英语说明文常见写作方法(经典20篇)

一段短短的自我介绍，其实是为了揭开更深入的面谈而设计的。一两分钟的自我介绍，犹如商品广告，在有限的时间内，针对客户的需要，将自己最美好的一面，毫无保留地表现出来，不但要令对方留下深刻的印像，还要即时引发起购买欲。

1、自我认识

想一矢中的，首先必须认清自我，一定要弄清以下三个问题。你现在是干什么的？你将来要干什么？你过去是干什么的？

这三个问题不是按时间顺序从过去到现在再到将来，而是从现在到将来再到过去。其奥妙在于：如果你被雇用，雇主选中的是现在的你，他希望利用的是将来的你，而这将来又基于你的历史和现状。

所以，第一个问题，你是干什么的？现在是干什么的？回答这个问题，要点是：你是你自己，不是别的什么人。除非你把自己与别人区别开来，在共同点的基础上更强调不同点，否则你绝无可能在众多的应征求职者中夺魁。对于这第一个问题，自我反省越深，自我鉴定就越成功。

随后，着手回答第二个问题：你将来要干什么？如果你申请的是一份举足轻重的工作，雇主肯定很关注你对未来的自我设计。你的回答要具体，合理，并符合你现在的身份，要有一个更别致的风格。

然后，再着手回答最后一个问题：你过去是干什么的？你的过去当然都在履历上已有反映。你在面试中再度回答这个问题时，不可忽略之处是：不要抖落一个与你的将来毫不相干的过去。如果你中途彻底改行，更要在描述你的执着、职业目标的一贯性上下些功夫。要做到这一点，又要忠实于事实和本人，最简单的方法是：找到过去与将来的联系点，收集过去的资料，再按目标主次排列。

用这样的方法，以现在为出发点，以将来为目标，以过去为证实，最重要的是加深了你的自我分析和理解。其实，在面试的时候不一定有机会或者有必要照搬你的大作，但这三个问题的内在联系点一定会体现在自我表述的整体感觉中，使你的形象栩栩如生。

2、投其所好

清楚自己的强项后，便可以开始准备自我介绍的内容：包括工作模式、优点、技能，突出成就、专业知识、学术背景等。

好处众多，但只有短短一分钟，所以一切还是与该公司有关的好。(面试自我介绍 ) 如果是一间电脑软件公司，应说些电脑软件的话题；如是一间金融财务公司，便可跟他说钱的事，总之投其所好。

但有一点必须紧记：话题所到之处，必须突出自己对该公司可以作出的贡献，如增加营业额、减低成本、发掘新市场等。

3、铺排次序

内容的次序亦极重要，是否能抓住听众的注意力，全在于事件的编排方式。所以排在头位的，应是你最想他记得的事情。而这些事情，一般都是你最得意之作。与此同时，可呈上一些有关的作品或纪录增加印像分。

在语文教学中，我们常遇到学生不愿写作文或学生作文水平不高的情况，而教师在指导学生写作时也常感到棘手、烦恼，往往缺乏操作性较强的具体方法。本文谈论写作方法指导，欢迎阅读了解。

结合自身多年的作文教学经历来看，学困生的作文指导虽说是难一些，但并不是完全无药可医，只要教师遵循教学规律，掌握儿童的心理特征，因人而异地指导作文，学生通过努力定能写出优秀的作文。

一、学会审清题意

题目是文章的眼睛。审题正确，习作就能围绕主题展开，文不离题；相反，审题不认真，对题目的分析判断有错误，习作就容易跑题，正所谓“下笔千言，离题万里”。所以，审题是习作的第一关。教育家叶圣陶说：“写作前要多想，不要动笔就写。”这就强调了审题的地位。

二、练习扩展句子

很多学生写的文章通常太白，很多好词好句不会用，就要从扩写句子开始。如果学生在写作时，能把丰富而恰当的词语，运用各种扩句的方法，尽可能地把一句句的句子写具体、写生动，不但句子的面貌会有很大的改观，而且不会再愁作文写不长了。

比如说写一个人跑得快，光说快是不行的，要提示学生说明快的程度，怎么快的。学生很快就能想到像闪电一样、像风一样这样的句子，也可以说他跑一百米用了多长时间来说明他快。这样一写，句子明显不再干瘪了。

三、写好生活日记

1.可以减少学生写错字的机会。

在识字方法中，有一种叫做“重现法”，就是说生字是“一回生，二回熟，三回就成了朋友”，这也适用于写日记。学生写日记要运用文字，这些文字可以是熟悉的字，也可以是一些刚刚学过的生字。学生通过运用，熟悉了这些字，从而也减少了学困生在写作文时错别字太多的现象。

2.教师可以通过看日记了解学生情况、班级情况。

教师可以通过看学生的日记，更进一步地了解学生。如，在日记中，我看到了我班学生冯小锋的一篇日记。他写道：“我要改变自己，因为今天我上数学课的时候，我睡着了，老师提问我，还不知道。老师就问我做了什么美梦，同学们都笑了起来。下课了，赵威同学还跑过来问我，梦见了什么？我真的很生气，大家都笑我，我以后一定要改变了，我上课不能再睡觉了。”针对这一事件，我在他的日记本上回复：“知错能改，就是好孩子。”这样，学生在日记中得到了思想教育，端正了学习态度。

3.写日记其实就是一次次作文小练笔。

考试作为检验学生能力的一种手段，不可能一下子就消失。而中高年级的试题中，作文是占了很大的分值的。一些教师在期末总复习时，总是煞费苦心地去猜作文题，甚至让学生死记硬背某一命题作文，如果蒙得对，那就皆大欢喜，如果不对，结果可想而知。其实，作文能力不是靠背就能提高的。现在作文试题，经常会变换说法，但在原来的作文基础上稍稍改变就可以。这改变的能力，便是在平时积累中形成的。

四、精批改显成效

1.批改作文要及时。

一篇作文批改时间过长的话，学生作文的新鲜劲早就过去了，早忘了当初是怎么写的了，对教师的批语也就不那么在意了，作文本发下来后一翻了之。普通学生尚且如此，学困生就更不用谈了，因此作文批改要及时。第一时间批改学生的作文可以让他们作文中的许多错误得到及时的更正；第一时间批改学困生的作文，可以让学困生有更多的时间去修改作文，修改后的作文能达到全班平均水平。

2.批改作文要多鼓励、多表扬。

教师的鼓励、表扬如同学生的写作中的两根拐杖，扶持着学生走得更稳更快，学生写作文更需要教师的鼓励与表扬。对于学困生那些文理上一无是处的作文，教师要多一点包容，宽容地看待，可以写下这样一些鼓励、表扬的批语：“格式正确，你已经学会了作文的第一步，希望你继续努力！”“规范的书写使你的作文好看了很多，相信以后你的作文会和你的字一样好看！”“你按时完成了这次的作文，老师为你高兴！”学生看到这些表扬、鼓励的批语后会感受到写作文的愉悦，为求再次得到教师的表扬，他们会认真去写下一次的作文，教师的鼓励与表扬就成为学生学习的动力。

3.“面批”学困生的作文。

小学生作文以学写记叙文为主，语句通顺是最基本的要求，而学困生作文最突出的问题是语句不通顺，做到面批面改是个好办法。教师要耐心地和学生一起，把作文从头到尾一句句读下来，借助学生平时已有的听说能力，引导他们分析句子是否完整，表达是否清楚明白，指导学生把文章改通顺，然后让学生读一读修改过的文章，看看与修改前的文章有什么不同，从而认识到怎样叫语句通顺，怎样才能把句子写通顺，这样面批面改几次，学困生的作文就能大有起色，以后逐步要求个人先修改，然后再同教师一起修改。这样坚持半年，学困生的作文就能基本上做到语句通顺。“面批”来得更直接，能很好地向学生传授作文技法，能最大限度地提升学生的作文水平，同时使学生感到荣幸，受到重视，感受到教师认真负责的工作态度，引起学生情感上的共鸣进而产生写好作文的动机。作文的批改是由教师的“批”和学生的“改”共同完成的教学活动，教师在“面批”时传授学困生方法，把修改的主动权还给学生，学困生的作文能力就会在这样的“批”与“改”中得到提高。

教师一句鼓励的话语，一个表扬的眼神，一次真情的交流，比作文前苦口婆心的说教，作文后声色俱厉的批语更能端正学生的作文态度，引导学生在写作路途上稳步前进。学生的进步，是我们最大的心愿，让我们多思考，多实践，多总结，使学生不再畏惧作文，使每一位学生都爱上写作，爱上语文。

导语：如何写好记叙文的开头?附加记叙文精彩开头，仅供参考!

