初中生英语写作模板(精品20篇)

Since I went to school, I spent a lot of time in study. My classmates and

teachers are just like my families. We almost meet each other every day. My

teachers help me a lot. When I meet problems in study, they are very patient and

help me to figure out the answers. When I have trouble in getting along with

other students, they will talk to me and comfort me. I am so thankful to them,

because they care about me just like my parents. I respect them so much. In my

heart, they are the great people. I must study hard so that I can return their

love.

Today was Sunday.

My parents were free, too.

I got up at 7oclock, because my families planed to go to the zoo.

After the breakfast, I took the camera and went to the station together with my parents.

It was already 9oclock when we arrived at the zoo.

There were so many monkeys, tigers, lions, wolves and other animals in the zoo. We took many photos in the zoo with the animals. I will show these photos in my class after they were printed. The time passed so fast, we left the zoo at 1oclock PM. I was so happy today. Now I feel very tired and I will go to bed early tonight.

[初中英语作文：去动物园

Promise is very important, I hate people who break their promise, the one

who can’t keep his promise is not reliable. Once, my friend asked me to his

company him, because he was alone at home, his parents were busy with their

work. At first, I said yes to him, but at that day, I had a lot of things to do,

when I finished all the things, I found it was dark. I started to hesitated, I

wanted to give up to company my friend, thinking about his disappointed face,

finally, I decided to keep my words. When my friend saw me, he was very happy.

He said she believed me would come, I never let him down.

写作教学对于帮助学生了解英语思维方式，形成用英语进行思维的习惯，提高学生综合运用语言知识的能力大有益处。下面是小编为你带来的小学英语写作技巧指导，欢迎阅读。

对于小学3年级的学生，在他们已经掌握好了如颜色(colour)、衣服(clothes)、数字(number)、星期(day of the week)、月份(month)、宠物(pet)、情感(feeling)、身体部位(body)、文具(school things)的基础上进行文章的填空，如果学生能够按照文章的要求写进相关的信息，那就已经很不错了。下面是一个自我介绍的简单例子：

Myself

Hello，my name is_____. I am_____years old.My favourite colour is_____，_____， and_____.My favourite pet is______，_____ and______. My favourite food is_____，______and______.My favourite day is______. My favourite school thing is______and______.My favourite number is and______.I am______today.

上面的这个例子，如果学生能够依次能吧自己的姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色、喜欢的宠物、喜欢的食物、喜欢的日子、喜欢的文具、喜欢的数字和今天的心情准确无误地写出来，那么就已经能够完成了3年级阶段的作文要求。

对于4年级的学生，可以写一篇介绍自己课室或者自己卧室的文章。下面是一篇4年级学生的介绍课室范文。

My classroom

I am studying at Tongji primary school.I am in Class Two, Grade Four. (介绍自己所在的学校和所在的年级) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom. There are twenty-five desks in our classroom, they are brown. There are many books on the desk. There are fifty students, thirty boys and twenty girls. There is a picture on the wall. There are two fans on the wall. (用there+be句型把班里和摆设和班上的人数都表达出来了) It is tidy and clean.I like my classroom very much.(最后是作者的总结)

对于5年级的学生，作文的要求也提高了很多，很多学生在介绍别人或者是写自己喜欢的小动物的时候很容易忘了第三人称单数动词要加ses，如：He get up at 7 o’clock(get忘了加s)，在用到现在进行的时候动词很容易忘了加ing(如I am play the piano，play就忘记了加ing)，介词和介词短语也占了很重要的位置如介词in，on，at，of。介词短语如dream of(区分dream that)和be afraid of都是很重要的介词短语，很多学生忘记了介词后面要加动词。

对于6年级的学生，作文考查的是英语的综合应用能力，而且出的题目大部分都是看图作文，这就在一定程度上增加了写作的难度，它也是综合了3年级的分类词汇，4年级的句型，方位介词，5年级的重点介词短语和时态，不过我相信只要平时多点积累单词和句型、多点动笔、多注意语法上的问题、多看作文书，那么就能写出流畅、有深度的文章。

Ocean Park is very exciting and fun. The cable car is very good, when you look out the window, you will see very beautiful scenery, but one thing I don’t like is we need to wait 45 minutes. If you want to go quickly, you can take the ocean train, just like the subway. It’s very fast.

