英语作文写作技巧和方法【热门20篇】

自媒体时代，人人都有一片自己的文字江湖。但其实对于大多数业余作者来讲，写作毕竟是一门技术，如果你没有很好的天赋，又想迅速写成一手好文章，那几乎是不可能的。不过，天下无难事，只怕有心人。写作并不是作家的专利，只要你肯用心努力的学习，并勤于练习写作，假以时日，也能写出一手漂亮的好文章。这是小编准备的写作入门的5个方法，快来看看吧。

对于新手和业余写作者而言，现在市面上关于写作技巧和写作方法的书籍如汗牛充栋，不胜枚举，令人眼花缭乱，不知从何读起。许多人也听过一些写作课，但都是当时兴奋过后啥都忘记了。

其实，真正的能让你提高写作水平的方法，一定是最简单、最普通，但却又最有效的。正所谓，大道至简。以我多年的写作经验来看，想提高写作水平并不难，只需先掌握以下5个入门的方法，这样你的写作之路就会越走越宽了。

一、想再多也没用，每天都要写

写作，写作，归根结底在于一个“写”字。想要提高写作水平，没有太多的窍门，首要一个就是“写”字。著名作家叶兆言说过一句很牛逼的话：“才华不重要，重要的是能不能熬到一百万字”。由此可见，写作水平的提高不在乎你是否有才华，而在于你是否坚持每天都写，你写得多了，真要能写到100万字，你的文字功底自然就提高了。写作和其他的学问的道理是一样的，用一个成语表达叫做：熟能生巧。

关于这一点，我再次强调，特别是初学者，要想快速提高自己的写作能力，勤于练笔是唯一的途径。比如说，每天坚持写500字（不论题材，不论类型，哪怕是日记也行），只要你能坚持一个月，你就会发现，至少你觉得写作不是那么痛苦的事情了，再坚持几个月，你会发现，写起文章来越来越顺了，再坚持几个月，你会发现，可以写的东西越来越多了……不信，你试试？只要是写，全情投入的写，写得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

二、随便写，从“微写作”开始

有些人可能会说：我知道要写，可我不知道写什么呀？好了，当你面对整张的白纸、整版的白屏，无从下手的时候，肯定会各种各样的思绪袭来。你会想：我还是看看微信吧？我还是上上QQ吧，我还是去读一会书吧，或者我还是小睡一会吧……记住，千万别这样！马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。比如说，你可以先敲上文章的标题和自己的名字，这应该不难吧？然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去……

其实呢，写作跟画画是有些相似的地方，很多画家一开始也是在一张白纸上随便涂鸦，就像小时候读过的课本说的那样，达芬奇是从画鸡蛋开始的。如果你每天苦于不知道写什么的情况，就从最简单的“微写作”开始。

什么是“微写作”？大家都发过微信或者微博吧？一篇短微博的字数限制是140字以内，相信这么少的字数，是人都会写了。微写作就是基于微博或微信的基础，鼓励大家随意地写作，想写什么就写什么，这些断章片句，不需要什么主题、立意和构思，完全就是任意地发挥。但往往，你就这样写着写着的时候，灵感就会慢慢地涌现出来的。比如，我的微信和QQ说说，现在都经常会发一条叫《流光碎语》的信息，目前已经坚持写了130条，这就是我的“微写作”，用来练笔时写的，而且因为里面经常会迸出一些“金句”，所以读者点赞和转发的次数不少。所以，这个即解决了有些人没时间的问题，又解决有些人不知道写什么的问题，是非常好的提高写作水平的方法。

三、随时随地记录下灵感

传统的写作，老师都会教你们随身带一本小笔记本（或者身上装一些小卡片），不过那都OUT了，现在最方便的工具就是手机。手机里面都有记事本，或者你可以下载一些专业的工具，如印象笔记。当你对你构思的文章有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来；当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，马上记下来；当你看到一段散文或是一句歌词让你很感动时，马上记下来……灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。

关于这一点，我曾写过一篇专门的文章《写作的锦囊》。这篇文章大致的意思是，古往今来，许多大诗人大作家都有这种随时随地记笔记、搜集素材的习惯，这种习惯的养成，对写作大有禆益。正所谓“巧妇难为无米之炊”，有了这些“百宝囊”，你还愁没有素材可以写吗？我从中学起就有这样的习惯，现在记录素材的笔记本也有十几本了，这些都为我日后的写作提供了非常大的支持。

四、设置专门的写作时间

写作要想高效产出，每天必须找一个特定的时间段作为专门的写作时间，并让这成为习惯。很多人都是业余写作，除去工作8小时之外，还是有很多时间可以自由支配的，比如说清晨的时间、午休的时间、傍晚回到家后，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写1个小时，当然有2个小时更好。只要你能坚持下去，日积月累的话，这种力量是相当惊人的。

当然了，关于写作时间呢，每个人的习惯不一样。我以前锻炼记忆力的时候，是喜欢早睡早起的，但是对于写作，我目前还是习惯晚上11点之后，夜深人静的时候，写得比较多。早上的时间呢，拿来看新闻、搜集素材等事情。当然，很多前辈的经验是说早晨的时间最佳，起床后就开始写，连洗脸刷牙都不用。比如说，我就听到群里有同学坚持每天早上4点半起床，4点半到6点半这两个小时的时间拿来写作。因为这两个小时四周非常的安静，没有任何的打扰，也不用照顾上有老下有小之类，全心属于自己的时间。起如果能坚持下去，我认为这也是非常值得鼓励的。为什么是4点半呢？建议你有空看看《哈佛凌晨四点半》这本书，就会豁然开朗了。

五、专心致志、切断所有干扰源

写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。关掉邮箱，关点微信和QQ，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，切断所有的干扰源，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

写作说到底是一项脑力劳动。因此，对于集中力和注意力的要求较高，只有“心无旁骛、专心致志”地进行创作，才有可能写出满意的作品来。这里前面也讲过，当今时代最大的干扰一个是手机，一个是网络，所以，当你用电脑在写作的时候，最好关闭手机，拔掉网线。写作，一定需要安静、心静，这样才能逼着自己去写东西，这样才能发挥出最佳的写作状态来。

[写作入门的5个方法

内容

1、你想说的最重要的事是什么?如果已经说出来了，在草稿中找出这段话，并在句子下面划线。如果还没有说出来，现在就写。

2、文章里所写的每件事都同主旨相关吗?哪个部分你不需要?如果你写的是当你在银行实习时，意识到自己宁愿成为一名核物理学家，那么坐公交上班这段话就显得十分没有必要了。

3、你做到具体化了吗?如果发现自己只是泛泛而谈，那么就把一般变为具体。

4、你有没有思考并回答读者最想问的问题?

5、你的文章是否像你的人?有没有在陈述自己时过于正式?是不是过于随意?寻找一种适合主题的语调(乏味的语调会毁了一个好故事)。

6、文章中最令你满意的是什么?

7、文章中最令你不满的是什么?哪一部分还不对头?要使它和文章其他部分一样好，你能做什么?

趣味

1、你开头的第一个句子能否抓住读者的注意力?如果你是读者，它能吸引你吗?“我14岁时，我家搬到了吉隆坡”是否同“他们把大货车开过来，上面装着各种各样的箱子。我的东西被他们无情地扔进里面，直到空荡荡的房间里只剩下我一个人。我们又搬家了。”一样吸引人?

2、你的文章是否需要更多的细节?举例来说，如果你已经写了在你志愿服务的野营地里，孩子们教会你“欣赏生活中简单的事情”，你还需要再多写一到两句话，详细描述一下这种教育意味着什么。

3、结尾能让读者们感觉文章已经写完了吗?结束语听上去像是结束语吗?在一篇写自己从错误中汲取教训的文章里，一个总结性的概括，不如某些发自内心的简单写法具有感染力。

4、大声地读你的文章，相信自己的耳朵。你认为这篇文章有趣吗?如果自己都觉得它令人厌倦，想想读者的感觉!

清楚

1、是否每个段落在文章中都有明确的位置?如果不是，就需要做些删除或改写一下。

2、你的读者能轻松地跟上你的思绪吗?有没有需要填充的裂缝或者需要删除的不必要的迂回?

3、有没有一些词或句子显得粗糙或模棱两可?如果有，删除模棱两可的词，加工粗糙的地方。

简洁

1、你的文章到底是从哪里正式开始的?能否把那些引导性的句子删除，直接进入主题?

2、有没有和主题无关的细节?如果有，删掉它们。

3、是否用了很多的词语，其实用一到两个词就可以完全代替?“我要告诉你们的非常重要的一点是，我申请的只有贵校一所学校，那是我从童年开始形成的一生的渴望。”这是一个无比冗长的句子，不如改为：“我只申请了艾莫利大学，因为我一直都想进这所学校。”记住，在一篇短文里，每一个字都要有意义。

用法和风格

1、你把所有的旧词、过时的词都删掉了吗?

2、你用没用主动语态和动作性很强的动词?

3、对句子的长度和结构进行过修改吗?

4、有没有用到描述性的词和比喻的手法?

5、是否避免了使用空洞的修饰语，如“very”，“rather”，“somewhat”等等?

6、如果使用了缩略语，它们是否和文章的风格统一?省略号的位置对不对?

语法

1、主语同动词单复数是否一致?

2、代词与先行词是否一致?

3、代词指代明确吗?(尤其要注意的是“this”和“that”)

4、修饰词的位置是否靠近被修饰词?

5、有没有悬垂结构或放错位置的修饰语?

6、动词的形式同时态及语态一致吗?

7、有没有逗号重叠的情况?

8、有没有发现不完整的句子?

标点符号

1、标点符号是否明确地划分开句子结构?

2、所用的标点符号，如省略号、冒号、波折号、分号、逗号、括号、连字号、引号等是否正确?

3、是否尽量不使用惊叹号?(合适的词语比惊叹号在表达上更为有效)

技巧

1、大写字母是否用得正确并前后呼应?

2、数字使用是否相互对应?(十以前的数字最好用拼写的方式，十以后的数字用符号代替。如果搞不清楚，就全用符号表示。)

3、每个词都拼写正确吗?

4、因篇幅所限需要分开的词分得是否正确?

5、你的文章是否打印得整洁?版式是否吸引人?

较对

1、有没有丢掉的词或行?

2、有没有单词错误?

