高考英语写作开头小技巧指导（推荐20篇）

April 12 is memorable because our clahad a meaningful experience on that day. In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediately. Some were digging holes. Some were carrying and planting young trees. Others were watering . After getting the work done, we put up a board reminding people to protect the trees. Before leaving we took some photos to record our green action. Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. We feel it’s our duty to protect and beautify our environment.

就“说明对象”而言，英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类，比如：对“LASER（激光）”、“Computer Problem of Year XX（计算机XX年问题）”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明，而“The Successful Interview（谈成功的面试）”、“How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能写好英语作文）” 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说，在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者，即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中，阐述和说明 “主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重，其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述，英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主题，也就是说，文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容；第二部分是文章的主体，可由若干个段落组成，对文章的主题进行展开说明；第三部分是结尾段，对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出，要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中，常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种：

1.罗列法（listing）

在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中，下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的：

Early Rising

Early rising （早起） is helpful in more than one way. First， it helps to keep us fit （健康）。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise （做早操）。

Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

Thirdly， early rising enables （使能够） us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring， so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise， makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”

罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：

There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …

We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，

必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。

2.举例法（examples）

举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的：

Recreation

It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation （娱乐）。 The mind， too， needs change to make it fresh and vigorous （有活力的） There is much truth in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“

There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis， and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating， fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles （肌肉） with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work （体力活） should adopt （采纳） reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation， but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk （轻松） walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

可以看出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。

3.比较法（comparison and contrast）

比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法，比如：

From Paragraph to Essay

Although they are different in length （长度）， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure （结构）。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence （主题句） or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus （主题所在） Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory （引导的） paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence （结束句） ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions （例外）， most well written expository （说明文的） paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.

可以看出，在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。

European Football and American Football

Although European football is the parent of American football， the two games show several major differences. European football， sometimes called association football or soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football， on the other hand， is popular only in North America （the United States and Canada）。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions （位置） on the field， is played with an elongated （拉长的） round ball. Soccer has little body contact （接触） between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates， needs special protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting （顶） it with the head. In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponents （对手） goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish （区别） association and American football.

这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。

4.定义法（definition）

定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是：

被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语

可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：

A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以……为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird.

其实，在英—英词典中，对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession （专业）。

5.顺序法（sequence of time， space and process）

顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。

下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的：

Coal

Coal underwent （经受） many changes before it became the bright， brittle （脆的）， black substance which we now use. During ancient times （在上古时代）， when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate， the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on， the ground changed and began to sink （下沉） a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit （沉淀） of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.

Generations after generations （几世纪后）， as the ground kept gradually sinking， another layer of sand and clay was again deposited （积聚） above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted （作用） and the peat （泥煤） was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.

Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine （煤矿）。 In China， coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.

6.分类法（classification）

分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如：著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》（Of Studies）一文中就用到了分类法：

Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others； but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…

参考译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所需摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者……

——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》（张培基等）

可见，如果能够根据具体情况，选用合适的写作手法，就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。

除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外，还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下，对于中学生来说，上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是：在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主，同时辅以其他写作手法。有时，甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此，必须根据具体情况，选用合适的展开主题的写作手法，才能写出优秀的英语说明文。

语言是文章的外衣，光亮与否，直接影响别人对你的第一印象。小编收集了2017年高考作文指导：作文语言技巧，欢迎阅读。

语言是文章的外衣，光亮与否，直接影响别人对你的第一印象。古人云：言之无文，行而不远。没有娴熟的语言技巧，如同没有精良的手艺，难以把一块用事实与思想凝聚的高级面料，缝织成一件得体的、漂亮的外衣。只有生动形象的语言，才能感染读者，成为文章的魅力之所在。生动形象的语言，表现在写景时，绘声绘色，使人如临其境;写人时，神形毕肖，让人如见其行;论理时，亦庄亦谐，准确鲜明，给人一种内在的逻辑力量。

“两句三年得，一吟双泪流”是贾岛锤炼语言的创作经验：“为人性癖耽佳句，语不惊人死不休”是杜甫对艺术的执着追求的精神。生动形象的语言不仅指词语华丽，意荡神驰，而且还应指一种“清水出芙蓉，天然去雕饰”的内在韵味，一种“眉不画而翠，唇不点而红”的境界。

王国维云：“古今之成大事业、大学问者，必经过三种之境界：”昨夜西风凋碧树，独上高楼，望尽天涯路。‘此第一境也。’衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴。‘此第二境也。’众里寻她千百度，蓦然回首，那人正在灯火阑珊处。‘此第三境也。此等语皆非大词人不能道。然遽以此意解释诸词，恐为晏、欧诸公所不许也。“

在锤炼语言的道路上，必须历经艰难，方能迎来“众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在，灯火阑珊处。”的境界。

考察满分作文，其语言有以下几方面特点：

1.富有个性。福建一考生的《照海倚天》描述一位“为人所倚赖，为人所唾弃，为人所敬佩，为人所鄙薄的名字——曾国藩。”以别样的笔调写下了历史任务别样的平生，角度独特，所见不同俗人。重庆一考生的《独上高楼》主题集中，不枝不蔓，充满想象。一唱三叹，诗意浓郁，形象含蓄，寓哲理于其中，用词生动，语言畅达。最后画龙点睛，真是文采斐然。

2.整散结合。俗话说“言之无文，行而不远”，北京一考生的《包容(六)》一文句式变幻多姿，长短句、问句、陈述句相映成趣，表现出作者不凡的写作技能。重庆一考生的《诗人·明月·黄花》以两位诗人诗中的意象拟就两个小标题，统领全篇，串缀成文，使文章韵味十足，语言充满诗情画意，感情哀婉缠绵。