When you go up, ther are many rides, like a roller coaster, water ride and many things to do. I want to cry when my mom and I get on the roller coaster. I yelled, because the roller coaster is so exciting. I don’t want to ride it again, so I go to the ocean museum, and the polar bear place. The last thing is very good, it’s a waterride. We are very bored when we were in the middle. Suddenly, the water is pushing the boat. “Ahhhh!” I’m shouting, I’m very excited, the water is very fast, then the boat goes down. “Wow!” My mom yelled, and the ride is over. Our shirts are all wet, and the sky is almost dark, so we leave the park, and go back to Kowloon Hotel.

What a fun day!

Now many students of Grade 9 are under too much pressure. They always feel

too tired to listen to the teachers carefully in class.

It’s important for students to relax. Only in this way can they study well

and be healthy. Here are some different ways to relax themselves. For example,

they can try to have enough sleep,or they can listen to their favourite music

after class. They can also read some books or do some sports. For me, I often

hang out with my friends.

While you are studying, don’t forget to relax. You will study better after

a good rest.

Such a movie called “Growing Pains” seems full of knowledge and experience.

So it does because all of us have growing pains and also growing gains in our

lives.

Growing up is not a very enjoyable time. It means I have to work hard in

studying and in family. There’s always so much homework given by teachers and so

many arguments between the parents and me. The time is fair, but it seems it

gives pains three quarters and only one quarter to gains.

But gains give me power and confidence. Successes and friendship make me

happy and enjoyable. We played with snow in the winter that seldom snows, we

flew kites in the night that usually belongs to homework, we ate several ice

creams that almost made us cold. We picked up leaven that no longer high up!

Although pains are always more than gains, I believe both of them make my

life more colorful.

导语：万物生长，春天给人们带来希望，带来生机，带来遐想。在这个风景如画的季节里，我们播下希望的种子，承载着我们的梦想，在无限的期待中，长成我们心中的希望。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的关于春天的初中写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.春天是一位魔法师，用魔法棒驱走了寒冷，唤醒了沉睡的生灵。春天如一幅美丽的图画，色彩鲜明，带给人们无限的明朗。

2.姑娘披着美丽的春光，牵着情人的手，走进了幽深的花丛，人面桃花两相溶，姑娘的脸上的红晕与刚刚吐蕊的桃花分不清了，春天来了!

3.这时候阳光正以缓缓流动的韵律，惬意地梳理着绒绒的羽毛。几朵白云漫步在天宇之下，悠悠地绽放着蓝天的翅膀。所有阴暗的心情，都在此时打开了蔚蓝的天空。

4.在这样温馨的氛围里，一只可爱的小鸟，看起来心情不错，一边欣喜地飞舞着，一边用啾啾的颤音，适时地送来了清新的问候。如刚刚开化的河水，叮咚着季节的曲调。

5.和三四月份的春天的热热闹闹、异彩纷呈不同，初春时节，春天的声音还是静悄悄的，她默默行走着，她无声哺育着，她只是一股布设活力的气息源泉，旋转、飘荡、洋溢着，编织着一个春的意象、春的远景，编排着春花缤纷次第开放的序列密码。

6.伴着春风，春雨如约降临，然而却是那样的悄无声息。绵绵的细雨淅淅沥沥地下个不停，如丝如缕，将天地万物笼罩其中，洗尽铅尘，洗去浮华，荡涤去冬天枯败的气息。行人撑起一把把彩色的花伞，如怒放的花朵，扮亮了阴郁的天空。