一、人物个性的刻画

1、人物表现的要素有：

a、独有的表情 b、习惯的动作 c、常用的对白 d、思想

y、意念和欲望 f、弱点和缺陷 g、角色的好恶习性

2、这些要素的运用：

以上要素都可以当作创作的工具，这些工具一定要善于运用，你可以将这些设定条列出来，然后有表现的部分做出记号，比较重要的个性部分，应该要不断重复的表现出来，以加深读者对角色的印象。

二、配角的运用和衬托

1、所有的配角，都是为衬托主角而设定出来的。

配角的类型：正面——导师型、爱慕型、协助型

不确定——神秘型、竞争型、丑角型

负面——陷害型

2、 协助型：时常和主角形影不离地出现，有难同当，有富同享的必备角色。

导师型：给予主角正确知识和观念的辅助角色爱慕型：主角心仪的对象，通常也会是(男)女主角，对主角心境影响很大，是影响整个剧情变化的重要角色。

神秘型：对主角会有明显的正面或负面影响，绝不会自己报上名来，通常他都会被神格化。

竞争型：实力一定不主角先占优势，但本身会对主角的隐藏实力感到兴奋或畏惧，不会阻碍主角的进步，反而会促进主角的成长，成为足以和自己竞争的对手。

陷害型：通常为了得到主角拥有的某样东西，或者是本身看主角不顺眼等不同理由，经常和主角作对，也是剧情中不可或缺的角色。

丑角型：常常会扯人后腿，作出很白痴、荒唐的事，为搞笑而声的角色。

3、 每个角色都有他必要的功能，就象在线游戏一样。

在你的剧情中必须不断地制造平衡，再将平衡打破，因此角色之间的互动也就相应的重要，正面的力量太强时，就表示危机感不足;负面的力量太强时，就表示主角的地位要崩溃。在这样的堆栈下不断地制造出高潮。

三、桥段的发挥和设定

1、对比法桥段：在主角的定位上，安排另一个桥段，与主角的设定做嫉妒的反差对比，这样的方式，容易让读者有一个度量的标准，更能突现出主角的不同。

如：一个走投无路的败家子遇到一贫如洗，但对未来充满希望的主角，两者产生极大的反差，更能衬托主角，塑造他的形象。

2、堆栈法桥段：把桥段的布局事先安排到一个高度，再将主角叠到这个高度上，自然主角就不费吹灰之力到达最高的位置。

如：一个传说中的剑客，，剑术相当精湛，没有任何人是他的敌手，一些挑战他的都在三招内被斩毙。但是离奇的是，在对上一个不起眼的中年流浪汉时被一击打败了，而当众人崇拜他时出现了一个十七八岁的少年，流浪汉称他为师傅。这样的范例说明了少年可能是更厉害的角色，背后或许有很多的想象空间，看是我们已经将这少年的能力和地位等级，运用其他人的力量拉到了一个非凡的高点。

3、陷阱法桥段：运用桥段将主角慢慢逼向绝境，让读者一直为主角的危机而担心，再进行一个大的转变，使主角的位置正反颠倒，产生极大的落差，以突主角的能力。原则是，设定持续低潮的桥段，让转变过程迅速成为高潮，使主角能力加倍地突显。

比如：原本一直处在被欺负困境的主角，到最后才让读者知道，原来是主角一直在“大智若愚”，使得后期敌对方突然处在了下风。

四、善用伏笔

伏笔是作者为了表现某段重要的剧情，在先前便设了相关的桥段或提示，到故事进行了一个程度后，再将这个桥段或提示呼应出来的手法。

伏笔就象是一个隐藏的炸弹，它让剧情产生更多的变化，它的表现方式可能只有出现一次的画面，也可能是一段不经意的桥段，甚至有可能是一句对白;伏笔的埋设，不要和伏笔的呼应脱离太久，这样，读者的记忆可能会消失，而失去了伏笔的意义;伏笔的描述也可以是连续性的，在一个个段落中埋下伏笔的一个片段，最后在全部组合起来，这样方式的可以让伏笔体现的时间不断向后延伸。

1、伏笔离不开主题这是一个不变的原则，故事的重点只有一个，所有的因素都要因这样的原则而产生，伏笔的内容不要和主题无关，否则不但达不到效果，也有可能削弱了故事的力量。

2、不要使用过多的伏笔过多不同的伏笔，反而会让读者搞不清楚状况，失去了伏笔的意义，除非是有连贯性的伏笔，做连续性的埋设;过度的买弄伏笔，也会让故事的主题变的模糊不清。

3、成为转化的力量与高潮的爆发点伏笔的设计，目的是出乎读者的意料之外，这样的设计，也是剧情中转变的一种方式。伏笔的揭晓和呼应，时间点相当重要，这也牵涉到剧情的节奏问题，如果我们能善用伏笔，并在高潮点爆发，这是最好的表现方式。

4、记得收尾对伏笔的埋设，我们一定要相当的清楚，否则会变得虎头蛇尾，到最后突然小时了却没有清楚交代;前头埋伏了几个复辟，到最后就一定要相互呼应几个伏笔，如果我们的剧情太过复杂，建议最好能做笔记，再在编剧过程中不断地提醒自己，以免剧情结束后有所遗漏。

五、剧情的节奏

1、过山车原理我们说平淡的戏，可能提不起读者的兴趣，但是都是高潮的戏也会让读者过度紧张，变得麻痹;假设剧情的高低，就像一条起伏的曲线，我们可以分析出一个原则，就是高低起伏越大的剧情，达到的效果就越惊人，就像是游乐园的过山车一样，高低落差越大的段落，乘客尖叫的声音也就越凄惨，刺激的过程越高。我们可以称这样的原理叫做过山车原理。

2、剧情的拍子但是这里我们还要补充的是节奏。

如果高低起伏是坐标上的Y轴，那么X轴的部分可以说是拍子;音乐中一个小节可以是一拍，二分之一拍，也可以快到八分之一拍;节奏的快慢，相对的影响到人的情绪起伏，慢的拍子，给人平稳的情绪，而越快的拍子，则给人紧张的情绪，这样的原理也适用在剧情的结构上。

这里，大家应该注意到了，为什么说艺术是相同的原理，这个节奏同样的也可以体现在美术作品、书法、颜色及符号上等，都是同样的原理。

3、运用快慢的搭配来控制读者的情绪

a、平稳剧情搭配慢节奏 b、冲击剧情搭配快节奏

六、吊读者的胃口

很多新人编的故事常犯的错误，就是直肠子一路通到底，想说什么就说什么，很多不错的点子，还没有酝酿的过程，就直接演出来了。上面已经说了很多的激发，目的是在增加我们可以表演的手法，将我们想表达的重点，酝酿到最佳时机再爆发出来。明白地说，小说就像作家与读者的斗智，当我们安排的剧情，在一开始就已经被读者知道结局的话，读者还有想看下去的欲望吗?

1、让读者上钩

其实作者就是故事的主宰，你就是神，可以决定剧中任何角色的命运;同样的，你也可以决定你最精彩的点子，要在什么时候出现，只要是读者最想知道的答案，你就肯定不能太早让读者知道，但是每个过程却透露出一点点片段的信息，让读者急着想知道，又不能知道，然后便慢慢地被你的剧情牵着走。

2、最佳时机谜底揭晓

而让读者知道解答的时机，就像是在钓鱼一样，拉杆的时间点一定要准确，当鱼上钩时，太早拉了，诱饵还没有进到鱼嘴，鱼会跑掉;太晚拉了，诱饵已经被吃了，鱼也会跑。太早将答案说出，读者对你的需求还没形成，效果会打折扣;而太晚将答案说出来，读者失去耐心也会跑了。收放之间一定要掌握好，如果没有信心的话，不妨多让几个好友看看，给予一些意见，作为你修正的参考。

七、掌握主题

小说最重要原则应该就是掌握主题。当我们在进行创作时，无论有什么再好的点子，都应该以不偏离主题为最高原则。

觉得什么好就加入什么，没有想法就不断地假如其他的想法，这样的编剧方式是不正确的。我看到不少的小说都偏离的主题，常常是因为有了突发灵感，或许是没有好的想法，编不下去，就加入很多与主题不相干的进去，违背了主题。

1、如何不偏题

如果是能够加分的灵感，那是求之不得，一定要加进去，如果没有任何可以结合的可能，那么，就请将这个想法储存起来，说不定可以作为下一部作品的创意，。如果真的想不出点子，建议你回到原点，看看你先前的设定，只要之前的工作都做足了，一定可以从中找到一个方向的，你也可以在看看已经完成的剧情，是否有什么地方是忘了交代，或者可以延伸的;以读者的角度，反复地在你的作品中观察找寻可以接续的方向，也是一种方法;再不然，你就搁下笔，离开你的作品，做些其他的事情，让自己放松一下，因为可能你已经钻进牛角里无法自拔。

2、多线架构的使用原则

有时我们也会使用难度较高的多线架构，这样的编剧手法需要比较熟练的经验，对于大长篇的剧情，多线构架也变得必要，因为出现的人物越来越多，要交代的故事也不会仅限于一个故事，多线架构的注意重点大致如下：a、前后呼应：故事的主构架是固定的，在剧情当中会出现分支的剧情，但是记住，分支剧情最后必须在归于主题上，，否则会变成无法收尾。

b、主次分明：就是主题在分支架构出现后，逐渐被分支架构取代，分支架构变成主架构，这就是主题产生偏移，也是我们最当心的忌讳。因此，我们必须分清架构的主从系，才不至于编到最后反客为主。

C、懂得割爱：志气那也提过，有时候我们回有太多的点子，巴不得全部都挤到一部作品上。其实，当我们的剧情已经相当扎实的时候，就不要再画蛇添足，这会让读者产生麻痹，或者边得难以阅读。太复杂的剧情，通常也不太容易被大众接受，毕竟，小说是一种大众化的商品，我们要符合的对象也是一般的读者，因此，有时候割爱是必须的，保留一些好的创意，做瑕疵长做的题材。

八、制造高潮

平淡的剧情未尝不是一种表现的形式，如果你能将故事说的很平淡，却有撼动人心，那你的功力可就非比寻常了;平淡的手法其实也暗藏高潮，只是埋藏的很好不被看到罢了，对于创作的新人来说，高潮起伏的剧情会远比平淡的剧情容易处理多了，我们要先学会如何制造高潮，待经验丰富之后，再慢慢学者如何将高潮暗藏在剧情中。

读者在阅读你的作品时，总是在期待着你制造的高潮，你精心的规划，漫长的经营，为的就是将剧情中最精彩的部分，深刻地表现出来，感动读者的心，让读者为你哭为你笑。但如果没有表现好，这个作品其实就算失败了。

