easy access to the Internet，which enables them to send and receive e-mails whenever they like.

4、巧用倒装句、感叹句、强调句、虚拟语气句等

使用这些句式可使文章化平淡为生动，加强语气，使评卷老师感受作者的强烈情感。

(倒装句)Only in this way can Internet Bars be well used by people.

(感叹句)I thought，“How hard mum is working! She must be very tired.”

5、巧用排山倒海句

如能运用一个个排比句、对偶句、不定式或短语，可令文章增色不少，会给评卷员眼前一亮的感觉。如：

The purpose of the program are to make our school more beautiful，to make the air cleaner and fresher，and to turn our school into a better place for us to study and live in.

三、谋篇方面：结构要清晰而流畅，巧用过渡词

众所周知，语言的最高层次不是传统语法所说的句子，而是语篇。语篇指的是一系列连接的语段或句子构成的语言整体。一篇好的文章不但句子正确，要点齐全，更重要的是有效地使用了语句间的连接成分。因此，恰当使用好连接性的词语和句子，是使作文获得高分的一个重要因素。

下列各组表示列举或补充的短语或句式非常实用，对高考写作很有帮助：

(1)Firstly...，secondly...，thirdly...，finally...

(2)In the first place...，in the second place...，in the third place...，lastly...

(3)to begin with...，then...，furthermore...，finally...

(4)to start with...，next...，in addition...，finally...

(5)first and foremost...，besides...，last but not least...

(6)most important of all...，moreover...，finally...

如果只有两层意思，可选用下列两组中的任一组：

(1)On the one hand...，on the other hand...

(2)For one thing..., and for another thing...技巧，希望对大家有帮助

一个吸引人的作文题目，是读者读一篇作文的开始，以下是小编搜索整理一篇写作方法：标题，欢迎大家阅读!

一、体态美观：

即在拟题时注重题目的形态美，像一个漂亮的大姑娘亭亭玉立在大庭广众之下，给人以“前不见古人”的全新感觉。

①题目中运用间隔号或连接号：例如《母亲？黑土地？小石磨》、《自卑？自负？自强》、《神鞭--母爱》、《对手--榜样》等。

②题目中运用外文字体：例如《从“Made in China”说开去》、《卡拉永远OK》等。

③题目中运用对偶句：例如《立志言为本，修身行乃先》等。

④借用新闻标题：例如，有的题目像新闻题一样，正题之前有引题，之后有副题。

⑤题目中运用数学公式：例如《“1 1>；2”》、《“7-1=0”》、《“1>；6”》等以等式或不等式的方式化抽象为浅近，收到了纯语言文字难以达到的特殊表达效果。

⑥运用留白：即留出艺术空白让读者去思考、填补。例如，《用你的温柔马屁和背影……--写给阿Q同志的信》，其中的空白，以虚映实，藏而不露，但读者又可以根据文意在会意的一笑之中把握主旨。

二、形象活泼：

如果说体态美观只体现了题目的“身材”，那么，形象活泼就体现出了题目的气质与性格。就像一个人一样，性格好，气质高雅，往往是惹人喜爱的。

形象活泼的题目容易引起人的兴趣，令人好奇地阅读全文。

①运用修辞格。例如运用比喻手法的《诚信，交往的桥梁》、《机遇是一条鱼》、《朋友就是生产力》等；

运用反问的《诚信过时了吗》、《“卖狗肉”何必“挂羊头”》等；

运用拟人的《留些诚信给自己取暖》、《粉笔的自述》、《星期天的面孔）等；

运用双关的《生命“诚”可贵》等；

运用夸张的《花瓶能装下春天》等；

运用对比的《“小人物”与“大道理”》等；

运用词语回环而意义相反的《防盗门不防盗》（以“门”为话题）。

②套用、加工或改造成语、诗句、歇后语、文章标题、影视片名和歌曲等。例如运用成语加谐音的以“棋”为话题的《乐在“棋” 中》等；

改造成语的《“雾”里逃生》、《“战痘”青春》、《“官”念前提》，讽刺某单位几任领导xx腐化行为的《前“腐”后继》等；

改造歇后语的以“清白”为话题的《小葱拌豆腐-一清二白》等；

化用诗句的以“诚信”为话题的《若为人生故，诚信不可抛》等；

化用歌词的以诚信为话题的《我诚信，我美丽》、《贪宫“着”字歌》等；

仿拟名言名句的以“诚信”为话题的《诚以养德，信以修身》（诸葛亮有名句“静以养德，体以修身”）等；

仿拟文章标题的《“吾”邦惊诧论》等。

③颇具讽刺意味的《拿错讲稿》、《“豆腐匠”与“包工头”》等。

三、文采浓郁：

“言之无文，行而不远。”文学色彩浓的文章常被视为精品而受人青睐，文采浓郁的题目更是耐人寻味，魅力无穷。

①借助古今中外的诗词、名句、歌词、优美散句等或引用，或套用，或改造等。例如以“月”为话题的借用苏轼《水调歌头》中的词句拟题为《儿女共婵娟》、以“楼”为话题时借用李煜《虞美人》中的词句拟题为《小

