以希望为话题的英语作文（精品20篇）

Grabbing red envelopes has been hogging the limelight in our daily life since the 2016 Spring Festival. At no point is it clearer that this activity has endowed our vapid life with the flavor of high-tech and fun, especially giving traditions typical of festive periods, such as the Chinese New Year and Chinese Valentines Day, a facelift.

However, some people may be trapped in a situation where they put the cart before the horse. Disappointedly, what some people do on festivals is not to communicate with their relatives and friends but to hold their cell phones and fix their eyes on the screen all day long, just in order to grab red envelops. For my part, what really matters is the relationship instead of the money. Essentially speaking, gifting red envelopes is beyond reproach. Only in a rational way shall we not be reduced to slaves of materialism or hijacked by the high technology.

Festivals offer precious opportunities for us to send good wishes to our beloved ones and what we should do is to cherish these chances rather than to ignore the essential connotation of the festivals. Anyhow, kinship, friendship and other relationships are above anything and we ought to make every endeavor lest the profound cultural atmosphere of traditional festivals should decline.

导语：流言，没根据的话，经不起求证和检验。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

假定你是李华，你发现生活中会有各种各样的流言(rumors)。对于流言，有些中学生不知道应该如何对待。请你就此问题用英文给报社编辑写一封信，谈谈你对该问题的看法。

内容主要包括：

1.生活中存在着各种各样的流言;

2.流言的危害(影响心情，造成伤害);

3.如何对待流言(无视流言，与传播者交流或不要轻易相信它)。

注意：

1.词数100左右;

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯;

3.信的开头和结尾已为你写好，但不计入总词数。

Dear editor,

As we all know, there are many kinds of rumors in our daily life. Some of them not only make us feel disturbed but also cause great damage to us.

When we face rumors, I think at first we should ignore them. Rumors will come to an end quickly if we don’t pay much attention to them. In addition, we can communicate with the people who spread the rumors in order to make them realize the harm of the rumors. Last but not least, please remember that rumors will have no effect on our life if we don’t believe them easily.

Yours

LiHua

【参考译文】

亲爱的编辑，

众所周知，日常生活中有各种各样的谣言。他们中的一些人不仅使我们感到不安，而且给我们造成了巨大的伤害。

当我们面对谣言时，我认为首先我们应该忽视他们。如果我们不重视谣言，谣言很快就会告一个底。此外，我们还可以与传播谣言的人交流，以使他们意识到谣言的危害。最后但并非最不重要的，请记住，谣言将不会影响我们的生活，如果我们不相信他们很容易。

你的

李华

For most western countries, Christmas Day is the biggest festival, and all the people will have the long vacation, just as Spring Festival in China. With the development of globalization, Christmas Day is celebrated by people around the world. When the day comes, Christmas trees can be seen in many shops and some products have the great discounts.

One of the main reasons for people to love Christmas is that they can get the great discounts from some products, which saves them a lot of money. For American people, Christmas Day is the great moment for the families to get together and enjoy the family hour, while for some people they just treat it as the shopping day.

对大多数西方国家来说，圣诞节是最大的节日，所有的人都会有一个长假，就像中国的春节一样。随着全球化的发展，世界各地的人们都在庆祝圣诞节。当这一天到来的时候可以在许多商店看到圣诞树，有些商品还会打上很大的折扣。

人们喜欢圣诞节的一个主要原因是他们可以从一些产品中获得很大的折扣，为他们节省很多钱。对美国人来说，圣诞节是全家人聚在一起享受家庭时光的美好时刻，而对于一些人来说，圣诞节就是购物日。

知识就是力量(knowledge is power)

The saying "Knowledge is power" becomes universally accepted in that it reveals a simple yet brutal fact: It is the brain rather than sword that makes an individual or a nation strong.

The truth the saying speaks has been proven in mans civilization, which is, to the greatest extent, accelerated by mans knowledge in the form of science and technology. A century ago, it took many-years to send a message to the other end of the world. Nevertheless, we can have it done in seconds today with just touches on computer keyboard.

"Knowledge is power" means something particular to us Chinese since China remains backward. We must sweat over knowledge so as to build China into one of the worlds economic giants.

