英语说明文常见写作方法【通用20篇】

作文是语文教学的重点。然而，在语文教学中，对教师而言，最难教的是作文，对学生来讲，最难写的也是作文。小编收集了中考作文写作方法五点指导，欢迎阅读。

一、引导学生写日记入手，认真观察，积累丰富的写作素材。教师应鼓励学生全景式地体验生活，用自己的眼，以自己的心去理解、感受生活，挖掘生活中最熟悉的事例，写真人真事，抒真情实感。例如，写天气，可以四季变化，雪雨雷电，风霜雾露;写同学，可以写下课后的打打闹闹，写某次上课时的调皮捣乱，写做完作业后的无比轻松，写好朋友之间的窃窃私语，写某次课余时的恶作剧;也可以写日常饮食起居、邻里亲情、迎来送往、花鸟虫鱼等。长此以往，不但积累了许多写作素材，而且有效地提高了学生的写作水平。

二、以课文为依托，提倡模仿，培养学生良好的文风。模仿是人类学习，掌握技能的重要方法之一。模仿的特点在于针对性强，有法可循，它既能增加透明度，降低难度，操作性强，又能收到明显的效果。教师要让学生从简单仿句开始，从课内到课外，以骈句到诗句，并辅以中考的大量仿句欣赏阅读，然后讲解仿句的方法要领，再进行尝试模仿，反复训练、修改、提高，直至成功。通过仿句训练，能给学生一个成就感，能激发他们的写作兴趣。通过一段时间的简单仿句训练后，逐渐引到篇上的模仿。

三、以课外为突破口，积累语言，扩大学生的知识视野。杜甫说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”书读得多，语言积累到一定程度，文章就会写得好。在平时的作文教学实践中，很多学生或没有材料可写，或表情达意不够流畅、准确、生动，归根到底是没有丰富的语言积累和语言经验。基于这些实际，教师应重视学生课外阅读，让学生通过大量阅读，开阔视野，丰富知识，增长智慧，从而提高写作能力。为了进一步提高学生课外阅读的效率，要求学生每人准备一个积累本，让学生摘录所阅读文章的好词、好句、好段，写读书笔记，或写阅读感受。通过训练，学生的词汇量增加了，写作素材丰富了，作文水平也普遍得以提高。

四、以作文批改为媒介，鼓励投稿，激发学生写作的热情。心理学研究表明：“赞赏一个人的杰作比赞赏一个人的本身更有效。”在批改学生作文时，教师应尽量肯定他们的优点，用委婉的话指出不足之处。通过教师热情真诚的赏识，使学生及时看到自己作文的成果，从而激励他们“更上一层楼”，不断提高作文能力。

五、以媒体为载体，搭建平台，激起学生展示文学才华的欲望。实践表明，要学好一种东西，兴趣是至关重要的。它是获得知识进行创造性创作的一种自觉动机，是鼓舞和推动学生创作的内在动力，也是提高写作水平的重要途径。因此，在作文教学中，教师要鼓励学生把自己的作品上传到自己已开通的博客上，让众多读者浏览、评价，体验写作的价值。此外，教师也可和学生一道创建班级周刊，让学生做主，编辑文章，设计版面，这样就会激励学生的写作热情，让他们进入一个积极的呈良性循环的写作状态。

总之，在作文教学的实践过程中，经过一段时间的精心训练，别致新颖、匠心独运的文章脱颖而出，作文教学也达到了预想的效果。

我们正常看书或老师批阅论文首先看作者简介和致谢、后记之类的内容，然后再阅读正文。

毕业设计的老师从事多年的教育工作.李老师这样说到：看了一些毕业论文的致谢，不少还是人文学科的，不知是因为写作规范的限制，抑或是别的原因，有些论文的致谢很平淡，公式一样的套话，寥寥几句，少有真情实感，与论文正文的文笔很不相称。致谢不是写学术思想历程回忆。我看学生的论文也注意致谢，如果谢来谢去的人太多，我总疑心论文不是他自己写的。如果是感谢我，我会感到一身的不自在，不管是不是出于真情。学术论文是一件很庄严的事情，在里面洋洋洒洒磕头作揖恐怕有些不合适吧。钱钟书先生的《管锥编》中感谢责任编辑只有一句话，简短而得体：”命笔之时，数请益于周君振甫，小叩辄发大鸣，实归不负虚往，良朋嘉惠，并志简端。”我们不妨学学。先不管论文质量好坏，抒发自己的情感才是最重要的，致谢需要的真情实感的展现与流露。要在其中洋溢真情实感，体现了中国传统文化中所具的感恩心等，不要有空洞的套话。这样才能让毕业论文更加出彩，做学术和做人一样，最重要的一个字就是“真”，学术上要“真才实学”，不能“弄虚作假”;做人上要“真情实感”，不能“虚情假意”!

一直以来，雅思写作考试的大作文主体段的拓展往往是很多考生在写作中突显的最为薄弱的一个环节，其中论证过程单薄、不充分、没有力量，导致论点站不住脚是主要的原因，从而使得整篇文章留下失败的一笔。议论文，说到底，最关键的一点就是让读者对你在文章中所体现的立场认同。要做到这一点，靠的就是论点和论证。论点要合理、明确，且不要重复，要有层次;论证要做到充分，要有强大的力量把论点支撑起来，让读者心服口服，认同你的想法。作为海外考试来说，考生要做的就是让考官明确地知道你的想法，并且认同你，最终让他给你一个合理且满意的写作分数。

如何成功地完成主体段落的拓展呢?要勾画出一个充实且具有说服力的论证过程，我们当然要使用到一些论证手段，结合这些论证方法的使用，协助我们较好地完成相对来说最困难的论证过程。

一、 举例论证法

要更为直观地反映问题，举例无疑是最好的选择，也是最具有说服力的。常见的引出实例的方式：如for example, for instance, as is reported, It is reported that…, 可作为插入语的结构使用在句中。实例也可以分为几种情况，如下：

1. 应用名人实例，这是大家都知道的事情，容易引起共鸣。如在教育类话题中有一个考点涉及到中学生要不要学历史，在论证古人的经验和智慧给我们很多借鉴意义时，就可以引用一些名人的例子。

Charles Darwin, for example, taught us that only the fittest can survive, which is more than ever true in today’s competitive society.

2. 应用某些调查研究结果，常结合具体数据，更能增强真实性说服力。社会类话题老人问题上，要求分析人口老龄化所带来的影响，其中谈到积极意义时，会提到老人对家庭及社会的贡献。我们可以在两个地方找到列数据的点，一是老人的年龄，二是在有意义的事情上所花的时间，可以得出论证过程如下：

As is reported, the average time that the retired within the age group above 65 spend on the family and the community is at its length of about 5 hours per day.

3. 应用生活中具有普遍性的现象或有代表性的亲身经历。在文化这类较为抽象的话题中，有典型地要求分析文化差异会带来的不同国家人之间的冲突，可以引用这样的现象：

A western woman travelling to the Middle East may find it annoying to have to wear headscarf during a journey.

要做到恰当合适地使用实例进行论证，要求考生在平时的准备过程中，就要着重对各大话题常见的考点进行典型实例的收集，最好是比较万能的一些例子，这样就能充分利用举例子的优势，在考试中赢得高分。

二、 解释说明(拓展影响)法

中心论点表达一般比较空泛、笼统，作为论证，首先就要对空泛的意思加以具体地解释，说明原因，解释过程，阐述影响，这是一种惯用的思维，这里打不开，后面说得再多也可能都是白搭。常结合定语从句，分词的语法应用。我们来看一个例子：

By travelling abroad, we have the opportunity to experience different customs, cultures and lifestyles, helping us better understand the whole world.

这个句子是对论点出国旅游有助于我们开拓眼界的论证，采取的就是解释的方式，目的就是协助论点表达得更透彻。

三、 因果推理法

这种方法是基于一个事实的陈述，推出它可能会产生的结果，然后一环扣着一环往下推，直至目标内容出现，也就是论点的内容呈现了。常结合因果关系的状语从句结构展开论证，要注意推理逻辑连接词的应用，如as, since, because, therefore, hence, thus, as a consequence, consequently, ……

论证高中生毕业后先去工作再上大学的这种作为会带来的不利影响之一——这种方式容易使高中生误入歧途，论证过程如下：Since high school students are mentally immature, they are less likely to resist the temptation in the real world. As a result, they are more prone to some social evils, such as theft, drug abuse, and so on. So, they may easily go astray and even commit crime.

四、 对照对比论证法

拿相同或相反的事物做比较，相同关系叫对照(comparison)，相反关系叫对比(contrast)。此类论证考生需要重点掌握一些对比对照关系的连词：in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, likewise, similarly, by the same token。

先看个例子，如：论证广告给消费者提供及时信息，帮助他们做决定中论述到：By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market.这就是从反面着手，阐述如果没有广告，消费者会受到的影响，用反方的劣势达到衬托正方优势的效果。若想使论点具有说服力，可以尝试寻找对应的参照物相比较，在所选参照物明显的不足面前，本来事物的优点会立刻容易被人信服。

再来分析下对照的例子：They cite that in the sports world, records are always created when a sportsman is facing tough competitions. They believe that, by the same token, in a classroom where clever minds meet, students can achieve their best due to peer pressure. 拿体育比赛中的情况作对照，突出分班教学的必要性。

五、 让步论证法

欲擒故纵的高超写法，对考生来说比较陌生，先退一步承认与自己观点相反的事实，再转折给出自己的观点，否定前者。让步这种方法的优点是能较为全面地看待一个问题，而且反驳更能有的放矢。比如举一个大家特别熟悉的例子，一个男生向女生表白时被拒绝，女生会很委婉地表示，先肯定男生有很多优点，但最终会表示自己并不喜欢他，他不是她喜欢的类型。这种方式一方面不会伤害到男孩的自尊，同时也鲜明地表达了自己的想法。在这种论证中，常见句型如下：although / though / in spite of the fact that…; as is granted / admittedly…; opponents would argue that…

用以下例子加以说明：

1. As is granted, saving money offers people a sense of security in case of emergency. However, people tend to believe that wise investment can get more profits.

2. Opponents would argue that some of the violence shown on TV is the true portrayal of what is happening around us and people have the right to know it. Although this is undoubtedly true, it also means that people who see them a lot may gradually develop a sense of insecurity and mistrust as they are forced to believe they are living in a dangerous world.