3.蕴含哲理。河南一考生的《煮咖啡》用上好的咖啡粉比喻自我价值，用滚烫的热水比喻别人的忠告，主张两者结合，让咖啡杯散发出人性的芳香，论证周严，富于哲思。甘肃一考生的《走在你我他的世界……》不仅紧扣话题，而且具有哲思，引人遐想。词汇丰富，语言华丽，对话题主旨进行了富有诗情和哲理的阐述是这篇作文的突出特点。

4.旁征博引。福建一考生的《苏轼的赤壁》中，既有“洛阳朋友如相问，一片冰心在玉壶。”的牵念，又有“小乔初嫁了，雄姿英发，羽扇纶巾，谈笑间樯橹灰飞烟灭。”的雄姿，文学色彩浓厚，体现出作者丰厚的古文功底。河南一考生的《信他，抑或信己?》一文中既有对唐太宗、齐王、孙中山的精道评说，又有“坐观庭前花开花落，闲看天上云展云舒。”“坎坷人生道，多一份坦荡情怀。”援引得当，彰显流溢文采。

in some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. what is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. we may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. the whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. we have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. the sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. no solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.

the truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. they are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. if half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. in a welldirected effort, it would not be impossible to fulfil the ideals of a stable social programme. the benefits that can be derived from contructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. genuine and lasting solutions are always, possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.

before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems. and to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information, ‘talk, talk talk,’ the advocates of violence say, ‘all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.’ it’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. after listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. ‘possibly, my lord’ the barrister replied, ‘none the wiser, but surely far better informed.’ knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.

天地玄黄、宇宙洪荒，中华文化的源远流长以典籍为依托，生生不息的精神以文字为载体，一个个方块字，融汇着我们的古老，我们的文明。

现如今，一些著名作家和学者会在作品中出现语言文字和文史知识的差错，被指出后积极改正固然安好，但事情不该就此结束，这反映出的文化缺失理应被进一步揭示。有一个词，

叫国学，国学之与我们，到底意味着多少?

当晚清的暮钟与新时代的歌声同时响起，有这样一些人，给了中华文化自由和希望。辜鸿铭留学11年归乡，将四书中三书译成英文传播中国文明，他推崇西方的先进，却不改对中华传统文化的守护;王国维瘦弱的身躯，独自挺立在北大国学研究的讲台上，他用自杀的方式来捍卫自己的清洁，捍卫他对国学不易的信仰;而刘文典的激愤与刻薄，却是对传统文化最绝望的保护，当他骂沈从文不值四毛钱的时候，已经依稀看到一种文明渐行渐远的背影。胡适之和陈独秀等人的新文化运动带来了人们的思想解放，但又在不经意间，把国学生生撕出一个缺口。

曾看到过一个访谈节目，叫民国范儿，正如王学斌曾言的民国底气，而这股孤傲的气，在当今已很难找到，因为文学褪色，文化走远。没有了文字，我们就是漂浮一族，是王开龄所言的从石头缝里蹦出的人。

In recent yearsRecently,more and more students have studied hard to go to universityies.（Its actually better for you to use the present continuous tense here coz ur trying to explain a well known concept）. However,universities always have some limitations tofor students,like the number of students??.So in that case some students often loselost their chances to accept their educationgetting college education.This phenomenon is quite serious.Its a real problem.In our lifeves,we all know that students need to pass the entrance of examination to enter the universityies.,And there are many difficulties may happen.Always it may happen that some talented students missed their chances of getting to entering their imagining dream universityies in the most important test.When it happened,these students may then loset themselves.In addition,it is terrible for them to leave school to obtaintheother knowledge which is not fitting to them.????They could have stayed in their universities which they wanted to go all along but they now are wasting their precious life which is the most important time to do other things which they do not like.??On the other hand,our society lost the recourse which they could have given their best??.Future more,it brought some negative things including that students who can not go to universities to master of right views.??In a word,that is why it is justified and necessary for the government to intake expansion in Chinese universities.Its not a word Only in this way, more and more students can achieve their dreams of studying in their imagining universities.And only in this way can our country be richer in knowledge.

【作文材料】

每周六上午，海尔中高级经理人都要进行互动式培训。在一次培训中，面对70多位中高层经理，海尔集团的CEO(首席执行官)张瑞敏提出互动培训的主题是“推进流程再造”，并首先出了一个很像“急转弯”的问题：“你们说，如何让石头在水上飘起来？”

首先提出了一个很像“急转弯”的问题：“你们说，如何让石头在水上飘起来？”

“把石头掏空！”有人喊，张瑞敏摇摇头。

“把石头放在木板上！”又有人答道。张瑞敏又摇摇头说：“没有木板！”

“做一块假石头！”大家哄堂大笑。张瑞敏还是摇摇头说：“石头是真的。”

此时，海尔集团见习副总裁喻子达顿悟道：“是速度！”

“正确！”张瑞敏面带笑容斩钉截铁地说，“《孙子兵法》上有这样一句话：‘激水之疾，至于漂石者，势也’。大家可能都记得，儿时在河边用石头打水漂，石头之所以能在水面上连续跳跃而不沉下去，就是因为我们给了它足够的速度。同样，在信息化时代，速度决定着企业的成败，海尔流程再造就要以更快的响应市场速度来满足全球用户的需求。”

读罢这则材料，请以“速度”为话题，深入思考，写一篇不少于600字的作文，自拟题目，文体不限。

【写作导引】

材料本身向我们传达了一种生存与发展理念，即“速度制胜”，在写作时无论如何叙说或阐发，一般都应建立在这一基点之上。言之有点，立意为先，具体立意取向主要有两种选择——

一是“一是一，二是二，说一不二说二不一”，即感点集中，主要从一个方面展开即可，专攻一点不及其余。这里选择的感点一般应围绕速度的正面意义来谈相应经历、故事及其认识，其他尽可避而不谈，以求笔力集约。