1、集中所有力量为了高潮：当剧情顺利的进展了，我们就要集中所有的注意力，制造出剧情中的高潮，我们应当集中所有的技巧，在关键的高潮点爆发出来，这样的剧情才会深入人心。

所谓的技巧，如：时间的流动、节奏、吊胃口、创意、主线、人物、场景、伏笔等

2、多不如好：剧情中的高潮不要放在架构上无关紧要的地方，其实也等同于不要偏离主线，等同于前面所有经营的方向不要偏离主题，这样的效果才能扎扎实实地呈现出来。

3、出人意外：另外，高潮的表现方式，希望哪个不要太过公式化，以往见过的各种表现方式是可以供作参考，但是最好我们能在多用点心思去变化，虚则实之，实则虚之，在与读者的斗智过程中，尽量能出乎众人的意料之外，才会让读者惊叹，总之，多想一点，就会有所不同。

4、持续的高潮：持续性的高潮是否是一种忌讳呢?我们希望与众不同，就必须要脱离框架，有时，忌讳的使用也是非常手段，能够达到非常的效果，如果我们在前期积蓄的能量是足以发挥到第二甚至第三次的高潮，那么，我们使用持续的高潮又未尝不可。

但是使用连续高潮时，须注意对读者的刺激性会产生麻痹，因此，该收的时候就要收，适可而止。

九、人性是故事的心脏

这里以漫画为题材来讲述这个道理。

有不少画技超高的作品，却不是最热门的作品，而有些热门的作品画技却相当平庸，道理其实简单，画面只是吸引读者第一印象的要素。就像是我们在街上见到一个帅哥一样，通常会不自觉地看上一眼，只能说是喜欢，但是要真正爱上他，甚至一生一世，那你就会考虑他的内在了。如果他像个木头人虚有其表，可能放在你身边一星期你都会觉得碍眼。因此，除了吸引读者的第一眼之外，如何留住读者完整地看完你的作品而不觉得厌倦，就是决胜的关键了，想想看那些连载数十册的漫画巨着，是如何留住读者的心长达十年以上的光阴而不变，更是为之而疯狂地追捧。

(写到这里，我突然想到前几年，就是漫画作品《棋魂》很红的那段时期，中国的围棋协会，不知道叫什么来这，忘名了，只知道他在中国的围棋界享有很高的知名度，在他新出的围棋小说中却大量地抄袭《棋魂》这部作品，结果使他在上海签名会时被大量的《棋魂》迷臭骂，更是有人流着泪当着他的面撕掉他的小说。这是何等的痛心啊!中国的名人尽抄袭了日本的作品，作为《棋魂》迷的读者(包括大部分的漫画迷)，是无法忍受的!结果他的网站论坛被骂的帖子超过 10000页，每天骂人的帖子接近1000页的数字增长。想想看，当是一部漫画作品就有那么多人的拥戴，这需何等的魅力。我想问问看，中国有几部的小说能达到这种效果?还有部《海贼王》的漫画，我看连载起码有个12年以上，拥护、支持它，为它而疯狂的漫迷有多少啊!他的销售书册有好几次位居日本漫画榜首，为什么?说白了，就因为是它可以让人大笑，也可以让人大哭的动漫作品，人物个性鲜明，故事发展令人匪夷所思，紧紧扣住“人性”来描述的作品。)

答案其实很简单，就是人性!我们必须给予剧中的角色有独特的性格，运用这些强烈的角色，将人性完整的表达出来。我们必须能控制读者的情绪，引发读者的人性，让读者该哭时狂哭，该笑时狂笑，这也就是戏剧的独特魅力。

因此设计选题时，人物也是担任相当重要的部分，有些好的题材，其实也是在人设前就已经成功了。记住设定选材时，也将人物与人性的表达重点预设进去。任何作品吸引读者目光的地方不是单纯的画技、华丽的语句，而是动人的故事，而动人的故事往往是由人性表现出来的。

十、同中求异

很多的经典题材或是成功的作品都是值得吸收参考的，世界上没有被创作出来的题材似乎已经很少了，对于我们的创作来说，经常会发现一个很多的创意题材，可能在很久以前已经有人做过了，或不久之后市面上出现雷同的题材，令你十分惋惜，这种撞车的情形是常常发生的。试想，当你的作品被忍耐怀疑有抄袭嫌疑的时候，你是不是会觉得无辜呢?

我们如何在信息和创意不断爆炸的年代中找到自己的定位，或者是在已经成功的题材中发现新的课题。即便是再经典的题材，因为时空的转换，和创作者成长环境的不同，也有机会出现不同的表达方式和新的内涵，因此，找出成功作品的骨架、精神及精彩的要素，加入自己新的想法及个人的特色重新包装，不难找出好的作品方向。

十一、格局的创意

不知道大家有没有看过电影的一些影视分析，大家都说张艺某的片子都是大格局，能做到像张艺某一样大格局的人为数不多的。

1、点型创意：这类型的创意，通常只用于一个小细节上，不适合做太长的延伸，在创作上是属于点缀的作用。

点型创意是一个独立的创意类型，她可以单独的存在，也可以任意地置入到剧情中需要的部分。

类似一句有趣的对白，或是一个搞笑的动作，这样的创意也能转换成为角色的口头禅或习惯动作。

在一个好的剧本里面，点型的创意是随时存在的，因为他就像一张完美的家具的装饰一样，让读者随时随刻都体会到作者的用心。

这样的创意是不具备延伸性的，我们在发想的阶段，如果是长篇的故事，则必须将这样的创意记录下来，无需放进故事骨架当中，因为发想阶段，筛选出重点是相当重要的，必须时割舍这样的创意也没有关系。

2、关键型创意：这类型的创意是属于剧情中重要桥段或转折点上的关键，他会影响到故事的延伸发展和呼应前头的伏笔，这样的创意也有可能形成一个短篇的故事关键型创意的特点就是他只为了某个单一的目的所产生的点子，不同于典型的创意，他的框架足以发挥到一个简单完整的故事。

关键型创意在长篇的故事当中，可以是一个段落的重要环节，数个关键型创意，便足以架构出一个长篇的故事。

发想时的重点，在于出人意料的情节转变，目的在于短时间内压缩读者的情绪，或引读者的注目。

长篇故事开场时的关键创意更是重要，因为读者在前几回的反应，决定了你这篇作品的后续生命，如果没有在一开始就运用关键型创意吸引住读者，后续的故事再精彩都可能徒劳无功。

3、架构型创意：也就是足以支撑个长篇故事或单元性故事的主要架构创意，这样的架构也就是我们所说的故事骨架，而故事骨架的好坏取决于构架型创意是否够力。

关于创意，除了及时捕捉突如其来的灵感之外，平时的积累也是很内重要的，拥有了一定的积累，对日后的创作会非常有帮助。

当以上所提到的创意灵感充分集合之后，才能构思出有趣深动的故事情节。

十二、发想创意的方法

1、市场分析法：观察目前市场上流行的素材，若是现有的素材大多已开发，则可运用两种以上的流行素材结合成为新的创作题材，这类的手法常常出现在偶像剧的创作上。小说也一样，奇幻的故事可以结合武侠，都市的故事可以结合奇幻等等!

首先，我们必须先关注流行的信息，针对你有兴趣的题材，开始收集相关的资料，做基本的功课，最好也能到相关的场所实际体验，并与相关的人物进行访谈，会让创作的内容更贴近现实，当然，若是该题材是你亲身的经历将会更好，因为很多细节的部分描写更为主动。

2、趋势发想法：未来的世界一直是科学家们努力研究的方向，以往这样的想象都仅能从想象力丰富的脑袋中挖掘出来，庆幸的是现在这些对未来的预测我们也能在各类媒体中轻易地得知，而且也极可能的被实现，因此，除了以现在有的环境当作创意发想的方向之外，我们也可以多注意未来的趋势方向，越遥远的未来，想象的空间也就越大。

3、逆向思维法：一般人的思考模式会依寻自我或前人的经验甚至书本上的资料作为依据，而这样的方向也往往让创意受到了局限，尚若问题和答案在同一个圆圈的两个点上，而两个点又极为相近，如果依照经验，必须要绕完一圈才能获得答案，那么反过来走，可能答案就近在眼前了。

另外，与常人的思考逻辑完全相同，也就等同于没有新鲜感，没有刺激性。如果违反常人的思考方式，你可能就会轻易地找到的全新创意。

4、欲望满足法：其实许多创作都在满足人们对现实环境的不满足。人会有很多欲望，但是这些欲望大部分人一生都很难达成，小到希望能知道明天考试的答案，希望哪个同桌讨厌的小胖不要再欺负我：希望有一个超级帅哥或美女当你的异性朋友，等等。

现实生活达不到的事，人们希望能由幻想来满足自己。

十三、最后要注意的

永远觉得不足，在创作中不断地修正。

作为一个创作者，应该有求新求变的精神，因为读者不断地成长，市面上的作品也会不断地推陈出新，如果没有挑战的心态，作品便会变的陈旧，而渐渐脱离市场，你也会慢慢也退居幕后。

记住保留一种心态，就是永远觉得不足，也只有不足才会想要进步，也才会不断地吸收成长，你认为的高有多高，宇宙的尽头到得了吗?人类永远是渺小的，学习永远都不会结束。而在创作中，也不要自满，随时检视自己的作品是否还有更好的可能，因为作品面对的是各式各样挑剔的读者。特别是新的写手，很容易会被一些花言巧语的评语捧得天花乱坠，不能自我，还真以为自己写得很好了。我们面对的评语无论好坏，都必须朝不断创新、不断学习、不断超越自我的方向努力，这也应该是创作者的坚持。

议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的文章。就议论文的写作方法而言，我国语文界在教学中总结了事实论证和道理论证两大方式，以及举例论证（例证法）、比喻论证（喻证法）、引用论证（引证法）、正反对比论证（对比法）等具体方法。议论文能够展示考生对周围世界的深刻理解和认识，能够体现考生的语言思维能力，所以对有些擅长议论的考生而言，写作文时最好选择议论文文体。

模板结构

1. 提出问题——论点

2. 分析问题——论证

分论点一＋论据＋分析论证

分论点二＋论据＋分析论证

分论点三＋论据＋分析论证……

道理论证   正、反事例

3. 解决问题或联系实际

4. 得出结论

模板运用指导

1. 题目的写法。题目一定要反映出文章的体裁，切不可拟一些类似散文或者记叙文的题目。一般有两种写法：第一种指明文章论述范围；第二种题目就是论点，这种写法很特别也很醒目，大多数情况下效果很好，读到下文会给阅卷人一种紧扣题目的大局感。