很明显，我们在写作的论证过程中，对以上五种方法可以灵活地加以结合使用，不断地积累相关实例，不断地练习这些思维，在论证中做到游刃有余，充分的论证无疑是考生的加分点。希望以上的方法能为各位考生提供一些帮助。

班主任工作计划是每一名班主任教师在每一个学期开始之前都要完成的工作，班主任工作计划也是教学大纲中要求班主任必须要做好的功课。不过班主任工作计划分为不同形式，并不是要求写的意义，班主任教师也可以根据自己的实际情况写出不同格式的工作计划。不过在我总结了很多的情况后，班主任工作计划，一般分学期具体工作计划和工作计划两种。

1、具体工作计划的写法

制订具体工作计划不必像制订学期工作计划那样详尽。其基本结构有如下几个层次：

第一层次：标题

第二层次：内容，即计划的正文

具体计划的正文，不必像制订学期工作计划正文那样详尽，一般地包括以下几个部分：

（1）教育活动内容。可用一句话表述。

（2）教育目的

（3）时间安排

（4）活动准备和要求。涉及较多人参加准备时，应列出负责人姓名。

第三层次：计划制订人姓名与制订日期

具体工作计划要简明扼要，可以提纲挈领地写。具体工作计划，既可用文字表达，也可以列表表述。列表形式内容：活动内容、教育目的、时间安排、活动准备与要求、完成情况、备注。

2、学期工作计划的写法：

学期工作计划没有严格，固定的格式，一般地可分为以下几个层次：

第一层次：标题 即计划的名称

标题要写在第一行正中，标题中要把班级的名称、计划的主要内容、计划的时限准确地概括进去。如：《xx年xx班200x－200x学年度x学期班级工作计划》。

第二层次：内容 即计划的正文。

计划的正文，一般包括以下几个部分：

（1）前言

简述计划制订的依据，交代上级教育行政部门及学校本学期教育计划要求，概括、准确地提出制订本班工作计划的指导思想。前言的文字要简明、扼要。

（2）本班的基本情况与分析

本班的基本情况包括：本班学生德、智、体、美等方面的基本情况；本班学生的特点及倾向性问题；学生家长情况及社会影响情况等。

本班情况分析主要包括：抓住全班带有倾向性的问题正反两方面，对反面的主要倾向问题存在的主要原因的分析。做好分析工作的关键在于：深入地调查研究，运用辩证的思维方法，善于透过现象抓本质，分清主观因素与客观因素。情况分析要求准确、简明。

（3）本学期工作目标

目标的提出，以准确的基本情况分析为依据，针对本班目前带有共性的、倾向性问题及发展要求提出目标。

工作目标要突出重点。一学期要抓的工作很多，不能件件平均使用力量，要抓主要矛盾，抓主要问题，以求举纲带目。

（4）主要措施

措施，即实现目标的具体活动安排。措施要具体；要符合学生的年龄特征和心理特点，要生动活泼、形式多样，为学生所喜闻乐见；要注重教育效果，不搞形式主义，不做表面文章。措施定了就要执行，不能执行的就不要写进计划。

（5）时间安排

为保证计划的切实落实，对具体的活动要安排具体时间，标明周次及起止月日，时间安排要注意与学校教育活动协调，相互配合、相互衔接。时间安排要注意科学性，一周内不能活动太多，要考虑学生的负担。时间要有预见性，如要在五月开运动会，班级前两周安排相应的活动为校运动会做准备。时间安排既可用文字表达，也可以列表表述。表内容包括：周次、起止日期、教育活动内容、具体准备工作、完成情况、备注。

第三层次：计划制订人姓名与制订日期。依次分行写在正文下方。

制订计划要留有余地。因为事物是不断变化的，工作计划也不是一成不变的。但调整、变更工作计划要经学校领导批准。

工作计划完成后，应一式两份抄清，一份交学校领导做检查、督促、指导工作用，一份留自己实施。

班主任工作计划对班主任教师来说，写出来只是一种形式，一种可以让人看的形式主义。班主任要做好的事情，就是按照工作计划中所写，认真努力的工作，帮助学生尽快的走出阴霾，让整个班级充满了学习上进的最好气氛，让所有学生都能够在知识的海洋吸取更多的知识，这是最起码的，相信这样可以做的更好！

从总体来看，命题作文有以下规律：

第一，绝大多数文题涉及的内容充分贴近学生生活；

第二，大题、宽题大大多于小题、窄题，便于考生自由选材；

第三，记叙文题大大多于说明文、议论文题；

那么，我们都应该注意一些什么呢？

1.要审题上，要做到“瞻前顾后、一字不漏”

对于题目应从头至尾反复领会、研读，不得忽略一处。

要审读的内容包括：

①文题的大、小、宽、窄、虚、实、显、隐。

②文题中有没有点示主题的字词。

③文题中有没有点示重点的语言标志。

④文题中的的标点或其它符号及其含义。

⑤有没有副标题，其作用是什么？

⑥各种写作要求、限制。

⑦能否从题目以外的语言材料中品味出一点隐含信息。

在写作中，要紧紧抓住审题得到的“信息”，步步都要紧扣文题，紧扣要求。

另外，在具体的审题过程中，对这样几种内容的题目不可掉以轻心：

第一种，看似很浅显的题目

如“我长大了”这个文题，是一个宽泛的中考作文题，谁也不会在取材上发生困难，看样子真是浅得不能再浅了，但实际上，这个题的关键在于对“长大”的理解。如果在审题之中认为“长大”的含义只是生理、身体的变化或是学会了某种生活技能、能够料理自己、胆子变大了，或者能对付别人的欺负等，这种理解就很肤浅，写出来的文章在选材立意上也就上不了档次。如果说能寓理于事，从不同的角度写出正处于花季年龄的初中生成长中的追求、向往、烦恼和困惑，以及对人生的初步认识，写出人生中的各种各样的责任感已经在心中出现，那么，这样的思考就是准确地把握了文题的含义。

第二种，看似很熟悉的题目

如“美在课余”这个文题，是一个宽题。可供取材的内容也是不少的。其实这个题目有一个“迷惑点”，这个“迷惑点”在“美”字上。稍不注意就会由于觉得这个文题似曾相识而忽视对“美”字的品读。没有抓住这个“美”字，就会写出“丰富多彩的课余”、““有趣的课余”、“热闹的课余”等内容。

第三种，看似很形象的题目

如“风景这边独好”这个文题，也是一个宽题，题目似乎很“形象”，但远不是从字面上理解的那么简单。它既可以写实，如写一个地方的风景，写一个地方的景物特点，写一个地方的景物的变化，但更重要的是应该写这个地方的发展，写这个地方的特色，写这个地方表现出的时代的进步。再换一个角度思考，它不仅可以写“地方”，还可以写人，还可以写事，等等。

第四种，看似很直观的题目

如“礼物”这个题目，好像一看就知道是什么。但在具体的写作中，它可能是实指——某种物，更多的也许是喻指——像“礼物”一样的美好事物。用“喻指”来写文章，其思路更广，其情感更丰富。不管命题作文的形式多复杂，你要永远盯着它的题目。

就让学霸来告诉你，命题作文到底该怎么写

2.在取材立意上，要做到“大中取小，以小见大”

题目要求只是划出了一个取材立意的框框，需要我们选用自己最熟悉的内容将其具体化。对这样一些文题，要做到“大中取小”，将其“具体化”：

第一，将宽题变“窄”

所谓宽题，就是从内容上看，可以包含许多题材、许多素材的题目。由于它的“宽”，似乎许多材料都可以用来写作文，我们就必须选准材料，把作文的内容“浓缩”到一个点之上，使之变“窄”，以便顺利成文。

如“火柴的联想”是一个宽题，它可以让你联想到非常多的事，非常多的人，非常多的现象。但这种丰富的联想只能是在构思过程中，必须从这丰富的联想中决定一个供展开的“联想点”，才能开始考场作文的写作。

第二，将大题变“小”

所谓大题，其实也是一种宽题。从“意义”上看，有些题目的主题比较直露，

比较追求一定的“意义”。如文题“变了”，从这个“变”字上看就是要求你在文中一定要点示出某种“意义”。

对于这样的题，我们可以用加“限制”的方法将其变“小”。

如“变了”这个题，我们可以在题目前加上限制性的语言，如“我们家变了”，也可以在题目后面加上副标题，如“变了——从一件小事看我们的班风”。

3.在构思上，要做到“或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈”

“或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈”，是中考作文构思的总策略。

“一点式伸展”就是一篇文章内只将一个内容写好、写细、写完整，“多点式铺陈”就是在文章中多写几个内容，将它们有机地组合。

4.在表达上，要做到：注重文体特征，表现个性特点

注重文体特征，就是要充分准确地表现文体特点，而不要出现将“读后感”写成“读后叙”、在“家乡变了”中穿插一半篇幅的议论、将“自强的我”写成自我介绍等模糊文体色彩的错误。

表现个性特点，要表现出运用语言文字的技能技巧，认真遣词造句，稳妥布局谋篇，从语气、结构、主题等方面磨练文章。

【特点】

任何事物，只有通过对比才能显出高低、大小、好坏、多少。写人也是如此，通过对比可以反映出先进和落后、高尚与卑贱，优秀和不良。对比写人法有两种。一种是同一个人前后相比，说明这个人的变化。另一种是一个人和另一个比，歌颂其中一个人或使另一个人受到教育。采用对比法写人时，要注意突出主要人的和主要问题，做到主次分明，切不可喧宾夺主。其次，对比时要合情合理，不能采取故意拔高或贬低的方法，把好的捧上天，把差的贬入地，使人不可信。此外要注意前后照应。

[常见作文写作方法：对比写人法

在语文教学中，对教师而言，最难教的是作文；对学生来讲，最难写的也是作文。因此，如何激发学生的写作兴趣，提高学生的写作水平，成为作文教学的根本任务。

一、留心生活，学会观察

所谓观察，就是用眼睛去看。要远“观”近“察”，事事留心，时时注意，并养成一种习惯。被誉为世界短篇小说之王的法国作家莫泊桑曾拜当时著名作家福楼拜为师。一天，他把自己坐在屋里编的准备写成小说的故事讲给福楼拜听。福楼拜听后，说：“我劝你不要忙于写这些虚拟的东西，你每天骑马到外面转一圈，把路上看到的一切准确地、细致地记录下来。”于是莫泊桑意识到福楼拜是教他首先学会用眼睛去观察生活，认识生活，练好观察这一基本功。从此他花了一年左右的时间，每天外出观察，终于写成了小说《点心》，并成为世界著名的小说家。后来莫泊桑在总结自己的创作经验时，说：“对你所要表现的东西，要长时间很注意地观察它，以便发现别人没有发现过和没有写过的特点。任何事物里，都有未被发现的东西……”鲁迅也曾说过：“留心各样的事情，多看看，不看到一点就写。”这是鲁迅长期创作的经验总结。由此可见，要想写好文章必须重视观察事物，提高观察能力。