另一选择是“一分为二，合二为一”，即辩证、系统地分析问题，既肯定追求速度的必要性、重要性，又指出片面追求速度的危害，由此提醒人们科学、理性地认识和践行“速度制胜”的理念。

无论如何立意、作何文体，都应同时做到——

言之有物。从选材角度来讲，要联系实际，以典型素材为支撑，或典型情境、经典事例、名言警句，或个人所见所闻之实例，而不是絮絮叨叨、粗泛笼统地谈对“速度”的理解，让人感觉言而无味。

言之有理。不论引介何种类型素材，都不能简单转引或复述、“只叙不议”或“引而不析”，必须有自己的分析，说理不可空而不实、泛而不深，而要切中要害点到为止。

言之有序。从结构角度看，要根据自身立意取向把握文章的具体架构。详略安排上，如取前一立意，“集中优势兵力”之下，相应事例、印证可稍加详细铺展。而在后一立意取向中，因为要从两点结合分析，一般宜“先分后合”，“兵分两路”后再“合兵一处”，相应事例、印证的处理最好简洁一些。因为应考作文，字数相对限定，一篇文章呈现两个感点，“分兵”之下，如果笔力不够精当、匀称，难免会因“兵力分散”而导致整体不够深刻、浮光掠影或者两点之间失衡，造成“面面俱到反不到”的结果。（通过相应事例同时把两点交融在一起叙谈也未尝不可，但一时间要找到能同时有力印证两点的相关实例较难，叙写起来也不太好把握。）

【文题延伸】

效率、竞争、快与慢、快与好的关系……

毕业感想英语作文一：

Dear schoolmates,

As I am graduating, I’d like to write this letter to express my feelings before leaving school. As for me, it is the school life that colors my daily life. During the three years, I had a good time with teachers and classmates who were in favor of me. Besides, there is no doubt that I achieved lots of knowledge and skills which are good for my future study.

Nevertheless, there are also some things that I regret about. For instance, wasting too much time playing computers, I spent a little time in studying. Moreover, I regret arguing with my friends when I was in a low spirit.

Gone are the days when I studied in high school. Needless to say, there are many challenges in university where I will start my new life. Therefore, I should make every effort to study in university.

Here is some advice for you to take. Under no circumstances should you waste time doing things that aren’t linked with study. Apart from this, it’s high time that you should spare no effort to get good marks at school.

Good luck to all of you!

Yours

毕业感想英语作文二：

Hello, everyone.

I dont know how to express my feeling now. I dont know whether Im happy or sad. Today well be apart. From now on well never study together, never laugh together.

Ive been in Cambridge Young English School for three years. Ive learned a lot here. I got to know whats english and how to read english. Teacher Li was hard because of us. We didnt listen to him when he began to teach us. And he couldnt do anything else but shout Attention!

Teacher Li is great. Remember, Teacher Pi said, phonogram is difficult to spell. And he would only ask us to dictionary when he was tied. Instesd Te Li could spell it. Its really admirable. I love Teachers reading, nice although not better than .

How time flys. Im going to graduate. Dense book notes that left me the best gift, which not only gave me the knowledge, but gave me a lot of fun. I would like to thank Mu Shenghui. I admire his notes and his achievements. I am happy to be his deckmate.

Wish everyone can pave a perfect road with English. Come on, everybody!

Thank you! Thats all.

瞻前顾后的人做事周密，谨小慎微的人做事妥帖，然而，在风险面前，瞻前顾后便成为懦弱胆怯，如此，怎能完成艰险大事呢?

无人敢切的钻石，最终竟是由年轻的人顺利切割，获得了更胜从前的价值。老人的一言道出了真谛，不想价值，手就不抖了。年轻人或许没有足够的切割技术、经验，但他的心里仅有切钻石这件事，无暇它顾，只知勇敢一刀切下，如此简单想着一件事，不顾虑其它，怎能不成功?

简单想，勇敢做，心无杂念，才能满怀勇气，不畏风险，顺利完成自己的事业。

简单想，勇敢做，他成了世界首富，成为世人心中的传奇。他有着优越的条件，聪慧的大脑，上著名大，过着令人羡慕的生活。然而，他却因对软件的喜爱而放弃学业自己创业。鲜有人理解他的想法，也无人明白他的勇气从何而来。他仅仅是想着自己的事，不顾日后的风险、艰辛，勇敢走在自己心中向往的道路上，不怕未来成功与否，只在意做好当下。比尔盖茨没有让自己的勇气白白付出，他简单做着自己的事，终于完成，他成为世界首富，有了自己的公司，受到众人赞赏，他的简单与勇敢让他获得今天的成功与辉煌。

简单想，勇敢做，他成了中国的音乐教父，完成了自己的梦想。他原本有着稳定工作，平稳生活，可他放不下对音乐的迷恋，始终爱着摇滚音乐，为了这简单想法，崔健没有顾忌放弃工作后的度日艰辛，怀着一腔孤勇，开始自己的音乐梦。他的简单想勇敢做同样没有让他失望，他的梦想得以实现，勇气没白费，如今，他是教父级的人物，获得了自己的成功。

简单想，勇敢做，短短六个字，又有几个人真正做到。没有杂念牵绊，只是认真完成自己心中所想，不怕失败后的艰难困苦，更不怕途中的艰辛，勇敢地去做，直到收获成功。

简单想，勇敢做，我们都能获得成功。

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考可根据自己的情况选择其中的个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。

1．表示原因

1）There are three reasons for this

2）The reasons for this are as follows

3）The reason for this is obvious

4）The reason for this is not far to seek

5）The reason for this is that

6）We have good reason to believe that

例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life

．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．

注：

如考生写第一个句子没有把握，

可将其改写成两个句子。

如：

Great changes have taken place in our life．

There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2．表示好处

1）It has the following advantages

2）It does us a lot of good

3）It benefits us quite a lot

4）It is beneficial to us

5）It is of great benefit to us

例如：

Books are like friends．

They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds

and widen our horizons．Therefore reading extensively is of great benefit to us

3．表示坏处

1）It has more disadvantages than advantages

2）It does us much harm

3）It is harmful to us

例如：

However，everything divides into two．

Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.