楼昨夜又春风》，还有像《小荷才露尖尖角》、《一江春水向东流》等；化用诗句的《色彩广告色彩风》等。

②运用各种修辞格。例如用对偶的《小牛顶翻快船，奇才遮住太阳》、《贴近生活甚称道，提高质量须努力》等。

可见，这类题目不仅具有一定的文学色彩，而且还给人留下回味的空间。

导语：要使得人物立起来，就必须注重细节描写，下面我们就来详细看看。

“人物”是文章的灵魂，但在学生的习作中常见的人物形象往往是千人一面，既无个性，又不生动，整篇文章显得干瘪乏味，缺少感染力。仔细阅读这些作品，就会发现这样一个共同的问题：往往只是一味地追求把某件事写完整，而忽略了进行生动具体、细致入微的细节描写。

细节描写的范围很宽广，它的作用也是多方面的，但主要还是刻画人物性格，塑造人物形象。一个个传神的细节，犹如人体身上的细胞，没有了它，人就失去了生命;文章少了细节，人物形象就失去了血肉和神采。作家李准说：“一个细节在揭示人物的性格特征的作用上，有时和一个情节、一场戏肩着同样的作用。”正如平常所谓的“于细微处见精神”。

文学大师的创作，就非常重视对细节的描绘。鲁迅的《阿Q正传》中有一段阿Q刑前画押的细节描写：“要画圆圈了，那手捏着笔只是抖，于是那人将纸铺在地上，阿Q伏下去，使尽平生的力画圆圈。他生怕被人笑话，立志要画得圆，但这可恶的笔不但很沉重，并且不听话，刚刚一抖一抖的几乎合缝，却又向外一耸，成了瓜子模样了。”这个行为细节，具体、形象、生动地反映了阿Q的性格特点──直到死还恪守着自欺欺人的“精神胜利法”。当人们读到这一细节描写时，谁又能不觉得阿Q的可笑、可悲、可怜?又怎么会不“哀其不幸，怒其不争”，进而深思国民劣根性?

不仅中国作家如此，外国作家亦然。如巴尔扎克的《欧也妮·葛朗台》中写葛朗台死前，当神甫把镀金的十字架送到他唇边让他亲吻基督的圣像时，“他却作一个骇人的姿势想把十字架抓在手里，这一下最后的努力送了他的命”，只这一细枝末节就活画出了这个守财奴贪婪成性、至死不变的丑恶形象。正是细节描写，使人物有血有肉，性格鲜明，形象栩栩如生;有了鲜活的人物，整篇文章因之而充满生机，产生强烈的感染力。

当然，并不是所有生活上的细节都具有价值，也不是只要写得“细”就可以了。好的细节描写必须是有用的、真实的、典型的。它必须为展示人物的精神风貌和深化文章的主题服务，它必须符合人物的性格特点，符合现实生活的实际，应最能突出人物的个性特征。

细节从哪里来?文学来源于生活，细节就在丰富多彩的生活之中。做个生活的有心人，时时处处留心观察身边的人和事，特别是自己的描写对象。绍兴街头，咸亨酒店，鲁迅潜心观察短衣帮与长衫客，才“画出沉默的国民的灵魂”。都柏林阴暗的咖啡室，乔伊斯冷峻地打量着游荡的女、骗子、精神病患者、乞丐和富人，酝酿着震惊世界的《尤利西斯》。古往今来，伟大的作家，总是终生用心捕捉那些使灵魂颤栗的人和事，熔铸成千古流传的篇章。捕捉细节、运用细节，让这一把金钥匙为你所用，使你的文章散发出熠熠光彩!

看图作文，只有看懂了图，才能写好文章，所以，写作时首先要仔细观察画面内容，抓住图中所表达的主题思想，具体有什么方法呢?下文是小编整理的相关内容，欢迎阅读参考!