7.初春时节，阳光冉冉，雪融冰化，天气渐暖，丝丝寒意依旧弥留在空气里，呼吸着一份春光的温暖，亦能感受到一份雪气的清凉，这是多么珍贵的一股生机之气啊，其冰清也甘洌，其暖意也融融，犹如一股股新鲜的乳汁将初春的万物哺育，深深地呼吸一把这初春的仙灵真气吧，感受一下春的活力和节节攀升的生命节奏，那初现的生机正向上张扬。

8.春风温柔地将我揽入怀中，霎时，我仿佛听到了花开的声音，时而清脆、低徊，时而悠扬、高亢，时而空灵、幽静，时而汹涌、雄宏。这声音，如春光般温暖，如春雨般甘甜;这声音，像春雷般震撼，像春潮般烂漫。这声音，似彩虹，赤橙黄绿青蓝紫，有夺人心魄的色彩，演奏着一曲沁人而丰盈的交响。

9.春天，绽放的浓浓深情，写满树梢，袅袅地滋生着香馨。春天奏起缠绵悱恻的音符，让思念无处可藏。是谁将情种深植于梦寐中，是风是雨还是耀眼的星星?是谁把相思镶嵌在春色里，是兰是梅还是撩人的红豆。无数次的回眸，无数次的思吟，春天的情思和你的倩影已根植于我的心灵，永远不会消隐。

10.风中还透着些许微凉，迎春花却禁不住露出笑脸，一丛丛，一簇簇，大片大片的金黄肆意蔓延。河水展现清澈的容颜，清亮的河面上，留着春风划出的层层涟漪。河岸的杨柳绿了，柔软娇嫩，远远望去，是一抹淡淡如烟的绿。桃花开了，杏花红了，海棠绽放了……花肥叶瘦，姹紫嫣红。蜜蜂成群结队的赶来，嗡嗡地闹着，不时有蝴蝶飞来，挥动着美丽的翅膀，翩然起舞。

11.街角的玉兰开了，皎洁如玉的花朵，矗立枝头，如一只只振翅欲飞的白鹭，空气中弥漫着醉人的清香。不知名的野花静静地盛开，掩映在草丛里，生机盎然。燕子衔着春泥在天空里不断盘旋，又匆匆飞过。一时间，人们脱去厚重的棉衣，孩子们兴高采烈地放飞手中五颜六色的风筝，于是，天空喧闹起来。

12.沐浴在春光里，呼吸着清新的空气。享受春光的抚慰，守护着内心的宁静和执著。修炼一份从容豁达，收获一分悠然自得。让蒙尘的双眼清如朝露，让枯寂的思绪灵动如风。于平淡、平常之中，以健康的心态，积极的生活态度，面对人生的诸多苦难，诠释生命的意义，展现生命的精彩。

13.清晨，带着温馨的心事漫步在河畔，不经意间，春天柔嫩的气息湿润了我干涸的视野，我仿佛听到了一种蓬勃的声音萦绕在耳边，像燕莺缠绵，似笙箫悠远，若利箭离弦，如浪蝶翩跹。沉醉其间，春色在梦尖盘旋。

14.群山脱下了素装，换上鲜艳的绿衣，看着已经摆脱冰雪束缚、正在努力奔跑的小溪，听着刚刚回家小鸟的歌唱。小溪叮叮当当的摇着小铃，呼唤着岸边的小生命;小鸟也唧唧喳喳的向大家讲述着南方的故事。但有一句话是谁也忘不掉的，那就是“春天真好!”

15.生机盎然的春天染绿了每个细胞，一只鸟儿站在生命的枝头悄悄地筑巢。一种无法言说的美妙在心头飘绕，一种心照不宣的默契在花间闪耀。春还大地一片绿涛，春给长河一串欢笑，春让鲜花美丽娇娆，春使生命百媚千娇。春的鼓点在耳边缭绕，我知道，这是春姑娘相思的心跳。

16.万物生长，春天给人们带来希望，带来生机，带来遐想。在这个风景如画的季节里，我们播下希望的种子，承载着我们的梦想，在无限的期待中，长成我们心中的希望。让春天的渴望，装满人生的细节，灿烂生命的旅程。