4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient, possible）for sb．to do sth．

2）We think it necessary to do sth．

3）It plays an important role in our life．

例如：

Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．

Soon, computers will be found in every home，too．

We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．

5．表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures．

2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．

3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．

4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．

例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with Is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．

6 ．表示变化

1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．

2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．

3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．

例如：

Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to

meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．

7．表示事实、现状

1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．

2）No one can deny the fact that．．．

3）There is no denying the fact that．．．

4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．

5）However，that’s not the case．

例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，

we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．

The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．

8．表示比较

1）Compared with A，B．．．

2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．

3）There is a striking contrast between them．

例如：

Compared with cars ,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．

9．表示数量

1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．

2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．

3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％compared with that of January．

例如：

With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s in some spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．

再如：From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．

10．表示看法

1）People have（take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth．

2）People have different opinions on this problem．

3）People take different views of（on）the question．

4）Some people believe that．．．

Others argue that．．．

例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．

Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However ,others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．

再如：

Do“lucky numbers really bring good luck？

Different people have different views on it（注：

一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。）

11．表示结论

1）In short，it can be said that ．．．

2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．

3）From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that ．．

例如：

From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however，its method should be improved．

12．套语

1）It’s well known to us that ．．．

2）As is known to us．．．

3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．

4）From the graph

（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．

5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．

例如：

As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．

The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays,the society is changing and developing rapidly，and

the campus is no longer an“ivory tower.As college students，

we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．

Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after

we graduate.

启发诱导培养学生写作顺序。

“作文难，作文难，听说作文就心烦”，从这一挂在学生嘴边的顺口溜可以看出学生害怕作文的心理，怎样才能使学生从厌作文转变为爱作文呢？我们从改进课堂作文教学和开展第二课堂两个方面入手，采用多种形式激发学生学习作文的兴趣，学生对写作文的兴趣。

一是来自外界的刺激：如果我的作文受到了老师的表扬，如果我的作文能够贴到教室的墙壁上；

二是来自于学生的自信：我的作文进步了，我的作文一定能写好。

一、改进第一课堂作文教学。第一课堂作文教学是向学生传授作文知识、训练作文能力的主要时机，因此，激发学生的写作兴趣，应从改进第一堂作文课谈起。

1.1、变命题方式，使学生有啥写啥。小学生的生活是异常丰富的，小学生的兴趣爱好是非常广泛的，要从小学生的生活和兴趣出发，改过去那种单一老师命题方式为师生共同命题、老师命题、学生命题相结合的方式。

1.2、创新指导方法，充分强调学生的积极性。上作文课时，要改变以往老师“一言堂”的方法，让学生当主演，老师当“导演”，即以学生为主体以老师为主导，以训练为主线，让学生“自主学习，自主发展”。每次作文课，老师提出要求，让学生根据要求自由选材，内容新颖有趣，符合学生特点，充分调动学生积极性。

1.3、加强片段练习，化解作文训练难度。片段练习，便于具体指导，易于清除学生的为难情绪。因此，根据作文的训练重点，先设计好有关的片段，让学生在此基础上展开丰富的想象，加强练习，在写整篇作文时，学生就不感觉难了。

二、开展第二课堂活动。第二课堂作文活动是第一课堂作文教学的延续和补充，是提高教学作文质量的一个很重要的环节，同时第二课堂可以丰富学生素材，激励学生的写作兴趣。

2.1、组织观察活动，教给学生观察方法。经常组织学生观察生活、观察社会、观察大自然，方法：①顺序法；②比较法；③提纲法。使学生对事物按一定的顺序进行观察。通过比较各自的特点，找出事物的共同点和不同点，表达自己的看法和感想，以提高观察的自觉性，明确观察的目的性，发展学生的逻辑思维能力。

2.2、开辟作文园地，鼓励积极投稿。根据学生的心理，要在教室里开辟作文园地，把学生中写得具体、生动的文章、精彩的片段、新颖的开头、耐人寻味的结尾、承上启下的过渡等，登在园地内，供学生们阅读、欣赏、评议。同时鼓励同学投稿，让他们尝到稿子被录用的甜头，激励他们写作兴趣。

面对着优美的自然景观，你感动过吗？面对着精美的艺术品，你感动过吗？面对着崇高的精神和伟大人格，你感动过吗？面对着真挚的亲情、友情和浓浓的乡情，你感动过吗？面对这古今诗人的名篇大作，沉浸其中，你感动过吗？请以感动为话题，写一篇文章。

要求：①自拟题目②文体不限③800字左右

【写作指导】

人自生下来，情感、情绪就受到客观坏境的影响，受到偶发事件的牵动，感动就是人的感情受到冲击时的一种反应。

考生要想写好这篇文章，就需要从材料出发，充分调动生活积累，回忆曾让我们为之感动的人或事，景或情，力求从中选取内蕴丰富，值得我们咀嚼、玩味的材料，把它们组织到文章中来。此外在充分领会感动的内涵基础上，还要从全新的角度，选择一个新视角，去抒写真情。生活中处处涌动着令人感动的事情，只有善于用心捕捉，就能找到写作的切入点。

内容上，我们即可以写伟人的壮举，也可以写凡人小事；还可以写造化奇观，鬼斧神工。但切记，所写的这些都必须是令你感动的，能与读者用心交流的。要让读者感动，让生活感动，让世界感动。

写法上，既可以抒情，也可以议论。但组织起来的材料作为文章主体框架必须都是抒情、议论的基础，否则，所抒之情，所议之理，皆会成为无源之水，无本之木，这就起不到感染读者的作用，反而会让读者望而生厌。无论采取何种表达方式，都必须要把握住情感的基调，以真情感人，以深邃的思想感人。