一、仔细观图，把握要旨

如若单幅图，就要弄清各部分的内容及各部分之间的联系;若是连环画，要注意各幅图之间的联系及不同之处。

二、遵循顺序，理清思路

观察图画时，要按照一定的顺序。如果观图次序混乱，写起来也就会层次不清。

单幅图：按照事物空间位置变换顺序或内容的主次顺序进行。

连环画：按照事物发展变化的顺序进行观察。

三、主次分明，注意取舍

观图一定要有所侧重，与主题思想密切相关的人、物或场景要重点观察。倘若题目提示中有参考词汇或短语。就应该认真领悟并同画面联系起来，从观察中领会图画的内容。

四、注重联系，适当发挥

看图作文，通常画面只能展现事物发展的一个或几个片段，这时就需要我们根据画面进行合理地联想。把画面中没有明白显示的内容写出来，使整个情节完整。如根据图中人物的穿着打扮和环境特点判断季节时间，根据人物姿态想象动作、语言及内心活动，根据人物之间的关系来猜测事件的前因后果等。

另外，有时为了叙述方便，还可以为图画中人物起名字。

五、确立轮廓，形成模式

根据文章提示图画内容，来确定文章的题材、格式。同时考虑人称、选词及时态的运用。

[看图作文有哪些写作方法

导语：工作证明是指我国公民在日常生产生活经营活动中的一种证明文件，一般用于职称评定、资格考试、工作收入证明等。其需要工作单位出具，并加盖单位鲜章方有效。所以下面小编整理证明信的写作方法，希望有所帮助。

一、证明信的概念

证明信是证明某人身份、经历等惰况以及证明某个事件原委、真-相的专用书信，单位证明信格式。

二、证明信的种类

从写作者来划分，可分为以组织名义出具的证明信和以个人名义出具的证明信。从证明信的用途来看，又可分为作为材料存入档案的证明信、证明丢失证件等惰况属实的证明信和作为证件使用的证明信。

三、证明信的作用

证明信对了解和考察有关人员和事件的真实惰况，有着重要的证明、参考作用。

四、证明信的结构和写法

证明信一般由标题、称谓、正文、结尾、落款和日期几部分组成。

1标题

在第二行居中写“证明信”三宇。

2称谓

标题下顶格写收信单位名称，其后加冒号。

3正文

另起一行，前空两格，写清需要证明的事项。

4结尾

另起一行，前空两格，写“特此证明”，以收束全文。

5落款和日期

在正文右下方先写明证明单位名称或个人姓名，并加盖公章或私章。在

落款的下方写明具体的年、月、日。

如果是以个人的名义出具的证明信，出具证明者所在单位须签署意见，说明出具证明者的一般表现，并对证明信上所写的材料做出表态，以供需要证明信的单位鉴别证明信的可靠程度。在签署意见的右下方，写上单位名称和日期，并加盖公章。

五、证明信的写作要求

1要言之有据，证据确凿，不能隐瞒真-相，弄虚作假。

2用语准确、明晰，切忌含糊其辞，模棱两可。

1.巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容，先在前面作一个提示，但不马上解答，以引起读者的好奇兴趣，产生急于看下去的迫切心情，这样文章的开头，我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。

2.一线串珠

记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串连起来的一条主线，它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将这些珍珠串连起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及以作者的思想感情等。无论采取哪种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

3.以小见大

以小见大，就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常，但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质，小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。

4.穿插流动

5.粗笔勾勒

粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

6.烘托艺术

烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称，是指渲染某一部分，衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来，就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物，又称“衬托法”。衬托，也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物，使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出，从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物，被陪衬的事物才会显得突出，才能得到更加充分的说明。

1、衬托，可分正衬和反衬。

正衬，就是用类似的事物，从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”，用蓝天衬雪峰，使雪峰更高大。

反衬，就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝，来衬托雪峰的白，使雪峰更洁白。又 如“蝉噪林愈静，鸟鸣山更幽”，以有声衬无声。

2、运用衬托要爱憎分明，要宾主分明，陪衬事物与被陪衬事物，要让人一看便清楚，不能喧宾夺主。

3、衬托和对比的区别：

对比，是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似，但不同。对比，意在比，突出的对象是双方的，对立两事物无主宾之分。

衬托，意在衬，两事物有主宾之分，突出的是主要一方。如：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰，犹有花枝俏”，前句是对比，后句是反衬。

7.画龙点睛

画龙点睛是指在适当的时候以一二句议论，点明事物、人物、景物的意义之所在，或揭示作品主题，醒人之耳目，给人以启迪。点睛之处可以是在篇中，也可在篇末。

8.前后照应

前后照应法可以使文章严谨连贯，浑然一体，又突出内容和结构上的内在联系。照应一般有以下几种：

1、内容和标题相照应。这种照应方法常常是内容安排多处和题目照应，或在恰当的地方直接、间接地点明题意。如《背影》，文中多次描写“背影”，既与标题“背影”相照应，又进一步点明题旨，充分表达了作者对父亲深深的思念之情。

2、行文中间照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事，后面行文交代前面所写事的结果，使内容相互补充，层层深入。