一、开门见山，直接入题

写人为主的记叙文可以直接交代人物或通过对人物肖像对话、行动等方面的描写，直接入题;叙事为主的记叙文，一开头就可以点明事情发生的时间、地点和有关背景。如：

二、写景状物，渲染气氛

开头从写景状物入手，渲染气氛，一烘托人物，展开故事。如：

三、抒情议论，确定基调

用几句简要的议论，恰当的抒情，来作文章的开头，或感染读者，或点明主旨，领起下文。如：

四、设置悬念，引出下文

开头设置悬念，能一下子抓住读者的心，激发人们去思考，起到引人入胜的效果。

五、引用诗文，突现中心

以诗文妙语，名言警句开头，既能激发读者的想象和兴趣，也能提高文章的品位;既能揭示主要内容，也能突现人物和事件。

记叙文精彩开头

1、生活如诗，诗意有尽情难尽;生活如茶，茶香满口情悠悠;生活如歌，歌到深处情难留;生活如酒，酒将醉时笑语盈……——(无锡市《精彩一幕》)

2、生活是爱的海洋，人人都呼吸着爱，感受着爱。生活就像一片夜空，在流星的精彩瞬间，令人感受到壮丽的美;生活就像一涓细流，在穿石的精彩瞬间，令人感受到坚持的美……但人间最美的，是爱。——(无锡市《精彩瞬间》)

3、抛不完相思血泪抛红豆，开不完春柳春花满画楼，睡不稳纱窗风雨黄昏后，忘不了新愁与旧愁，展不开的眉头，捱不明的更漏，恰便似遮不住的青山隐隐，流不断的绿水幽幽……——(富阳市《心弦上痴情的景致》)

4、我爱“急湍甚箭，猛浪若奔”那种舞动的劲，带动我青春向上的心灵;

我思“小桥流水人家”那游子的乡愁，牵动我年少的思绪，拨动我心灵的思乡琴弦;,

我悟“日出江花红似火，春来江水绿如蓝”那寂静，那和祥，抚着我年轻狂妄的想法，赋予我冷静的思想。——(厦门市《岸?流水?奔放》)

5、流水清清，荡漾起声与色的韵律，飘逸出生命的华彩与灿烂。

流水柔柔，点染开情感的温和，播洒下爱的春露。

流水蓬蓬，激扬了力与美的交响，迸发出灵魂的坚韧。——(厦门市《水韵悠悠》)

6、当东坡居士在波涛翻涌的赤壁下高唱：“大江东去浪淘尽，千古风流人物……”。我们认为这是激动人心的壮美风景。当易安居士在落红之下低吟浅唱：“红了樱桃，绿了芭蕉，雨打窗棂湿绫绡。”我们认为这是宁静淡泊的风景。当青莲居士在月明星稀时，对长空高歌：“天下摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜。”我们认为这是无奈悠远的风景。

许许多多美的风景组成了我们的泱泱大国，许许多多人文风景组成了我们灿烂丰富的历史。——(富阳市《心景和谐》)

7、夜，好静谧，柔和的月光洒了一地银白;夜，好深沉，父亲那时起时落的鼾声犹如一首动人的月光曲，回荡在夜色上空。望着熟睡中父亲的脸，我的思绪也飘向那片圣洁的夜空……——(金华市《想起了父亲苍老的脸》)

8、“对酒当歌，人生几何。譬如朝露，去日苦多……”曹丞相横槊赋诗慨叹人生苦短。列御寇御风而行，超然洒脱;庄周不畏世俗所累;李白淡薄名利留下千古佳话。而反观周兴、来俊臣之辈贪图钱财，使自己一生不得安宁;卫青曾与霍去病抵抗匈奴立下大功，却为了功名害死李广，自己也忧郁而终。生命应得到善待，但凡追名逐利而不折手段者，其生命也将暗淡无光。

虽然都欣赏“生命诚可贵，爱情价更高，若为自由故，二者皆可抛”的人生哲学，但生命乃是人们最初的珍爱。惟有生命的存在，才有可能言及其它。——(南通市《善待生命》)

9、如果说春天是一组欢快的四季曲，那么阳光便是灵动跳跃的节奏。春天，绿色的使者，希望的象征;阳光，温柔的天使，光明的象征。有了春天，无不生机盎然，繁花似锦;有了阳光，无不温暖人心，心情舒畅。——(江西《让我挺胸沐浴春天的阳光》)

10、“挺胸”是什么?是昂首自立，洁身自好，不与世俗同流合污么?是铮铮铁骨，宁死不屈，舍身而取义么?是飘逸洒脱，张扬个性，不谄媚权贵么?历史上多少名人志士，用他们的行为乃至生命，向我们一次又一次地诠释了这个词的含义……——(江西《挺胸而立》)

11、春天，撷一缕春风，放进心房，让它吹起我的快乐;夏天，捧一抹骄阳，放进心房，让它照亮我的温暖;秋天，拾一枚红叶，放进心房，让它收获我的心情;冬天，掬一捧阳光，放进心房，让它荡涤我的心灵……

12、我珍惜生命的每一寸光阴，我渴望美丽，我享受生命，所以无论何时，我都会拥有一份好心情!——(常州市《让好心情牵引我们成功》)

13、 例：(首)时间流逝，光阴飞转。十四岁的春秋，我已与父母走遍数载花开花落。从我生命的始初以同一速度不可挽回地向未来飞速冲刺。待偶尔停驻，才发现：季节轮替的十四年里，我一直与父母同行。苍老的，是岁月，是父母;而与之相反的，我长大了。

(尾)我想我们还会一直走更长的岁月，大概要有他们的一辈子那么长。我们会感叹时光荏苒，岁月如梭。以后的几十载，我与父母同行。苍老的，是岁月，是人;而不变的，是爱。(《我与父母同行》)

14、晚风吹过河面上最后一波涟漪，夕阳收起它最后一首余晖，秋霜目送去最后一只归雁。我们默默地站着，目光游离在那若即若离的记忆之门上。当许许多多都已凋尽，我们起码还可以对自己说：“别伤心，我已体验过那种感觉，虽然只是曾经拥有。”(选自安徽省中考满分文《曾经拥有》) 技巧点拨：一切景语皆情语，在记叙文、散文的写作中，环境描写是不可少的。环境描写可以渲染气氛，可以衬托人物、可以推动故事情节的发展。如果在文章的开头先进行一段简洁的环境描写，既可以为文章提供一个特定的背景，又能使文章形成一种特殊的氛围。

15、“月朦胧，鸟朦胧，帘卷海棠红。”每当我吟诵这句诗，心中便有说不出的陶醉。心也朦胧，眼也朦胧，眼前真个展现了同一幅画来。(选自吉林省中考满分文《陶醉》)

速成，就是如何在短时间内取得够用的GMAT考试分数。作文地位有些特殊，它不是很重要，但是趋势却是大家的分数都越来越高，以前底线是4，现在已经提到了4.5。

我复习GMAT时作文就写过一篇，考试时作文时5.5。我是胡扯派的入门弟子，这里有一些小技巧和大家分享.

GMAT作文是很死的八股文，写五段，不要6段也不要4段，开头结尾，中间三段论证。练好打字速度，600以上最好，最少也不要低于450字。质量质量，质提不上去就靠量来充字数。

先是小作文，小作文怎么复习呢：先看OG上面argument的题目，对照着孙远作文宝典，看第六章的提纲就OK了。自己先找错误，找不出来时看提纲。看十篇就能练出火眼金睛，基本找错误没什么问题，然后是经典的七宗罪，这样就会对逻辑错误有一个宏观的认识了。一般用剥洋葱的的手法去写，一层一层的来这样不会漏掉错误，也层层递进，逻辑关系紧密。

然后是ISSUE：同样的道理，先看题目自己想观点，想不出来时看孙远宝典的提纲，十篇足够了。一般来说我都是写中立的观点，这样比较好些，先是开头亮明自己是中立的，接下来两段阐述观点，第四段来个让步，最后是结尾。

对于模板：开头结尾用模板，中间最好不要。模板都是废话，GMAT写作大众模板例如山峰和qiqiang的模板用烂了，多参考几篇范文自己写一个。中间段落根据论点阐述。不管是大作文还是小作文，先打开头和结尾，再打中间，这样可以保证文章结构是完整的。

可分为以下几方面来介绍自己：

1.简要个人信息：姓名，籍贯。出身农民家庭可能让别人觉得你是个自强、能吃苦的人。知识份子家庭让人感觉家庭氛围好。诸如此类。

2.专业学习：介绍自己是计算机系的，成绩怎样，如得过奖学金可以在此时说出来。计算机技能如何，比如等级、认证等。是否设计过程序，得过奖等。英语水平如何。目的在于告诉他你学习成绩优秀，动手能力强，有创新精神。