2. 开头第一段的写法。如果是给材料议论文，则该段必须将材料压缩到60%左右，以此提醒阅卷人考生具备概括材料的能力；如果是话题作文，则可谈论一些与下文论点有关的现象或者事实，不宜超过80字。

3. 第二段为论点段。论点必须独占一段！这是一个最简单但又最有效的方法。论点宁可不新颖，也绝对不要有争议，更不能出现立场上的错误。

4. 第三至第五段为分论点论述。这三段的开头均为一个分论点，这三个分论点之间可以有两种关系：一种是平行扩展关系，另一种是递进关系，这种设置分论点的方法体现了逻辑的准确与思路的清晰，给人一种高水平认识的感觉。分论点的句式最好使用统一的句式，如排比。每段论证中一定要有自己的论述，这一点非常重要，否则你的论证将被认为是堆砌事例和名言而毫无说服力。同时，这三段的字数要保持大体一致，不可有的段字数过多，有的段字数过少。有字数要求的作文主要靠这三段凑够字数，按800字的要求，这三段最少也要占到500字，也就是文学上常说的“猪肚”。

5. 第六段是辩证分析段。任何理论都不过是一种假设，绝对的结论容易产生偏颇，因而一段辩证的分析能使立论更为严密周全。这一段主要是为了体现考生具有辩证思维的能力，不必过多，几十字即可，防止将论点极端化以后出现漏洞。

6. 第七段要联系生活现实。可以指出论点在现实中的指导意义，更可以联系时事，给人一种眼界开阔、关心国家大事的感觉。

7. 最后一段可以用抒情句式发出鼓励或者号召。此段千万不要多写，一句足矣。

范文解析

高谈雄辩，直面质疑

是在微信中享受亲友的关怀肯定，还是在微博上独对无休止的质疑批评？两者各自庞大的用户群充分说明了人们在这个问题上的迟疑。在我看来，温情固然让人沉醉，理性的碰撞却更能让人在交流中思辨，在思辨里成熟。①

沉湎于赞扬鼓励，或许能抚慰我们在现实中饱受伤害的心灵，却更容易让我们不经意地迷失。满目的支持称许之言往往让我们错以为自己做的都是对的，却忽视了其中的不足。偏听则暗，兼听则明。朋友圈里只有朋友，没有见解不同的陌生人，岂不容易让人被一面之词蒙蔽吗？放纵自己在朋友圈中被称赞，也放纵了理性的沦亡。②

与之相反的，是以理性与思辨著称的微博。微博更近似于自媒体时代的论坛，秉承了“榕树下”“天涯”等老一代论坛的理智与争鸣之风。方舟子与韩寒的微博骂战、“禁播《大漠谣》党”与原著粉丝对史实与小说笔法的论辩，不都是吸引无数人关注的热点论辩吗？这些论辩，诠释着微博百家争鸣的鲜明特点。微博，引领了信息时代不可或缺的思辨之风。③

不论是在微博里还是在现实中，思想的碰撞交流都是理性与智慧赖以生存的土壤。思辨丰满了我们的灵魂，人性的深度更来源于思想的厚度。而空无一物的赞扬却只会把我们的灵魂吹胀，成了蒙田所说的膨胀的灵魂。魏晋之风何以让人称许千年？因为盛行魏晋的清谈赋予那个时代智慧思辨的气质。《美丽新世界》为何可怕？只因铺天盖地的称赞认同淹没了人们心中仅有的一点独立思考。当回复只剩下赞许，当观点趋于同质化，人的思想还有什么价值？还能有什么价值？

盲目的肯定让人迷失，但漫无目的的谩骂也让人无所适从。当熊培云痛彻心扉地自责在无休无止的骂声中终于拂袖而去，当13岁的少年在网友的指责讥嘲中忍无可忍独赴黄泉，当不眠不休抢救病人的医生只因一张自拍被网友逼离岗位……微博，也无可避免地沦为理智的火葬场。理智地使用微博，而非恣意宣泄情感，才是微博存在的意义，才是思辨的真谛。④

百家争鸣，始于微博而不止于微博。千古曾见白玉麈尾谈重玄，当今也见高谈雄辩惊四筵。⑤

得分点

①是享受关怀肯定，还是独对质疑批评，以选择问句的形式开篇，巧妙引出作者的观点，同时也引发读者的思考，引起读者的阅读兴趣。

②从反面分析沉醉于（微信）赞扬鼓励中的消极影响。

③正面论述微博以理性与思辨著称，引领了信息时代不可或缺的思辨之风。

④选取熊培云等真实事例，具体有力地论证了应该理智地使用微博的观点，发人深思。

⑤结尾巧用对偶的形式，升华中心，提出“百家争鸣，始于微博而不止于微博”的观点。

得分面

1. 全文先破后立，观点鲜明且具有思辨色彩，全文结合当前网络微博、微信中的现象进行分析论证，并在此基础上得出“百家争鸣，始于微博而不止于微博”的观点，内容贴近时代脉搏，能引起读者情感的共鸣。

2. 内容充实，所举材料的内涵紧扣中心。方舟子与韩寒的微博骂战、“禁播《大漠谣》党”、魏晋之风、熊培云等事例，古今中外结合，增强了文章的时代感，使文章的论证更加有力。

3. 从正、反两个方面分析论述微博、微信的利弊，鲜明地表达了作者的观点，同时增强了文章的说服力。随后从微博延伸到现实世界，并联系现实生活中的事例，指出理智地使用微博的重要性，结构层层深入，逻辑性强；语言富有个性化和表现力。

作文是写人记事的，或多或少都要写到人，而那些专门写人物的作文如何才能写好呢？要写好一个人物，无外乎是写人物的语言、行动、外貌（肖像）、心理等等。鲁迅先生说：“人物语言的描写，能使读者由说话看出人来。”这说明人物语言的重要。此外，写人物的行动、外貌（肖像）、心理等，也是必不可少的惯常写法，同样重要。

下面我就自己的感受和经验谈几点切实可用的方法或注意点：

首先，要写好人物作文，就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人，才能感受得最真切最鲜活，对他（她）的一言一行，一颦一笑，才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。如下面例文《我是你爹》（见后文），写的是作者非常熟悉的人，所以全文写来既栩栩如生，又给人非常亲切的感觉。如果你写一个陌生的人，虽然也能够写，但写出来的就可能毫无特色，会是千千万万个中的一个，这样写来不要说感动别人，有时就连自己都觉得别扭、生造。

其次，要凸显人物与众不同的个性。共性的东西人人都有，写得再多作用也是不大的。只有有特色的、独具个性魅力的东西，才能给人以冲击，才能给人留下深刻的印象，才能让人拍案称奇。

第三，不要什么都写，更不要事无巨细地写，要择其一二浓彩重墨地写。这当然是要根据主题需要去择取了，决不能无的放矢。如《我是你爹》中，“爹”的话语很少，前后加起来总共才三四句而已，可一个独特的“爹”的形象却跃然纸上了。

第四，要让人物的言行、心理、个性特征等符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。不要让一个两三岁的孩子说六十岁人的话，也不要让一个无文化的老太太专说些理论大话等，否则就是无视人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点而乱写人物，是不能写好人物的，更谈不上写出个性特点了。

第五，写人物离不开写事、写细节。要仔细地观察人物的日常行为，挖掘他们的典型事例，而且事例要新颖，因为人物的性格和品质，是通过具体的事例表现出来的。比如我们要写一个热心肠的人，就要写他怎样帮助周围的人，或哪里有困难他就在哪里出现等事例。写事的时候，我们完全可以从细节方面入手。细节描写包括对人物的动作、语言、神态和心理活动以及特定的环境等的描写。描写一个人的时候，我们要把这个人的每一个能体现人物特点的动作都描写清楚、具体、详细。

我们来看这一段话：“回到教室，大家全都涌到郭枫面前，问：”坏小子，你捐一毛钱怎么能代表我们呢？‘郭枫眨了眨眼，骄傲地说：“其实我捐了100元！说捐一毛钱，那是逗你们玩的！’听了郭枫的话，同学们哭笑不得……”这一段话把细节描写得很好，“眨了眨眼”“骄傲地说”“哭笑不得”等词语把“郭枫”可气又可笑的性格描写得淋漓尽致。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

I Learn English Like This

English is very important for us. Everyone wants to learn it well. My English is very good. How do I learn English?

First, I listen to the teacher and make notes carefully in class. I revise my old lessons and prepare my new lessons after class.

Second, I like speaking English withmy classmates, not only in classroom, but also on the playground. Its to improve my spoken English.

Third, I keep a diary every day to practise my written English.

Besides this, I often read English newspapers or magazines in order to enrich my knowledge on English culture.

英语对我们来说很重要，每个人都想学好英语。我的英语很好，那我是怎么学英语的呢?

首先，我上课认真听老师讲课，认真记笔记，课下我复习旧功课，预习新功课。

第二，我不仅在教室里，在操场上也一样喜欢和同学们说英语，这提高了我的口语。

第三，我坚持每天记日记来练习写作。

除此之外，我经常阅读英语报纸和杂志来丰富我的文化知识。

如何才能写好中考作文呢?下面是小编整理的2017年中考作文写作技巧精选，欢迎阅读。

记叙文在组材时要注意以下三点：

1.疏密有致。这就是人们常说的详略得当的问题。譬如写一个人，必然要通过几件事写一个人。如果每件事都作具体细致的描述，势必冗长，不仅时间和篇幅不允许，而且也会让读者生厌，如果件件都粗粗略述，那人物又不丰满。我们可采用详写一件，略写一件，再概写几件的方法，这样，就疏密有致相得益彰了。

2.大胆舍弃。在一般情况下，记叙文总要交代事情的起因、发展、结局。可有的同学却有意略去其中的一个环节，文章反而更精练了。如有位同学写“我”与爸爸妈妈怄气、发脾气、使性子，终于得到一套新衣的经过。作者开笔就直接插入事情发展过程的叙述：

我一脚踢开了房门，妈妈关心地问：“蒂儿，回来了?”真是明知故问!我径直走进了自己的房间，倒在床上，大叫：“妈妈，衣服买了吗?”其实刚进门我就感觉到，衣服一定没有买。

这个开头用一“踢”字单刀直入，至于爸爸妈妈什么时候在什么情况下承诺买衣给“我”的则一概略去了。这样一开头就营造了一种“逼”的氛围，于是逼得妈妈唯唯诺诺，逼得爸爸惭愧不安。当“我”终于如愿以偿得到了一套新衣服后，才从他人口中得知，衣服是爸爸借钱买来的，“我”感到了无比歉疚。试想一下，如开头从买衣的起因絮絮道来，那文章能如此一气贯通吗?