以下是为大家整理的关于以中国的环境污染为话题的初中英语作文的文章，希望大家能够喜欢！

Directions:For this part， you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic:

Pollution: An Increasing Concern in China You should write at least120 words following the outline below in Chinese.

1. 中国的污染的现状

2. 造成污染的原因

3. 解决的办法

Pollution: An Increasing Concern in China

It is reported that ten big cities in China are being ranked among the top twenty cities with the highest pollution index in the world. This means it is high time we did something to bring the situation under control.Many factors are contributing to the deteriorating situation: industrial wastes pumped into the air， the lakes and rivers; a increasing number of automobiles crowding into the streets; the widespread use of plastic bags etc.

To my view， stiffer laws and regulations must be implemented to check pollution. Industries that release wastes without permission should be heavily fined. Cars should be equipped to minimize the exhaust they release into the air. And the use of plastic bags and disposable meal boxes should be banned. What’s more， the media should play an important role in implanting a sense of environmental consciousness into people’s mind. If everybody works toward a common goal of making the environment better， we can create a cleaner and lovelier world for us and for the coming generation.

With the development of technology, today, our life is facilitated with all kinds information sources. We can read books on the Internet, which is much convenient than buying the books in the stores. I like to read E-books, because there are many advantages. First, I can save a lot of money. Downloading the E-books is for free, I can find all kinds of free sources. It is good for students because they can save the money. Second, I can save a lot of time. Some books are not easy to be found in the bookstore, sometimes I need to go to several shops. But if I search the Internet, then the information is in front of me. How fast it is.

人应该有希望。没有希望的人，他的生活是黑暗的，他永远见不到光明。

一个名叫玲玲的女孩，在七岁时因为一场意外而使得她不得不借助拐杖来走路。这不得不是她放弃她的梦想——舞蹈家。她曾多次站在音乐教室门口，但却很少进去;她曾多次穿上他的红舞鞋，但却很少舞蹈;她曾多次丢下拐杖跳起舞来，但很少成功。她是多么想要重新跳起舞来，但命运之神总是捉弄她，她始终不能跳舞。

她的爸爸也根她的遭遇一样。但他却对玲玲说：“我们要站起来。”这使玲玲找到了生活的曙光。她重新点燃起希望之灯。

三个月后。玲玲拄着拐杖去上学。

有一天，正巧邻居要外出。玲玲的爸爸就借了他们的钢琴。当玲玲弹起钢琴时，一个又一个的音符，黑白相间的琴键，她玩着手指上的舞蹈，而这一切都是他感到前所未有的快乐和温暖。

终于，她得到了幸运之神的眷顾。她要参加了钢琴比赛。

在路上，一个小男孩为了捡到他的球，跑到了马路边，这时一辆车快速的急驶过来。说时迟，那时快。玲玲的爸爸丢下拐杖，迅速的救起那个男孩。原来，她爸爸腿没有受伤，他为了让女儿找回希望，为了使女儿重新找回生活的勇气，他是故意那样做的。那一次，她哭了。她就怀着这份希望和爱获得了奖。

人不能没有希望。因为希望能使人找回原来的生活!

昨天晚上，我们一家三口和爸爸妈妈的朋友去萧山超市玩。我们先去了第三楼，一走进去我就被一个小木屋给吸引住了，屋子上面有许许多多的棉花，还有一样小礼物，屋子两边有几颗小松树，树上挂满了一样样不同颜色的礼物和鞋子。门前还站站长满胡子的老人，他穿一身的红衣服，头上带着一顶红帽子，胖胖的，扎着一条黑皮带。那就是我喜欢的圣诞老人!

我真希望他会送给我一根魔术棒，把邪恶变得善良、贫穷变得富有、饥饿变得温饱让全国的小朋友过着美好的日子!

A boy went to a shop and bought a pencil and other things. When he was going to pay the bill, he took out his wallet and found he had not enough money to pay. He felt awkward. At that moment, an old man who was in charge of the shop smiled and said to the boy that he could give the rest of the money next time. The boy was so shocked, as the old man trusted him so much. When the boy went home, he remembered it all the time. So the next morning, when he passed the shop, he gave the money without hesitation. Integrity is priceless and decides who we are.