3.社会工作：中共党员，班长，被评为优秀学生干部等等。参加、策划过什么活动，可以提一提。突出自己综合素质强，有领导、组织才能等等。

4.兴趣爱好：乐观开朗，爱好运动，游泳。目的在于表现出自己兴趣爱好广泛，好相处。

两分钟时间，如果按照上述内容认真准备，应该算是一个全面的个人介绍了。如果一分钟的话，内容又会有所改动，主要看你应聘的是什么企业，什么职位。

揣摩主考官他的目的是什么。这个职位要求的是什么样的人。

当然 “自信” 是你必须具备的

首先你必须有一张亲切的笑脸，给大家问好。简单的介绍一下自己。然后呢别忘记谦虚一下。什么希望不足之无请大家光照之类的就OK了。

本人认为，刚进公司，谦虚的态度最重要。只要让大家记住你的名字，在什么部门工作就行了。

你就按照平时的心态就好啦，刚进公司，是有点陌生，你想一下别人还不是一样过来的，就简单自我介绍就可以了，让公司的同事认识你就可以了

一般的作为新公司，新同事，新环境，一切对你来说都是一个崭新的开始。新的起点，你对自己是充满信心的，同时你来到这个公司也是对这个公司是充满信心的。

所以，首先，自我介绍时一点要展现你的自信一面，这样会在公司工作中让人看到你是精神饱满的，是有能力的，然后，你要对公司要有信心，这样会起到一个相当好的团结心，很快融入这样一个环境当中。再次，你要说说自己对今后工作开展的一个大致上的一个总体规划。

当然除了这些，你也在开场时对自我有一个简单的个人信自资料的简短介绍是必要的。

公司自我介绍（一）

大家好，我是郑李君，将在黄山高尔夫国际商务推广公司上海营销中心担任行政助理。在我之前的知识中，对于高尔夫的认识可以说是十分有限的。但是，来到公司仅短短的一个多星期，我已经基本了解了高尔夫这项运动的基本规则，以及我们公司在酒店及房产方面的情况，也在办公室的精心组织安排下，参观了公司的球场和酒店式公寓，了解了集团的发展历史和宏伟战略规划，这使我对公司有了进一步认识，也使我看到了公司光明的发展前景。

而我也将在未来的日子里，充分利用我之前的行政工作经验，结合公司的实际运作情况，认真仔细地工作。在保证遵守公司基本原则的大前提下，努力为上海营销中心，乃至全公司的同事们服务，做好行政的工作，为公司的发展添砖加瓦。

公司自我介绍（二）

本人于暨南大学毕业，获得硕士研究生学位，毕业后从事过技术管理、教育工作。一次偶然的机会接触到平安，才真正认识到保险的真实内涵，认识到工作的价值。于是我毅然辞去之前的教育工作，全身心投入保险事业，以便为更多的人与家庭带来保障送去平安！

保险营销是一份传递爱心的事业，科技越发达风险事故发生的概率就越高，正所谓意外无处不在，但我们可以将这样的风险有效地转移给保险公司，让自己有个保障，同时对身边的亲人也是责任心的体现。选择保险，要考虑三个问题：第一选择一个实力较好的保险公司；第二看这份保单是否适合自己；第三就是业务员的服务。我为人很真诚，非常乐意帮助别人，必定会为我的每一位客户提供最优质、最专业的服务，看到自己的客户因我的帮助而露出笑容，说声谢谢的那一刻，自己那份快乐是无法用言语来表达的，那也是对我工作与服务的最好的回报。

公司自我介绍（三）

大家好，我叫xxx,来到xx公司已经有一个星期了，对于一个新入职的员工来说，我想在今后的工作上还有很多的东西需要去学习，需要去向很多同事们、领导们去请教，在此，先谢谢大家了，我会以最快的时间去适应这个新的环境。希望自己能在今后的工作中充分发挥自己的专业特长，高效率完成公司领导安排的每一项工作，为xx公司的明天贡献自己的一份力量。谢谢。

中考作文分值比例大，是初三生复习的重点，而且作文又是最容易丢分的部分。下面是小编整理的作文写作过程常见的三大禁忌，欢迎阅读。

审题不抓关键词。专家认为，在近几年的中考评卷中，发现相当一部分考生审题不抓关键词，这样在写作时就很难抓住重点，容易跑题。如 “动力来自……”这个作文题的关键词是“来自”，考生只有将“来自”作为重点才能写出好文章。不少考生没有审题抓关键字的意识，看一眼题目就急着动笔，有的考生考前背过一些范文，一到考场就往里套，不仔细审题，这样最容易“下笔千言，离题万里。”初三生要养成审题的习惯，对作文题目要逐字细看，明白题目的 要求后再下笔。

专家提醒考生，审题时还要注意文章体裁和字数要求，看看题目要求写成什么体裁的文章，字数不要超出或少于要求字数太多。

励志方面的文章，对作文素材积累很有帮助。此外，初三生还要注意古 诗词的积累，在文章中恰当地运用古诗词也是让文章增色的好办法。

文章较“平”缺少细节。一些考生写的文章没有细节，没有重点，记“流水账”一样洋洋洒洒一大篇。初三生在写作时要有两把剪刀，一把剪出自己最擅 长的一件事，另一把在这件事中剪出要重点描写的部分。如在写跑步时，早上怎么集合、怎么准备，都可以略写甚至不写，但发令枪响时自己如何紧张，跑的过程中 遇到的问题，这就需要详细描写。有细节的文章才有真情实感，才能打动人。一般来讲，一篇文章中抓住两个精彩的细节就够了，这需要考生平时苦练。

专业技术自我评价，应该属于总结类的文章，与一般的总结类文章差不多。但也有独特的特点，是职称评审重要组成部分，是评委评价自己的重要依据，也是自己水平、能力、成果的展示，同时也是任职以来重要经验总结。总结写得好不好，影响到专家对你的评价，也会影响到自己能不能通过。所以写好专业技术总结很重要。

申报职称的自我评价如何写?

一是先简要介绍自己是基本情况，如现任职称、任职时间、毕业学校、政治面貌、现从事的专业技术工作。担任那些社会职务。

二是自己政治思想，工作态度，履行岗位职责情况。

三是详细地叙述自己任职以来从事的专业技术工作。即主持那些课题，课题进展，有那些创新，取得那些突破，通过那类鉴定，获得什么奖励，专家对此评价。

四是发表那些论文。五是获得的奖励。

励志的名言是我们写作中常用到的，下面请看语文迷为大家带来的励志英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

Well begun is half done.

好的开端是成功的一半。

East, west, home is best.

金窝、银窝，不如自己的草窝。

There is no royal road to learning.

学无坦途。

Look before you leap. First think, then act.

三思而后行。

No man is born wise or learned.

人非生而知之。

Action speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.

勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。

United we stand, divided we fall.

合即立，分即垮。

There is no smoke without fire.

无风不起浪。

Many hands make light work.

人多好办事。

Reading makes a full man.

读书长见识。

The best horse needs breeding, and the aptest child needs teaching.

最好的马要驯，最伶俐的孩子要教。

Learn young, learn fair.

学习趁年轻，学就要学好。

Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有金钱。

Once bitten, twice shy.

一次被咬，下次胆小。

Sound in body, sound in mind.

有健全的身体才有健全的精神。

Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

Dogs wave their tails not so much in, love to you as your bread.

狗摇尾巴，爱的是你的面包。

Money is a good servant but a bad master.

要做金钱的主人，莫作金钱的奴隶。

It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.

无风难驶船。

The path to glory is always rugged.

通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。

Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

Quality matters more than quantity.

质重于量。

It is never too late to mend.

亡羊补牢，犹为未晚。

Light come, light go.

来得容易，去得快。

Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真交。

Great hopes make great man.

远大的希望，造就伟大的人物。

After a storm comes a calm.

雨过天晴。

All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

Art is long, but life is short.

人生有限，学问无涯。

Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.

只要人有恒，万事都能成。

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

早睡早起，富裕、聪明、身体好。

A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口。

It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.

前车之鉴。

Keeping is harder than winning.

创业不易，守业更难。

Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.

船到桥头自然直。

More haste, less speed.

欲速则不达。

No pains, no gains.

不劳则无获。

Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

Where there is life, there is hope.

生命不息，希望常在。

An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

We must not lie down, and cry, "God help us."

求神不如求己。

A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.

花有重开日，人无再少年。

God helps those who help themselves.

自助者，天助之。

What may be done at any time will be done at no time.

明日待明日，明日不再来。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

Truth is the daughter of time.

时间见真理。

Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves.

积少自然成多。

No man is wise at all times.