总之，只要文章内容能恰当地围绕话题，阐发感动的深层内涵，表现积极的价值取向，就都符合要求。

[“感动”话题作文的写作指导

Dear David ，

I’m glad that you’ve noticed our efforts directed towards environmental

protection。

Thank you for your concern 。

As too much use of plastic bags has caused serious white pollution , our

government encourages us to use environmental –friendly shopping bags。

These

bags are made of a variety of materials that can be easily treated when they bee

rubbish。 Besides， they can be reused 。 More and more people have realized the

advantages of such bags and started using them 。

I believe that the wide use of these shopping bags can greatly improve our

environment 。This is one of the many steps we are to make our country an even

cleaner place。

审题之后就是起题，起题也有讲究。

对于文笔不佳或者没有灵感的同学，常常直接"论__"、“谈__”起题。这样的题目只要符合题意，一般不会扣分，但也不会有额外的印象加分。

毕竟阅卷老师一天改成百上千的作文，头晕目眩几近“审文疲劳”。而好的标题能够让人“打起精神”，发现文中的闪光点，高分作文往往就这样出现。

1.标题不要过长，不要用整句。会显得松散混乱、没有主题。

如"__是我的爱好，我认为它好在__"、“人生路上有很多种选择，而我选择__，只因__”

2.标题要符合题目规定。

除了在立意上贴合题意，还要注意审题!有的作文命题中已经限定标题范围、已起题或是半命题作文，不要自己标新立异再起新题!

3. 起题三字诀：简、明、准。

标题用短语，有实力的同学可以尝试短句;

观点要挑明，要能清晰传达出写作中心，切忌模棱两可，否则不但考官迷惑，自己在写文时也被困扰;

切入点要找准，立意不要太大，太宽泛的主题把握不住反而是自找苦吃。

4.保守的拟题：将材料中的关键字词句涵义，提炼出来：如"展望未来"、”放手“等。

无论是题目中显性还是隐性的内涵，都可以做作文的标题。这种方式规规矩矩，是保守的拟题方法。

但是，更好的方式是根据作文要表达的中心思想，加入前后缀。如"展望未来，先要立足现在"、”有一种爱叫做放手“...(小编歌词举例，这样记得住吧~)

5.新颖、创新、优美的标题(“进阶操作”，作文高手专属)：

引用化用、修辞等手法起题。如“勿以善小而不为”、“三思而后行”、“__是隐形的翅膀”、“从‘心’开始”等。

诗意起题，情景并茂(大部分适用于记叙文、散文等文体)。如:”风中有朵雨做的云“、“越过你心中的墙”、”青春撞了我的腰“

根据自身能力，同学们选择保守起题或是亮眼的起题都可以。最关键的还是回归到了理解题意，认真审题。审题环节对了，起题环节即便是照瓢画葫，也不容易直接失分。

My favourite stories is Rabin Hood, Jack and the Beanstalk and Lion King II ——Simba’s Pride.

I like Lion king II ——Simba’s Pride the best,Simba daughter Qili Ya very smart,brave and hard—working,but she is very noaughty.She very much annoyed by the wor,hate the bad guys.But one day,their countries and outher countries have take Place in the wor,so she and her friende Gao-fu wisdom and courage to lift the war.

Rabin Hood this story very interesting.Rabin Hood is hard— working,brave and kind too,but sometime,he is not hunenst.He is the shooters shoot with unfailing accuracy of God!.

Jack and the Beanstalk this story is exciting to.Jack was smart boy,he very brave and strong.He climbed up the world’s largest beanstalk.And defeated giants.He took away giants treasure,and his mother a very happy life.

What’s your favorite book?

[高考英语作文：amous stories Myfamousstories

Li Hua is my good friend. We are classmates. He is tallest in our class. He is very kind and always ready to help others. We have many in common, so that we have many things to talk. For example, we both like playing basketball and we like the same basketball player Kobe. Besides, we both like cartoon very much. We always watch cartoon program together. At weekends, we oftenplay basketball. Whats more important, he studies hard. So do I. We can make progress together. He is a good friend.

李华是我的好朋友，我们是同学。他是我们班上最高的。他很善良，总是随时帮助其他人。我们有很多共同点，因此我们有很多事情可以交谈。比如说，我们都喜欢打篮球，我们都喜欢同一个球星——科比。除此之外，我们都很喜欢卡通。我们经常一起看卡通节目。周末的时候，我们经常一起打篮球。更重要的是，他学习很努力，我也一样。我们可以相互进步。他是一位好朋友。

高考就要开始了，考生们不用在为怎么写作高考作文发愁，下面是小编整理的跳出写作误区，欢迎阅读。

一、投机取巧，套用时文

2002年高考首次在卷面上提出“不得抄袭”的要求，还相应设立了一条评分标准：“确认为抄袭的作文，‘基础等级’在四等之内评分，‘发展等级’不给分。”但多年以来部分考生心存侥幸，套用现成故事的问题依然存在。比如海南省2010年高考评卷语文组副组长苏盛葵在题为“提倡真实的文风”的阅卷手记中介绍：“我们在现场还发现了2篇抄袭作文，抄江苏和上海高考的满分卷，经过在场外网上搜索，在场内验证，给了8分以下的处理。这些孩子完全是昏了头脑，是那些满分作文的书害了他们，也是背诵范文上考场默写的‘报应’。”四川省作文(考新材料作文“点线面”)阅卷也大力封杀“套作”——比如一篇作文题为“坚强”、一篇题为“古镇情韵”，它们分别套用了以前的高考作文及记者撰写的时文，判分都低得可怜。

这里要提醒考生：如果某些时文确实很精彩地诠释了作文话题，写作时予以概括，把它作为写议论文的例证，是完全可以的;但不能全文主体套用现成的故事，只在首尾加上一点扣题的话，更不能原封不动地照抄。