不少学生作文脱离实际，生编硬套，字词不够废话凑，像挤牙膏似的想一句写一句。如何改变这种现象呢？我们先来看峻青的《海滨仲夏夜》一段中的描写：“夕阳落山不久，西方的天空，还燃烧着一片橘红色的晚霞。大海也被这霞光染成了红色……”这段文字确确实实是描写海上的晚霞，绝非别处，只有在海上。

作者抓住了海滨夏夜的特色，用“橘红色”来形容晚霞，用“染成了红色”写海水的色彩，用“燃烧”一词生动地描绘了晚霞的情态。为什么峻青能把海滨夏夜的景写得如此逼真形象呢？是因为作者以生活为写作素材，通过细致入微的观察、感受和思考，才把这一景色写活了。所以，在作文教学中，我们应鼓励学生全景式的扫描生活，用自己的眼，以自己的心去理解、感受生活，挖掘生活中最熟悉的，最能打动心灵的宝藏，写真人真事，抒真情实感。“必须寻到源头，方有清甘的水喝。”这“源头”就是我们的五彩缤纷的生活，让生活成为学生自己真正的创作源泉吧。

二、练写随笔，积累素材

茅盾说：“应当时时刻刻身边有一支铅笔和一本草簿，把你所见所闻所为所感随时记下来……”。写随笔，就是给学生以充分的自由：选材自由，命题自由，文体自由，字数自由。只管写自己最熟悉、最感兴趣、印象最深的人或事。可议论，可抒情，可记叙、随心所欲。洋洋洒洒几千字，不嫌多；点点滴滴几十字，不嫌少：有话则长，无话可短，尽兴而写，随意而止。这样不自觉地培养了学生的观察事物的兴趣和能力。他们写的内容起初比较简单，渐渐地，观察视野不断扩大，就从身边的小事写开去，写社会、写人生。内容越来越丰富：班级的生活与风波，家庭的欢乐与忧愁，社会见闻等等，真是大到宇宙，小到自我，尽入笔底。有个学生对校园常作细致观察，从景到人，从人到事，连续写了校园生活之

三、课外阅读，学会迁移

现在有不少学生在“题海战术”中苦斗以提高分数，“重理轻文”的现象较为严重，以致于有些学生“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读理科书”，平时很少课外阅读，缺乏写作材料，对作文望而生畏。要使学生作文有话可说，有物可写，必须注意积累写作材料，提倡多阅读文章。杜甫说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”“破万卷”是说书读得要多，书读得多，知识才厚实，才能博古通今，写起文章来才能左右逢源，才“如有神”助。但仅仅靠多读是不够的，“唐宋八大家”之一的韩愈说：“学以为耕，文以为获。”这是说阅读是写作的先导，没有读的“耕耘”，就没有写的“收获”。因此强调学生对所读之书还要进行熟读精思，融会贯通，积累材料，让它成为自己写作的“源头活水”，学会迁移，并运用到作文中去。作文时，吾意所欲言，无不随意所欲，内容应笔而生，如泉之涌，滔滔不竭。

一、命题全、半命题作文题示例：

以下下题目适宜写什么文体?你准备写什么内容?

1.再试一次

2.他(她)如此平凡

3.这个季节真好

4.我得到了支持

5.心中有一道风景

6.我有我的快乐

7.偶然的发现

8.此刻梦圆

9.共度好时光

10.我尝试了

11.因为有了你

12.我读懂了

13.当_____出现在眼前

14.像_____一样的日子

15.我成长中的一个______

16.我在集体中

17.放学以后

18.战胜自我

19._____与我相伴

20.心灵的珍藏

21.______，我成长的朋友

22.当_____的时候

23.我们真行

二、话题作文题示例：

“形象”“健康”“酸甜苦辣”“瞬间”“生命”“梦想”“苦难”“喝彩”“中学生素质”“远方”“游戏”“渴望”“校园”“父母”“规则”

以上话题你将分别拟什么标题?

三、材料作文构思写作四个程序：引——议——联——结

材料作文题示例：

(1)有人说，爱你的人，常常用你不喜欢的方式关心你。比如：躺在床上看书——“你还要不要眼睛?”期末考试成绩大幅度下降——“写出深刻反思!”邀好友上网——“网吧不是好地方，别去。”你可能真的不喜欢这些方式，可是你能说这些不是爱吗?

读了这段文字，你有什么感受?请写一篇记叙文，题目自拟，600字以上。

这则材料要求我们写的是生活中体验到的“自己不喜欢甚至是反感的特殊的爱”。主题表达的是“爱”，但这种“爱”不是一般意义上的，而是在同学们眼里显得难以理解和接受的爱，是一种存在心理反差的爱。

(2)镜头一：运动场上。“跳高健将”王山纵身一跃，跨过了1.5米的横竿;小个子李川连跳三次，也没能越过1.2米的高度。老师说，尽力去跳就好。

镜头二：春游途中。在一处悬崖的石缝里，生长着一棵小松树。同学们驻足观望，担心它难以枝繁叶茂。老师说，尽力去长就好。

尽力而为就好。这一点引起你哪些联想和思考?请自拟题目，自选文体，写一篇不少于600字的文章。

(3)乌鸦因羡慕老鹰能从山上俯冲下来抓走小羊的本领，于是模仿老鹰的俯冲姿势拼命练习。一天，乌鸦觉得自己练得很棒了，便哇哇地从树上猛冲下来，想抓住山羊往上飞，可是它的身子太轻，爪子又被羊毛缠住，无论怎样拍打翅膀也飞不起来。结果被牧羊人抓住了。当牧羊人的孩子问这是什么鸟时，牧羊人说：“这是一只忘记自己叫什么的鸟。”孩子摸着乌鸦的羽毛说：“它也很可爱呀!”

(4)巴西足球名将贝利在足坛上初露锋芒时，一个记者问他：“你哪一个球踢得最好?”他回答说：“下一个!”而当他在足坛崭露头角，已成为世界著名球王，并踢进一千多个球后，记者又问道：“你哪一个球踢得最好?”他仍然回答：“下一个!”

(5)美国阿拉斯加州涅利斯自然保护区内，曾发生过引狼逐鹿的故事。原先人们为了保护鹿而把当地的狼消灭了，于是，鹿没有了天敌，终日无忧无虑地饱食于林中。十几年后，鹿群由四百只发展到四万只。然而鹿的体态愚笨，失去了昔日的灵秀。植物也因鹿的迅速繁殖和践踏而凋零了。鹿由于缺乏充分的食物以及安逸少动所带来的体质衰弱而大批死亡。于是人们再次把狼请进来，鹿有奋力奔跑了，保护区恢复了昔日的勃勃生机。

四、作文的拟题

怎样的标题才算好标题?“审题最关键，题好文一半”呢!请仔细思考，拟题尽量达到以下四个目标：

一针见血，切中题意，简洁明了，赋有文采

请为上面六则材料各拟一个标题：

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5)

要努力把政治语言转换成有文采的语言，例：

事物是发展变化的——士别三日，当刮目相看

换个角度看问题——横看成岭侧成峰

人间有喜也有忧——痛苦并快乐着

社会要和谐——一枝独秀不是春

献出爱的人是快乐的——与人玫瑰，手有余香

不要危害他人——己所不欲，勿施与人

思念远方亲友——千里之外的思念

……

五、文章的开头技巧

技巧一：巧用修辞，妙笔生花。

作用：巧用比喻，排比，拟人，设问等修辞手法，可使文章开头生动形象，富有气势，情景交融，如诗如画。

示例：

(1).几年的学习生活弹指一挥，如云似水，已无法追回。回首望之，我们总以奋斗为舵，而今，初三了，我们要以拼搏为舵

(2).三月的晨光把窗子推开，第一缕阳光便照到人们的身上，就这样，春天从窗口走近了我们。春天，是四季的开端，它给我们带来了新的希望。

(3)我们该怎样形容印度姐妹的舞蹈?

技巧二：引经据典，文采飞扬

作用： 巧妙引用古诗文、名人名言、歌词、俗语谚语、歇后语或前人已有的深刻精辟的论述，这样可以省去许多笔墨，使文采飞扬，有事半功倍之效。

示例：

(1)、“忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开”。眼前是一个粉妆玉砌的世界，满眼看去银装素裹、玉树琼枝，诗人岑参笔下的美景真切地展现在我的眼前。

(2)、 生活中我们会经历许多困难和挫折，以坦然的心态去面对它们，以高昂的情绪去迎接它们，以积极的行动去战胜它们，你会走向成功，正如歌词所说“不经历风雨，怎能见彩虹，没有人能随随便便成功!”(《笑对挫折》)

(3)俗话说：“万事开头难”。当你着手一件事情的时候，你会感到那很生疏，不知所措。如果我们不好好把握住每一个开端，那么，我们将失去的不仅仅是一次机遇，更多的是一次成功。(《把握住每一个开端》)

(4)、“美是到处都有的，对于我们的眼睛，不是缺少美，而是缺少发现。”今天，受这位富有创新精神的学者启发，我想说:“答案是普遍存在的，对于我们的脑袋，不是缺少思考，而是缺少角度。”

技巧三：巧设悬念，引出话题。

作用：人都有好奇心，爱读文学作品的人尤其如此，当你在文章的开头，设下许多能激起人们好奇心的悬念时，你的文章无疑已成功了一大半。即：在开头时引起读者好奇心的疑惑。

示例：

(1)、台上放着一只被咬过的苹果，讲台下坐着一脸茫然的我 ——《残缺的美》

(2)、“那只羚羊哪儿去啦?”妈妈突然问我。——《羚羊木雕》

绝妙开头示范

1.引用名言名句

①问世间情为何物，直教人生死相许。元好问的确好问，也很会问。他这一问可谓一问问千古。多少年来，有多少人在这个问题上徘徊，又有多少人在付出巨大代价后作出了人生最终的答案。但各家之言却如每个人的脸一样，各不相同。