一个男孩去了一家商店买了一支铅笔和其他东西。当他要付钱的时候，发现钱包里的钱不够支付。他觉得很尴尬。在这个时候，这位管理商店的老人笑了笑，对那个男孩说他可以下次再给剩下的钱。男孩很震惊，老人竟然那么信任他。这个男孩回家后，他一直记得这件事。所以第二天早上，在他经过商店时毫不犹豫的给了老板钱。诚信是无价的，也决定着我们是怎么样的人。

The Great Wall is famous as the one of the miracles in the history, it attracts the people from all around the world to witness its greatess. But according to the research, the Great Wall is missing gradually, for it suffers the damage from both nature and human being. As the environment is polluted, the acid rain often comes and destroys the buildings in the long run. What’s more, the increasing number of tourists step on the bricks, which will damage the building. More unpolited behaviors have been reported, such as people like to write down some words to remember their trip here, which disfigures the appearance of this great site. When the Great Wall disappears some day, it is the greatest pity, we are no longer have the chance to appreciate its grandness. To save this miracle, we need to behavior ourselves and protect the environment.

长城是历史上一个著名奇迹,它吸引了来自世界各地的人去见证。但根据研究,长城正在逐渐消失,因为受到来自自然和人类造成的损害。随着环境受到污染,经常下酸雨，长期破坏建筑物。而且,越来越多的游客踏在砖上,这会损害建筑。越来越多不礼貌的行为被报道出来,比如人们喜欢写一些词来纪念他们的旅行,这会让长城的外观变形。长城有一天消失了,这是最大的遗憾,我们不再有机会去欣赏它的雄壮。为了拯救这个奇迹,我们需要我们约束,保护环境。

假设你是刘伟，你的美国朋友MIKE 想通过你了解中国的传统节日。请你根据提示，给Mike 写一封e-mail，向他介绍我国传统节日春节的情况。

内容提示：1.春节是中国最重要的传统节日;

2.春节期间人们的主要活动(节前、除夕、节日期间)

提示词语：Spring Festival， traditional， decorate， on the eve of the festival，

get together， set off fireworks， lucky money

根据中文大意和英语提示词语，写出意思连贯、符合逻辑、不少于80词的短文。所给英文提示词供选用。注意：不要写出你的真实姓名和校名。

【参考范文】

Dear Mike，

How are you? I’m really glad that you are interested in traditional Chinese

festivals. There are many traditional festivals in China， such as Spring

Festival， Mid-Autumn Day and so on. I’d like to introduce the Spring Festival to

you.

Spring Festival is the most important traditional holiday in China. It

usually lasts for 15 days.Days before the festival， people clean their houses.

They think cleaning sweeps any bad luck. They decorate their houses with paper

cuts. On the eve of the festival， family members get together and have big

meals. Then they watch the Spring Festival Gala on TV. At midnight， they set off

fireworks to welcome the New Year. During the festival， kids get lucky money

from old people. People visit their relatives and friends. They wish one another

a happy year and good luck. How happy we are.

Best wishes!

Yours，

Liu Wei

导语：随着环境污染的日益加剧，我们必须加入保护环境的队伍中来，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

River Pollution

Chinese people are now face to a serious problem--pollution. And this problem is a little bit different from others--the goverment can not solve it by themselves. We need everyone to protect our environment. But we also know that it is very hard to call everyone to join us to protect the environment. But it seems that they have found the way to let everybody know it. In a report, Anhui Daily called on residents to help protect the river against pollution. I am so glad about it. And i believe that somewhere the pollution must stop.

【参考译文】

河流污染

中国人现在面临着一个严重的问题污染。这个问题有点不同，政府不能自己解决。我们需要每个人来保护我们的环境。但我们也知道，很难叫大家加入我们保护环境。但似乎他们已经找到了让每个人都知道的方法。在一份报告中，安徽日报呼吁居民帮助保护河流免受污染。我很高兴。我相信某处的污染必须停止。

Im happy every day, because I like working. While working, I can get a lot of happiness. But I prefer the world outside which is much more interesting.