二、内容幼稚，气度狭小

2010年广东卷阅卷中发现，有些叙事文编得像小学五、六年级学生写的，缺乏必要的思想深度。比如《与你为邻(与你为邻，让我感到十分快乐)》一文，不足800字的篇幅就写了三个邻居，人物形象单薄，记叙水平不高。另外，文中反反复复提到的就是“(赵叔叔)你做的食物，每次都让我们感到十分美味，大饱口福”、“我一见到食物就十分高兴，马上把食物拿进了屋子，一口气把它们吃光了”、“(王大妈)她总会拿一些小零食给我，让我感到十分开心”，其品位十分低下。语言表达上则有生造词、方言词出现，如“而你每次都让我们这班小馋猫试食”、“也像在课室一样”等。

还有些考场作文在用语上出现了低幼化倾向，像“太阳公公”、“月亮婆婆”、“司马迁爷爷”、“雷锋叔叔”和“张海迪阿姨”这样的字眼频频出现。一个高中毕业生，已经是成人了，应该对社会、人生有比较深刻的理性思考和独立见解，如果到了十八九岁还停留在十岁多一点的思想情趣上，总让人觉得器量狭小。

三、选材雷同，了无新意

高考作文选材撞车的现象年年有，2010年依然突出。在江苏卷中，“低碳”作文相当泛滥——有老师戏称：“一看到低碳就长叹。”山东卷作文题(考“光明和阴影”)新颖度不算高，于是一些老掉牙的素材重新登场：史铁生、霍金、张海迪等摇着轮椅唱着生命阴晴不定的歌谣;海伦?凯勒、贝多芬、邰丽华等摸着盲文、打着哑语诉说着人生的执着与永恒;司马迁遭受难以启齿的侮辱却被众多学子不留情面地反复咀嚼。另外，李白、苏轼、丛飞、朱邦月等也频频出场。据粗略统计，二类卷中作文材料的“撞车”达75%。

除了事例陈旧，还有材料张冠李戴的现象。比如北京卷阅卷中发现，明明是宋朝的论据被套上明朝的时间，明明是这个名人说的话却套在另一个人的嘴上。这体现出考生知识积累并不细致、扎实。

对症下药

为丰富写作材料，平时应做到“三备”：备思想，备知识，备生活。

备思想，首先是要学好中学各门功课，各门功课的基本理论体现了辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的思想，是我们认识世界的最基本的观点。其次是关心社会生活和时事政治，正确认识当代社会的一些热点、焦点问题。

备知识，可与备思想结合起来进行。可注意阅读思想性、文化性较强的报刊，还可进行搜集、分析事例的训练，大致做法为：通过课外阅读每周搜集三至五个事例，并列出每个事例可用来阐明的一种或多种观点。

备生活，这有多种途径，如注意观察周围的人、事、物，积极参加社会实践活动，与同学、亲友交往等。真要备好生活，还得把上述活动的内容写进日记或练笔中，特别是那些有闪光点、有冲击力、有启发性的人与事，要及时记下来。到临考前翻出来整理一番，记住一些典型的事件及细节。

一、单项选择题

(1)先易后难：一些考题的答案比较容易选定，可以先从这些考题入手。平时练习时，应以基础为主，主要精力不应放在偏题、怪题上。

(2)分析考查意图、运用相关知识：应学会分析出题者考查的意图，明确相关题的测试点是什么，然后运用所学知识，进行分析、判断，再进行选择。

(3)利用暗示进行选择：注意考题涉及的语境范围。平时应注重对习惯用语表达、惯用法和中英文化差别等方面知识的积累。

(4)运用排除法：可采取语言排除、逻辑排除、语法排除或选择排除等方法。先排除较容易、较明显的错误选项，缩小范围，而后对剩余的选项进行比较分析，最后确定答案。

二、完形填空题

1、搭配判断法。

根据对以往试题的分析，搭配型考题在完形填空题中占的比例最高。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度，比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。

2、结构判断法。

结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等，解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从而做出迅速正确的判断。完形填空题中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有：

(1)转折、让步关系：这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。

常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but，still，yet，however，though，although，no matter，in spite of，anyway，even if等。

(2)因果关系：

表示原因的连词或词组有：because (of )，due to，owing to，thanks to，since，for，as等。

表示结果的词或词组有：so，therefore，then，as a result，in consequence，consequently，thus等。

(3)递进、补充关系：这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。

常用的词、词组有：moreover，likewise，besides，in addition，also，too，not only…but also，apart from，what‘s more 等。

(4)对比、比较关系：对比观点或事物间的差异性，比较观点或事物间的同一性。

表示对比的词或词组有：in contrast，by contrast，on the contrary，conversely，unlike，oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有：like，in comparison，compare…with，as，just as等。

3、词义判断法。

词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项，遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断、选择答案。

三、阅读理解

在做阅读理解题时，除了掌握前面介绍的基本题型、基本法则外，还要进行有意识的阅读训练。提高阅读能力的训练主要可以从下面几个方面入手：词汇、方法、侧重点。

1、词汇：猜词的技巧。

在阅读过程中，不可避免地会碰到不认识的单词，考试中又不允许查词典，有些不认识的单词对文章的理解影响不大，可以忽略。但有些不认识的单词则会影响阅读者对文章理解的正确性。在这种情况下，必需猜测词的含义，这就需要利用猜词的技巧了。

最基本的猜词技巧有两种：一是根据构词法的规则猜，构词法的规则在前面的章节中已有介绍，这里就不重复了;另一种猜词的技巧是根据上下文的描述、解释、列举、比较等，运用已有的知识，分析、推断该词的含义。常用的猜词技巧可归纳为以下几种：