开头可省，结尾也同样可省。有位同学在一篇题为《在车夫的影响下》的作文中写他骑车撞倒了一位“阿婆”，本想一溜了之，这时，他的脑海中闪现出鲁迅笔下车夫的形象。文章结尾写道：“雨开始往下洒，我向阿婆走去……”这个结尾何等简洁!至于如何关心、护理阿婆的事已不是本文的重点。作者在此戛然而止，既突出了“影响”，又留给了读者想象的空间。

3.自然过渡。要使文章前后浑然一体，就得注意上下文的过渡，这是文章组材不可忽视的问题。过渡的方式是多种多样的，有的是一个词，如“最”、“当然”、“不过”等。有的是一个单句;有的则是一个起着承上启下作用的复句，如有位同学在他的《我和书的故事》中先写自己利用课余时间攒钱买书的经历，后写了书对他书本知识的学习也起了很大的作用，中间的过渡句是：“阅读大量的课外书，不仅丰富了我的课余生活，使我增长了知识，它对我学习书本中的知识也起了巨大的作用。”;还有的是以一个小段来起过渡作用，如有位同学在他的《读父亲》一文中先用一组排比句写父亲在“我”小的时候对“我”的关心和教育：“当我第一次摔倒时，父亲叫我自己爬起来，我从父亲那里读到做人要坚强;当我不屑一顾于桌上的饭菜时，父亲带我走到卖火柴的小女孩擦火柴的雪夜，让我领略到‘谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦’的真谛。当我第一次背上书包走进学校时，父亲给我讲述了小萝卜头的故事，要我加倍珍惜今天幸福的生活。就这样，在读父亲的过程中，我逐渐长大了。”但是，“我”并不是一直这样顺从父亲的，“我”也有过对父亲的误解和厌烦。怎样过渡到下一个层次呢?作者设计了这样一个过渡段：

可是，当我认为自己已经长大的时候，自以为已经读懂了父亲这本书后，我对父亲产生了隔膜，我不再认真读透父亲的每一句话。然而，那一次却让我刻骨铭心地明白了我的无知和浅薄。

有了这样一些过渡，文章就上下勾连浑然一体了。

上面我们是从内容的角度谈了组材中要注意的问题，下面我们再从形式的角度谈谈怎样的组合方式更容易获得读者的青睐。

1.倒叙设悬式。这种方式就是先把故事的结局置于文首或在开头设置一个悬念，目的都在吸引读者，引起读者的阅读兴趣。如有篇题为《我终于解决了这个难题》的作文是这样开头的：

残月在天的黎明似乎没有往日晓星隐没的诗情。淡淡的晨雾中，一个矇眬的身影沙沙地挪动。仅仅为了一个无从回答的难题，父亲“无情”地将我“逐出”家门，开始了一天的“流浪”。我真不明白：有什么难题连老师和书本都无法帮我解决，而非得自己亲身感受才能领悟?

这个开头留给读者很多疑惑：父亲给“我”出的到底是一道怎样的难题?这道难题为什么“连老师和书本都无法帮我解决”?父亲为什么要把“我”逐出家门来解这道难题?一连串的疑问正勾起了读者阅读的欲望，促使他们要迫不及待地看个究竟。有了这样引人入胜的开头，文章也就成功了一半了。

2.标题串联式。这里所说的标题指的是小标题。用小标题串联全文，醒目而又别具一格。如有位同学写《生活中的发现》就用了三个小标题：“我被感动了”、“美就在身边”、“平凡也是美”。有的小标题设计还很别致，如有的同学用“喜”、“怒”、“哀”、“乐”四个字串联全文;有的则用标点符号为题，如“?”、“!”、“……”;还有的文章的小标题均由上一段的最后一句话引出，自然而又巧妙。如有篇题为《我的欢乐与烦恼》的作文，第一个小标题“欢乐的文学梦”用“17岁的日子有风也有雨，有欢乐也有烦恼，我仔细品味着——”引出，而第二个小标题“烦恼的情感小屋”则由“欢乐之余，也常常困扰于——”引出，读来别有一番情趣。

3.书信日记式。这是在不明确规定用书信和日记形式作文时采用的一种出奇制胜的方法。如有位学生在写《雷锋就在我们身边》的作文时，就以给远方的朋友写信的方式介绍了自己身边的好人好事，语言显得亲切自然，传统题目写出了新意。还有的同学在写《难忘的初中生活》时，把所写的三件事分别融进于三篇日记之中，而三篇日记的日期又代表了初中三年，这就省去了许多过渡和交代，使文章更加简练。我们还看到有篇文章巧妙地以日记标题中气候的变化来暗示故事的发展变化，如“多云——多云转阴——雨——大雨——多云转晴”，这里的气候变化实际上是一语双关，令人拍案叫绝。

4.以物为线式。天津有一年中考考了一个半命题作文《 的回忆》，有位考生便以“一片绿叶”为线索贯穿全文，通过老师爱绿叶、讲绿叶的故事、赠绿叶书签等事件，歌颂了老师如绿叶似的无私奉献的精神。全文始终扣住“绿叶”，以“叶”喻人，使文章格调高雅，耐人寻味。

当然，形式是为内容服务的，组材的方式也是因题而异的，如果为刻意求新而弄巧成拙，那就得不偿失了。

可分为以下几方面来介绍自己：

1.简要个人信息：姓名，籍贯。出身农民家庭可能让别人觉得你是个自强、能吃苦的人。知识份子家庭让人感觉家庭氛围好。诸如此类。

2.专业学习：介绍自己是计算机系的，成绩怎样，如得过奖学金可以在此时说出来。计算机技能如何，比如等级、认证等。是否设计过程序，得过奖等。英语水平如何。目的在于告诉他你学习成绩优秀，动手能力强，有创新精神。

3.社会工作：中共党员，班长，被评为优秀学生干部等等。参加、策划过什么活动，可以提一提。突出自己综合素质强，有领导、组织才能等等。

4.兴趣爱好：乐观开朗，爱好运动，游泳。目的在于表现出自己兴趣爱好广泛，好相处。

两分钟时间，如果按照上述内容认真准备，应该算是一个全面的个人介绍了。如果一分钟的话，内容又会有所改动，主要看你应聘的是什么企业，什么职位。

揣摩主考官他的目的是什么。这个职位要求的是什么样的人。

当然 “自信” 是你必须具备的

首先你必须有一张亲切的笑脸，给大家问好。简单的介绍一下自己。然后呢别忘记谦虚一下。什么希望不足之无请大家光照之类的就OK了。

本人认为，刚进公司，谦虚的态度最重要。只要让大家记住你的名字，在什么部门工作就行了。

你就按照平时的心态就好啦，刚进公司，是有点陌生，你想一下别人还不是一样过来的，就简单自我介绍就可以了，让公司的同事认识你就可以了

一般的作为新公司，新同事，新环境，一切对你来说都是一个崭新的开始。新的起点，你对自己是充满信心的，同时你来到这个公司也是对这个公司是充满信心的。

所以，首先，自我介绍时一点要展现你的自信一面，这样会在公司工作中让人看到你是精神饱满的，是有能力的，然后，你要对公司要有信心，这样会起到一个相当好的团结心，很快融入这样一个环境当中。再次，你要说说自己对今后工作开展的一个大致上的一个总体规划。

当然除了这些，你也在开场时对自我有一个简单的个人信自资料的简短介绍是必要的。

公司自我介绍（一）

大家好，我是郑李君，将在黄山高尔夫国际商务推广公司上海营销中心担任行政助理。在我之前的知识中，对于高尔夫的认识可以说是十分有限的。但是，来到公司仅短短的一个多星期，我已经基本了解了高尔夫这项运动的基本规则，以及我们公司在酒店及房产方面的情况，也在办公室的精心组织安排下，参观了公司的球场和酒店式公寓，了解了集团的发展历史和宏伟战略规划，这使我对公司有了进一步认识，也使我看到了公司光明的发展前景。

而我也将在未来的日子里，充分利用我之前的行政工作经验，结合公司的实际运作情况，认真仔细地工作。在保证遵守公司基本原则的大前提下，努力为上海营销中心，乃至全公司的同事们服务，做好行政的工作，为公司的发展添砖加瓦。

公司自我介绍（二）

本人于暨南大学毕业，获得硕士研究生学位，毕业后从事过技术管理、教育工作。一次偶然的机会接触到平安，才真正认识到保险的真实内涵，认识到工作的价值。于是我毅然辞去之前的教育工作，全身心投入保险事业，以便为更多的人与家庭带来保障送去平安！

保险营销是一份传递爱心的事业，科技越发达风险事故发生的概率就越高，正所谓意外无处不在，但我们可以将这样的风险有效地转移给保险公司，让自己有个保障，同时对身边的亲人也是责任心的体现。选择保险，要考虑三个问题：第一选择一个实力较好的保险公司；第二看这份保单是否适合自己；第三就是业务员的服务。我为人很真诚，非常乐意帮助别人，必定会为我的每一位客户提供最优质、最专业的服务，看到自己的客户因我的帮助而露出笑容，说声谢谢的那一刻，自己那份快乐是无法用言语来表达的，那也是对我工作与服务的最好的回报。

公司自我介绍（三）

大家好，我叫xxx,来到xx公司已经有一个星期了，对于一个新入职的员工来说，我想在今后的工作上还有很多的东西需要去学习，需要去向很多同事们、领导们去请教，在此，先谢谢大家了，我会以最快的时间去适应这个新的环境。希望自己能在今后的工作中充分发挥自己的专业特长，高效率完成公司领导安排的每一项工作，为xx公司的明天贡献自己的一份力量。谢谢。

英文名称是Application letter。它通常分为几种类型，包括索取公司应聘申请表及详细资料的不带的求职信，附简历的应征求职信，试探性的求职信等等。 那么，英文有哪些呢？