我每天都很开心，因为我喜欢工作。在工作的时候，我可以得到很多快乐。但我更喜欢外面更有趣的世界。

Im living in the mountainous area now, beyond which is the beautiful sea where I have never been. I want to enjoy myself at the seaside very much, so I have to tramp over the mountains at first. Although I often stumble on dark mountains, Im not afraid of, because I dont want to give up my dream. If I lose heart, I will be a penniless failure. I must always go on. Maybe victory is next to me. A little more diligence will take me there.

我现在生活在山区，在那外面是我从未有过的美丽的大海。我非常想在海边自我享受，所以我首先要走过山区。虽然我经常会在黑暗中绊倒，但我不害怕，因为我不想放弃我的梦想。如果连心都丢了，我将会是一败涂地。 我必须一直走下去。也许胜利就在我身边。再努力一点点我就可以成功。

Whats more, my present work is an apple tree, which is very tall. But there are so many apples in the tree. If I want to eat the apples, I should climb up the tall tree at first. It seems a little difficult to me, but its worth doing. Im still young, and Im so strong and powerful enough to live and fight. I believe I can taste the sweetest apples by my hard work.

而且我目前的工作就像是一棵很高的苹果树关于奋斗初中英语作文初二作文

树上有很多苹果。如果我要吃苹果，我首先得爬上那棵树。对我来说似乎有点难，但是值得的。我还年轻，我足够强大去生活和斗争。我相信通过我自己的努力我能尝到甜甜的苹果。

May 18， 2002Fine

Our teacher told us something about the Hope Project in class this morning。 He said，"Now in the countryside many children are very poor and still can＇t go to school。 Can you help them?"

After school， I went home。 In my room， I saw the little box on the table， in which I kept my pocket money。 Though I wanted to buy a pocket recorder， I decided to send the money to the children in the countryside。They are eager to go to school。 I wrote a letter to them at once。 After finishing writing it， I went to the post office and posted all my pocket money together with the letter。

I felt very happy today because I＇ve done a good deed。

2002年5月18日星期一晴

上午，老师在课上给我们讲了希望工程的事。他说：“现在，乡村的许多孩子很穷，还上不了学，你们能帮助他们吗?”

放学后，我回到家。在我的房间里，我看到桌子上的小盒子，里面是我存的零用钱。虽然我想买一个便携式录音机，可是我还是决定把钱捐给乡村的孩子们。他们渴望上学。我立即给他们写了一封信。写完后，我去了邮局，把我的全部零用钱和这封信一起寄出。

今天我感到非常高兴，因为我做了一件好事。

MondayMay 18， 2002Fine

This morning our teacher told us something about the Hope Project in class。 He said that there were children in the countryside who were so poor that they couldn＇t go to school。 After school， I went home。 In my room， I noticed the little box in which I kept my pocket money on the table。 I should do something to help the poor children。 So I decided to send the money to them。 Thinking of the eager eyes of the children who wanted to go to school， I wrote a letter at once。 Then I went to the post office and sent all my pocket money and the letter to the children。 Today I felt very happy for what I had done。

2002年5月18日星期一晴

今天上午，老师在课上给我们讲了希望工程的事。他说，现在在乡村，有些孩子很穷，上不了学。放学后，我回到家。在我的房间里，我注意到桌子上的小盒子，里面是我存的零用钱。我应该做些事来帮助那些穷孩子们。所以我决定给他们寄钱。想到那些想上学的孩子们渴求的眼睛，我立即写了一封信。然后，我去了邮局，把全部零用钱和这封信一起寄给了那些孩子们。今天我为我所做的事感到高兴。

[希望工程英语日记

低碳生活

现在全世界都在倡导“低碳生活”(low-carbon

life)，即：降低二氧化碳的排放，采取低能量、低消耗、低开支的生活方式。低碳生活对我们大家都有好处，请你写一篇短文向一家英文报社投稿。内容包括：你的具体做法、你的感受以及建议。

提示词语：be good for, everyone, ride a bike, think, make a difference,

environment, suggest, reuse

★ 范文

Low-carbon life is good for everyone.

To help with the environment, I always walk or ride a bike to school

instead of taking a car. Besides, I will try to use things that can be recycled

and I never forget to turn off the lights when I leave the classroom. I think

it’s my duty to live a low-carbon life. And even the simplest activities can

make a real difference to the environment. So I suggest we should reuse books as

long as possible. And we’d better not spend much money on expensive clothes.