(1)利用词根、词缀构词法推测词义。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一。

(2)分析文中对该词的直接定义推测词义。

作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解，作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语，或使用定语从句加以阐明，或用冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：that is (to say); e.g.;oor，in other words;to put it in another way等。如：

She is bilingual.In other words，she speaks English and French equally well.(bilingual：会说两种语言的)。

(3)分析文中对该词的近义复述推测词义。

同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。如：

It is difficult t

o list all of my fathe‘s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities.(attribute：特质;才能)

(4)分析文中对该词的对比和并列表述推测词义。

利用上下文中的对比或并列表述猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词(尤其是偏词、难词)的同义词或反义词，运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以推测。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however;on the other hand;nevertheless等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如：

If you agree，write “yes”;if you dissent，write “no”。(dissent：不同意）

In order to provide a good guidance and reference for nearly 1000 senior high graduates in our school, the Student Union made a survey on the filling applications for the college entrance examinations among the previous year graduates. According to the statistics of the survey, half of the graduates accepted their teachers’ suggestions for the reason that teachers have a better understanding of their interests, specialties and schooling experiences. 35% of the graduates followed their parents advice as they are used to obeying their arrangements and trusted their decision. 10% of the graduates preferred to make an independent choice as they hold that nobody know them better than themselves and since it is their rights to fill applications they hope to win respect from teachers and parents. The remaining 5% just made their choices accordingly after they got the results of the final published scores and ranking.

一、话题作文审题指要

近几年高考全国卷考查的都是话题作文。话题作文为发挥考生的写作才能而缩小了限制性，加大了自主性，相对材料作文而言，题面的要求说得比较明白，所以审题难度有所下降。但是，如果考生审题意识淡薄，既不重视把握题目内涵，也不注意审清要求，还是会造成“一着不慎，满盘皆输”的严重后果。这方面的教训并不少。比如2017年上海卷要求以“忙”为话题写一篇文章，按理说不存在什么审题障碍，但仍有考生出现偏差，例如写成“帮忙”。“忙”的内涵应该是显性的，变成复合词“帮忙”，也就改变了它的本来涵义。另外，有考生由上海方言中的“帮帮忙”、电话术语“忙音”等切入话题，也都偏离了“忙”的原意。2017年高考分省命题，共涌现出九道话题作文，考生审题不准、偏离题意的情况依然突出。像全国卷一的话题为“出人意料和情理之中”，可能是引出话题的玻尔的回答（“因为我不怕在学生面前显露我的愚蠢”）让部分考生难以理解，于是他们就反复考虑这句话，在这句话上大做文章，大谈“愚蠢”“聪明与愚蠢”“天才与愚蠢”“成功与愚蠢”，以致与话题谬以千里。有必要提请考生注意，话题作文审题时应做到三点：

首先要全面。即凡是命题者给出的材料、提示语、要求或注意事项，都要一一看明白，不能遗漏。与材料相比，命题人给出的提示语更应认真阅读。比如2017年高考试题的提示语是“也许不是人人都会碰上这种生死的抉择，但是每个人却常常遇到、见到、听到一些触动心灵需要作出选择的事情”。这就交代得很清楚，试题用登山者的故事作为材料，但并没有限定考生一定要写生死抉择或帮助别人的题材，所以也就不一定按照这个故事的帮人救人的道德观念、价值观念来立意，事实上，许多心灵的选择是不属于帮人救人的，有一大批优秀的考场作文没有写帮助他人，而是从自己的阅读和生活中寻找素材，同样产生了以理服人、以情感人的艺术效果。

其次要吃透话题的内涵。比如面对“假如记忆可以移植”，要明确以下几点：（1）“记忆”是指“保存在脑子里的过去事物的印象”，不是“思维”“性格”“精神”，当然更不是“身份”“地位”“面貌”。（2）“移植”在这里是指“将机体的一部分组织转移到另一机体上的一种医疗手术”，不是“克隆”“复制”，也不是单方面的“删除”，而是有“移”有“植”。通过这样的分析，就不会闹出移植爱因斯坦记忆后自己也长出大胡子之类的笑话，也不会写出“借尸还魂”等荒唐故事了。（3）“假如”，表明这是一个假设的判断，即已经假定这是一种“事实”，接下来只能对由此而产生的结果作出判断和评价，而不必对移植技术本身的可能性、可靠性发表什么意见，决不能死抠住材料中“当然，人的记忆移植要比动物复杂得多，也许永远不会成功”，自说自话地以“记忆是不能够移植的”为观点作文，否则得分必然少得可怜。又如写“纪念”，要弄清：不能把它等同于怀念，因为它不仅仅是内心情感的涌动，还是思想与行动的结合，即“用一定的方式对人对事表示怀念”。

近年来，关系类话题作文是高考测试热点中的热点。对于此类试题，审题时须将两者（甚至三者）之间存在的关系揭示出来，不可偏废，否则就有可能偏离题意。从何处着手呢？搞清各自所属的领域或范畴，搞清各自的本质、特点，更要搞清这两者在何时何地、何情何景下有何联系——是直接影响还是间接影响，是正面作用还是负面作用；是显性关系还是隐性关系，是偶然联系还是必然联系；是单向联系还是多向联系，或者是互动关联、互为条件、互为因果，等等。搞清关系之后，再从中挑选出自己准备准确表达的一种关系，进而形成观点或判断，并以此来构思作文。

最后一点，要围绕话题选材。根据话题范围确立主题后，还要精选材料，充分表现主题，这样才算真正符合题意。有些考生没有注意这一点，作文开头也能抓住话题，但主体部分却不能围绕中心行文，这也是不符合题意的表现。