递交求职信的目的是用求职信来吸引阅读者，而不是一种形式或习惯。打开装有求职信的信封，首先看到的就是求职信，它是表现应聘者个性的工具，想象一下，如果对方看到的是连折叠都不齐整的信纸，还有好心情看下去吗？而结构松散的信会让人觉得写信者条理不清晰。语法拼写或标点的错误太多，则会让人觉得此人办事容易出错，对工作不负责任，公司是不会聘用这样的人的。通常一封求职信的阅读时间是30秒，在这30秒内能体现的实际上是你的风格。而每一个公司都喜欢聘用专业作风很强的有能力的员工。

在招聘广告中，常要求有意申请者可致电或致函索取公司的申请表格。索取这类申请表格的求职信一般都比较简短，格式参照范例。 得到申请表格后，仔细填写后一般与简历一起交给公司。申请表格的填写。

附简历的应征求职信具有向招聘者说明简历和具体求职内容的作用。简历中你已经将自己的职业经历或教育情况列表说明了，在求职信里就应着重表达自己的意见。在求职信里要简短地对简历中提到的与应聘职位有关的职业经历和技能加以说明。但是，只是简单的重复简历里的内容是不够的。要把简历里没有的内容充分添加进去，显示出与其他应聘者的差别。你需要表达的观点是：渴望、确信、真诚（I am keen, I am clear and I am sincere)。在第一段里，陈述你渴望得到这个空缺职位，第二段说明你已了解这项工作和公司的要求，说明你为什么认为你符合它们的招聘条件。第三段讲清你本人希望在何时面试，何时可以上班。第四段采用能使公司相信你对这项工作真正有兴趣的语句结束这封信。

典型的求职信格式是：你的地址写在信纸的右上方，地址下面是写信日期。信纸左上角要写上接受你求职信的人的姓名和尊称其下面是该公司的名称和地址。再下面就是招聘广告中给出的其他相关代码。

试探性的求职信是你主动发给你感兴趣的公司的，这类希望渺茫的却经常能出人意料的取得成功，因为这种申请求职的方法表现出了申请人本身的能力、勇气和激情。

试探性求职申请信应该简洁，讲清楚你对该公司感兴趣的原因，写明你具备的资格以及你认为会引起该公司注意的任何品德。邮寄申请信时，要把也一起寄去。你还需要知道公司里人事经理或部门经理的名字，把直接信寄给他会更有效一些。

可能在很长的一段时间里，你收不到任何回音，那么可以断定该公司目前没有你申请的空缺职位。

一、问号

问号要用在一个直接的问句，而不是间接的。

如：How will you solve the problem? 是正确的用法，但用在I wonder how you will solve the problem?就不对了，应该使用句点而不是问号。

另外，在客气的用语中，也是用句点而不是问号。

如：Will you please give me a call tomorrow.

二、句点

1.句点用于当一句话完全结束时。

2.句点也可以用于英文单词的缩写。如：Mrs. | Dr. | P.S. 等。但要注意的是当缩写的字母形成了一个单词的时候就不要使用句点。如：IBM, DNA 等。

三、感叹号

感叹号用于感叹和惊叹的陈述中，在商业写作中要注意感叹号的应用，因为不恰当的使用会显得突兀及不稳重。

四、分号

1.与中文一样，分号用于分隔地位平等的独立子句。在某些情况下，使用分号比使用句点更显出子句之间的紧密联系，另外分号也经常与连接副词 thus, however, therefore一起使用。

如：I realize I need exercise; however, Ill lie down first to think about it.

2.在句子中如果已经使用过逗点，为了避免歧义的产生，就用分号来分隔相似的内容。

如：The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and Dr. Jack Lee.

[英语六级作文必备标点符号使用方法知识

雅思大作文写作构思可以采用宏观微观法，即从宏观微观角度对问题进行思考，这也是雅思大作文写作最常用的一种构思方法。

如考题：It is suggested that all the young adults should undertake a period of unpaid work helping people in the community. Does it bring more benefits or drawbacks to the community and the young people？

关于做义工优点：

宏观：

1 There are many people who need help. Indeed， when an old person feels sick， the volunteers could offer first aid before the doctor or the ambulance arrives. Likewise， if a disabled person has difficulty doing some daily activities such as shopping， the assistance from young volunteers is indispensable.

2 The world needs more love.

微观：

1 as far as the young people are concerned， they could develop the sense of responsibility， independence as well as interpersonal skills in the process of helping others in the neighborhood. In this way， people may live in harmony in the community.

[雅思考试写作的构思方法参考

写作练习：旅游活动（中段考范文）

【单元财富运用】

假定你是李华，上周末和家人开车去大角湾度假。请你根据以下要点，给你的美国朋友Tom介绍你的旅游经历。

1. 出发时间：周六早上7点；

2. 准备物品：零食、衣服、相机等；

3. 旅游活动：游泳，欣赏海水、海滩、日出和日落等美景，吃海鲜，买纪念品；

4. 你的感受。

【注意】：1. 词数100；

2. 开头已给出，但不计入总词数；

3. 可以适当增加节，以使行文连贯。

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

步骤1：认真审题，提炼要点。

一定体裁：记叙文，记叙一次旅游活动

二定时态：旅游发生在过去，因此描述旅游前的准备和过程都应该采用一般过去

时；而感想则可以用一般现在时或现在完成时。

三定要点：结合写作内容，整理和罗列要点。

表达旅游活动的常用词汇：

步骤2：整合信息，连词成句。

1. 星期六早上7点开车出发。

_____________________________________________________________________

2. 准备好零食、衣服、相机等。

__________________________________________________________________

3. 在海滩游泳，欣赏海水日出和日落等美景。

__________________________________________________________________

4. 吃海鲜，买纪念品；

___________________________________________________________________

5. 谈感受。

___________________________________________________________________

步骤3：连句成段，用上适当的关联词。

not only…but also…, where, what’s more /besides / in addition, then, because…..

【我的作文】

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命......

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折......

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征......

在小学阶段，孩子们经常写的作文无非就是一些写景状物的，还有记录一件事情的作文，但是，要想在这简单的作文中拿到比较高的分数也不是那么容易的。下面，就和小编一起来看一看小学生记事作文的写作技巧，希望对大家有帮助！

怎样记叙好一件简单的事:

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;

要把事情的经过、因果写明白。

一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。

时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化。

将它们间接表示出来。如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了：“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。

在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。

为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。

一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。

适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。

要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。

同学们，我们读完（（桂林山水））这篇课文后，脑海里会出现一幅幅桂林山水的图画——漓江的水是那样的静，那样的清，那样的绿；桂林的山是那样的奇，那样的秀，那样的险。这种身临其境的感觉，离不开想象。那么，想象在我们的习作中有什么作用，我们该怎样发挥自己的想象力，把习作写好呢？

一、平日寸注重想象力方面的训练

习作就是要求同学们把自己看到的、听到的、想到的内容，用文字表达出来。一篇习作从本质上说，就是一种综合思维的语言表达能力的体现。要想写出有新意的习作，离不开想象。这就要求我们加强想象方面的训练，习作的时候，我们才能合理地展开想象。

1.在实践活动中发挥想象

（l）看影视作品，训练想象力

同学们都喜欢看《猫和老鼠》《白雪公主和七个小矮人》《米老鼠和唐老鸭》等优秀的影视作品。在看完一遍后，我们可以选取自己最感兴趣的一个片段，关掉声音，根据画面中的小动物的动作、神情，想象它们的语言，并能进行创新，使它们的语言更加生动。

（2）从实践活动中寻找灵感

参加学校组织的春游活动后，同学们要写好活动日记，把印象深刻的事情详细地记录下来，在班上和同学交流，为日后写想象作文积累素材。

同学们可以利用每周一次的劳动课，锻炼自己的想象力。比如：为纸娃娃添眼睛——钉纽扣。在美化纸娃娃的同时，同学们学会了钉纽扣，并产生了联想——纸娃娃的眼睛像黑黑的纽扣。

2.阅读文学作品，积累素材

文学作品中有生动的语言、典型的人物形象、具体的故事情节。通过阅读文学作品，同学们可以积累大量的词汇，熟悉一些典型的人物形象。这些词汇和人物形象，可以为同学们展开想象奠定基础。

二、运用多种想象手法，进行想象训练

同学们要想在习作中恰到好处地运用想象，必须掌握一些基本的想象手法，才能构思出具体、生动、新颖、奇妙的情节。

1.比喻想象

比喻想象，是指在写甲事物的时候，联想到乙事物与它有相似的地方，就用乙事物来比喻甲事物。比如：“池塘里的小蝌蚪像一个个欢快的音符”，这是形状上的相似。此外，对于两个事物的相似点，在比喻中可以说明，也可以不说。比如：“荔枝皮像胭脂一样红”，就表明了“红”的这个相似点。

2.比拟想象

比拟想象分拟人和拟物两种。拟人想象是指在写物的时候想到它的某些特点与人相似，就把物当作人来写，直接用写人的词来写物。比如：“一棵棵杨梅树贪婪地吮吸着春天的甘露”，这句话就是用写人的词语——“贪婪”来写杨梅的。

拟物想象是指在写人的时候想到他的特点与物相似，就把人当作物来写，直接用写物的词语来写人。比如：“东郭先生再也混不下去了，夹着尾巴逃走了”，用写狗的词语——“夹着尾巴”来写东郭先生。

3.猜测想象

猜测想象是指在写入或写事物的时候，对相关的问题做出猜测性的描写。比如：（（威尼斯小艇》中“去做生意、到郊外去呼吸新鲜空气、上教堂去做祷告”，就是对“商人夹着一大包货物”“小孩有保姆伴着”“庄严的老人夹了《圣经》”的有关问题——去做什么——的猜测。

4.对比想象

对比想象是指在写一个事物的时候，想到与它性质不同的另一个事物，就将它描写出来加以比较；或在写一个事物这个侧面的时候，想到情况与之完全相反的另一个侧面，也描写出来加以比较。比如：“我的爸爸是一个教了20年书的普通老师，他不像江涛的爸爸，每天都有应酬；也不像黄蓉的爸爸，常常有买不完的便宜货。他呀，有批不完的作业本，备不完的课。”

5.回忆想象

回忆想象，是指在感知甲事物的基础上，回忆起与之相关、接近或相反的乙事物，并描写出来。比如：“每当我看到……时，就会想起……来。”

6.幻想想象

幻想想象是指对未来的想象，它表现为描述人对未来事物的希望、幻想，对于刻画人物的性格，表现思想感情都是很有作用的。通常有两种思路。一种从幻想到现实，一种从幻想到幻想。比如：《书包减肥记》就属于前一种思路。文章开头，写“我”用小秤称出了自己的书包足有8斤重——晚上睡觉时，梦见书包瘦了、轻了，自己感到特别轻松、快活。一觉醒来，“我”发现书包依旧是鼓鼓的。文中“我”对“书包减肥”的幻想，其实正是“我”对学习压力过重的抗议。

通过一系列的想象练习，同学们的想象能力一定会得到提高。如果我们在习作中多运用想象的手法，我们的习作将会更加生动、有趣。

开题：描述的方式来引出要议论的主题。

以叙代议 常见：

As we can see , has become a very important problem in the rapidly developing world.