智者千虑，必有一失。

重视作者的全面修养，从根本上增强写作主体对于客体的理解、把握能力。

在写作活动中，作者对于客观事物的反映总是能动的、积极的。一篇文章的思想内容和艺术特色，不仅是作者某种写作意图和写作能力的直接体现，也是他整个人的思想、感情、阅历、个性特征、文化水平和个人风格的折光。所以人们常用“文如其人”来说明作者和文章写作的关系。加强作者自身的修养，全面地锻炼自己正是学好写作的根本条件。

首先，要锻炼思想，陶冶感情。鲁迅先生早在20年代就指出：“我以为根本问题是在作者可是一个’革命人’，倘是的，则无论写的是什么事件，用的是什么材料，即都是’革命文学’。从喷泉里出来的都是水，从血管里流出的都是血。”这就是说，作者的理想、情操和审美眼光，对文章的特色和价值是起决定作用的。对我们初学者来说，首先应该认真学习马克思列宁主义、毛主席思想和邓爷爷理论，树立科学的世界观和崇高的人生理想，积极自觉地参加各种有益于国家、集体或他人的实践活动，在广阔的社会生活中锻炼思想，陶冶感情，更好地增强自己的写作激情以及发现新事物、看出新问题的能力。

其次要积累生活，拓展知识。文章是客观事物的反映，生活是文章写作的源泉。文章的内容及其表达，和作者的生活知识储备有着密切的关系。生活阅历浅，知识贫乏，很难写出好文章。丰富的生活经验和广博的知识，不仅给作者提供了大量的写作信息，而且可以激发作者的写作欲望，充分调动作者的创造力和想象力，使文章写得更充实，更准确，更生动，更优美。我们要积极地投身生活，在生活的感知中积累经验，拓展知识，不断更新自己的知识结构，充实自己的头脑，为灵感的触发和文思的活跃提供更多的水源或燃料。

再次，要训练思维，提高智能。文章是客观事物的反映，但要根据客观事物制作成文章，还需要有多方面的智能。比如在认识和摄取客观事物时，作者需要有观察能力，发现能力，采集能力;在构思过程中，需要有综合、分析能力，筛选加工能力，想象能力和创造能力;在表达时，需要有结构能力，语言运用能力和修改能力。写作还需要有一定的技巧，技巧也是能力的体现。整个写作，要靠诸种智能和技巧的综合运用。在运用各种智能和技能的过程中，思维贯串于始终。写作正是以思维为核心组织各种能力和技巧的一种综合性智力活动。没有积极而富有创造性的思维，诸种智能和技巧难以发挥，写作对象也主很难如意地转化成理想的文章形式。为此，培养和发展思维品质，提高思维能力，正是发展智能、开拓思路、写好文章的重要一环，也是作者全面修养的一个重要组成方面。

多读、多写、多改，“在游泳中学会游泳”。

1、博览，精读，从范文和例文中体会和学习各种写法。

写作和阅读不可分割。读写结合，从范文中借鉴，极有助于提高写作能力。古人说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，“熟读唐诗三百首，不会吟诗也会吟”，“劳于读书，逸于作文”，这些经验之谈，是有道理的。

阅读对于写作的作用是多方面的。首先，博览群书，可以开阔思维，活跃文思。陆机说：“伫中区以玄览，颐情志于典坟。”他认为观察事物可激发文思，研读古籍也可以丰富文思。有些人写文章如行云流水，笔到之处，文意丰富，言辞自然，这和他读书多有极大关系。其次，阅读还可以吸取和丰富写作材料。从根本上说，写作中的材料都是取自社会生活，但一个人的阅历有限，不可能对宇宙间过去和现在的所有事物都去直接观察和感受。广泛阅读，则可以帮助我们了解自己不可能亲自去接触、认知的生活和知识，从而丰富自己的写作材料。第三，阅读又是掌握写作规律、学习写作方法的有效途径。别人的好文章读得多了，耳濡目染，便会懂得文章作法。鲁迅先生也特别提倡这一点。他说：“凡是已有定评的大作家，他的作品，全部就说明着‘应该怎样写’。”他称这为“实物教授法”。熟读名篇佳作，往往会从写法上加以效仿。读多了，效仿的次数多了，慢慢主会变成自己的方法，并能有所改进和创造。第四，阅读又可以丰富我们的词汇，提高运用语言的能力。一切古今中外名著，都是语言巨匠用提炼加工而成成的规范化的语言写成的，阅读名作，可以帮助我们更好地丰富语汇，了解更多的句式和修辞手法掌握运用评议的基本规律，提高运用评议的技巧。

2、多写多练，勇于实践，不断摸索

写作方法和技巧的掌握，最主要的途径还是要靠自己的实践。凡是有成就的作者在谈写作经验时，没有一个不强调“做”字。清人唐彪对

此有一段精辟的论述，他说：“学人只喜多读文章，不喜多做文章;不知多读乃藉人之功夫，多做乃切实求已功夫，其曾益相去远也。人之不乐多做者，大抵因艰难费力之故;不知艰难费力者，由于手笔不熟也。若荒蔬之后作文艰难，每日即一篇半篇无不可;渐演至熟，自然易矣。”他在另一段话里又说：“谚云，’读十篇不如作一篇’。盖常做则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽易，为之则难。沈虹野云：’文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不做。’”这些话讲得都是极为中肯的。

练习写作，要端正态度，防止和克服一些不正确的思想。首先要有信心。初学写作，可能写不好，如同小孩子学走路，开始时总是要摔跤的，但走着走着，也就学会了。写作也是一样，开始写不好是正常的，关键是不要因此失掉信心。只要持之以恒，慢慢就会上路。一些写作上很有成就的文章家、作家，他们的文化程度原来并不高，开始时也写不好。但他们不怕失败，不怕别人讥笑，能从实践中总结经验教训，不断摸索，终而取得成功。

练习写作，要防止自卑或自负心理。有些人开始时劲头很大，但写一段之后就停下来，不是由于失败而自卑，就是由于自满而止步。这些都是提高写作能力的大障碍。鲁迅先生就：“一个作者，’自卑’固然不好，’自负’也不好;容易停滞。我想，顶好是不要自馁，总是干，但也不可自满，仍旧总是用功。”写作是一种相当复杂的精神劳动，想要一蹴而就，一下子就写出好文章是不可能的。“自卑”和“自负”都容易停滞、倒退，只有总是“用功”，不停的“干”，才能有所长进。

初学写作往往还有一种急躁情绪，一下子就想写长篇大作，而不注重基本功的训练。殊不知做任何事情都要注意打基础和练基本功。基础不牢，功底不厚，事情就很难办好，只有脚踏实地，由小到大，由简至繁，由粗到精，才能逐步掌握写作要领，真正有所成就。

3、多听意见，深入思考，反复修改

文章是客观事物的反映。客观事物是复杂的，人们对客观事物的认识也要有个过程。只有深入思考，反复加工，才能正确、恰当地反映客观实际，表达好自己的思想感情。

修改是写作中的一个重要环节，是保证文章质量、提高写作水平的重要途径。有些人信奉所谓“一挥而就，文不加点”，写完后自己不看，不改，也不请教别人，这样就很难发现问题，更谈不到精益求精。有人是为了怕麻烦，写完了事，至于写得如何，他就不管了，这是一种不负责任的表现。它们都是提高写作水平的拦路虎、绊脚石。

修改文章，还要虚心求教，多听别人的意见。因为一个人的认识和能力总是有限的，只有躬身求教，博采众长，文章方能长进。古今中外许多大作家，不但善于向作家学习，还能向师友以及一般读者求教。相传唐代大诗人白居易“每作诗，令老妪解之，问曰：’解否？’妪曰：’解’，则录之，’不解’，则又复易之。”法国大作家莫里哀常把自己的作品读给女仆吃后悔药，每读完一部新作，女仆都称赞说写得好，莫里哀以为她文化低，是有意讨好主人。有一次，莫里哀故意把写失败了的剧本念给她听，结果女仆瞪大眼睛说：“这不是先生写的。”莫里哀听后非常震惊。可见文化低的人同样也能够鉴别文章的好坏。这里的关键是虚心，要有群众观点，放得下架子，才能得到有益的帮助。

重视写作基础理论知识的学习，提高以理论指导写作的自觉性，减少盲目性。

前面说过，写作是文章作者创造性的精神活动，也是社会性的文化现象。一篇文章的得失好坏，不仅决定于作者自身的个性、禀赋或努力程度，也和他对这一精神活动的客观规律以及与此相应的规范性要求的理解、把握程度有关。所谓写作理论，主要就是对于这些规律规范的概括和阐释。

有的同志轻视写作理念知识对于写作实践的指导作用，认为不学理念也可以写出文章，其根据是有的作家没有学习写作理念知识，也写出了很好的作品。这个看法是片面的。事实上，所有会写文章的人，都是自觉或不自觉地通过不同途径，在写作的规律性知识方面积累了较高理论素养或丰富的经验性体会的。有些人由于种种原因未能系统地学习写作理论知识，但他在练习写作的过程中，一定也阅读过许多范文，在这些范文中，就蕴含某些写作原理和规律，所以他也等于是在学习借鉴前人的写作实践中掌握了他们。毛主席同志在《实践论》中说过：“感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，只有理解