If everyone does something for the environment, I believe the earth will be

a better place.

导语：健康对一个人的生命是很重要的，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

You can take away our money, house, car, or even our clothes and we can survive. But if our health was taken away, we would surely die. That is why we always try to eat in a healthy way and exercise regularly.

In order to eat healthily, I usually avoid eating food high in fat, like French fries or cookies. I also eat little meat. I eat a lot of vegetables and fresh fruit which are full of vitamins.Taking exercise every day helps us build a strong body. Regular exercise is an important part of keeping me healthy.Whats more, I think friends are an important part of ones health. Many studies show that people with a wide range of social contacts get sick less than those who dont. I always feel better when I am with friends than when I am alone. When I am with my friends, I always laugh. Laughing is also an important part of health. I like to laugh with my friends.

By eating properly and exercising regularly, I can keep my body at a proper weight and keep healthy. By spending time with my friends, I can keep my mind as well as my body happy. these things sound easy to do, but not many people can manage them. I think a strong will is necessary if we want to keep healthy.

【参考译文】

你可以拿走我们的钱，房子，汽车，甚至我们的衣服，我们可以生存。但是，如果我们的健康被带走，我们一定会死。这就是为什么我们总是尝试吃健康的方式和定期锻炼。

为了健康饮食，我通常避免吃高脂肪食物，如薯条或饼干。我也吃很少的肉。我吃很多蔬菜和新鲜的水果，富含维生素。每天锻炼有助于我们强健体魄。经常锻炼是保持健康的重要组成部分，而且我认为朋友是健康的重要组成部分。许多研究表明，社会接触广泛的人比不喜欢的人生病少。当我和朋友在一起的时候，我总是感觉比独自一人好。当我和朋友在一起的时候，我总是笑。笑也是健康的重要组成部分。我喜欢和我的朋友一起笑。

通过适当的饮食和经常锻炼，我可以保持我的身体在适当的体重和保持健康。花时间和朋友在一起，我可以保持我的身心健康。这些事情听起来容易做，但没有多少人可以管理他们。我认为坚强的意志是必要的，如果我们想保持健康。

the 15-day celebration of chinese new year

the first day of the lunar new year is "the welcoming of the gods of the heavens and earth."many people abstain from meat on the first day of the new year because it is believed that this will ensure long and happy lives for them.

on the second day, the chinese pray to their ancestors as well as to all the gods. they are extra kind to dogs and feed them well as it is believed that the second day is the birthday of all dogs.

the third and fourth days are for the sons-in-laws to pay respect to their parents-in-law.

the fifth day is called po woo. on that day people stay home to welcome the god of wealth. no one visits families and friends on the fifth day because it will bring both parties bad luck.

on the sixth to the 10th day, the chinese visit their relatives and friends freely. they also visit the temples to pray for good fortune and health.

the seventh day of the new year is the day for farmers to display their produce. these farmers make a drink from seven types of vegetables to celebrate the occasion. the seventh day is also considered the birthday of human beings. noodles are eaten to promote longevity and raw fish for success.

on the eighth day the fujian people have another family reunion dinner, and at midnight they pray to tian gong, the god of heaven.

the ninth day is to make offerings to the jade emperor.

the 10th through the 12th are days that friends and relatives should be invited for dinner. after so much rich food, on the 13th day you should have simple rice congee and mustard greens (choi sum) to cleanse the system.

the 14th day should be for preparations to celebrate the lantern festival which is to be held on the 15th night.

[以元宵节为话题英语作文

目前，一些诸如GG、MM、 Xia Mi 等网络语言在青少年中极为盛行，并且出现在家庭作业报告，甚至全国入学考试的作文中。请你以 “Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited (禁止)?”为题，根据下表内容用英语写一篇短文，并谈谈你自己的看法。

注意：

1. 短文开头已经给出，不计入总词数; 2. 词数：100-120左右 【参考范文】

Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited?

At present， Internet Slang， such as “GG， MM， Xia Mi”， has become popular among the teenagers.