3、结尾与开头照应法。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及，使文章首尾一致，成为有机的整体。如《白杨礼赞》一文，开头和结尾照应，不但使文章结构显得非常完整，而且使作者的赞美之情得到了淋漓尽致的抒发。

9.卒章显志

在文章结尾时，用一两句话点明中心、主题的手法就叫卒章显志，也叫“篇末点题”，“志”就是指文章的主题、中心。恰当运用这种手法可以增加文章的深刻性、感染力和结构美，有“画龙点睛”的艺术效果。

10.一波三折

记叙性文章要避免平铺直叙，记流水账，如能写得波澜起伏，就能引人入胜，耐看。

俄国作家柯罗连科的写景小品《火光》通篇运用了象征手法，但从字面上看，数百字的短文，由作者的感受引发了一波三折的景物变化，黑夜泛舟，火光又明又亮，好像就在眼前，这是开头展示的基本景象；船夫不以为然，认为还远着呢，兴起一波；自己从不相信到信服，又兴起一波；由“非常遥远”到“毕竟就在前头”，重要的是“必须加劲划桨”再兴一波“一波三折”，“波折”要入情入理，让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉，方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活，故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者，还会适得其反。

11.欲扬先抑

“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法。 采用这种写作手法，要自然合理，切不可牵强生硬。

一、准确概括内容或中心

题目，其实是成语“画龙点睛”中的“睛”，能让全文“飞腾”起来；是成语“提纲挈领”中的“纲”，能由此把握全文的精髓。所以，一定要在“准确”两字上下工夫。比如这次“同步宝典”中四年级的《说说我的名字》，原稿上是《名字的烦恼》，但你细读原文会发现，其实“烦恼”只是文章引入部分的内容，更主要的还是后面写名字对自己的鼓励，文章的中心思想也是突出自己名字的深刻含义，因此，原题显然不够准确。现在改成《说说我的名字》，涵盖面就比较准确全面了。

二、尽量生动一点，或含蓄一点

如果一眼看见的都是那种板着面孔的、千篇一律的作文题目，读者的阅读兴趣马上就降低了，甚至不愿再去看文章。所以，生动、含蓄，就值得你命题时绞尽脑汁了。这次“同步宝典”中就有不少好题目可以借鉴，比如三年级《春风的絮语》，不但让春风“活”了，而且跟人们对话了，多形象！比如四年级《放手让我飞吧》，比简简单单的《从乌塔想到的》要吸引人吧？再比如五年级的《读比童年》，既体现了读后感的体裁，又突显丫文章的内容和中心，文字上还非常精练工整，着实为文章增色不少！

三、力求比较新鲜新颖

创新能力能反映一个人素质的高低，你的作文命题能不能因别出心裁而让人眼睛一亮，其实是你写作水平乃至思维水平的展示。所以，你得充分发挥自己的个性特长和聪明才智，充分顾及自己习作内容或写法上的特点，为文章取个精彩题目，起到锦上添花的作用。(小学生作文 )比如这次“同步宝典”中四年级《学习游泳五乐章》就很特别，小作者用音乐的音阶谐音作小标题，展现了学习游泳的整个过程和切身体会，然后以“乐章”统领全文，就好比用一根红线穿起了珍珠，难怪写点评的金老师要赞叹“妙不可言”了!我们回忆以往“同步宝典”发表过的习作，还可以发现不少这样的新颖命题，比如三年级写动物故事的《“温迪”≈我》、四年级写成长中心里话的《转陀螺的矛盾心理》，五年级写课业负担的漫画作文《为什么没人查我超载》等，不都给我们留下了深刻印象吗？

再来说说给文章命题的几个小技巧。

建议你不要先命题再作文，而是倒过来，先把文章写好，然后在修改过程中酝酿题目。这时候，你对成型的文章已经烂熟于心，文中许多人物形象、关键情节、精彩语言等元素往往会如火花般在你脑海中闪烁，撷下一朵，缀作题目，往往就是出乎意料的亮点。

俗话说“巧妇难为无米之炊”，这是说“米”的重要。可是，一旦找到了下锅的米，就自然应该考虑煮饭的问题了。写作何尝不是如此，有了“米”——平淡的材料，就得设法把它“煮”成香喷喷的“米饭”——文章，也就是得把语言写生动些，让人“吃”起来津津有味。