了的东西才更深广地感觉它。”系统的理论学习和具体的经验积累之较高的理论修养，自己在实践中就能自学地扬长避短，阅读别人作品也能更好地分辨精华、糟粕，对于写作能力的提高自然会有更大的帮助。

学习知识和理论，目的是指导实践，要在能力的转化上多下功夫。即使是对知识、理论掌握程度的考核，也就在把重点话如何运用知识、理念来分析问题、说明问题上面，而不以单纯地复述、背诵要领或条条为满足。再说，知识和理论的作用，主要在于说明写作活动自身的矛盾运动及其变化规律，帮助习作者端正学习态度，改进学习方法，而不可能提供什么一试就灵的仙丹妙药或是照搬不误的万能模式。

正因为如此，我们在重视学习科学的理论知识与前人成功经验的同时，还须与发挥自己独立的创造精神有机地结合起来。古人云：“文有大法无定法。观前人之法而自为之，而自立其法……不死，文自新而法无穷矣。”又说：“所谓法者，行所不得不行，止所不得不止……自神明变化于其中。若泥定此处应如何，彼处应如何，不以意运法，转以意从法，刚死法也。”今天我们同样需要有这样的学习态度和写作态度。

我们身边生活着各色各样的人:熟悉的、陌生的、漂亮的、丑陋的、善良的、可恶的、顽皮可爱的、成熟稳重的、活力充沛的、慈祥和蔼的……怎样才能让这些人物在我们的笔下活起来呢?小编给大家介绍怎样写好写人作文的写作方法。

一、精选事例,以事写人

写人离不开写事,因为人物的特点总是在具体事例中表现出来的。比如,《西游记》中写猪八戒贪财的品质特点,就是通过他把银子藏在耳朵里这件事来表现的。故而,写人的文章应以写事为主,事例可以使人物个性更鲜明,形象更丰满,能突出人物的性格特点。选择事例时应做到以下两点:

1. 选择的事例要小。“一粒沙里看世界”,从自己有切身感受的小事入手常常是达到写作目的重要途径之一。许多深刻的立意都体现在一件小事中,取材越小,所阐述的道理越能撼动人心,就越能写出情深深、意切切的佳作。

2. 选择的事例要精。能突出人物性格特点的事例一般比较多,我们可不能一写就是十件八件,一定要注意筛选,求精不求多,应该选择其中最能鲜明表现个性特点的一两个典型事例具体写,让人物的性格特点在事例中显现出来。

二、抓住细节,写出特点

每个人物因其年龄、职业、性格的不同而各具特色,写人的文章一定要写出人物的特点来。人物的特点可以通过外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等细节来展现。

1. 人物的外貌描写。每个人的外貌都有着与别人不同的特点,善于抓住外貌特点进行描写,是写人作文最常用的方法。描写人物外貌不要面面俱到,要抓住最能表现人物的性格和内心世界的特点写,努力达到“以貌传神”的效果。

2. 人物的语言描写。“言为心声”,一个人的语言表达是其性格特征的镜子,正如鲁迅先生所说,能“使读者由说话看出人来”。所以,写人一定要重视语言描写,要选择最有代表性的语句,来表现人物的个性和思想。人物的语言描写要符合人物的年龄和身份,老人有老人的语言,小孩有小孩的语言,不同的人说话的语气也不同。另外,人物的语言描写还要符合人物的特点,有的人说话直率、干脆,有的人说话则幽默风趣。

3. 人物的动作描写。动作描写对刻画人物性格,表现人物品质有着非常重要的作用。要描写人的行为,就必须细心观察人物的动作,精心选择最准确、最恰当的词语进行描述,这样才能使人物立起来,才能写出生动、具体、血肉丰满的人物形象来。

4. 人物的心理活动描写。心理描写可以深刻揭示人物的精神世界,表达人物的思想感情,使人物形象特色鲜明。人物的心理活动描写可以通过人物直接倾吐内心世界的方式,也可以通过与语言、动作相结合的方法,共同透视人物内心深处的秘密。

1、读优秀作家的作品

这是显而易见的，但却是立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读著作吧，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

2、尽可能多地写

每天都写，如果可能的话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入地写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

3、随时随地记下你的灵感

随身带一本小笔记本，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听到别人谈话的只言片语有所顿悟时，看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，也可以马上把他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝的，你及时记录下来，可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我要写的文章列一个清单，不断地补充它。

4、专门的写作时间

每天找一段没有任何打扰的时间作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做，每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。请不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

5、随便涂鸦

面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧！千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。但只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去……关键是：只是随便写写，随便涂鸦，但要马上开始写。

6、集中精神

写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境中或是同时干别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。哪怕是最低要求，你需要在没有其他干扰的条件下写作，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子一样，没有任何打扰地进入写作状态。

7、先计划，再写

这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下情节，这是非常管用的办法。

每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴；然后把想到的记下来，做一个简明扼要的提纲；等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快地展开，因为思路和想法都有了。

8、创新

你需要模仿名家，并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样，你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点，渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一种方法你都可以尝试尝试，看它到底怎么样，不好就不用。

9、修改

你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，把故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。

好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

10、简明扼要

这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

11、富于感染力的句子

在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

12、获取别人的反馈

闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，他们会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真听，即使是一些批评，接受它，忠言逆耳，这样让你写得更好。

13、是骡子是马拉出来溜溜

就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想让谁看谁就看的，所有的人都读你的文章。你要发表你的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。

14、采用对话式的文体

很多人写得很正式，但是我发现最好是写得像我们说话一样会更流畅，更通俗。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则。如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。但是如果没有其他原因，不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么，为什么这样做。

15、好开头和结尾

开头和结尾是文章的重点，特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始吸引读者，他们很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再有一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

一、换用笼统词

词大体可分为两类：笼统词和具体词。笼统词的特点在于意义广泛、搭配性强。虽然它们独自不能精确表达一个动作，但在构成词组以后可替代很多具体词。写作中遇到一些具体词写不出来的时候，用笼统词取代，能收到异曲同工之妙。最常用的笼统词有 have，take等。

例：迈克经历了一个极其艰苦的时代。M ike experienced a terrible hard time.写作时，若忘记了experience可用笼统词have代替，写成M ike had a terrible hard time.同样能收到预期效果。

再看几例：Are you married?= Do you have a wife /husband?

Do you understand my meaning?=Do you take my meaning?

She will subscribeto Chi- na Today.=She will take China To- day.

二、换用同义词、反义词

遇到未曾学过的词或一时想不起的词时，可采用发散性思维，发挥想象力，尽可能想出与之有关的同义词、反义词，利用语言的内在联系、多层次、多角度地运用语言，使单词受阻现象得以解决。

例：昨晚李雷做了一场恶梦。

Li Lei had a nightmare last night.因nightmare使用率不高，不易记住。但其同义词bad dream易记。上句可换译为：Li Lei had a bad dream last night.

在多年的雅思教学中，我发现学生在实际考试中面临着不同的写作障碍，影响了考试成绩，雅思考试中应该如何克服写作障碍。归纳起来大致有以下几个方面:

一、真情流露，无从下笔；

有的考生在考试时见到作文题，顿感思路塞车，好像有许多话要说，但又不知究竟应从那里写起。明智的做法是“投其所好、尽情发挥。”考生不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落，一篇250词左右的作文一般不会超过15句话，把这15句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大概只说那么几句话，事实上往往是说得越多错误越多。因此，每句话紧扣提纲，见好就收,这才是最稳妥的对策。

二、心里明白，难以表达；

在考场上有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也明白，就是不知道该说什么，头脑里一片空白。这是在雅思写作考试中的一种常见的现象，针对这一现象，最有效的办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实，具体的例证和具体的现象。事实上，雅思的作文题目一定是一个具有社会普遍型话题，其目的是让不同教育背景的考生都有话可说。因此，考生一定能就题目联想起具体细小的事情再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的实质内容，这不失为一种很好的策略。

因此，当头脑出现空白时，应该由具体细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发的思考形成观点，再进行论述。这种定式思维的形成需要多下功夫多练习。

三、一味追求标新立异，导致无从下笔；

考试时通常发现有的考生聚精会神的坐在那里冥思苦想，非要想出一个与众不同的观点。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误，参考时间为40分钟的作文，一般应在35分钟之内完成,再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。可有的考生十几分钟一句话都写不了，就是因为他太进入角色了，这是考试中一个很大的误区。

考作文的目的纯粹是通过这一命题形式，考查考生的英语水平如何，其它英语写作《雅思考试中应该如何克服写作障碍》。命题人关注的是书面表达能力，而不是看一个人有没有内容，思想有没有深度，所以“一味追求标新立异”是没有必要的。