②在中世纪的一个教堂里，一位圣者开始了他的演讲:“我之所以成为圣者，是因为我看破了钱财，我的就是大家的。”悠悠岁月，弹指一挥。在跨世纪时的一所监狱里，一个小偷开始了他的人生独白:“我之所以会成为小偷，是因为我看破了钱财，大家的就是我的。”③美学大师罗丹曾经说过:“美是到处都有的，对于我们的眼睛，不是缺少美，而是缺少发现。”今天，受这位富有创新精神的学者启发，我想说:“答案是普遍存在的，对于我们的脑袋，不是缺少思考，而是缺少角度。”许多时候，我们都迷惑于问题的不解或徘徊于多解的选择路口，怎样走便成了心中的疑团，往往举棋不定，左右乱倾，这时，就有换个角度考虑的必要，这样会给你带来更多成功的机会。(《旋转这只万花筒》)

2.巧用书信格式

看到你，我实在是义愤填膺。所以，在愤怒火焰的驱使下，我写了这封信来声讨你。答案本是丰富多彩的，可是你却偏偏要戴上“标准”这顶帽子。要知道，就因为“标准”二字，发生了无数的悲剧。以下是你的三大罪状:(《给“标准答案”的一封信》)

3、巧用修辞

①“砰!”随着一声锤子的敲打声，问号先生清了清嗓子说，“时空讨论会现在正式开始，今天我们的主题是‘什么才是美’，请各位来自不同时代、不同国度的学者们积极发言。”(《什么才是美》)

4、用寓言故事

鹊贴出了大型广告:“为适应时代需要，本校将推行全能素质教育，无一不学、无一不教，包你的孩子成为无所不能的通才，在竞争中立于不败之地。学费，每学期3000元;培养费， 2000元;赞助费， 15000元。”(《全能学校》)

5、巧用揭示题旨的题记

①没有树的伟岸，但你可以有草的翠绿;没有牡丹的娇艳，但你可以有小野菊的洒脱……生命，可以不灿烂，但必须伟大! ——题记

②如果你失去了金钱，你只失去了一小部分;如果你失去了健康，你只失去了一小半;如果你失去了诚信，那你就几乎一贫如洗了。 ——题记

六、文章结尾技巧

一般说来，同学们的作文结尾易犯的毛病有：①画蛇添足。即全文已结束，本可耐人寻味，但作者仍不放心，偏要哆嗦几句，把无需交待的人物下落一一交待，把本可悟出的含义一语捅破。②空喊口号。在结尾处为表明自己的立场、态度，大喊着与文章内容无关的口号，这种结尾大煞主题。③拖泥带水。结尾意思已经明了，却迟迟不肯收尾，冲突了文章的主题。

由此看来，中考作文的结尾显得特别重要，如何写好结尾，提高考场作文的质量呢?下面的结尾技巧，都是中考作文中常用的。

1、自然收束式

不论哪种文体的文章，在把内容表达完了之后，自然而然地收束全文，而不去设计蕴意深刻的哲理语句，不去雕琢丰富的象征形体，这样的结尾谓之“自然结束式”。它完全避免了文章画蛇添足、无病呻吟的结尾毛病，显得单纯明快、朴素无华，在中考作文中得到广泛运用。考场作文气氛紧张，竞争激烈，不可能过多地讲究什么“式”，什么“法”。只要富于激情，挥洒自如，写到哪里就是哪里，能充分地表情达意就是一篇好文章，但讲究“自然”并不意味着随心所欲，马虎草率，而是顺着文思发展的自然趋势结束全局。如《云南的歌会》的结尾“小时侯常听老太婆口头语，“十年难逢金满斗”，意思是盛会难逢，参加后才知道原来是这样。”

2、首尾呼应式

结尾与开头要相呼应，写出既呼应开头，又不简单重复的语句，这种结尾方式是各类文章极常见的收束方法。这种收束方法能唤起读者心理上的美感，产生一种首尾圆合，浑然一体的感觉。如《背影》中的结尾是“唉!我不知何时再能与他相见。”即呼应了课文开头“我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。

3、卒章显志式

这种结尾方式，就是在文章结束时，以全文的内容为依托，运用简洁的语言，把主题思想明确地表达出来，或者在全文即将煞尾时，把写作意旨交待清楚，所以这种结尾方法又称“画龙点晴式”。如《珍珠鸟》的结尾“我笔尖一动，流泻下一时的感受：信赖，往往创造出美好的境界。”又如《我的第一本书》的结尾是“人不能忘本”。

4、名言警句式

用名言、警名、诗句收尾，着意于引申文章，揭示某种人生的真谛。它往往出现在散文、记叙文、杂文的结尾，用三言两语，表述出含意深刻的耐人寻味的哲理或警策性内容，使之深深地印在读者的心中，起到“言已尽，意无穷”的效果。如《谈生命》的结尾“快乐固然兴奋，苦痛又何尝不美丽?我曾读到一个警句，是‘愿你的生命中有够多的云翳，来造成一个美丽的黄昏’。世界、国家和个人的生命中的云翳没有比今天再多的了。”

5、抒情议论式

用抒情议论的方式收束文章，能够表达作者心中的情愫，激起读者情感的波澜，引起读者的共鸣，有着强烈的艺术感染力。这种结尾方式主要用于写人记事的记叙文中，也可用于说明文、议论文的写作。抒情议论式结尾的形式是多种多样的，所以采取这种方式结尾比较自由，好的“抒情议论”式结尾必然油然而生真情，给读者以真实感、充足感。如“仁厚黑暗的地母呵，愿在你怀里永安她的魂灵!”(《阿长与〈山海经〉》) 又如《雪》的结尾“是的，那是孤独的雪，是死掉的雨，是雨的精魂。”

6、情景交融式

例：

风停了，暴雨也结束了，太阳重新露出了笑容，两代人的那扇玻璃也被那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去，消失在一片晚霞中，两者混为一体，没有距离。 (选自广州中考满分文《雨中品读》)

七、优秀作文开头或结尾集锦

1、得到老师的关怀是一种快乐，得到他人的帮助也是一种快乐，帮助别人更是一种快乐。(这虽然是一点不起眼的帮助，但是我心里充满了喜悦与自豪。如果每人都能助人为乐，那么世界将变成美好的人间!)——谭秀涛《快乐的滋味》

2、秋风轻轻吹拂着漫舞的落叶，鸟儿似乎已经厌烦了落叶的舞蹈，躲进自己的窝里。草儿枯萎了，凉爽的秋风好像也厌倦了飘泊。我不禁想起了三年级时的一件事，说起来虽然微小，但是那时却让我很尴尬，而且对我的教育很大。(秋风依旧吹拂着漫舞的落叶，也依旧吹拂着我的脸颊，轻轻的，凉凉的，我清醒了许多，不是吗?做人就得诚实，欺骗别人，也是在欺骗自己啊!)——刘映秀《尴尬的滋味》

3、在我成长的道路上，时时处处留着我的足迹，里面有幸福的回忆、美好的向往、成功的喜悦、失败的烦恼，其中多的是快乐、感慨、怨恨和愤怒，然而最不能使我忘记的是哪一个尴尬的早晨。(我应该感谢那个尴尬的早晨，使它让我不再毛手毛脚，但是我也应该和那个尴尬的早晨说“再见”，因为尴尬的滋味实在不好受。)——张希丽《尴尬的滋味》

4、回忆我的成长旅途，犹如打翻了的五味瓶，酸、苦、辣、涩各味俱全，可唯独没有甜。(失败虽可恨，但失败又是迈向成功的第一步。我喝了瓶黄连道：“失败的滋味真得不好受。”)——董成功《失败的滋味》

5、小时候，曾是您陪我度过快乐的那么多天，使您对我说还有母爱，所以无论天有多长、地有多远，我总愿意在您的怀抱中，享受着您的爱。(思念的滋味，就像一杯苦咖啡，虽然可以加点糖，依然叫人心憔悴。)——杨晨《思念的滋味》

6、“野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”。春天来了，柳树姐姐的长发在空中轻轻飘动，花儿妹妹的脸颊上露出了灿烂的微笑，顽皮的小草弟弟迎风向你做着鬼脸。沐浴在春风里，望着这婀娜多姿的景物，我的思绪也飘到了四年前。——伊永强《成功的滋味》

7、人的一生会经历很多，但往往快乐是最令人向往的。因为快乐是一种心理体验，可以说它远在天边，也可以说它近在眼前。(快乐如同星星点点般密布在我们身边，几乎随手可得，你们说是吗?人只要以一颗童心来面对纷纭复杂的生活，时时追求光明，向往快乐，你一定会变成一只快乐的小马驹。)——曹莉《快乐的滋味》

8、天空中彤云密布，板着脸蔑视;树木低着头，轻蔑地嘲笑;小草在地下窃窃私语，好像故意在躲避我。一切事物冷酷无情。我第一次尝到了失败的滋味，灰心丧气地徘徊。(天空的乌云散了，树木抬起了头，小草露出了脑袋。看到这些，想到这些，我急忙回到教室，拿起了课本……)——何明阳《失败的滋味》

9、童年的梦，五彩缤纷;童年的星星，永闪光芒;童年的事，记忆犹新。回忆七彩的童年，那一幕幕浮现在我的眼前。(那一次，我真的成功了，我战胜了自己，弥补了自己的不足，我真得很高兴，那种幸福是无法用语言来形容的。请尝试成功的喜悦吧!)——王凤乔《成功的滋味》

10、“小小少年，很少烦恼……”每次听到这首熟悉的歌曲就会联想到自己。歌中少年总是那样无忧无虑，为什么我的烦恼却数不胜数?(学习如爬山，考试如过关，天天过关又爬山。让我们和烦恼说声“再见”，永远让快乐萦绕在我们身边。还我们一片蓝天，让我们的生命更有滋味!请乘理想之马，挥鞭从此起程，路上春色正好，天上太阳正晴。)——唐丽洁《有烦恼的滋味》

11、“天啊，不是我呀，真得不是我干的呀!”我几乎要哭出来了。唉，倒霉，谁让我在发生场地啊!(天哪，我是惹谁招谁啦，老天爷用不着这样对待我呀，不公平，太不公平啦!)——夏婷婷《被冤枉的滋味》

12、那是去年的期中考试，一个让我彻底醒悟的日子。那天，我第一次感觉到了我的自私、骄傲和任性。我败得很惨很惨，我真的感到无地自容。(回首往事，我自私，不会轻易把自己会的知识教给别人;我骄傲，即使我教给其他同学学习方法也总是带着训诫的口气;我任性，总是把事情做的随心所欲，不管后果如何……我真是活该!)