究竟怎样才能把平淡材料写生动？仔细读一读王娅同学的《我为“象棋”掉眼泪》一文也许对我们会有启示。

运用比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手法，能使平淡材料生动。如当“我”“棋”开得胜时，“喜上眉梢”；在决胜局中，小作者写对方“就像吃了熊心豹子胆，竟敢派他的‘炮’来惹我的‘马’”，这些比喻十分生动，突出了“骄傲将军”的特征。再看下面一段话：“我先派‘车’冲锋陷阵，扰乱敌营，然后遣‘炮’左移埋伏，接着就火速‘开炮’，顿时对方的一个‘象’便命丧黄泉。”你瞧，一次平常的象棋对垒，通过拟人的表现手法竟写得这般有滋有味，多形象呀

说话风趣幽默也能使平淡材料生动。如文章开头，小作者在交代了外号“骄傲将军”的来历后，便写“我”这个象棋高手在上星期却“演了一场‘关云长败走麦城’的悲剧”，这比写“这一次比赛我却输了”要生动多了。又如，当炮“吃”掉了对方的一个“象”后，小作者写道，“我”的“炮”被他的“车”压得成了“闷炮”，“转眼就去向阎王爷报到了”，这比直接说“我的‘炮’被他的‘车’吃掉了”生动得多。

运用生活中常用的熟语（包括歇后语、谚语、成语、格言等）也能使平淡材料生动。如写到“……我正得意”之时，小作者笔锋一转，引用了对手所说“天堂有路你不走，地狱无门你偏行”这一俗语，真是恰到好处，意味深长，读来也琅琅上口，把人物的形象、个性勾画得十分逼真，让读者如见其人。

英语写作说难也不难，下面是语文迷为大家整理的一些英语写作方法指导，供大家参考选择。

2014年6月的3套题的考查形式是这样的：write an essay explaining “why it is unwise to jump to conclusion upon seeing or hearing something”, “why it is unwise to put all your eggs in one basket”, “why it is unwise to judge a person by their appearance”;

2014年12月的3套题的出题形式是这样的：write an essay based on the picture below, you should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then discuss “whether technology is indispensable in education”, “whether there is a shortcut to learning”, “what qualities an employer should look for in job applicants”;

2015年6月的3套题的出题形式是这样的：write an essay commenting on the saying “knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it”, “if you can’t do great things, do small things in great way”, commenting on Albert Einstein’s remark “I have no special talents, but I am only passionately curious”。

但是，透过这些变化的考查形式，我们也可以发现不变的考查方向，不论是2014年6月的谚语或名言原因阐述型，还是2014年12月的漫画或图片描述型，亦或是2015年6月的俗语或名言评论型，在写作体裁上都是一样的，都是在要求考生写出一篇夹叙夹议，以议论为主的议论文。

六级写作方法指导

议论文写作是六级考试的重点，考生既要注意旗帜鲜明地说出自己的观点，围绕观点展开深层次的论述，更要注意综合运用一些高端词汇和句型来表达自己的观点，尽量避免套用一些常见模板，从而给阅卷老师留下耳目一新的感觉，取得高分。

具体而言，六级议论文通常都可以采用“三段式”的结构。

第一段开门见山，直接提出观点;

第二段对观点展开论述，先陈述理论，在列举事例;

最后一段再次回应论点，也可提出措施，再次强调论点。

对于谚语或名言类文章，首先，要注意充分理解和深刻挖掘其中的道理，不能仅从字面去理解，更多的是要结合实际理解其深刻的寓意，其次，要选择有典型性更有说服性的事例展开论述，把道理讲透并让人信服。谚语类题型近年来出现频率越来越高，所以，考生要注意加强日常的积累，多积累多思考，只有这样，才能在考试时不慌不忙、有理有据地写好谚语类作文。图画类作文是议论文的一种，区别在于该类作文要求考生首先要理解图画内容并在首段将其清晰的描述出来。第二、三段的写作与其他议论文是一样的。

