2015年中考英语作文写作技巧解读合集六篇 作文(热门20篇)

纵观近年各地中考作文题，不难发现半命题作文在各省市中考题中出现的频率越来越高。可见，作为一种传统的命题形式，在话题作文、选题作文备受推崇的今天，半命题作文不但没有被人们冷落，反而呈上升趋势，越来越受到人们的青睐。从历年的评卷中发现，不少考生在半命题作文的审题上出现失误，不能正确填补题目。那么，如何填补半命题作文的标题呢?

一、填题，要充分吸取题中的隐含信息。

半命式作文题，题面不长，其间还有空白，呈残缺式。但就是在这残缺短小的题面中，却隐含着不少的有用信息。

命题者通过题面中的某个字词或字词之间的某种关系，向考生：

①暗示一定的类，即文章的体裁及表达属类，是记叙文、议论文，抑或说明文。细而分之，是记人还是记事;

是叙事为主，还是抒情为主;是缘事说理，还是以理带事，等等。

②敲定一定的质，即文题点示考生应表达怎样的旨意，抒发何种感情，形成哪种走向的文面氛围。

③框定一定的量，即对出现在笔下的这一篇作文中的人与事、情与理、时与空的量，作出某种限定：

或一人或多人，或一事或数事，或一理或数理，或瞬间或久远，或局狭或广扩，等等。

④标示一定的载体。文以载道，具体到一篇半命题作文，文章的旨意凭借何种具体的人、事、时、空，加以显现?这种载道的载体是题目中既定的，还是由学生自定的?对此种种，在半命题的题面中都有所点示。

审视《我这个……迷》，题面中的“我”、“迷”两词前后缀连，表明是记人叙事的记叙文。

题中的迷，其含义是对某种事物、活动、景物特别感兴趣，全身心投入，达到如醉如痴的迷恋程度，无疑暗点了文旨。

题首的人称词“我”，表明文章的“量”局限于特定的一个人——“我”，局限于“我”的一种兴趣爱好。至于这种如醉如痴迷恋的对象——载体，

题目有意空缺，留给学生自主定夺，填之而出。

再揣摩文题《……之风不可长》，隐含信息，次第抽出：

类：“不可长”一语，对社会上的某种风气作出一个明确的否定判断，表明一种决绝的态度，行文必然议论说理，当属议论文。

质：“……之风不可长”，分明是抨击、批判不正之风，伸张正义，击浊扬清，此及本文宏旨。

量：“之风”是偏正短语的后肢，前面填充后，自然形成不正之风、邪恶之风中的一种。

载体：用空格隐去，由学生自揣自定，学生大可从“我”出发，为我所用。

二、填题，要与命题要求暗合神契。

命题者总是从教学大纲出发，紧扣教材，巧拟半命文题，从一个角度去测试学生的认识能力、表达能力、应变能力。面对半命文题，我们必须整体揣摩出命题者的意图，以利正确定向下笔。知己知彼(命题者)，方能百写不殆。

《在……面前》是前几年湖北省的中考题，稍一端详，可知文题是一表示态势的介宾短语。为何以态度命题?最终目的是什么?让思绪驰骋，不难看出，命题者设计这一带空白的文题，其初衷是要学生自我营造一种环境、态势，造成特定的氛围，让生活中某一人(或数人)置于其间，述其言，叙其行，从而显示人物的某种精神、气质。

大千世界，芸芸众生，这种环境和态势，可能是有形的，如金钱、鲜花;

也可能是无形的，如威胁、困难;

可能是惬意的，如奖状、成功;

也可能是恶劣的，如挫折、歹徒。

运思到这个程度，就不难通过填充题，设置一个恰当的对立物、映衬面，为构思中的人事创下典型的环境，从而有力刻画人物形象，凸现文旨意念。

面对这一文题，有的学生无视命题，随意填题为《在哥哥面前》、《在房屋面前》《在校门面前》，如此，也能行文，但徒然增大了深层构思的困难。

前一题除了点名兄弟(兄妹)关系外，很难形成对立、映衬关系;

而后两题只是点出了人事发生的地点，除此，难以发挥举足轻重的作用，也就使文章难以契合命题者的匠心与要求。

三、填题，要切中题旨文意。

如前所述，多数半命式文题，对题旨文意都有所显露，有所暗示，一题当前，我们首先要机灵扫瞄，将其捕捉到手，接着要深层透视，切中底蕴，以利正确填题，深层构思。

《……长大了》一题，载体部分空缺，怎样填题为好?关键是对点明文旨的“长大”怎样理解。对“长大”一语，有三种诠释可供思辨取舍：

1、增高长重(一般生理现象)，

2、思想成熟(高级智能现象)，

3、学业(事业)有成(有为社会现象)。对三者运思比较，可以断定，按第一种含义填题，难脱肤浅;按第二第三种含义填题，能揭示人与事的底蕴，从动态变势中演绎出明确的意念。