描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。写景的记叙文有什么特点呢?下面是小编整理的小学生写作方法：怎么写景，欢迎阅读。

首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等;广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。

其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景;还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。

怎样写好写景的记叙文?

(一)要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥;天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁;紫竹院公园的竹子;香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际;或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

(二)要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了.

(三)要借助想象和联想

(四)写景要抒情

写景，不仅是客观事物的再现，更是作者主观感情的外观。景是外在的，情是内在的，正所谓“情随物迁，辞以情发”。景是情产生的基础，情是景的产物。因此，要求小学生不要单纯写景，而是要借助景物，抒发一定的思想感情。当然，这种感情必须发自内心，而不是无病呻吟。

[小学生写作方法：怎么写景

1.信的右上角或者左上角要留出三行，包括家庭地址，国家，城市，邮政编码和日期。

2.左对齐的下三行是写在日期的下面，称呼的上面。这块地方写的是详细地址，包括国家，城市和邮政编码。

3.称呼的后面要用冒号而不要用逗号，写称呼时要用正式的语气。

4.要用具体的称呼（例如不要写“给有关负责人”）。设法知道谁将收到你的信。如果有必要，打电话询问公司。如果你还是不能确定具体的名字，就称呼招聘经理，人事部经理，或者就称经理。

5.每段之间必须空一行，没有必要首行缩进

6.你可以用bullets和boldprint来组织自荐信并强调其内容，使文章易读，但要慎用。

7.结尾时应在姓名上方写上祝福的话，然后下面是印刷体的全名。在你的自荐信中，名字与结尾之间一定要保留足够的空间。

什么是点题？点题，就是在恰当的地方用简明扼要的语句点明题意，揭示的主旨，暗示全文的脉络层次。点题之笔，在诗歌中又称之为“诗眼”，在中又称之为“文眼”。

点题，是获取“保险”分的“奠基石”；点题，不仅是写作水平一般的同学的法宝，而且也是想要获取高分甚至满分的考生的妙招；点题，是挽救离题文的“救命草”，能有效防止中心不明或游离，避免无中心、多中心、材料不支持中心等现象。

高考作文不喜欢含蓄，这与阅卷工作时间紧、任务重有关，正如某省高考作文阅卷组组长说：“高考作文，要多一点‘二锅头’，少一点‘碧螺春’！二锅头——我国北方的一种烈性酒，一口下去，两眼冒火，浑身发热。碧螺春——此茶需要慢慢地品味，快喝猛喝是喝不出滋味来的。”高考作文必须有很强的‘视觉冲击力’。让阅卷老师在瞬间被它吸引，被它打动。‘犹抱琵琶’，太曲折，太含蓄，都是高考作文的大忌。“考场作文的立意不仅要准确，而且还应该在行文时将其显豁地展现出来，在作文中要不断提到话题，点明你的行文和话题的关系，引领读者随你的思维而去。”“有时候一个关键词、一句关键性的话，就会救活一篇高考作文！这是未曾阅卷的朋友想象不到的！”

一、标题点题。

拟写的标题切合题意，让阅卷老师一眼就能知道的主旨。像《别让孩子成为时尚的受害者》（江苏）、《成败皆因常识》（广东）、《选择适合自己的路》（河北）、《三月陌上花自开》（山东）、《心中的乡情不会随时间风化》（山东）等无不是紧扣题意的精彩妙题。

如果标题看起来与题意关系不大，赶快补救。如四川满分作文《乌云晴日上，清流暗礁藏——忘记与铭记》，就采用了副标题的形式，点明了题意，不会让阅卷老师因费解引发反感。

二、首尾点题。

开篇（包括题记）便点明题义，卒章显“题”。

把点题的句子放在醒目的位置。如果是前面的内容很少提到话题甚至有偏题的嫌疑，那最后的亡羊补“题”就显得更为重要了。高考高分作文往往都是很重视首尾点题的。例如四川某考生的《熟悉》的开头和结尾：

（开头）生活如美人的脸，总是半遮半掩。没有人生来就对生活熟悉。我们在生活的小路上对事物总是由不熟悉继而变为熟悉。人们常说，熟能生巧，我们就应该只掌握熟悉的，放弃一切新的事物而止步不前？

（结尾）没有人一生下来就对生活熟悉。渐渐地，我们所熟悉的事物越来越多。此时，不妨放下熟悉的事情，去挑战新的事物，让自己的人生不在熟悉而无味中度过，而描绘出自己不一样的多彩人生！

三、中间醒目处点题

首尾点题固然很重要，但我们也不能把中间的主体段落给忘了。在中间的关键处、醒目处适当地来上几个点题的句子，常常可起到提纲挈领、突出主旨的作用，同时也是在不断提醒阅卷老师，我是紧扣话题作文的。这应该是最醒目的点题方式。

1、运用主旨句点题。

这些主旨句可以领起全段，也可以用独立成段的形式表达。例如湖南某考生《踮起脚尖》在的中间部分采用了三个主旨句“踮起脚尖，感受大自然的美丽”“踮起脚尖，谱写人间的真爱”“踮起脚尖，成就完的美人生”“踮起脚尖，就更靠近阳光”点题，收到了题义凸显、引领全篇、脉络清晰、层次分明的效果。

2、运用小标题点题。

使用小标题点题，既能彰显文意，又使得结构清晰，让人一目了然，给人好感。例如四川考生优秀作文《挺立前行》采用了“司马迁·不屈”“朱元璋·奋进”“康熙·勇敢”三个小标题，既有力地诠释了话题，又引领下文，纲举目张，一箭双雕。

3、点题句分析论据。

议论文中，叙述完事例论据后，如果能紧扣话题进行适当地分析议论，既能避免罗列事例、文体不清的毛病，又能起到画龙点睛、突出中心的作用。如广东省高考一号标文《情与理的抉择》，在简单叙述完郑培民的事例后，紧接着来了几句议论分析，“感情亲疏，并没影响郑培民清醒认识到自己是人民的公仆，他没有因为个人利益而抛弃为人民服务的宗旨，依旧踏实勤恳、无私奉献。他们父子的这种高洁情操，在当今社会实属难得”，只短短两句话，可它把事例与话题紧紧连在一起了。

另外，还要注意扣题的两种方式：明扣和暗扣。议论文则多采用明扣，记叙文、散文、小小说要明暗结合。如果标题或话题是比喻型的，则一定要把明扣和暗扣紧紧结合起来。

小朋友常常抱怨写作文难，这种抱怨大致有三种：有的为自己找不到合适的题材而发愁；有的找到了重要的事件，却又不知道该怎么写；还有些小朋友写出来的作文很干瘪、很简单，读来干巴巴的，没有味道。

其实，每天发生在我们身边的事情很多，只要小朋友留心观察，作文的题材是非常丰富的。至于怎么写，这确实是个问题。不过主要说来，只要把要写的事件叙述清楚，表达的感受描绘细腻，这样写出来的作文就是一篇好作文。因此，写法其实是各式各样、丰富异常的。我们常说文无定法，也就是这个道理。

这里可以提供一种写作的方法，即炼句子。其实，炼句子并不是方法，而是写作必备的素质和能力。我们常说咬文嚼字，也说斟酌字句，但大多指字、词，句子较少被关注。其实作文的生命大多体现在句子上，而不是单个的字或词。小朋友常常害怕写作文，养成这样的坏习惯：那就是匆匆忙忙，应付差事一样写完了事。其实写作文不仅仅是把一件事写出来，把自己的感受简单说说那么简单，它还包括写完之后仔细地修改。修改作文的重要性，许多小朋友还没有意识到。许多小朋友都知道《红楼梦》是我国着名的古典小说，但作者批阅十载的辛苦可能是很难体会的。可见，想写出着名的小说，反复地修改和锤炼是必不可少的。同样，写作文也要学会修改和锤炼句子。

小朋友们不妨先把要叙述的事件简单写出来，即使是仅仅把事件的经过大致描绘出来也行。怎么锤炼句子呢？首先，我们应该学会反复阅读自己的文章。把一个事件写出来并没有结束，还应该反复地阅读。这种阅读不但可以帮助小朋友发现一些问题，比如有没有错别字啊，句子是否通顺呀，字词运用是否适当等等，更重要的是可以帮助小朋友从整体上来把握自己的作文。一篇作文不是字与字、词与词的简单组合，而首先应该是句子。也就是说一个句子应该表达一个独立完整的意思。因此，我们说的咬文嚼字实际上并不是真的要看字和词本身，而是看这个字或词在一个句子中运用是否适当。许多老师让小学生多阅读，多积累好词好句。其实好词好句是不存在的，只要运用适当，一切字都是好字，一切词都是好词。

《清贫》是1935年方志敏烈士在囚室中写出的一篇很感人的文章，其中描写自己被捕时的情景很逼真。当两个XX党士兵知道方志敏是共产党要人时，很想从他身上发一笔意外之财。哪知道从我上身摸到下身，从袄领捏到袜底，除了一只时表和一支自来水笔之外，一个铜板也没有搜出。这里的摸、捏两个字其实很平凡，我想是每个小朋友都熟悉的，但这里用得好并不在两个字本身，而是在于这两个字把两个士兵想发财的心理很逼真、很细腻地表现了出来。当我们阅读这句话时，仿佛就看到两个士兵贪婪地搜查方志敏一样。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

引言：培养小学生的英语写作能力,应从培养良好的书写习惯、扎实的词汇句型开始。接下来小编给各位读者总结了一些小学英语写作必备句型，希望大家认真打好基础，不断提高写作水平。

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.