语文是小升初中的重要科目，作文在语文中占有很大比重，能写好一篇作文靠的还是多积累知识，多接近新鲜事物。下面是小编为你带来的小学生作文写作技巧歌诀，欢迎阅读。

1. 写好一个人

描写人物抓特点，音容笑貌文中现。

外貌心理略描写，细写行动和语言。

展开联想写材料，详写事例一至三。

结构方式巧安排，人物如生站眼前。

2.写物品

要写物，看清楚，形态特点和用途。

观察有序条理明，拟定提纲再写出。

语言生动又活泼，选词用语下工夫。

一言一语要准确，作文一定有进步。

3.写动物或植物

写动物，写植物，细致观察看清楚。

抓住形状和特点，按照顺序写出来。

表达感情要自然，融入情思感肺腑。

练好状物基本功，作文才能有进步。

4.写好一件事

作文之前要审题，明确要求再动笔。

开头结尾概括写，事迹过程要具体。

多问几个“怎么样”，故事情节写详细。

学会点题中心明，题目内容有联系。

5.写好两个人

作文之前要审题，两人之间写联系。

主要事情要突出，围绕中心写事例。

人物语言细致写，要从双方来落笔。

开头结尾下工夫，突出中心要具体。

6.写游记

写游记，写游踪，游览历程要写清。

景物描写要具体，动态静态表分明。

细致观察是前提，写的活泼又生动。

抒发感情要真实，文章画龙又点睛。

7.写好一篇参观记

去参观，按顺序，依序记叙牢牢记。

条理清楚写得明，层层内容紧扣题。

主要内容详细写。选好重点写仔细。

文章过渡要自然，前后连贯要得体。

8.开头结尾歌

开头结尾要做到，仅仅围着中心绕。

开门见山把话讲，空话废话都去掉。

结尾总结和点题，不要乱喊空口号。

拟好提纲再动笔，文章一定能写好。

9.写好一次活动

写活动，要具体，仔细观察是前提。

人物事件和环境，一步一步看仔细。

围绕中心写场面，点面结合有条理。

抓住重点详细写，思索以后再下笔。

10.中心思想歌

中心思想是灵魂，一文只有一中心。

主题鲜明有意义，使人读后印象深。

围绕中心来剪裁，详略应有巧安排。

用字用句须认真，中心思想贯全文。

11.写好一篇读后感

读书学写读后感，养成学习好习惯。

读懂文章有方法，领会中心和句段。

联景实际写感想，叙议结合要自然。

面面俱到写不好，一定突出一两点。

12.观察歌

作文来源于生活，材料要靠观察获。

直接间接要记住，定点动点灵掌握。

总体、细节不能忘，还有触发和自觉。

单一比较有技巧，动用视听嗅触觉。

13.作文四步曲

写作文，写什么?先把材料来定下。

定好材料别动笔，再要问个为什么。

找好中心巧构思，表达方式细策划。

写得到底怎么样，文章完了要检查。

14.文面歌

说文面，道文面，文面犹如人的脸。

爱美之心人皆有，脸蛋漂亮都喜欢。

坚决不写错别字，杜绝涂抹“污泥”团。

15.十种常见开头

开头方法有十种，一种一种要记清。

开门见山紧扣题，巧设悬念引好奇。

交待写作的目的，运用设问提问题。

描写景物造气氛，精彩抒情和议论。

先说动人小故事，提示中心引兴致。

写出对话和行动，神话传说巧引用。

16.作文歌诀

作文时，要记清，中心思想先确定。

围绕中心选材料，典型生动又新颖。

安排材料列提纲，全盘考虑需慎重。

条理清楚不错乱，详略恰当段分明。

学写文章忌笼统，细节具体才生动。

前设伏笔后照应，结构严谨不松懈。

开头别致又扣题，结尾严尽意无穷。

用词准确句通顺，标点符号正确用。

写好之后读几遍，一字一句抄写清。

常写勤练不停笔，作文定会写成功。

17.选材歌

作文材料不难找，留心观察最重要，

所见所闻和所感，都是作文好材料。

熟悉新颖有意义，选材时候要记牢。

多看多听多思考，董坚持练笔准提高。

18.优等作文标准

写作文，要用心，文体相扣把握准。

思想健康中心明，内容具体条理清。

详略得当句通顺，要把文面写工整。

坚决不写错别字，标点符号不乱用。

19.让事实说话

写作文，禁空话，要让事实来说话。

写人物呀记事件，内容充实细刻画。

写言行，描神态，人物活跃在笔下。

多观察呀细描写，具体生动笔生花。

写文章，靠语言，字字句句要求严，

力求准确和生动，认真推敲不嫌烦。

听说读写多留心，刻苦用功多钻研，

积累词汇常运用，写好文章并不难。

21.标点符号歌

抑扬顿挫文章妙，转换停顿掌握好，

标点符号作用大，此歌一定要记牢。

句号化个小圆圈，表示一句意思完。

逗号小点拖尾巴，句子停顿就出现。

问号元钩下带点，问话末尾显手段。

叹号像个小炸弹，惊怒悲喜或感叹。

顿号一粒黑芝麻，并列词语点中间。

分号两点拖尾巴，并列分句中间点。

冒号两个圆点点，提示下文在后边。

引号两对小蝌蚪，引文反语必须点。

话里套话不费难，外边双来里边单。

书名篇名也要点，双尖括号夹两边。

省略号，六个点，表示意思还没完。

破折号，一条线，注释转折或突变。

中间插入注释话，方圆括号任意选。

学标点，并不难，多看多用定熟练。

22.写好自己

写作文，写自己，动笔之前想仔细。

选好事情一两件，感受最深有意义。

突出重点写过程，把握中心不跑题。

到底是个什么人，描写一定要具体。

23.怎样观察

观察时，要巧妙。五感官，都用到。先用眼，仔细瞧，形色态，分辨好。触形态，善比较，观颜色，浓淡晓;看姿态，静动找。听声音，动脑筋。嗅气味，多闻闻;有顺序，抓重点;时间变，地点换，观察时，多体验;巧联想，抓特点;观察好，得用脑;多感官，结合好。