那么，题中的空白是不是只能填写人称呢?不一定，抓住事物间的逻辑联系，又何尝不可填写动物植物静物呢?如生物小组的良种免、种植小组的新种瓜、校园内外的共青林，可透过这些特指的物体增高长大，曲折地反映出科学少年、时代小主人的茁壮成长，迅速成长。

四、填题，要正中自己的生活储存。

巧妇难为无米之炊，下笔能否成功，有无感己感人的素材入文，至为重要。而半命题作文正是在动用生活储存方面，为我们提供了方便、自由。填题时就要珍视这一自由，加以充分利用，使填出的文题正中素材仓库之所备。

且看《一段美好的生活给我的……》一题，显示题旨的空白处可有多种填法，但要正中储存，就要慎选。

一学生暑假下乡，与勤俭的祖父相处，对自己的乱用胡花深感内疚，并力戒之，可填“鞭策”。

一学生考试失利后，忘情观察大风雨中蜘蛛反复织网的镜头，感触颇深，可填“启迪”。

一学生在校运动会3000米赛跑中不支落伍，是班上的拉拉队热烈的擂鼓、整齐的呐喊使他干劲倍增，最后夺得第二，可填“力量”。

五、填题，要力求创意新颖。

填题运思，在符合要求、切中题旨的前提下，还应避俗求新，使题与文，让人触读后俱为之一震。这，主要讲究填题的深加工了。

一组中学生面对《我生活在__之中》的半命题，有如下填题，试作比较：

填“家庭”、“学校”、“社会”——浅薄直露，味同嚼蜡。

填“集体”、“亲人”、“友谊”——正确平常，流于一般。

填“麻将声”、“追星族”——切中时弊，发人警醒。

填“题海”、“夹缝”、“梦魇”——比喻形象，深邃出格。且题面的新与俗制约文面的新与俗。拿起《……的滋味》这一文题，如果匆匆填上“咖啡”、“中药”、“甲鱼”、“黄瓜”，且只是就其滋味写滋味，必然俗气浅薄。如能扣住滋味的深含，掘而深之，写出《打工的滋味》、《得奖的滋味》、《当干部的滋味》、《掏污水沟的滋味》，则既深又新。再进一步，如能逆向填题：《作弊的滋味》——心惊肉跳，《说谎的滋味》——惶惶不安，《挨批的滋味》——打翻五味瓶，则文章的新鲜度、吸引力就更不同凡响。

六、填题，要符合情理、逻辑。

填题新也好，深也好，都有个“度”，过度则不真，甚至有悖情理，违反逻辑。

有这样一道题，《我第一次……》，如若有人填上诸如“哭”、“淘气”、“唱歌”、“做梦”之类，必然令人皱眉，因为这些选项都是难以界定“第一”的，填进题中，势必陷入伪科学的泥沼。变换一下，选填印象深刻的“第一”，如“上学校”、“登台演戏”、“领奖”、“下水”则成，因为这一类“第一”都是不难确认的。如能变向运思，选填“说谎”、“当家”、“打工”、“独自远行”入题，则文旨文趣当会更新鲜可人而又合乎逻辑，不违情理。

一、从写作内容角度上看。

公基作文一般是议论性质的文章，字数一般要求在800--1200字之间。公基作文要求结合材料进行写作，属于材料作文类，考生不能脱离材料自行写作。此外，考生在写作的时候一定注意不要跑题，不要脱离总论点。因为作文的阅卷是先定档后给分，这就要求我们一定不能跑题，而且虽然都是议论文但是不能跟高中初中作文那样随意抒发议论，要找到自己的角度，站在报考岗位的角度去思考问题，不能盲目抒情、大发特发议论，此乃作文大忌。

二、从文章标题角度来看。

标题即论点，刚才我们谈到作文阅卷先定档，因此，如果能标题就是论点的话能够大幅度减轻阅卷人的压力，使得自己更容易获得高分。对于标题给大家简单提醒一下，通常情况下标题不建议大家使用标点符号。

三、从文章结构上来看。

一定要保证文章结构的完整性，在阅卷规则当中，有重要一条就是逻辑完整，因此适当运用逻辑结构词就显得特别重要。这里提示广大考生，我们的逻辑词经历过四个阶段，第一个阶段是第一、第二、第三、第N个，这种结构因为第多少个没有上限，因此不建议采用，第二个阶段是首先、其次、再次、最后，第三个阶段是一方面、另一方面、与此同时、此外、加之等。这里推荐大家使用第二第三个阶段，逻辑结构比较完整，第四个阶段是运用过渡句过渡段，这种逻辑不推荐大家使用。