二、命题作文审题指要

（一）咀嚼含义。即弄清题目的意思。比如2017年北京卷要求“以‘转折’为题”作文，“转折”的意思是“事物在发展过程中改变原来的方向、形式等”（《现代汉语词典》）。可见，这是一个中性的名词性概念，古今中外，称得上有“转折”的人与事都可入文，且不分是向好处转，还是向坏处转——向好处转可以提供经验，向坏处转可以提供教训。但是从审题上看，“转折”不同于“转变”“转化”“挫折”，更不同于一般的“变化”。又如以“自嘲”为题作文，须用辩证的眼光审视题目——自嘲作为一种正视尴尬、自我宽慰的人生态度是值得提倡的，但如果失去了一个度，就会转变为自卑和颓废，会沦落为阿q式的心理麻醉。

（二）明确重点。即要找出“题眼”。比如“我的财富”，重点在“财富”，而财富包括物质财富和精神财富；“近墨者未必黑”，重点在“未必”，不能把“近墨者未必黑”混同于“近墨者不黑”；“今年花胜去年红”，重点在于一个“胜”字，隐含着“今年”与“去年”的优劣比较。

（三）确定范围。即弄清题目对文体、时间、地点、数量、对象和内容等方面的要求。比如“我的财富”，内容上应扣住“我”来展开；“我们生活在同一块土地上”，“同一块土地上”应指比较广大的地域，假如写教室、宿舍、家庭等很小的范围，就不够切题。

三、材料作文审题指要

（一）努力抓住“关键词”。材料作文一般有多项“指令”，这些“指令”往往以“关键词”的面目出现，考生应当努力抓住这些“关键词”。比如2017年福建卷要求“把图给你的联想或感悟写成一篇900字左右的文章”，有三个“关键词”巧妙地“嵌”在试题中——“请你联系提示文字”的“联系”，“对它们加以比较”的“比较”，“联想或感悟要与两幅图都相关”的“都相关”。“联系提示文字”，启发考生准确而深刻地理解“规范”与“新颖”、“稳定”与“多变”、“周长短，面积大”与“周长长，面积小”等彼此间的关系；“比较”“都相关”，则要求兼顾两幅图，而不能只说一幅。那么，怎样抓“关键词”呢？南京师大何永康教授的建议是：一要一个词、一个词地在心中默读考题，强迫自己定下心来，把试题中的每一个字看清楚。二要在找出“关键词”后，先用铅笔把它们圈出来，这样可以有一个“物质依托”，防止在“心里盘算”时丢三拉四；审题结束后，再用橡皮把铅笔圈过的痕迹擦去。

（二）尽可能多地找出材料的含义，准确确定论点。材料作文的材料绝大多数是多义的，单义的材料十分少见。比如“达·芬奇画蛋”的材料，至少有三种含义：一是“天才出于勤奋”，二是“要练好基本功”，三是“名师出高徒”。找出材料的多种含义后，应注意通过比较鉴别，选出你认为最直接、最佳的一条来，作为将写的作文的主旨。试以1995年高考试题为例。这一年所给材料是寓言诗《鸟的评说》（“麻雀说燕子/是怕冷的懦夫/燕子说黄鹂/徒有一身美丽的装束/黄鹂说百灵/声音悦耳动机不纯/百灵说最无原则的/要算那鹦鹉/鹦鹉说喜鹊/生就一副奴颜媚骨/喜鹊说苍鹰好高骛远/苍鹰说麻雀寸光鼠目……”）。本则材料含义甚多，选择时千万不能抓住其中的某一个局部，由此扯开去，讲到其他问题（比如由“黄鹂”“徒有一身美丽的装束”，讲到要追求心灵美）。正确的做法是：由个别到一般，抓住材料中七种鸟共同存在的带有倾向性的问题，那就是——要全面地、辨证地、正确地对待他人和自己，不能“看别人一块疤，看自己一朵花”。这是材料最直接的含义。此外，还可以察“前因”（为什么会这样），探“后果”（这样会带来什么结果），确立“要以正常的心态待人”“要注意调查，实事求是”“要加强团结”等论点。

Grasp all, lose all. 贪多必失.

Whats lost is lost. 失者不可复得。

Waste not, want not. 不浪费,不会穷.

Tomorrow never comes. 切莫依赖明天. / 我生待明日,万事成蹉跎.

No man is infallible. 没有人不犯错误。

Alms never make poor. 施舍穷不了人.

Love will find a way. 爱心所至,金石为开.

Manners make the man. 举止见人品。

Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是一种美德.

Pity is akin to love. 怜悯生爱.

Call a spade a spade. 是啥说啥，难听不怕。

Delays are dangerous. 因循出危险.

Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手.

Counsel is no command. 劝告不是命令.

Poverty tries friends. 贫穷考验朋友.

Once bitten,twice shy. 吃一次亏,学一次乖.

Pain past is pleasure. 痛苦过去即欢乐.

Leal heart lied never. 心诚无谎言。

Hot love is soon cold. 过热的爱情冷得快.

As good lost as found. 有得必有失. /得失同喜.

Every dog has his day. 瓦块也有翻身日，人人都有运来时。

Wise fear begets care. 懂得担心,就会小心.

"Never”is a long word. 不要轻易说“决不”。

After wind comes rain. 风是雨的头。

Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性.

Time tries all things. 时间检验一切.

Boys will be boys. 男孩子总是男孩子.

No song, no supper. 不出力,不得食.

The truth will out. 真相总会大白.

Time works wonders. 时间能创造奇迹.

To think is to see. 思考就是明白.

Truth will prevail. 真理必胜

A lie begets a lie. 谎言生谎言。

Years bring wisdom. 年岁带来智慧.

In love is no lack. 爱情不会感到缺乏.

Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得 . /悖入悖出.

Every little helps. 点滴都有用.

Forgive and forget. 恢弘大度，勿念旧恶。

Manners maketh man. 举止造人品.

Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖 。

Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量.

Let the world slide. 人世沧桑,听其自然.

Love me,love my dog. 爱屋及乌.

Life means struggle. 生活就是斗争.

Fair plays a jewel. 比赛风格好,胜过珠宝.

Early sow,early mow. 种得早,收得早.