Adimttedly,  has attracted more and more attention from people.

As we know. Bring us many b123fits and conviences.

Judging from that fact, it is very obvious thathas become part of our everyday life to some extent.

The emergence of  is really worth our respect in history while it still remains meaningful to us now.

个人描述：以个人的亲身经历来引起要议论的问题。

Once, I had the experience of

I can never forget the experience of

Personally, at first sight of this topic, I could not help thinking about the

引用名言式：用一个相关的谚语、术语、名言或名人实例来引题。

Just as the saying goes,

The saying that comes to me at the first sight of this topic.

在引题时要注意不要照抄原题， 而且篇幅不宜过长，在引题之后，迅速进入自己所支持的观点，或表态，并引起下文。

论述L详细阐述分支观点的部分，在开题首段的第二句一般是文章的主旨句所在，而在论述部分的理由段中，各个分论点应该放在首句的位置，开门见山。

一、什么是自传

自传是叙述自己生平经历的文章。生平经历是指一个人生活的整

个过程。婴儿——幼儿——上学——现在

1、婴儿时期（吃、哭、爬、学说话、学走路……）

听妈妈说那时候的我是怎样的？（高、矮、胖、瘦、乖、闹、聪明……）例文欣赏

示例1：听妈妈说，小时候的我胖乎乎的，很聪明。刚到了九个月就会说话了，把妈妈叫得很开心；10个月就会学走路了，摇摇晃晃，东倒西歪但不让人扶。有一次从床上掉下来，至今胳膊上还留有伤疤；奶奶说我那时候特别乖巧，但也特别淘气。

特点：聪明、淘气

示例2：刚出生的我在医院里又哭又闹，说着平常人不懂的“外星球语”，让爸妈很苦恼，白天我咬着奶瓶呼呼大睡，晚上我就活跃起来，让大人抱着我到处去溜达，如果一松手，那哭声在你耳朵里徘徊，仿佛一栋楼都会震动起来！

特点：爱闹

2、幼儿时期

⑴、脑中充满疑问

“妈妈，天上的星星为什么会眨眼睛？”“妈妈，我的肚子为什么会饿？”“妈妈，为什么天上的月亮有时是圆的，有时是弯弯的？”⑵、探索世界

把家里的小闹钟、把我的玩具拆得七零八落

⑴、⑵表现出我很聪明

⑶、上幼儿园

哭着、喊着不肯上幼儿园这些表现出我又很淘气

例文欣赏

示例1：一眨眼的功夫，时间老人已把婴儿时期带走了，幼儿时期缓缓走来。妈妈和幼儿园的老师都说我好动。为此我觉得自己得了儿童多动症，其实我确实挺爱动的。在幼儿园里，我基本不会规规矩矩的坐上三分钟；就算坐在椅子上，也是东摇西摆。结果一次在课堂上“发挥”多动时，老师误以为我在吃东西，我的脸烧了又烧，简直就像一

只掉进油锅里的虾。

示例2：幼儿时期的我最爱跳舞。记得有一次，妈妈手机里传出了一阵响亮的歌声，在一旁搞东西的我听见了，便情不自禁的跳起来，屁股一扭一扭的，手也摆动起来，不时还走一下猫步，仿佛我已经沉浸在这欢乐地歌声里，无法自拔一样！一旁的妈妈鼓起掌来，笑着说：“看来我们家会有一位舞神了。”奶奶听后，大笑起来，家里充满了快乐的气氛。

3、我上学了

⑴、有了稳定的兴趣。如：①、爱上了学习②、迷上了阅读

⑵、进不了

⑶、交了很多朋友

例文欣赏

示例1：进入小学后，在优美的校园里，我感受到了学习的快乐，从此爱上了学习。现在，我是班里的学习委员、语文课代表。我的作文经常受到老师表扬，不仅在作文比赛上获过奖，还经常在一些刊物上发表呢！

示例2：八岁的我爱书如命。故事书、漫画书、作文书、科幻书、小说等等，不管什么书，我都一股脑儿拿起来就读。不管晚上作业有多少，事情有多忙，我都会挤出一点时间来看书。

我看书很着迷。我会随着书中的趣事哈哈大笑；也会为着书中令人落泪的悲惨故事而伤心痛哭；看到本领高超、助人为乐的人，我会产生敬佩之情；看到那些烧杀抢掠的恶人和那些贪赃枉法的坏人，我心中的愤怒油然而生……每当妈妈看见我忽而大笑、忽而大哭，忽而喜悦，又忽而愤怒时，总会无可奈何地叹息道：“这丫头，真是没办法！”

示例3：我进入了XX小学读书，在这座优美的校园里，我对学习有了比较大的变化，表现比较积极，一年级第一批就加入了少先队，四年级参加了鼓号队，曾经当过体育委员、语文课代表。在学习上能多看课外书籍，经常去剑英图书馆借书或去新华书店看书，同时注意积累好词好句，坚持每个星期写一扁日记，因此语文成绩比较理想，对作文比有兴趣，作文经常被老师表扬；数学成绩还算可以，但是英语一直是我的弱项，总感到压力好大。

示例4：我结交了很多朋友，他们也十分乐意和我交往，使我从交往中得到了许许多多的快乐。我对他人十分的诚实守信，从来不说恶意

的谎言，答应别人的事情绝对做到，因此，他们也很乐意跟我玩，和我谈心。我有时也会跟别人一起哈哈大笑或讲悄悄话，跟同学们打成一片，让我成为他们心目中的好朋友。有了他们我的生活充满了朝气，充满了快乐。我对人十分有礼貌，助人为乐也是我的本份，他人有困难，我一定会竭尽全力去帮助他。

4、现在的我

长大了、懂事了、学会承担了、有理想了。

例文欣赏

示例1：随着年龄的增长，我变得越来越懂事了。想起妈妈以前整天都为我操心，而我却总是惹她生气，我的心里真不是滋味。

星期五放学回到家，妈妈放下我的书包，就径直走进厨房准备做饭。我想：妈妈工作了一整天，已经很累了，又要去接我，回到家还要做饭，这多么不应该！想到这，我马上走进厨房。

“妈妈。”

“有什么事儿吗？”

“妈妈，您去休息吧，我帮您做饭。”

“不用了，你快去做作业吧，饭菜很快就好了。”

“妈妈，就让我为您做一顿饭吧，嗯？”

妈妈只好笑了笑，点了点头。

晚饭后，我又替妈妈把碗碟洗得干干净净，把家里打扫了一遍，最后还为妈妈捶背按摩。妈妈很高兴，对我说：“孩子，你长大了，懂事了，妈妈真高兴！”我听到这句话，心就像被浸在一罐世界上最甜的蜜糖里。

这就是12岁的我，懂事的我。

示例2：现在的我，会承担责任了；十二岁的我会像挤海棉一样挤时间了；十二岁的我，会自己面对困难了；十二岁的我，成熟了许多；十二岁的我已经长大了，一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事，我自己已经会应付了。面对十二岁的人生，我好像还有点混浊，但比起以前已经进步了许多。对于我来说，未来是一条坎坷的岔路，我一定要选择正确地道路，要一直努力认真的向前走。只要努力学习，就会考上重点大学。

二、行文线索

1、不懂事，爱哭、爱闹——有点听话——开始懂事

2、听话的乖孩子——爱学习的好学生——懂事、知道孝敬父母

3、淘气，耍小聪明——明白事理，大智慧

三、详略取舍

1、详写部分的选择：

⑴、记忆最深刻、最难忘的那段岁月

⑵、最能体现你这个人的特点

⑶、转变最大、成长最快的那段时期

2、其它部分可略写

四、开头和结尾

㈠、开头：

1、简要的介绍自己

2、对自己有一个粗略、整体的评价

例文欣赏

示例1：本人名叫陈思婷，属龙，2000年11月18日，伴随着一阵哭声，我从医院诞生了，胖乎乎的显得十分可爱，嫩滑的脸蛋上，有着一对小酒窝。长大后，我的皮肤黝黑，有人叫我“非洲黑珍珠”！我只好不好意思地笑纳！

示例2：2000年7月20日，随着一阵“哇哇”的哭声，一个可爱的婴儿来到了这个五彩缤纷的世界。从此，生活的大舞台上就有了我的小天地。我的小脚丫在小天地里任意的涂鸦，涂鸦成我难忘的昨天。㈡：结尾

1、对自己成长的总结

2、对未来的向往

例文欣赏

示例1：岁月如梭，整整12年过去了，我从不懂事的小孩子，变成了有志气的大姑娘，我希望，以后能改掉坏习惯，开心快乐地成长。示例2：比起小时的我确实是进步了很多，可是人生的道路是曲折而漫长的，学海无涯，我还有许多东西不懂，我想：只要有远大理想，带着顽强拼搏的意志和勇气走下去，就能够迈进成功的殿堂，就能对国家有贡献！

示例3：这就是我，一个有着多样性格的我。看完我的自传，你们喜欢我吗？

习作练习

我的自传

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法、解题式开头法、诗文引用开头法……希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，用得上。

步骤/方法开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

“大头作文”也要不得。除非特殊情况，建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的格子，顶多不能超过三行半。

一、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

准备题目的办法有2个，你可以去网络上搜索作文题目，归纳作文老师讲述的类似技巧；二是翻阅最近一年的《读者》或《青年文摘》等杂志，根据题材选择一些比较精彩的标题，记下来，也许考试的时候灵光一现可以类比运用。

二、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法、解题式开头法、诗文引用开头法……希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，用得上。

三、适当克隆和借鉴，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些佳作的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中一些散文的结构是很好的，适当对其归纳总结，到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。另外要关注去年至今年的社会热点。

四、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，如果作文要求600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是“不低于多少字”，建议考生合理安排卷面，把卷面写满到95%左右。