There are different opinions on Internet Slang. Some students think Internet Slang is vivid， fashionable and full of humor and intelligence. Besides， it makes chatting on the Internet quicker.( 万业宝 www.wAnyEbao.CoM )

However， some other students think Internet Slang lacks depth of thought and is too simple. Also， it is hard to understand and not accepted by most people. The words sometimes might make people confused， even resulting in misunderstanding.

Every coin has two sides. In my opinion， living in the Information Age， if we don’t know the Internet Slang， we seem to fall behind the times. It will be OK as long as these terms are used correctly in proper situations.

最近，你们班就“是否应该帮助陌生人”展开了讨论，同学们就这一话题意见不一，你的看法如何?根据所提供的信息，以“Should We Help

Strangers?”为题，写一篇短文。

赞成：帮助他人是美德;帮助他人就是帮助自己。

反对：怕陷入麻烦;怕被误解。

你的观点?(至少两点)

要求：1)表达清楚，语法正确，上下文连贯;

2)必须包括表格中所有的相关信息，并适当发挥;

3)词数：100左右(征文的开头已给出，不计入总词数);

4)不得使用真实姓名、校名和地名等。

参考词汇：美德virtue

优秀满分范文

Should We Help Strangers?

Recently our class had a discussion about whether we should help

strangers.Different students have different opinions.

Some think we should try to help strangers. Helping others is a virtue，and

helping others is helping ourselves.We may come across some trouble and need

others help some day.If everyone isnt willing to help us just because we are

strangers to them，its hard to imagine what our world will be like.

However，some are afraid that helping others can sometimes bring us

trouble.Sometimes we are just misunderstood and even have to pay the cost of

kindness.

In my opinion，we should try our best to help others when they are in need

of help，but we should also protect ourselves from getting into trouble.If

everyone tries a little kindness，our world will be full of love.

From now on,never spend your precious time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings.Instead,realize that seeds of success were planted within you when you were born.Only you have the power to make those seeds grow.

The seeds,and the power to grow them,are contained in the most awesome machine ever created:the human mind.Successis a choice and not a chance.You were born a winner.You were born rich.You can be a success if only you make the righy choice.

You cannot be successful without first developing your self-esteem.Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able toexercise over yourself,and thus over your life.People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power,or responsibility for their lives.They are the perennial victims and martyrs.They are leaves tossed by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather.

You can exercise control ove your life only to the degree that you believe that you are responsible for everything that happens in your life.Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance.Successful people realize that they are responsible.

Everything happens as a result of something.If we can identify the cause,we can control the effect.We are responsible for what we choose to think and believe.One generally rises th the level that one expects.We are responsible for setting our expectations.Our success is dependent upon ur level of confidence.

If you associate with positive-thinking people,you are definitely going to achiece success.On the contrary,the opposite happens.We are responsible for finding,planting,and nurturing the seeds that contain future victory,born from setbacks.

In short,in all areas of your life,whether they are financial,physics,emotional,or spiritual,your are responsible.Once you recognize this,accept it,and firmly believe it,you are on the road to success.

Ordinary Is Beautiful

When we are very small, we dream to be the great person in the future, such

as the scientist, the policeman and so on.

It is good for the children to own the big dream, so that they will study

hard and fight for their future. But the fact is that not all the persons can

become the great person, and most people are doing the ordinary jobs. In my

opinion, ordinary is beautiful, too. Though they are not doing the fine jobs,

they find their own place and make a contribution to the world. Take the cleaner

for example. They wake up early and do the cleaning work. People dare not to do

the job because it is so dirty, but the cleaners decorate the city with their

hard work.

The cleaners are the ordinary people while doing the great job.

平凡也美丽

在我们很小的时候，梦想将来成为伟大的人，比如科学家，警察等等。

孩子有伟大的梦想是好的，这样他们就会努力学习，为他们的将来奋斗。但是事实上，并不是所有的人都能成为伟大的人，大部分人都是做着普通的工作。在我看来，平凡也是美丽的。虽然他们没有做着体面的工作，但是他们找到了自己的位置，为社会做贡献。就拿清洁工来说。他们早早起来做清洁。人们不敢做这份工作，因为脏，但是清洁工通过努力工作去装饰了这个城市。

清洁工虽然普通，但是他们却做着伟大的工作。