17.相约春天，让思绪与大自然对话，让心声在自然中流淌。把蛰伏已久的许多心里话和那些美丽动人的故事，面对阳光、青山、花草、河流、清风、柔雨一次次打开、一遍遍诉说，它们会百听不厌。和春天作一次约会，雪莲、柳絮、薰衣草、蒲公英、古榕树、木棉花，它们所有的传奇故事和沉浮的日子被一一阅读，在明媚的春色中熠熠发光，舞而不饰，歌而不泪。

18.一片生机怏然的喜庆景象，是春天赋予大地的一片深情“礼物”，“一年之际在于春，一春之际在于勤”。劳累了一年的人们，也该歇下来享受与家人团聚的那份天伦之乐!“春雨倾情滋大地，神蛇赐福壮苍生”。让我们所有的人一起用欢快的步伐来迎接春天美好的祝愿：国泰民安、五谷丰登、风调雨顺、春回大地、鸟语花香……

19.拥抱春天的美丽，捕捉春天的感动。与大自然相约，与春天共舞。与绿色相约，与阳光共舞。感受春天的温馨，感受春天带给我们的喜悦与悸动。打开心灵的画卷，放飞春天的心情，让春天的微笑，在阳光里飞扬。

20.雨后，空气更加清新，夹杂着泥土芬芳的味道，沁人心脾。瓦蓝色的，漂浮着大朵的白云，阳光暖暖地洒下来，透过树枝的间隙，光斑点点。树木显得格外青翠，鸟儿在枝头婉转的歌唱，仿佛唱不尽对春天的憧憬与向往。没有面朝大海，却依然拥有春暖花开。陶醉在这芳菲的季节，体味春天的絮语，心情神采飞扬。

21.在这春天悄然起步的时刻，离那春花烂漫的时节还远，只是天空中漫天飞舞的阳光渐渐灿烂起来，晃人的眼睛，只是树枝间飞去来兮的各类鸟儿多了起来，它们的快乐和呢喃感染着人的情绪。远望苍穹，灿然如洗，多像秋的天域啊，只是这天之蓝，淡淡的、淡淡的，如浅浅的湖水，风平浪静，没有一丝涟漪，没有那多深奥，多像一个新世界在创造着，在等待着，等待着一个缤纷变化的彩画，等待着一个盛装旖旎的春天的盛会。

22.这么快，就几天功夫，冷意还在滞留，雾霭还在徘徊，阳光暖流的回归亦是势不可挡。一个清晨，一只花喜鹊落在屋檐上，一声响亮的喳喳鸣叫，划破寒意似冻的长空，激昂地回响着;几只翩然飞行的小鸟在枝头停下，嘤嘤呢喃着，兴奋地摆动着尾巴;它们仿佛在说：“春天到了，春天到了”。这些大自然中的飞行族类，饱受寒冷和饥饿的压迫，又对环境的温度、光场的变化特别敏感，当然是春天的先知了，它们快乐且快活地报道着早春的消息，且第一批出场享受着这份点点暖意，那份欢欣和喜悦是人们难以理解的。

Transportation has been greatly changed in the past few years. In ancient days, people used to travel by horse or carriage. The journey was often tiring and tedious. Then people had buses, trains and ships, which could shorten the time of the long-distance trip. Now we have not only more private cars, but also planes and high-speed rails. All of these modern transports could offer us a quick and pleasant travel. Thus, more and more people enjoy traveling very much these days. In conclusion, modern transportation has completely changed our life. Thanks to modern transportation, our world is becoming smaller and smaller.

There was a basketball match between class 3 and class 4 yesterday

afternoon. before the match, all the students thought class 3 would win the

match because some good players were in the class.

The match began, And all the players played very well.other students

watched and shouted for their teams. It was an exciting match. When the first

half of the match ended, class 4 fell behind class 3. The players in class 4

tried their best to catch up with them in the second half. With the shouts "come

on", the players in class 4 won the match.

The match was over. How wonderful the match was!