有人问：考试作文如果不限文体，那么写诗歌，写顺口溜，写三句半行不行？这个谁也不敢作主，你无法揣测阅卷老师的标准，冒险的收益也许只留给准备最充分的人。

五、色彩对比也关键，建议用笔选择蓝

作文卷子是用黑颜色印刷的方格。如果你用非常粗而且黑的钢笔答题，墨水很容易影响卷面的干净。建议考生用不浅不深、笔画不粗不细的笔写作文，选择蓝色墨水，这样的作文写出来，与黑色的方格形成一定的视觉对比，很舒服、干净。注意不要用字把方格填满，这样卷面相对美观。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

列提纲很关键。比如写记叙文，要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，中间如果能设置一个过渡句或过渡段更好。

一个训练有素的考生，列提纲大约需要5~8分钟。如果时间紧张，提纲可以简练些。

七、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师在打分时，第一眼看的是字迹。因此，必须要把字写好，不需要多美，但一定不要潦草。

八、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文要注意分段，三四个段落有些少，八九个段落则显得琐碎。除非有特殊情况，段落应以五六个为好。切忌在一段中写八九行字，写成“大肚子作文”，这样会让阅卷老师产生视觉疲劳。

九、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

无论记叙文还是议论文，一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，当然也可以灵活地采用夹叙夹议的手法。注意，议论文不能说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，而记叙文不能议论过多而忘记说事例。

高考语文《考试大纲》把作文分为基础等级和发展等级两部分。考生要想在高考中语文获得高分，作文就不仅要符合基础等级的要求，更要符合发展等级的要求。发展是建立在基础之上的，没有基础就不可能有发展，要在重视基础的同时追求发展。如果把作文比做姑娘的话，基础等级的作文就如一位姿色平平的女子。那么怎样才能让她靓丽起来，光彩照人呢？

一、美化形象

1.拟好题目。一个好的题目就好比一个姑娘有了一双有神的眼睛，光彩照人；好的作文题目会让阅卷者眼前一亮，对文章的好感油然而生。平淡的题目丝毫不能引起阅卷者的注意，更不能激起阅卷者对作文的阅读兴趣和好感。

2.设计精彩的开头。开头要写得像姑娘的脸蛋那样美丽，且能引人往下阅读。方法有：用优美简洁的语言开头。可用整句写，也可用整散结合的句式写；或式引用诗词，或用描写的方式写等。

3.简短有力的结尾。方法有：画龙点睛式结尾，即结尾点题。这种结尾能使文章主旨明了。点题的方式很多：抒情式，希望式，推理式，感悟式，比喻式，歌曲名言式等。呼应开头式结尾，这种结尾能使文章显得结构完整，浑然一体。记叙事件式结尾，即以事情的结局作结尾，这种结尾能使文章显得含蓄蕴藉。描写景物式结尾，能对主题起烘托作用。

4.一身漂亮的衣裳。语言通顺，这是作文的最低要求。要想拿到发展等级分，文章写得通顺是远远不够的，还必须要有文采。有文采，表现在语言方面就是词语生动，句式灵活，善于运用修辞手法，文句有意蕴。即要在选词择句、修辞运用等方面多下工夫。但有文采，不等于堆砌辞藻，也不等于掉书袋。文采产生于文化的底蕴。只有厚实有物，文句见情见美，读来方能有滋有味，耐人咀嚼。语言要有个性，要独特，要能给人新鲜之感。在高考作文中，只要有某一点出彩的地方，就会被阅卷者肯定。

二、丰富内涵

丰富内涵，主要指的是作文的内容和材料方面。作文材料要足够，没有材料的文章就是一个空架子。材料要够用，这是基础等级的要求。不仅如此，还要做到材料丰富。

1.针对记叙文而言。记叙文叙事要善于选材，巧妙构思，做到曲折有致，情节富于变化，引人入胜，避免平铺直叙；写人要懂得刻画形象，描写具体逼真，细节生动典型，丰满可感，避免程式化；景物描写要很好地为主题服务，或营造氛围，或衬托渲染，或寓意象征，或意境深远，皆以佳景真情取胜。

2.针对议论文来说。论据要典型、真实而准确，最好有时代感和新鲜感。这些在行文中的道理引证、类比事例、数字资料等要充分有力，避免空洞的分析，不泛泛而谈，不人云亦云。充实的论据来源于对生活、对社会的关注。但这里要强调的是作文中用的材料并不是越多越好。所用材料要为论点服务，列举材料后要紧密联系论点作精要恰当的分析议论，万不可把材料堆砌在一起后不管不顾，更不能选用与论点关系不大的材料。那样的材料再多再好也不能选用。

三、与众不同

基础等级要求作文中心突出，切合题意。一篇偏离题意或中心不明的文章得分是很低的，是不能算作符合要求的作文。一篇合格的作文首先要做到的是中心明确，审题准确。在此基础上作文想再上一个台阶的话，那就要追求与众不同了。要想卓尔不凡，就要求深和新。

1.深刻

（1）透过现象看本质。纷繁复杂的事物无不具有各自外部的表象和内在的本质。要看到事物的本质，就要有一个由表及里、由此及彼、由特殊到一般的思维过程。这个过程就是分析、比较、综合、概括的过程。有了若干这样的过程，才能揭示事物的本质。

（2）揭示问题产生的原因。因果索因法，是作文立意式分析论证的常用方法。一个矛盾的产生，一种现象的出现，总是有原因的。分析它，发掘它，弄清来龙去脉，就能找到问题产生的原因，找到矛盾的症结点，也就找到了解决问题的途径。找到某种原因，比不揭示原因深刻；找到根本原因，比找到一般原因深刻。

（3）观点具有启发性。这是指文章所表达出来的思想能使读者引起联想并有所顿悟。写议论文，能针对现实生活中人们所关注的热点、焦点问题，或者易被人们忽视的问题，激浊扬清，拨乱反正，充满对社会进步的真诚关注，表现出对事物发展的前瞻性思考，有一石激起千层浪之效。写记叙文，取材要鲜活，小中见大，充满情感，卒章显志，从而催人奋进，使人产生联想，通过关注周围的人、事而产生共鸣。这些都是富有启发性的。

2.创新

（1）见解新颖，材料新鲜。写议论文，观点要新，例证要新，不能人云亦云；写记叙文，故事要新，立意要新，不能因循守旧。新的见解，新的材料从哪里来？从生活中来，从个人的感悟中来，而不能照搬照套。

（2）构思新巧。同样的题材，因构思之巧，就会各领风骚。同是《咏梅》，毛泽*与陆游迥异；同是写灯，巴金与柯罗连科各异；同是写《乡愁》，余光中与席慕蓉各有不同。构思无定法，但以下几点要注意：①要刻意挖掘事物内涵，追求立意高远；②要学会蓄势，写出引人入胜，欲罢不能的开头；③要写出落地生根、余音绕梁的结尾；④要学会运用抑扬、张弛、正侧、起伏等手法。

（3）推理想象有独到之处。想象是创造的开始，是腾飞的双翼。富有创造性的想象和描述，就是一种独到之处。推理，也只有抛弃人云亦云，才能独到。独到，是根植现实而又有超越，因而它不是违反生活逻辑的瞎说或荒诞。

（4）有个性特征。写作是一种生命运动，是最富有个性色彩的劳动。承认个性、张扬个性，是一种人本的回归。要想写出有个性特征的文章，依据笔者个人数十年教学和写作的经验，似乎可以归结为一句：用自己的言语写自己对生活的独到感悟。抛开这一点，很难有个性可言。

写作本身就是一种追求，应试作文尤其如此。对于发展等级，每位考生，不论原来水平高低，都应该追求到一定的发展等级分，不应放弃。发展等级四个方面的要求都能达到，固然很好，但就多数人来说是不切实际的。高考作文阅卷评分时，只要考生的作文能突出发展等级中的一两项就能获得高分。

看图作文是据图画的内容进行联想，然后用语言归纳表达个完整的事件来。进行看图作文练习，既能培养观察与分析能力，又锻炼了想象乃至发明创造的能力。下面是小编为你带来的小学看图作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、观察仔细全面是看图作文的要点

无论一幅画或几幅图，要从头至尾反复看几遁，了解图中表达的主题中心思想是什么。比如《四季》， 给了春、夏、秋、冬4幅国，图中自然景物及人物着装的变换，表达了它的主题——大自然四季的变人们的着装及活动內容也在变化。

2、注意象征意义

大凡是看图作文，每一个画面(哪怕是极微小的图形)都不白给，其中往往都隐喻着情节、心理动态、人物关系等，因此，不能忽略画面一条围巾、一辆车、一扇窗戶， 哪怕是一滴汗、一张纸的作用。高难的看图作文，有时考的就是小物件的作用与象征意义。这就要求看图时认真分析此物此时此刻的作用，然后用文字直接或间接叙迹其表达的意思。

3、理出顺序是情节通畅的关键

看图不但要按事件、人物的先后、主次观察，还要按时空顺序去排列，然后组织情节。一轮朝阳， 一抹晚霞， 一条小溪，一阵细雨， 皆能暗示出早、晚、东、西、南、北、春、夏、秋、冬来。这样， 按事情发展顺序叙写，就顺理成章了。

4、展开想象的翅膀，使情节丰满

画面上给的东西毕竟是有限的，若只按给的条件叙写，可能三言两语就完事，文章既千瘪， 又平庸。因此，必须通过想象来填补画面上缺失的、但在推理中必然所致的情节。唯有这样，才能使画面“活”起来，才能使其中的人物、场面栩栩如生、呼之欲出，使文章丰满。

不过，想象须合情合理，不可牵强附会。这就要求动脑考虑考虑：一幅图的起因是这样，它的发展与结局在实际情况中会是怎样?画面中的人物在所给的条件下该怎么想、怎么做、怎么说?人与人、人与景、人与物的关系可能是怎样?整个画面所表达的主题是什么?……诸多可能的“怎样’、 “为什么”想到了， 并付诸笔墨， 一篇生动的看图作文就写成了。

5、把握主脉络，重点刻画主要人物

无论单幅国还是多幅图， 在回面上占主要位置的(在多幅图中反复出现的)人或物(或活动)， 即是要描写的重点。写作时要把2/3的笔墨用到这上面， 情节也要以此来设计。作文技巧 切不可在不起眼地方的一片云、一颗小星星上大作特作文章，否则， 就是人们常说的“跑题”。

看图作文如果把握住这5个基本要点，写作起来就会如鱼得水，得心应手。