(再怎么强调…的重要性也不为过小学英语写作必备句型小学英语写作必备句型。)

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V …(不可否认的…)

例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道…)

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的…)

例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子(…的优点是…)

例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子(…的原因是…)

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

【提要】英语四六级四级信息 : 20176月英语四级写作高分黄金句式【1】

▌列举法

列举法是四级写作中常用的方法，一般用first, second等一系列标志词引出原因或者可能的影响等。列举法常用的素材有：

引出列举

1. There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/are responsible for/can explain ______. 也许有一些因素造成/可以解释______。

2. There are probably three/many/several/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in ______.引起______显著增长/下降的原因有三个/许多/几个/很多。

3. Some reasons can explain this trend. 一些原因可以解释这一趋势。

4. Why ______ ?为什么______?

5. The causes of ______ are varied. They include______ , perhaps the main cause is ______. 造成______的原因有很多，包括______,主要原因可能是______。

6. The reason for this is not far to seek. 这一问题的原因不难发现。

7. It is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors. 要找出这一现象的原因并非易事，因为它涉及若干复杂的因素。

8. There are numerous reasons why ______, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. ______的原因有很多，这里我只想探讨其中几个最重要的原因。

9. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the following are the typical ones. 导致这种现象的原因有很多，以下是其中比较有代表性的。

10. There are many reasons explaining this case. As for me, I regard the following as the typical ones. 有很多原因可以解释该问题。就我而言，我认为以下原因比较典型。

11. A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of ______. 引起______变化的因素有很多。

分条列举

1. In the first place, ______. In the second place______ .首先，______。其次，______。

2. First,______ . Second, ______ . 首先，______。其次，______。

3. To begin with, ______. Secondly, ______. Last but not least, ______.首先，______。其次，______。最后但并不是最不重要的，______。

4. The first reason is that ______. The second one is ______. The third is ______. 第一个原因是______。第二个原因是______。第三个原因是______。

5. First of all, ______. Secondly,______ . Furthermore,______ .首先，______。其次，______。另外，______。

6. For one thing, ______. For another, ______.一方面,______。另一方面，______。

7. Firstly, ______. Secondly, ______. Thirdly, ______.首先，______。其次，______。再次，______。

8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe______.我不同意上述观点的另一个原因是我认为______。

▌对比法

对比法是指通过对比两种截然不同的观点来陈述其中的利弊，从而得出自己的结论。对比法常用的素材有：

1. The advantages gained in ______ outweigh/are much g

写人物的作文是最常见的一种作文，下面小编为大家带来了写人作文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读，希望对大家有所帮助。

首先，要写好人物作文，就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人，才能感受得最真切最鲜活，对他（她）的一言一行，一颦一笑，才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。如下面例文《我是你爹》（见后文），写的是作者非常熟悉的人，所以全文写来既栩栩如生，又给人非常亲切的感觉。如果你写一个陌生的人，虽然也能够写，但写出来的就可能毫无特色，会是千千万万个中的一个，这样写来不要说感动别人，有时就连自己都觉得别扭、生造。

其次，要凸显人物与众不同的个性。共性的东西人人都有，写得再多作用也是不大的。只有有特色的、独具个性魅力的东西，才能给人以冲击，才能给人留下深刻的印象，才能让人拍案称奇。

第三，不要什么都写，更不要事无巨细地写，要择其一二浓彩重墨地写。这当然是要根据主题需要去择取了，决不能无的放矢。如《我是你爹》中，“爹”的话语很少，前后加起来总共才三四句而已，可一个独特的“爹”的形象却跃然纸上了。

第四，要让人物的言行、心理、个性特征等符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。不要让一个两三岁的孩子说六十岁人的话，也不要让一个无文化的老太太专说些理论大话等，否则就是无视人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点而乱写人物，是不能写好人物的，更谈不上写出个性特点了。

第五，写人物离不开写事、写细节。要仔细地观察人物的日常行为，挖掘他们的典型事例，而且事例要新颖，因为人物的性格和品质，是通过具体的事例表现出来的。比如我们要写一个热心肠的人，就要写他怎样帮助周围的人，或哪里有困难他就在哪里出现等事例。写事的时候，我们完全可以从细节方面入手。细节描写包括对人物的动作、语言、神态和心理活动以及特定的环境等的描写。描写一个人的时候，我们要把这个人的每一个能体现人物特点的动作都描写清楚、具体、详细。

[写人作文的写作方法

说到语文，大家会想到什么呢？是“文章千古事，得失寸心之”，还是“语不惊人死不休”，还是“文章本天成，妙手偶得之”，或是其他的什么东西呢？其实，我们在谈及语文的时候，往往都忽视了一个最基本的问题，那就是语文其实是一门语言，而写作不过是说话，把握住这一点，也就明白了学习语文的一个最基本也是最有效的途径，那就是向生活学习。话虽这样说，但语文究竟是要怎么学呢？我认为，语文学习最重要的是要勤积累。

一、读记看写篇

语文是一门基础学科，拥有深厚的功底特别重要。那么这深厚的功底是从哪里来的呢？从积累中来。尤其是在写作时，更需要一定的材料积累，这样联想才能有着落，才能做到点面结合、内容充实、理论与材料相联系。所谓勤积累，也就是包括这四个方面：多读、多记、多看、多写。

（一）多 读

首先是多读，读什么呢？高考制度的改革也对学生的知识面提出了更高的要求。而作为学生，我们广泛涉猎知识的最佳途径就是读书看报了。读书，要涉及到各个方面，正如鲁迅先生那句经典的比喻所说的，大家读书要像蜜蜂，不但要辛勤地采蜜，还要多方汲取，采集各种各样的花粉，才能酿出香甜的蜜来，紧叮在一处是绝对不行的。王蒙说，作家要学者化，也是这个道理。文科的同学要多读自然科学方面的书籍，锻炼自己严密的理性思维和逻辑思维能力；理科的同学也要多了解人文方面的知识，提高自己的文学素养和文化的底蕴。在知识体系高度分化、又高度集中的今天，我们必须学会打破学科之间的界限，促使学科互相联系、互相渗透，以提高素质，善于归纳在自己头脑中形成的知识体系，善于推广联想，达到由此及彼、由表及里、举一反三的效果。

一般说来，我会把大本头的名著放在假期去读，一方面是因为平时的空闲时间太少，不允许我们用很多的精力来钻研这个；另一方面，假期可以集中精力，更好地体会书中的精华。平时我就多看一些报纸杂志。一本高品位的杂志，带给你的不仅仅是文章的美感，还有心灵的愉悦和启迪、视野的开阔与知识的丰富。在我看来，《读者》、《视野》、《青年文摘》都是很不错的杂志，《环球时报》、《南方周末》、《语文报》都是很好的报纸，我基本上是每期必读。另外，还有当今的一些散文和小品文，如余秋雨、刘墉、乔叶、史铁生、林清玄等人的作品，对于我们的中学生来说，称之为一大金矿也不为过。这些文章，或微微到来、或鞭辟入理、或给人启迪、或发人深省，但大都短小精悍、言简意赅、文辞精美，读来余味悠长，令人回味无穷。枯燥的学习之余，读读这些文章，既可以调节大脑，又能够陶冶性情，实为人生一大乐事啊！

读书，不是让你单纯地去读，而是用心去读，必要时还要用手去记。就是说你要做读书笔记，要摘抄。古人说，不动笔墨不看书。俗话也说，好记性不如烂笔头嘛！准备一个专门的本子，看到你认为比较好的句子、段落、甚至文章，都要把他记下来；读书的时候，有什么思索、感悟，对你有什么启发，都要随时地写下来，因为，它们都是一些被称为灵感、或者是思维的火花的东西，可能只是一闪而过，如果你不在此时把他抓住，以后可能再也不会有了。记下来之后，时不时地拿出来翻翻，晨读的时候拿来读读，渐渐地，这些东西就会在不知不觉中变成你自己的东西，需要用的时候，信手拈来就可以了。

我的语文成绩一直很好，我觉得很大程度上就是得益于此。我从初中的时候就养成了作读书笔记的习惯。最初是在老师的逼迫之下去摘抄一些东西，每周上交一次供他检查。老师的政策只持续了一段时间，我的习惯却就此保留了下来。以后，凡是在读书的时候，看到有什么优美或是有启发性的句子，我总是随时地把他记下来，无论自己的时间有多紧张。因为我觉得，这些东西，如果我不记下来，以后可能就再也见不到它了，岂不是我的一大损失？于是，习惯就这样养成了，甚至在我紧张的高三生活中也没有放弃过。积少成多，平时看起来不怎么起眼的那么一点点东西，渐渐地变成了一本、两本??到高中毕业， 我已经有了满满四本了。不幸的是，由于这些本子在班里传看，有一本不知流落到那位同学那里，再也找不到了，让我很是为此捶胸顿足了好一阵子。其余的三本我到现在还爱不释手，漂亮的外壳加上里面工整的字迹、充实的内容，记录了我当时点滴的思绪、心血和汗水，我想我真的该它作为一笔财富好好珍藏。当时，有同学和我开玩笑说：“我们班的作文讲评课都快变成你的作文欣赏课了。”高考的时候，我的作文几乎满分，我想这应该都是它的功劳。

大家可能会问，你说了这么多，到底有什么用呢？我想，读书很大程度上对我们是一种潜移默化的作用，在不知不觉中你的语感、语文知识、文学素养会提高很多，这不但对你学好语文具有决定性的意义，而且对你的人生观、个人气质、修养都有很大的影响。因为我一向认为，书中有很美好的世界、丰富的人生。

（二）多 背

其次呢，就是要多背诵一些诗词名句、历史典故、优美篇章、成语俗语。我高一的时候曾经疯狂的迷恋诗词，摘抄了很多，也背了很多，找遍了我能找到的所有诗歌，古今中外的都有。这段迷恋让我以后用到诗歌的时候，基本上都可以信手拈来，恰到好处。其实，用心去读，诗歌中真的有很多好的东西值得我们去发掘，比如说感情的抒发、景色的描绘、叙事的诗话等等。举几个简单的例子，“明月松间照，清泉石上流”——别人没发现的他发现了；“蝉噪林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽”——别人没感受的他感受了；“仰天大笑出门去，我辈岂是蓬蒿人”——何等的乐观自信！“此无计可消除，才下眉头，又上心头”——何等的细腻生动！古语说：“腹有诗书气自华”，如果你想有好的气质，当然了，更现实一点说，如果你想在高考中得到高分，那么，我建议你，多读一些诗歌。

要尽可能多地了解历史典故。一方面，有利于你做文言文阅读的时候，尽快地把握住文章的历史背景。当然了，如果你确实知道得很多，而且有很幸运的话，极有可能在文言文阅读中遇到你本来就已经知道的历史事实，那就更好了。另一方面，有利于你写作文的时候得心应手地运用这些历史典故来做论据，或者是联想的依据，甚至以此来构架你的文章，像2002年高考的满分作文之一《昭君的选择》就是一个很好的例子。