English is the international language. Many parents have realized the

importance of mastering English and they spend a lot of time and money to help

their children learn it well. But with the development of Chinese economy, a lot

of foreigners come to China to learn its culture and language, so we cant

ignore the importance of Chinese. I have recited a lot of old poems. It makes me

feel the charm of these classic poems. Every poem uses a different way to show

the history. I find the great joy in learning Chinese. Both English and Chinese

are future language, so we need to master them well.

The Spring Festival in my hometown almost from the year began, until the end of fifteen. Although there is only a short time to come to the sky, but every day is lively and festive.

The second day of the Spring Festival is to open the firecrackers to greet the blessing of the new year. The first thing for our children is to replace the new clothes for the parents, the elders have a new year. The following is the red bag. The Spring Festival this day most of the shops are closed, until the beginning of the six month is opened. On this day, the great people said that they could not sweep the ground, so that they would not sweep away their blessings. Many people have gone to the streets to buy gifts and send relatives and visit the year.

To the six all shops opened once a year, the Lantern Festival comes. The dragon will go to each house, the owner will greet the firecrackers. Listen to adults, the dragon has come, this is a good year and harvest year.

At sixteen of the first month, everything returned to peace. School, work, work. Next, we look forward to the next spring festival.

一、优化词汇输入教学，丰富词汇知识积累

词汇是一篇文章最基本的组 成要素。头脑中如果没有一定数量的、且处于鲜活状态的词汇，就无法写出好文章。要写出好的文章，就必须善于从众多的词语中选择和运用最恰当的词语。因此， 加强词汇教学、扩大和丰富学生的词汇量是提高学生写作能力的基础工作。克拉申的“语言输入假说模式”认为：正确和恰当的语言输入将会使语言学习的效果更 佳。

最佳语言输入的两个必要条件：

1)密切相关的

2)大量的。因此，将密切相关的常用词汇、习惯搭配适当集中教学，反复归纳、不断循环和强化是较好的词 汇输入方法，同时也保证了常用词汇在头脑中的鲜活状态，为写作输出提供可靠保障。

二、加强基础写作训练，活化基础知识积累

在学生写作过程中，我们 常常会发现许多学生的词汇量与运用能力不成正比的现象，写作中经常出现词汇贫乏和用词不当等问题。这种问题的出现实际上是学生获得的知识没有有效的活化。 配合词汇和句型教学，教师可以经常以所教学词汇为关键词拟定一些与时事或生活相关的话题，让学生用词、句做翻译练习，一段时间(4-5天)之后，再让学生 用这些词、句进行写作，多写多练以达到活化知识的目的。

三、广泛阅读，拓展知识积累

“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作 诗也会吟”。在大量的阅读过程中，可使学生开拓视野，拓展知识，增加语感，为写作提供必要的语言材料。写作和阅读是互相促进、相辅相成的。有些词汇和句 型，学生只是似曾相识，通过广泛的阅读能促使学生把这些东西运用得更熟练，表达得更准确。反过来，这也会有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力。

Nowadays, with the development of technology, the market competition is

fierce and people feel great pressure. In order to improve the working

efficiency, they force themselves to work overtime. However, they are not

machine and need to slow down life pace, or they will break down sooner or

later.

We cant slow down the working hour, but we can control our private time. A

lot of young people mix with working time and private time, so they cant enjoy

their life and feel depressed all the time. The smart person will find the

balance. They will put aside the working stuff when the clock tells them that it

is time to be off work and find the way to release their pressure, such as

KTV.

Spending the time with friends and families is always a good way to enjoy

our time. No matter what kind of difficulties we face, when we recall of these

happy moments, we will have motivation to move on. We cant choose everything we

want, but we can adjust ourselves to the environment and keep the good mood.

Once life pace slows down, we control our life.

I have nine little goldfish. Eight goldfish are all orange and one is black. I like the black one best. We call it Xiao Hei. Its body is black. It has two big and round eyes, a small mouth, and a big tail. Though its very small, it swims fast.

I often feed them and change water for them. We are good friends.