四、构思、写作不统一，落实有困难；

实事求是的讲，要求考生完全运用英语思维来写作文是不现实的。很多考生在实际写作过程中，脑子里想的是中文句子，然后再把中文句子译成英文。因此采用“得其意，忘其形”的方法，忘掉中文的语法结构，句法形式则可能要整个地打乱.，“钻进去，跳出来”。所谓“钻进去”就是要看意思是否到位了，“跳出来”就是要忘记中文的语言形式。实际上把英文译成中文，关键是要在转换中把意思表达出来。

针对构思、写作不统一，落实有困难情况。必须摒弃翻译中追求一一对应的关系，并机械地把中文译成英文的方法，应该把中文句子结构彻底地忘记，然后用比较简单的“万能”英语表达。平时不妨做一做这样的练习，通过阅读不认识词条的英文注解，然后试着把单词译成中文词，再去对照英汉词典的汉语释义，慢慢地就会开始领会用英语表达的门道了。

五、被动心态压抑新构思。

尽管雅思考试作文为规定式命题，但考生仍可积极主动地发挥。其主动性在于采取回避的策略，表达上采取迂回的方式，即运用不很复杂的语言。内容的取舍上避重就轻地写比较易于表达的内容。很多人在写作过程中从头至尾都处于被动状态，当有内容想要表达清楚的时候，却又发现种种途径都不可能表达好，只好硬着头皮把自己意识到没把握的东西勉强写上去。连自己都意识到可能是错误的东西，只会产生于己不利的负面影响。所以，当有的内容感觉一点找不着，英语实在表达不清楚的时候，就应该彻底地放弃。单词拼写错误也是雅思考试作文写作的一大问题。常用单词是不能拼错的，有的单词平时会拼写，考试时突然没把握了，不妨换一下或许还能想起另外一个难度大一点、拼写有把握的来代替。应该回避明确知道自己不会拼写的词。如果没法换一个词，将句子改换一种说法亦未尝不可。有的考生在考卷上没把握的地方标上问号，或者把两种可能都写上，让判卷老师选择，这个方法是不可取的。

总之，不能让自己陷人被动，想说什么，用什么方式说。说多少，说到什么程度。一切都应由考生主动把握，这样才会减少心理上的压力，更好地发挥出自己应有的写作水平。

第一段：考生需要简明扼要地阐述图片内容，并点出该图画的主题。第一句话引出话题：例如:Nothing gets people talking like the topic that parents ‘role in family education(图画反映出的话题);第二句话开始正式描述图画，包含两部分：中心人或物正在干什么，以及重要细节是什么，因为是两幅图，就分别描写即可。Just as we can see from the first picture,... But when glance at the second, we know tht…第三句可以简单翻译中文标题或是描述，或者直接引出主题And below the drawing, a title which says that…。

中间段为阐释段。首句一般点出图片的象征寓意，也就是明确指出图片反映的社会问题，也就是该篇作文的中心思想。这篇文章的主题是父母应该通过行动来做好孩子的榜样,我们可以这样引出：What the cartoon really intend to extend is that parents should not only educate their children in words but also in deeds。具体的论证方法：原因，举例，对比、在这里，我们可以使用原因。这里有一些原因句型,可供大家参考：

1. Owning to /considering /given the fact that +原因

2.The major determinant lies in…

3. It is well known that/as we all know,… therefore, …

4. There is no doubt that… consequently, …

最后一段，给出评论或总结提建议。可以从怎样在行动上起到表率作用为切入口进行描述。

热点话题：

1、人口问题

2、 西部大开发

3、 网络和双刃剑(金钱，阳光)

4、成功，梦想和现实

5、职业选择和规划/高分低能

6、洋节和传统节日

7、神七上天和嫦娥奔月

8、地震与爱心

9、 奥运举办

10、 抄袭与诚信

11、伪劣商品

12、食品安全

13、抄袭与诚信

14、乱收费(因果：因：法律制度不完善，部分人只顾自己利益，忽视学生利益; 果：为社会，个人带来不良后果和巨大压力)

15、节俭与压力

16、心理问题

17、交通阻塞

18、创新创业

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

在中国现代文学中，散文指与诗歌、小说、戏剧并行的一种文学体裁。小编收集了叙事散文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

散文重在抒情，也贵在抒情。因此，如果是写人叙事，则要借事写出自己对某人的深深眷念或者对曾经岁月的悠悠情怀;如果是写景状物，则要托物抒发个人对生活或者人生的感悟。真情实感，散文之魂。

那么，散文中的“事”是如何呈现的呢?一般以两种形式呈现：1.不是牵动社会神经的大事，而是日常生活中的丝丝小事，或曰琐事;2.即使是发生在一个人身上的较为完整的一件事，也不是像写记叙文那样将事件的起因、过程、结果写得清清楚楚、明明白白，而往往只撷取其中的一个或两个片段。但是，我们在写这些琐事或片段时，又一定要流泻一片真心、倾注一段真情：或尊师爱长，心绪奔腾;或恸亲伤逝，悲痛难抑;或遭逢困厄，郁愤难平;或怀乡思人，婉转缠绵。如果能将这些琐事或片段用情感的线索巧妙地组合起来的话，那就是韵味深长的散文，此之谓“一粒沙里看世界，半瓣花上说人情”。

如何让情感融入散文呢?首先，面对题目，我们要搜寻自己生活中有关的人物、事件乃至画面;接着，用心过滤出其中的情感因子，即曾经使你的心弦颤动过的某一个点;最后，把这样的点点滴滴串连起来，用形象生动的文字表现出来，让字里行间溢满绵绵情意和幽幽诗意。

当然，在对琐事或片段的叙述中，为了增加散文的情感底蕴，也要适当运用一些写作技巧：

第一，画面神化。在写人叙事散文的写作中，为了增加抒情性、文学性，往往要适当地来一点写景状物，模山范水，这就有了画面描写;而散文的画面如果没有飘逸神韵诗意的话，那就是“死”画面。试想，杜甫如果不是孤独悲秋，笔下就不会出现“萧萧”的“无边落木”;李清照如果不是“凄凄惨惨戚戚”，就不会绘出“梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏、点点滴滴”的图景。因此，“画面神化”就是美景丽物与神韵诗意的融合。其神韵，是感人的情趣;其诗意，是灵动的文字。

那么，如何使画面神化呢?概言之，即绘声绘色，描情摹态。具体言之，除了要用眼睛去看、用耳朵去听、用鼻子去闻之外，还要运用“想象掘进”法。一般来说，在开始生成画面时，也需要想象、联想等思维活动，但那指的是生成现实之景;而作为写景状物的散文，还要在现实景物之上加一点想象之景，而且这个想象的层次还要尽可能逐步掘进，使散文的神韵诗意在这个过程中自然地体现出来。下面举一习作《生如葱兰》中的一段话为例：

葱兰的颜色是如此的洁白，没有浓墨重彩的渲染，只是纯粹的白。白得无畏无惧、肆无忌惮，纯粹得叫人嫉妒。她的花瓣是如此舒展，毫无保留地露出她金黄色的花蕊——像是一颗炽热的心。那滚烫的金黄啊，我真怕会溅出来。而她的花柱高高地立起，卑而不微，纤而不弱。从侧面看去，她则呈现一种拥抱的姿态——张开双臂企图把蓝天拥在怀里。

这一段话写了葱兰的颜色、花瓣和花柱三个方面，这是现实之景的主线。但作者并没有仅仅停留在对景物主线的感知上，而是借助想象不断延伸。例如作者写了葱兰的“金黄色的花蕊”，接着说“像是一颗炽热的心”，这就是展开的浅层想象;“那滚烫的金黄啊，我真怕会溅出来”，这是更深层次的想象，因为它完全是建立在一个想象“炽热”之上的。由于有了这两个层次的逐步掘进，作者对葱兰的礼赞向往的神韵就飘逸而出了。

可见，“画面神化”可以让画面既充满动感，又溢满人情，从而见出内情与万物相生、心声与天籁交融的韵致，此之谓“体物赋情”，“形神兼备”。

1.试列举出常见的论证方法，并分别说说哪些作用？

①     举例论证：通过典型事例加以论证，从而使论证更具体、更有说服力。

格式：使用了举例论证的论证方法，举……（概括事例）证明了……（如果有分论点，则写出它证明的分论点，否则写中心论点），从而使论证更具体更有说服力。

②     道理论证：通过讲道理的方式证明论点，使论证更概括更深入。

格式：使用了道理论证的论证方法，论证了……了观点，从而使论证更概括更深入。

③比喻论证：通过比喻进行证明，使论证生动形象、浅显易懂。

格式：使用了比喻论证的论证方法，将……比作……，证明了……的观点，从而把抽象深奥的道理阐述得生动形象、浅显易懂。更容易让读者接受和理解。

④对比论证：突出论证了……的观点。

格式：运用对比论证的方法，将……和……加以比较，突出强调了……的观点。

⑤引用论证：其作用要具体分析。如引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据，可以增强论证的说服力和权威性；引用名人佚事、奇闻趣事，可以增强论证的趣味性，吸引读者下读。 格式：使用了引用论证的论证方法，通过引用……证明……的观点，使论证更有说服力。（或更有趣味性，吸引读者下读。）