要尽可能多地掌握成语俗语。这里的掌握，不是说要你死记硬背，而是在读书作文的过程中理解并运用。做到了这一点，不但使选择题中的那一道考察成语知识的题目迎刃而解，而且对你的作文大有帮助。大家如果读几篇毛泽东的文章，就会发觉他文章的最大特点，就是大量引用诗词名句、化用历史典故、活用成语俗语。我自认为，他的文章，抛开政治性不说，但就文学性来讲，可读性就在于此。

（三）多 看

再次，要多看，这里的看，就不是指的读书了，而是说，要学会观察。在社会生活中，

我们不但要勇于汲取新知识，还要善于汲取新知识。

注意观察，这样对我们的语文学习很有好处，观察什么呢？上至天上的日月星辰，下至地上的小虫、蚂蚁、泥土，总之，天地间的一切都应该是我们的观察对象。看到他们，我们就应该想，如果要我来描写它，我该写什么呢？看到一个人，我们也应该想一想，如果让我来写他，应该抓住他的什么特点呢？世界上绝对没有相同的人和事，我们在描写时一定要抓住特征，用最简洁的语言最形象地刻画事物的特征。只有我们平时这样想了，这样写了，考试的时候才不至于无话可说，才可以扩大自己的选材范围，使自己的文章内容更充实、更丰富。

生活是写作之源。离开了对生活的观察，写作就成了无源之水，无本之木。培养自己的写作能力，一定要从观察生活起步，深入生活，正确认识和理解生活。

（四）多 写

最后，很重要的一点，就是要多写，多练笔。不知道大家有没有写日记的习惯，我曾经是有的，那时候，不但写日记，还有周记。我喜欢每天晚上坐在台灯下安静地整理自己的思绪，俯拾生活中的点滴，那种感觉好像是收藏过去的日子，收藏自己的生命。真的，不是我故意夸大，确实有这样的感觉。因为，我认为，如果我不把现有的美好生活好好收藏，任他像用过的纸币、撕下的日历一样被弃，岂不是一大遗憾?

但是现在，进入大学以后，每日似乎都是忙忙碌碌地度过，匆忙得让生活不再从容，让感情不再细腻，我已经很少记日记了，只是在心情郁闷的时候，才想起来倾诉一下。这真的是我的一大损失。偶尔翻翻以前的日记，当时的点点滴滴又浮现在眼前，心中的感觉真的很温馨。可是，如果我不记这些日记呢？当我蹙着眉努力地回想一天、几天、一月、一年甚至十几年来所走过的路，能想起来的，或是认为有意义的，不过是凤毛麟角，很多的日子，都从我的记忆中消失了。这让我觉得自己是在奢侈地享用生命，而不是细细地品味。

对于中学生来说，记日记对于写作可以产生很重大的影响。首先，日记可以促使你更好地观察生活。当你晚上坐在灯下，准备记下今天发生的你认为很好玩或是很有意义的一件事情的时候，你突然写不下去了，因为你发觉，你当时并没有仔细观察这件事，你并不清楚其中一些很重要的细节，不能把他写得像你看到的那么有趣。有了几次这样的经历，你就会渐渐养成注意观察的好习惯。其次，日记可以为我们的写作提供素材。我写作文的时候，就经常从我的日记中寻找题材，找灵感。你会发觉，如果是写你在日记中认真思考过的问题或是仔细描述过的事件，你会洋洋洒洒、一气呵成地完成你的作文而不费任何力气。在考场上，这可以帮你写出一篇很好的作文，还可以节省很多的时间。即使考场作文用不上那些问题或事件，也没关系，还有你曾经写出的经典的句子也可以用啊。再者，多写日记还可以锻炼你的遣词造句的能力。

二、遣词造句篇

说到遣词造句，我觉得拥有流畅的朗朗上口的句子是一篇漂亮文章的必要条件。要想写出漂亮的句子，平时就要有意识的练习，培养自己这方面的能力。大家可以尝试用以下几种方法：字词联想、意象联想、换句练习、短句拉长、叠句、夸张、特写、拟人、比喻、象征、衬托等方法。我觉得最有效的是换句练习和短句拉长，在其中贯穿其他的方法。

我们不妨来做一个练习。大家来设想这样一个情景，你在看到某一事物或正经历某一事情的时候，突然回想起了另一事物或是另外的与此相关的事情。你应该怎样来描述你这个“想起”时候的心理活动呢？或者说，你将用什么样的过渡来引起你下面将要叙述的事物呢？

举个简单的例子吧。

把无尽的思念抛进水面的波纹里，让它永远无穷无尽的扩散，一圈一圈地??

记忆的风帆驶进往日的岁月??

如今蓦然回首，才发现

时光的步伐再次将那些散乱的句子带回我的梦里

时光的潮水把我推回到今日的沙滩??

时间匆匆走过，美丽的记忆却从飞驰的岁月中，重新完整地进入我的心中，跌入心灵深入最深的角落??

记忆的门打开了

他的思绪如同泛滥的春水一般

你还能想到什么句子呢？你是不是才发现，原来一个句子可以有如此多种美妙的说法，原来汉语竟然具有如此灵动的表达呢？

这个例子看似简单，其实就表明了联系遣词造句的最基本最重要的方法。请千万别小看这种方法。不知道大家是否听说过这样的故事。在大作家列夫托尔斯泰去世后，人们在他的书稿中发现了一个本子，上面密密麻麻的写了很多句子，但是，这些句子都互不相连，也不成段篇。人们研究了好久都不明白这到底是怎么回事，后来他的一个朋友揭开了这个秘密。原来，这是托尔斯泰造句用的本子！人们都震惊了。一个著名的大文豪尚且如此重视造句，更何况我们这些普通的中学生呢？

以上，我主要是讲了一下平时应该如何学习语文。接下来呢，我想和大家谈一谈作文在应试方面的一些不算技巧的技巧吧。

三、应试作文篇

作文在高考中是重头戏，语文高考成绩的高低很大程度上取决于作文的好坏，所以大家千万不要马虎。

近几年的高考作文都是材料作文，给学生的发挥空间应该说是比较大的。大家在写作文的时候，可以选择自己比较擅长的那种文体来写，有利于充分展示写作的能力。在高考考场上那种紧张的气氛下，怎样才能又快又好地写出一篇让人眼前一亮的好作文呢？平时的功底固然很重要，临场发挥也是需要一些技巧的。

首先，拿到题目以后，要先进行审题，分析题目向我们传达了什么信息，找到题眼，在此基础上确定自己文章的主题。大家可不要小看了这一步，每年都有一些考生因为作文跑题而败北的。考生要在考场上调动自己的生活积累，根据文题的要求，材料的内容，或生发或引申出一个鲜明的表达意图，并注重思想性和感情性的完美统一，运用一定的方法点化主题、深化主题、强化主题。

然后列出几种可行的思路，或抒发感情、或编述故事、或发表议论，最后要选择一个自

己拿手的、比较有把握写得好的思路，还要综合考虑考试的时间是否充足、思路是否很大众化等因素。尽量避免自己生疏的写法，避免和大家千篇一律的写法。

下面我将从几个方面来和大家深入地探讨一下作文的写法。

（一）文章的题目

首先要说的当然就是文章的题目了。高考的阅卷老师每天阅卷无数，看得多了，最讨厌的就是千篇一律的东西，如果你能用自己的作文题目一下子抓住老师的眼睛，你就迈出了作文的高分的第一步。一个好的题目，首先必须是鲜明、新颖的，最好是短小精悍的，如果确实很恰当，稍长一点也没关系。不同体裁的文章题目也具有不同的特点，记叙文题目可以点明中心，可以表达情感，也可以选择一个具有象征意义的对表现文章主题有重要作用的事物作标题。议论文的标题必须旗帜鲜明，最好是能在题目中提出自己的观点。题目可诙谐幽默、可发人深思、可催人警醒，但有一点，必须有力度，不能软绵绵地放在那里，必要时可以加上副标题。你可以运用一些技巧使你的题目看起来能独树一帜，比如运用比喻、对偶、象征、反问、疑问等不同句式或修辞，化用诗词名句、成语俗语等等。

据总结，好的拟题主要有以下几种方法：

对偶法：也可以叫并列法，以相关或不相关的并列词语做标题。例如“诚信·人生”、“月·人”、“心诚则灵，心信则裕”等等。

引用法：直接引用或间接改动现成的诗词、名人名言、名文、歌曲、影视广告等，用喜闻乐见的形式以引起共鸣。例如“得失寸心知”、“横看成岭侧成峰”、“你知道我在等你吗？”“把根留住”、“淡泊以明志，宁静以致远”、“爱，是怎样炼成的？”等等。

修辞法：用比喻、拟人、双关、借代、夸张、设问等修辞方法提炼短语俗语做标题。例如“灵魂美丑的试金石”、“生命如花”、“放飞灵感的白鹤”、“拾起那一枚贝壳”、“做一颗不被磨圆的石子”、“汽车‘吃’什么”等等。

观点法：直接以文章的观点做标题，多用于议论文。这样可以开诚布公，明确主题，给人以观点明确清晰之感。例如“诚信，万万丢不得”、“诚信——立业之本”、“人，你有良心吗？”等等。

公式法：借用数学等公式，形式活泼自由，让人耳目一新，而且简单明了，新颖有趣。例如：“XX XX=快乐”、“1：6的启示”、“1＋1 2”等等。

总的说来，拟题要从文章的具体内容和体裁出发，做到准确、简明、醒目、新颖、有诗意。这就要求考生要做生活的有心人，留心生活与媒体中有特色的语句。如目前引人注目的美伊战争，广州某报曾发表了一则《为"伊"消得人憔悴》的评论，这个标题就是巧借了辛弃疾的词。

（二）文章的构思

然后就是文章的构思，构思讲究精、巧、新，就是要不落俗套，不要走大而化之的中间路线，而是要另辟蹊径。近两年，有很多构思精巧的满分作文，我觉得最妙的应该2001年高考的那篇《患者吴诚信的症断报告书》，另外还有20XX年的那篇文言文作文，都是很不错的。

曾经见过这样一段精彩的话：“一个人在路上走着，是散文；一个人在路上走着掉进了沟里，是小说；一个人在路上走着，忽然飞上了天，是诗歌。”这段话非常形象地指出了不同文体的特点。小说靠情节，诗歌在于想象，而散文贵在平实而富有情感。或者说情感自然真挚地抒发，是散文的灵魂所在。