Matt gave us a class this afternoon, at the first part of the class, we saw a film. It was mainly about American football. After the film, we began t get to know the American football. It is similar to soccer, but it was much rougher. Players might get more easily. In another word, it was a game full of danger, they played just like fighting. One of the players just broke his leg during the match, and he would never play American football, because of his leg. What a pity! Matt told us that when he was in high school, he also take part in American football. He had broken his fingers for three times and his leg for once. Then I was puzzled, it was a very dangerous game, why was is popular?

my dream

I have a dream that I am always young. Then I will have enough energy to do everything whenever I want. Moreover， I dont have to worry about the old age during which I even cant take care of myself. I know that my dream will not come true. However， I think it is lucky that I am young now. So I will treasure my time， enjoy my life and try my best to do everything well.

英语作文虽然不像语文作文在考试

高三英语作文写作技巧：练习

“没有规矩，不成方圆，英语作文写作技巧。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里;二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。

高三英语作文写作技巧：背诵

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作文，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中（commit the highlights to memory），才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

高三英语作文写作技巧：重点词汇

美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：

emotional strength 情感的力量

the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感

no thought of gain不计得失

the lamp of love爱心之灯

help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者

donate whatever they can倾囊相助

help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞

be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手

—When we use the word "love"， we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex， which is a very narrow definition of the word。 Love is emotional strength， which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes。 In fact， throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions。

As an example of the power of love， we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year。 Although their incomes are still low by international standards， people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can — be it money or goods — to help their needy fellow citizens。 Moreover， they do this with no thought of gain for themselves。

In my opinion， the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are。 We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble， no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers。 In this way， we can help to make the world a better place， for the darker the shadows of sorrow become， the more brightly the lamp of love shines。

当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释，小学生作文《英语作文写作技巧》。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。

说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助——不管是钱还是物——帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。

我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

[高三英语作文写作技巧

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

Thanksgiving Day

In the United States， the fourth Thursday in November is called Thanksgiving Day。 On that day， Americans give thanks for the blessings they have enjoyed during the year。Thanksgiving Day is usually a family day。 People always celebrate with big dinners and happy reunions。 Pumpkin pie and Indian pudding are traditional Thanksgiving desserts。 Relatives from other cities， students who have been away at school， and many other Americans travel a long distance to spend the holiday at home。

Boundless sea to look forward to, give people the beauty, give a person

warm motherly love.

The sea is like a poem; it jumps; like a picture, rich in meaning; and like

a symphony, vast and mighty...... It is like a mirror; sometimes calm, sometimes

filled with rage, overwhelming, to sail the boat overturned. In my mind, the sea

is blue world, is also the cradle of life. Pregnant with many free and small

life. The sea is so mysterious, so charming!

Now the sea has changed. The sea is no longer clear, it becomes muddy and

dirty. Washed up on the beach, left is no longer alive and kicking the fish

shrimp, instead of the piles of rubbish, but also mixed with a lot of dead fish

shrimp, stinking. Why is that? Its all because of us. When people admire the

beauty of the seaside, they throw the foul rubbish into the sea. There are also

people living on the beach, the toilet drain pipe to the bottom of the sea.

Whats worse is that the factory waste water flows into the sea in large stocks,

and the sea is dyed in a strange color. Led to the birth of a lot of lack of

brains, low IQ infants, our next generation - bright eyes [voice tender], the

face of the next generation of red, will never see the beautiful blue sea.

Someone once did an experiment. He compared a basin of water to the ocean,

and dropped a drop of ink into the sea. Immediately, the ink slowly spread out,

became shallow and disappeared. The sea water was almost as clean as ever. If

the ink kept dropping, the color of the sea would be deeper and darker, and

eventually it would become a basin of black water. 6 billion people on the earth

produce large quantities of living waste water and industrial pollution every

day. Like ink, it has been injected into the clear sea water. It has become a

polluted lake.

To the health of our human beings, to see the beautiful blue sea for our

children and grandchildren. Let us act now, love the ocean as much as we love

life, and love the common blue home of mankind.