2.试列举出常见的说明方法，并分别说说哪些作用？

①、举例子：通过举具体的实例对事物的特征/事理加以说明，从而使说明更具体，更有说服力。

②、分类别：对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。

③、作比较：把……和……加以比较，突出强调了事物的特征/事理。

④、作诠释：对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。

⑤、打比方：将……比作……，从而形象生动地说明了事物的特征/事理。

⑥、摹状貌：对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹，使说明更具体形象。

⑦、下定义：用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。

⑧、列数字：用具体的数据对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更准确更有说服力。

⑨、列图表：用列图表的方式对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更简明更直观。

⑩、引用说明：引用说明有以下几种形式——

A、引用具体的事例；（作用同举例子）

B、引用具体的数据；（作用同列数字）

C、引用名言、格言、谚语；作用是使说明更有说服力。

D、引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻等。作用是增强说明的趣味性。

（引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。）

改写，就是把原有的一篇文章改变形式、长短的一种写作类型。下面是英语写作基础改写病句的技巧，欢迎参考阅读！

改写，包括改写、缩写、扩写、写摘要等多种形式：或改头换面，或削足适履，或海阔天空，或归纳总括，让你有足够的内容、机会和样式适应要求，施展才华。

改写是用不同形式表达同一内容的方法，使之成为与原文意思相同而表现方式、文体不同的作品。改写可以变换文章的人称、顺序，可以改变原文的体裁、结构，可以灵活运用自己的语言，尽可能用多种方法来表达、替换原文语句的内容。比如，我们可以把对话改写成散文，可以把记叙文变成通讯报导、新闻特写，反之亦然。

缩写是根据词数、字数的要求对原文加以压缩、概括，从而达到缩短篇幅、简化内容、突出中心等目的的写作形式。简言之，缩写是原文的“高度浓缩”。缩写时要忠实于原文，保留原文体裁、题材、主要内容、主要思想、结构顺序、语言风格、人称视角和表现方法等；既要使篇幅缩短，结构紧凑，又要使内容简明扼要，重点突出；不能对原文加入个人的认识、体会或对原文进行评论，也不能加入原文中没有的内容。

扩写则与缩写相反，是把篇幅短小的内容扩展成为篇幅较长的文章。扩写时，可以施展个人的想像力，在不离原文核心内容的前提下海阔天空，任意发挥，从而使细节更加充实、生动，使情节更加具有感染力，使解释、说明、论证更加充分有力。

摘要是一篇文章或一本书的梗概，多指论文或报告内容的提要。一些期刊、杂志上论文的“提要”、“摘要”，某些报纸、杂志在一篇文章前面写的“编者按”，一本书的前言等均属此列。写摘要就是简明扼要地向读者介绍一篇文章，一本书，一篇论文或一个报告的主要内容，使读者用较少的时间阅读后，能了解文章或书的来龙去脉。摘要可以改变体裁。写摘要时，笔者可以用原文的人称、语气、也可以用第三人称，即笔者的语气，但是不能改变原文的事实和观点，也不能丢掉原文的要点，应写成连贯的文章而不能写成提纲。

总之，改写、缩写、扩写、摘要都是对原有的文章进行适合某种需要的裁剪或放大，选取原文的精要而和盘托出，对其要点和实质容不得偷换和贪污。这些写作形式对学习写作的学生来说，是一种练习综合分析、归纳概括能力的好方法；对成人来说，是工作中的很好的帮手。

一个作家可以把一本小说改写成剧本，把一则简短的消息扩展为一部短篇或长篇小说；一名记者可以把一段会谈改写成一篇通讯报导或特写；一个编辑可以把收到的稿件根据版面大小或缩或扩写成适当的文章；我们在听领导人、某方面的专家做报告时要作点笔记，然后写出摘要文章；我们写成一篇论文后，可以给它写一段简短的摘要，等等。这些都是人们在生活、工作中必不可少的书面表达形式。所以，学会这些写作技巧，能使我们适应各方面的需要。

做说明文阅读题时是最让人头痛的了，下面有几种方法帮助解决说明文阅读题。

阅读说明文应该抓住以下方面。

（一）．理解说明内容，把握说明对象的特征。理解文章内容是指明确说明的对象和把握说明对象的特征。所谓特征，就是这一事物区别于其他事物的标志。阅读说明文，抓住了说明对象的特征，便掌握了文章的中心。在整体阅读，理解说明内容的基础上，可以从以下两个方面入手把握说明对象的特征。

(1)局部分析，综合概括。在整体感知全文的基础上，分析文章组材和选材，段落层次的意义和联系，从而综合归纳出说明事物的特征，如(中国

石拱桥)一文列举了中国石拱桥中两个有代表性的例子赵州桥和卢沟桥。我们在分析这两个例子时，不难发现这两座桥虽有不同之处，但却都

具有形式优美，结构坚固，历史悠久的共同特点，因此可以综合概括出中国石拱桥的特征。

(2)抓住关键语句。许多说明文在说明事物时，会明确交待对象的特征，以便于读者理解和接受。因此，我们要学会抓住这些关键性语句，从而把握说明对象的特征。例如(苏州园林)一文，一开始就明确交待了苏州园林的特征务必使游览者无论站在哪个点上，眼前总是一幅完美的图画。抓住了这个关键语句，就把握了说明对象的特征了。

总结：其实做说明文时，把握说明对象，抓住关键句，综合概括是重点。

摘要：初中生语文综合能力以写作能力为最高，写作能力又以说明文写作为最难。现根据多年来初中语文教学经验，针对初中生说明文写作的教学技巧作简要论述。

语文学习的外延与生活相等，写作能力是语文学习的重要内容。如果说记叙文是以情感人，议论文又以理服人，那说明文则是以知明人。以情感人往往有情节，以理服人往往有事实，这都是可以在生活中寻找到的素材。而以知明人则相对较难，因此，最好不采用集中教授的方式，而采用感受、实践、归纳的方式。

认知心理学认为，写作内容知识就是言语信息，它的本性属于陈述性知识的范畴，是指有关人所知道的事物状况以及事物之间的关系、能够被人陈述和描述的知识，或者说是关于“是什么”的知识。写作内容知识主要有主题知识和读者知识构成，而写作主题知识是最为重要的因素，它直接决定作者是否“有米下锅”、“有物可言”。作者知道的东西越多，写出来的东西越好。写作内容当然来自生活。巧妇难为无米之炊，欲“炊”必先有“米”，然后才能表现出“巧妇”之“巧”。这几句俗语道出了内容与技巧的关系。可以设想，教师要求学生写说明文而学生对说明对象一无所知或一知半解，就没办法写。

同其他文体的文章一样，说明文写作也需要先解决写作内容的问题，至于写作技巧，当有了内容后才能考虑。这就要求教师在命题上充分考虑如何引导学生获得说明文的写作内容。

首先，写作内容可以从“制造事件”入手，使说明文的写作具有“情节性”，以使学生获得真实感受。只是说明文写作内容的获得，要比其他文体更艰难。基于这样的认识，在说明文写作指导上应尝试“先动手做，后动手写”的技巧。

动手做，是获得说明文写作内容的有效途径。可以分为以下几类：

第一类，亲手制作某种模型（如桥梁、车、房屋等），然后将设计原理、所用材料、制作过程写出来。还可以结合数学、物理、生物等学科有关知识，制作教具或动植物标本，然后将制作过程写出来；还可以写物理、化学、生物等学科的实验，这样不仅可以提高写作水平，还可以加深对其他学科知识系统的认识。第二类，结合劳动技术可制作手工艺品，如制作布贴画、烹饪菜肴、使用缝纫机、维修家电等，将有关步骤如实地记录下来，作为写作的素材，然后加工润色。第三类，结合社会实践活动，如参观印刷厂，了解一本书或一张报纸的印刷过程；如对某种建筑物或自然景物进行观察，按顺序记录下建筑物的结构形态特点或自然景物的主要特征。