刘勰在《文心雕龙情采》中说道：“圣贤书辞，总称文章，非采而何？夫水性虚而沦漪结，木体实而花萼振，文附质也……文采所以饰言，而辩丽本于情性。故情者文之经，辞者理之纬；经正而后纬成，理定而后辞畅：此立文之本源也。”他认为，文章的情感是第一位的，是文章的根本，语言是为表情达意服务的。一篇没有真挚情感的文章，就没有了灵魂。没有灵魂的文字是没有价值可言，也就失去了生命力。

我们常常困惑于散文的写作水平无法提高，就下功夫在语言上进行雕琢，在文章的形式上进行结构，或者追求文章内容的新奇刺激。其实，当我们尝试散文的写作时，当我们的文字足以恰当地表情达意，我们的语言就足以胜任散文的创作了；当我们用纯熟的语言把想要表达的东西条理清晰地呈现出来，说明我们已经具备了足够的语言组织能力，具备了写好一篇散文的基础。如果写出来的文章还不能令人满意，可能就不单单是技巧问题，说明文章并没有把作者的真情实感表现出来，或者是文章缺少最真挚的情感，而没有真情实感的文字就如同没有了灵魂。没有灵魂的文字又如何打动读者呢？我们不妨这样想一想，当我们动笔写一篇散文的时候，我们是否倾注了最真挚的情感？如果我们的文字连我们自己都打动不了，我们又如何希望我们的文字打动读者呢？

散文是需要技巧的，但所有的技巧都是为抒发情感服务的。如果我们不能明了这一层，我们就会陷入散文写作的误区。读过很多这样的文字，有非常高的表达技巧，语言的运用可以说已经出神入化、炉火纯青了。可文章就是无法打动读者，让人感觉像是一片浮萍，飘在水面，看起来很美，却缺少内涵，不够厚重，感情苍白，没有灵魂。

一个人若没有了灵魂，就是行尸走肉；一篇文章若没有了灵魂，无异于一堆毫无生气乱码。用虚构的人物和编造的情节来欺骗读者，就违背了散文的创作原则。散文不能真挚地抒发情感，尽管文字的技巧很高，终究还是没有生命力的。散文不是小说，应该时刻记得有一个真我在。用手中的笔，写自己独特的感受，抒发内心最为真挚的情感，这才是我们所提倡的。我们可以寄情山水，我们可以托物抒怀，我们可以发思古之幽情，我们可以关注社会、关注人生。无论我们写什么，那种感受都是自我而独特的，那种情感的抒发都是自然而真挚的，这样的文字就自然会有新意，有真情，有灵魂。

我们所熟知的司马迁的《报任安书》，韩愈的《祭十二郎文》，诸葛亮的《出师表》，李密的《陈情表》，朱自清的《背影》等等，哪一篇不是情真意切，读来潸然泪下呢？所以南宋谢枋得在其《文章轨范》中引用安子顺的话说：“读《出师表》不哭者不忠，读《陈情表》不哭者不孝，读《祭十二郎文》不哭者不慈”。真挚的情感是一篇文字的灵魂，只有有了这样的灵魂，你的散文有可能达到最高境界。

所以，只满足于熟练掌握了散文写作的技巧是不够的，只有我们在写作的时候倾注了我们真挚的情感，我们才能创作出高品位的作品。动手写文章之前是否问一问自己，所抒发的情感是否发自我们的内心深处，我们的情感是否真挚？否则，我们不要去写。因为每一篇文字要想打动读者，首先要感动作者，自己要感动，就必须是发自内心的，最真挚的情感，否则是难以做到的。蕴含了真挚情感的文章就有了灵魂，有灵魂的文字是会获得读者的认可和喜爱的。

用优美的文笔，抒发真挚的情感，这样的散文才会是上乘之作。

在任务驱动型作文的背景下，怎样才能把一个论题阐述深透呢?许多同学无从下手，所写的文章老是停留在肤浅的层面，得分不高，在此，介绍巧设反方，探源究底的方法，以供同学学习参考。

巧设反方就是在正面论述的基础之上，提出有可能出现的反方看法或观点，尽力预设，尽力设全，以体现你思维的周密性。

探源究底就是在预设反方的前提下，探究反方观点产生的根源以及错误的本质，甚至对反方观点进行有力的批驳，让它站不住脚，从而使自己的看法有理有力。

例如：

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。(60分)

不久前，某大学在临近期末时发生了这样一事：夜幕下，风雨中，一群大学生在校农场打着手电栽种油菜。校长对媒体说：学生必须亲手碰到泥巴，才能知道什么是奋斗，什么是劳动。农场劳动是该校的必修课，是毕业通行证。这种观点和做法得到了不少网民的支持。

然而也有人持不同意见：为挣学分冒雨挑灯夜战，是否有矫枉过正之嫌?还有人认为，大学生的首要任务是学习专业知识，此举有形式主义之嫌。

对于以上事件及不同观点，你怎么看?请表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，完成写作任务。

示范例文：

亲历劳动，方知奋斗

某高校开设种田必修课，学生夜里打手电种油菜，新闻一出，立刻引发热议，有支持者，也有反对者，更有抨击者，但无论何种反应都体现了大众对高校教育、对人才培养的一种关注、一种思索。

亲历劳动，方知奋斗。学校的良苦用心是值得大力称赞的。农场劳动，不单是一门必修课程，是毕业的通行证，更是一种观念、一种品质的培养。党的教育方针明确指出：教育必须与生产劳动相结合未来世界的竞争是人才素质的竞争，而劳动素质又是人才素质中极其重要的一个方面。但令人叹息的是，有许多的网民，却反对高校的这种做法，质疑这种做法的真正意图，或许是因为他们觉得大学生的首要任务是学习专业知识，应该把时间更多地放在精进自己的专业水平上，不能也没有必要去做普通农民所做的农活，然而，这个理由不过只是个幌子，是个借口，何况精进专业知识，也不是不问世事，一心只读圣贤书就能达成的，再说，闭门苦读就一定能够学好专业知识吗?更深层的原因，恐怕是大众内心对农的鄙视，是自古以来就有的对读书人的崇敬与膜拜：认为田间劳作是没有文化修养或修养较低的农民干的，文化人，既然已经跳出农门，就不要也不必再碰农活了。他们主观上认为读书人与农民是截然不同的两种身份，而这种认识，又恰恰是长期以来由阶级的差距衍生出的优越感而催生的。

爱劳动，才会生活;学会劳动，才能学会生活。高校开展农场劳动必修课，不仅可行，更有深远意义。学生在学校，不仅要学会一些理论性的东西，还需进行各种各样的实践劳动，只有二者相结合，才能更好地提升学生的综合素质。农场劳动，除了能提高学生们的动手能力、实践能力，让学生更接地气，还能让学生在获得劳动的切身体验中，认识到粒粒皆辛苦，尊重劳动人民和劳动成果，更能让学生在艰苦环境的磨炼中，培养一种吃苦耐劳、艰苦奋斗的精神。事实上，人的很多优秀的品质，都可以在劳动中形成。

发扬光大该校的这一做法，或许我们可以有更好做法，加强宣传教育，提高学生积极主动参加劳动实践的意识，鼓励学生积极参加各种各样的社会实践活动，而不局限于田间劳作，更无需用必修的形式，来强制学生，为完成学分临时抱佛脚而在临近期末时连夜冒雨打手电种油菜。

民生在勤，勤则不匮，无论时代如何变化，我们始终都要热爱劳动、崇尚劳动。

解释：这种方法是文章一开头就直入正题，把文章所要叙述的主要内容直截了当地交代出来，让读者一看知道这篇文章描述的是什么人，什么事，表达什么情感。

优点：对于考场作文来说，阅卷老师承担着繁重的阅卷任务，一个“开门见山”的开头容易博取阅卷老师的好感。对于信息时代的今天，时间弥足珍贵，看文章的人都希望尽快知道文章写的是什么，所以开门见山的开头更容易激发人们的阅读兴趣。

1、单刀直入 背影

2、引用歌词 “不经历风雨，怎能见彩虹，没有人能随随便便成功”，在成功的道路上，不会是一帆风的，磨难挫折必不可少。

3、引用诗 “离离原上草，一岁一枯荣”，小草的生命多么顽强啊。

4、引用俗语，引用名言 高尔基曾说“书籍是人类进步的阶梯”，所以我们要多看书。

一、帮助你的孩子提高写作技能

1.鼓励你的孩子培养他们的精细运动技能。需要用到手和手指的力度的肌肉活动能够帮助你的孩子在今后有一个良好的写作技能。你可以让你的孩子玩彩泥、撕纸或者是用塑料镊子夹东西。

2.找出你孩子的学校里面老师的书写方式。一些学校教给孩子们的是传统的书写方式，而另外的一些则不是。用合适的书写风格教你的孩子书写他们自己的名字和其他的家庭成员的名字。

3.为了提高孩子们的写作技能，父母应该鼓励孩子们每天都进行写作练习。为了避免孩子们遇到过多的挫折，你可以将这个练习限制在几分钟之内，除非孩子们自己要求进行更长时间的写作。通过这样的方法，孩子们的写作技能在一定时间之后就会有一定会的进步了。

二、帮助你的孩子提高阅读技巧

1.经常读书给你的孩子听。这样能够帮助你的孩子了解单词的读音和意思。阅读包括了解单词的拼写，同时还包括理解单词的含义。当你大声的朗读给你的孩子听的时候，你可以问他们对这个情节的理解和他们对这个单词的理解。

2.保持事物的新鲜。家长在带孩子们去图书馆的时候，可以让孩子们自己选择他们想要阅读的书籍。这时候，父母要注意孩子们感兴趣的书籍是什么，并且给孩子们找一些他们可能会感兴趣的书籍。同时，你也可以偶尔给孩子们买一些新书作为礼物。

3.和孩子们玩文字游戏。在冰箱上用磁铁拼出孩子们知道的单词。让孩子们用手指在沙子里面将看到的单词拼写出来。父母还可以和孩子们玩押韵游戏，并且将单词的尾字母指出来。给孩子们说一些绕口令，并且将开始的单词的发音指出来。

4.让你的孩子试着读书给你听，即使你的孩子可能还不能读的很流利。如果整个页面的单词都非常的复杂的话，那么就让他们读那些他们知道的单词。