24.怎样收集材料

材料多，文章好;多读书，佳句找;勤观察，笔记好;多用心，善思考，勤摘录，多剪报。分条记，整理好;使用时，方便找。

25.怎样审题

要作文，先审题。明范围，知题义;扣题眼，重点记;知数量，不离题;明人称，好下笔;附加语，须重视。写真情，出新意。

26.怎样选材

选材料，须扣题。熟材料，反复比;选新颖，是第一;选真实，要牢记;选典型，有情趣。材料多，细琢磨;多比较，用心计。

27.怎样构思

先构思，后动笔;定中心，宜扣题。一文章，一中心;无须多，不偏离。想开头，思顺序;明重点，具体叙;线索明，思路清;巧过渡，会照应;时间变，按顺序;地点变，合事理;首和尾，要一致;立好意，才下笔。

28.怎样列题纲

构思好，列题纲;搭架子，行文畅。定顺序，理思路;明详略，细琢磨。首和尾，要贴妥。

29.怎样开头

开好头，是关键。直入题，时地点;设悬念，趣味见;描绘景，抒发情。借故事，吸引人;好诗句，引入文;借哲理，巧议论;先概述，再具体;要成功，须新颖;方法多，灵活用。

30.怎样结尾

结尾好，味无穷。自然收，渠自成;巧总结，中心明;善启发，留余声;要赞美，巧抒情;发议论，要点睛;象征景，味无穷;呼开头，暗照应;成一体，结构整。

31.怎样过渡

巧过渡，文无缝;衔接段，思路清。句过渡，用词语;巧铺路，很有趣。段过渡，句子好;架设桥，连接巧。篇过渡，用段落;妙连接，好处多。过渡处，要自然，忌生硬，忌死板;忌跳跃，忌突然。

32.怎样写具体

写文章，要具体。叙事文，重过程，细节处，须注意。写人物，动语神;细刻画，须用心;人物活，要逼真。状物文，抓特点，多形容，多修饰;善分解，巧对比。写景文，形色态，细心描，大胆想;静动态，重点忆。写活动，要注意：从整体，到部分;先场面，后聚焦。写联想，多比喻;可夸张，可排比;情趣浓，文具体。

33.怎样绘景

描景物，怎下笔?写形状，须具体;绘颜色，浓淡宜;描形态，写情趣;多联想，多比喻;并列写，可排比;引诗句，妙无比;抓特点，按顺序，融入情，精描绘。

34.怎样状物

状物文，要牢记：选好物，先熟悉。写植物，形色味，枝叶花，果实美，拟人化，用比喻;写成长，分四季，抓特点，重点记。写动物，描外形，分类描，要具体;写习性，抓特点，联生活，细节全，述感情，要自然。写物品，明来历，描外形，按顺序。形与色，要看清。写结构，知用途。抓重点，细描绘。人与物，用事例;生活趣，要典型。建筑物，远近看，抓特点，有重点;分层写，视点变;多联想，古今全;人物情，融其间。

35.怎样叙事

叙事文，有人称;六要素，要记清;时地事，交代明;环境清，有人物;起因前，脉络连;写结果，别含糊。有重点，有详略;有细节，变化多;生活趣，人物情，事三折，文入胜。

36.怎样记人

写人物，抓特点;描肖像，有重点;记衣着，不一般;言与行，要逼真，有细节，点神态;察心理，见精神。具体事，表特点。

37.怎样修改

好文章，改百遍。读中改，细增删;多推敲，严把关。标点号，用恰当。调并换，文意畅;热加工，冷处理，互批改，互借鉴。改中写，技能练。

38.怎样改写

改写文，有借鉴;改人称，语气变;改体裁，结构变。通读文，明要求;细比较，差异找。增删换，细推敲;多联想，要巧妙;多修改，达目标。

39.怎样扩写

扩写文，有重点;明中心，抓要点;善想象，多描写，添细节，事不变;抒真情，巧议论;首尾新，故事全。

40.怎样缩写

缩写文，意不变。理思路，明要点，抓中心，留主干。 去枝叶，注意删。有首尾，有重点。

41.写应用文

写日记，有格式，见闻感，都可记。自由写，随意记;天天写，要坚持。写书信，按格式，言得体，分层次;有中心，述真意。板报稿，要快捷;选材新，标题切;言简明，扬新风。应用文，格式明，多实践，活运用。