严格地说，动手做不属于语文课的任务。但是，当教师指导学生描写景物的时候，不是也要求学生对景物进行观察吗？写调查报告不是也要求学生深入社会生活先调查研究后形成文字吗？先动手制作，然后再写制作的过程，恰恰是激发学生说明文写作兴趣的有效手段。这也是“语文综合活动”的一种形式。写作要调动多种器官综合工作，“纸上得来终觉浅”，动手制作是亲身实践活动，是获得“真知”的前提。这一点布鲁纳的发现也可以给我们启迪，“发现不限于那种寻求人类尚未知晓之事物的行为，正确地说，发现包括着用自己的头脑亲自获得知识的一切形式”，教师指导学生自行发现与自行组织知识的方法，有助于学习后的长时记忆，学生主动学习的思维活动，有助于智力的发展和提升，学生养成自动自发的学习习惯并获得解决问题的技能之后，有助于将来独立的求知与研究，所以，强调教师引导学生去发现，而不是急于告诉他们学习的结果，这也是“动手做”的道理所在。

其次，成文的演练需要先说话后作文。说话是口语交际的一种形式，学生在课堂上向全体学生介绍自己制作的“作品”就是一种“有声语言”的文本；它与教师的询问、评价语言形式对话；其他学生即使没有参与对话，但思维在“对话”。先说话后作文，就是强调把口语表达和文字表达结合起来。把一件事说明白了，才可能写明白；人对事物的感知总是从简单到复杂，说话比较简单，写成文章就比较复杂；说总比写快，先动口说，说的内容有偏差，“改口”比改文章容易；说得好现场就能获得好评，感受成就感的周期短，反馈及时；先说就能把作文思路先演练一通，写的时候心里就有底。作文则是书面语言的文本、有声语言文本在先，书面语言文本在后，有利于“我手写我口”，形成语言生活化、朴实、自然的风格。这也是一种“语文综合活动”。

再次，从“动手做”获得写作内容，从“动口说”获得写作演练，接下来自然要涉及到写作技巧。如果教师在学生没有获得写作内容之前就一股脑地把写作技巧告诉学生，学生很快就能得到这些知识，但是，因为没有亲身实践，没有发现，没有尝试主动解决问题，只能被动接受这些知识，那么这些知识就很难转化为能力。

在此基础上，可以把这种先个别后一般的程序认知能力进行迁移。当说明对象不需要亲手制作，而是一个具体事物，则通过观察调查等实践活动，把从前的自我设计与选材、制作转换为别人的设计、选材、制作。虽然不是自己的操作，可是自己操作过，明白其中缘故，自然说的清楚明白。甚至可以把这种能力迁移到不是具体事物，而是抽象事理的说明对象上来。有了对说明对象特征的认识，又要进一步让别人明白，就必须按照一定的顺序，使用一定的手段进行说明。这些就是写作技巧的策略性知识。从逻辑上讲，这是归纳推理，是由一般到个别的推理；许多程序性的知识不能直接转化为能力，换句话说，就是写作只是不能直接转化为写作能力。许多教师通过先讲解写作知识，再根据这些知识进行写作训练，导致学生无法写出好文章。其实，如此教学，教师自己也不能根据自己的讲解的写作只是写出令自己满意的文章，又何必强求学生。但是，写作技巧知识如果是在亲身实践中悟出的，这种知识就会内化为自己的积淀，存储在自己的大脑中，自动支配自己的相关写作活动。

这是从感性认识上升到理性认识的关键一步，是由形象具体的个性化操作上升到抽象知识的关键一步，这样获得的程序性知识是加上了个体亲身感受的、一旦拥有便终身不忘的知识，是在实践的基础上形成了技能后概括出来的“真知”。

总之，说明文的写作，我的经验就是引导学生首先获得关于说明对象的知识，再进行口语演练，最后形成文字；在作文讲评的时候引导学生针对自己成文的过程进行反思归纳，形成关于技巧的程序性知识，从而使学生具有亲身感受、亲自发现的特点，使学生思维水平得以提升，并形成主动发现问题、解决问题的习惯。

近段时间，针对同学们在写作方面存在的问题，我调整了自己的教学方法和评价方法，极大的激励了孩子们的写作积极性。

第一，引导学生从生活中的琐碎小事选材。生活本身就是由琐碎小事构成的，像一家人坐在一起吃饭，上学时受到老师批评，路上看见一件奇怪的事情，和同学发生一点儿矛盾……这些都是琐事，其实 ，像盖房，结婚，考上大学等等发生在我们身上的大事、正事本来就是有限的。我们在引导学生写作时，应该着重引导他们注意从生活琐碎里边选材，把这样的小事写活，写细，达到以小见大突出主题的目的，文章自然就生动有趣了。我们在写作“自己身边的亲情故事”时，我注重引导孩子们从身边发现和挖掘素材，写出了不少令人满意的作文。 陈志豪同学写的《藏在鸡蛋里的爱》，叙述了和爸爸一起吃饭时把碗里的荷包蛋“撬”到爸爸碗里，又被爸爸“撬”回来的小事，体现了父子之间的深深的爱，语言简洁生动，读起来却真实感人。

第二，引导学生抓住镜头描写，动静结合， 让人物活起来。

平时写作时，很多学生的文章总是平平淡淡，缺少感染力，究其原因，大多是因为在写人叙事中构思不成熟，行文中人物的内心活动或事件的关键之处没有来得及展示就匆匆结束了。为了让文章有味道，我们有必要培养学生掌握好写作的节奏，设法捕捉住闪亮的瞬间，让作文在应该慢的节点上慢下来，精心打造细节，使其产生感染人的效果。

作为一种描写方式——动静结合，就是把人物静态时的外貌特点和行动时的动作特点，有机地结合起来写，从而逼真地反映人物的性格特点 ，让人物真切、立体地“活”在读者面前。描写人物静态，应从人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、姿势或某个局部的特写等方面，选择最能反映人物个性特点的地方来描写。中小学生作文描写人物静态的最多见的弊病是“千人一面”，不管男女老幼，写眼睛就是“大大的炯炯有神”，写眉毛就是“弯弯的像个月牙”，写面部就是“一笑两个小酒窝”。因此“抓个性”是静态描写的最重要的一环。 描写人物动态，要在平时观察的基础上，找出最能反映人物性格特点的动作来描写。写出人物动作时的个性化，写出人物动态时的神情、姿态和气质。我们作文时，容易偏重于人物的对话而忽略人物的动态描写。其实，动态也是最能反映人物性格特点的。所以动态描写一般要关注人物的举手投足、神情变化等。采用动静结合法描写人物，要做到静态特点和动态特点的自然统一、水乳交融，从而把人物写生动、写真实，从而使文章产生感人的力量。作文中写人物的机会很多，掌握了动静结合法，你笔下的人物很容易“活”起来。

第三，培养学生酝酿感情，让自己处于感动中，写出来的文章才能感动人。最动情的东西，都是自己所亲身经历的，有真实体验，有真切感受，能够写得见人见物见精神的东西。要做到灌注真情，以情驭文，就要于提笔前酝酿感情，一遍遍再现人物与生活情节，让自己处于激情洋溢之中，处于对人物的感动之中（有时，这种感动会使自己不觉间热泪盈眶）。此时，心中自会生发出写的冲动。自己在感动中动笔，那份感情就会随着文字而流淌在字里行间。同时，正是因为自己处于感动之中，写起来也就会格外得心应手，容易一气呵成。这种感情的酝酿，即使应试作文也不能例外。我们班同学写作《老师，我想对您说》时，我流着眼泪告诉他们：和你们朝夕相处整整两年的我，因为不能胜任现在的工作，下个星期不再教你们语文课了，今天是与你们相处的最后一天……全班同学都很难过，结果是每个人都写出了两年来最真挚感人的文章。

文章不是无情物。一篇让人喜爱的好文章，往往渗透着作者真挚浓厚的感情。很多人写作，主要是心灵受某种情感的冲击，这种情感自然就会流动于笔端。 我们常说：拥有真情，才能拥有感动，只有渗透着泪与笑的文章才会获得真正的生命，才具有震撼读者心灵的力量。

第四，提高批改时的档次 ，用表扬激励参与的积极性。无论是大人还是孩子，都喜欢正面的评价和表扬。尽管我们都知道：“忠言逆耳利于行”的古训 ，可总还是抑制不住喜欢赞美之词。虽然在批改作文时需要我们找出学生存在的问题 ，但是，老师应该尽量戴上放大镜去寻找文章中的优点，大到文章的构思，小到遣词造句，只要有长处，老师就要毫不吝啬的指出来。孩子们最愿意看到的不是你的挑三拣四，而是你对他的赞赏。所以我在批改作文时总是有意提高打分的档次，极大地鼓励了孩子们的写作热情。

现在，我们班的学生不再谈作文变色了，他们最喜欢的事是拿到自己的作文本，看我的圈点批注，总是欢喜之情，溢于言表。“兴趣是最好的老师”，大家都乐意做的事情，怎么会没有进步呢？