42.写看图作文

看图文，是创新。对照图，看仔细;一看人，二看景，三看事，分主次。推前因，想结果;多联想，想合理。看中想，求创新;写文章，要具体。

43.怎样续写

续写文，要联想;人不变，事要变;新时间，新地点，新人物、新事件。变原因，变环境，变故事，变人称。新发展，结果变。合情理，出意料;故事妙，主题好。

中学英语教学大纲中明确指出：“写是书面表达和传递信息的交际能力。培养初步写的能力，是英语教学的目的之一。”在近年的高考中英语写作也占有相当比重。因此，在高中阶段教师应在指导和组织学生进行英语写作上下功夫，在平时教学中应有计划有目的地去训练和提高学生的写作能力。

一、学生能充分认识英语写作的重要性是写作能力提高的必要条件。

英语写作能力的提高需要持之以恒的长期训练。如果学生对写作重要性认识不够，他们就不能积极主动地去配合老师搞好写作训练，甚至产生逆反心理，产生对立情绪，英语写作就会半途而废，达不到预期目的。

在平时教学中，老师要经常性地有意识地对学生进行写作重要性的教育。学生一进入高中就要让他们了解初中和高中英语教学要求的异同。

我给学生找几份中考和高考题，帮助他们了解中考和高考英语试题对基础知识和基本技能要求的相同之处和不同之处，引导他们转变观念，更新和完善学习方法，要让他们了解到英语写作在高考中、实际运用中以及对将来继续学习英语的重要性。

我还联系在过去高考中英语取得优异成绩的毕业生，用书信介绍学好英语的方法，特别是在英语写作方面的成功经验和英语写作对他们当时及后来英语学习的重要性。这些毕业生有很大的感召力，很有说服性，尤其对那些有逆反心理的学生。

二、指导写作应注意的几个问题：

1．教师要有明确合理的教学计划和教学程序，组织系统规范的有序训练。

2．帮助和要求学生养成积极主动地坚持英语写作的良好习惯。

3．坚持循序渐进的训练原则。写作要先易后难，先短后长，先学会运用简单句、并列句，后学会用复合句表达，先写正确句子逐步过渡到围绕一个人、一件事、一个观点去写有中心的文章，由不限定时间到限定时间，由限定时间长到限定时间短，由限定字数少到多……

4．分程度要求。对学生的要求不能一刀切，对学习好的要求要高，对学习差的要求要适当低一些。要避免有些学生轻而易举垂手可得，而有些学生又可望而不可及的情况发生。

5．注意讲评。要经常指出优点，以利模仿，指出缺点，警示避免。

6．鼓励优秀，耐心帮助差生。充分利用板报、专栏进行优秀作文展览，或者也可采用传阅方式进行。但不能放弃或岐视差生，要经常帮助他们树立信心，掌握写作方法和技巧。

7．基础知识和能力并重，听说读和写并举。教师在平时教学中应充分利用一切可以利用的机会启发引导学生提高自己的写作水平。如遇到优秀的句、段或篇提示学生注意欣赏作者的表达法，把它们作为范例，在自己写作中加以模仿和运用。又如遇到英汉表达方法不同之处，提示学生注意英语的正确表达法，切忌出现汉语式的英语。要帮助学生养成正确运用标点符号的好习惯，切忌一点到底的错误方法。

8．要求学生在写作中宁简勿误，不能养成随随便便的习惯，要养成严谨推敲的风气。

三、训练写作的常用方法。

写作训练应考虑循序渐进的原则，采取逐步提高的形式进行。

1．用学过的词、短语或句式，模仿课文中的表达法造句。2．换课文中的人物、时态、语态或体裁等改写课文。3．看图作文。4．填补式作文。5．写课文复述材料或写心得体会。6．将打乱顺序的句子按事件发展的时间顺序或逻辑关系等整理成一篇完整的短文。7．教师给出题目和提纲让学生写作。8．写日记或周记。9．材料作文。教师给出汉语提示让学生用英语表达。

四、注意纠正学生英语作写中容易出现的错误。

学生最初写作时，教师要给予必要的指导，使他们少犯错误。教师还要经常性地例举错误的表达法，提醒学生注意避免。在批阅作文时教师要随时标出学生错误之处，还要随时记录学生所犯错误，把学生的错误加以归类总结，把普遍性的错误提出来，让学生集体改错，使他们的语言表达尽可能地规范正确。

总之，学生英语写作能力在老师有计划的组织和耐心帮助、正确引导下，在学生长期积极密切的配合下是能够得以逐步提高的。