四、公基作文一定要写对策。

考查公基作文的目的就是考查考生进入单位之后分析与解决问题的能力，因此，考生必须在文章中必须有所体现。从文章写作对策段落来说，建议大家在对策段落里面运用“结论+原因+措施”的写作结构，这种结构简单理解就是是什么、为什么、怎么办逻辑，比如说某地的某个行业出现一定的发展问题，那么对于这个行业的发展政府起主要作用，那么我们应该先说政府大概应该如何去做，如政府应该多渠道扶持，此即结论，接下来就应该叙述政府为什么要去扶持，也即原因部分，最后要写明政府如何扶持也即具体措施，如运用宏观调控、减免税收、提供政策支持等。

五、从结尾段落来说，结尾要做到与首段呼应。

浑然一体的结尾与开头要相呼应，写出既呼应开头，又不简单重复的语句，这种结尾方式是各类文章极常见的收束方法。这种收束方法能唤起读者心理上的美感，产生一种首尾圆合，浑然一体的感觉。

公共基础知识写作点拨

第一：理解、分析、研究文体。事业单位写作其实就是议论文写作，因为只有议论文这种文种才能够承载对一个事物的确定观点和论述。所以对议论文来说，要把握一点，就是议论文是围绕一个观点进行展开，这对议论文来说是最重要的，也就是要有确实的观点，即总论点，目前来看事业单位考试的总论点一般都是已经确定的。

第二：确定了总论点之后，再去议论观点。例如：上海是个好地方，那么整个文章展开的核心就是证明观点，也就是为什么说上海是个好地方，再比如：要勤奋，整个文章展开的核心就是论述为什么要勤奋。

近几年来公职类考试的写作命题有了新的变化。首先，会有给定材料，材料围绕着一个主题展开，主题通常是社会问题或者施政要点。例如：要推进民生改革;要提高政府公信力;要推进服务型政府建设;要勇于探路等。其次，针对这样主题的变化，论述的方向也随之有所变化。例如：要提高政府公信力。基于这样的总论点，文章展开的逻辑就是为什么要提高公信力、如何提高政府公信力。再比如：要勇于探路，那么文章展开的逻辑就是为什么要勇于探路、如何探路。通过以上事例，小伙伴们能基本理清两个最重要的内容：议论文就是围绕一个确定的观点展开，整个文章的核心要求就是把观点论述清楚。解决了这两个问题后，接下来就是填充内容了，在此根据情况来说明。

第一：如果平时比较关注新闻、热点时事，自然有内容可写，而且能够做到内容充实、立意高远、理解透彻。如果是这样的情况，就摸索出适合自己表达的语言风格即可。

第二：如果是平时看书比较多，有自己对事物的思考。这样的基础能让写作体现出比较好的人文素养和知识储备，如果是这样的情况，就把看书多的优点发挥出即可。

第三：如果是既不看新闻、也不看书、学习马马虎虎或者工作后没有时间复习，这样的情况比较普遍，如果是这样的情况，就需要找一些捷径了，比如选择培训班等等。

考场作文怎样开头，这决定考题所规定的内容，文章的性质和考生独特的构思。小编整理了中考作文的开头写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

古人说“凤头豹尾”，就是说开头要写得有姿有彩，像凤凰的头那样，有人说：“好的开头等于成功的一半”，这些都说明了开头的重要。同样，好的开头，对于中考作文来说，也具有重要意义。

那么，什么样的开头是好的呢?文无定法，开头无固定的格式，衡量好坏的标准只有一个，那就是看它是不是文章的有机组成部分，能否为文章的内容和中心服务，能否吸引读者读下去。

由于时间与篇幅的限制，考场作文的开头讲究简洁、生动、优美，可考虑选用如下开头方法。

1、开门见山式 所谓“开门见山”，是一种比喻的说法，指的是写文章时直截了当入题的一种写法。如《谈骨气》一开头就亮出观点：“我们中国人是有骨气的。”《白杨礼赞》一开头就触及题旨：“白杨树实在是不平凡的，我赞美白杨树!”这种方法在各类文章的写作中得到广泛的运用，占有很大的比例。它的表达角度，可以是开头直叙本事，也可以起笔点题;可以开宗明义揭示主旨，也可以单刀直入点明敌论。如此等等。由于这种写法干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓，所以应为考场作文开头的首选方法。

2、背景渐入式 自然科学告诉我们宇宙是一个大系统，社会科学告诉我们，人类社会又是一个大系统。一棵树是在一座森林的系统之内，一片叶又属于这棵树的系统。一个人属于社会这个系统，一根指头又属于这个人的系统。因此，任何单个事物，任何一种现象都离不开它所属的系统，即它赖以生存的社会背景或自然背景。如《孔己已》开头：“当街一个曲尺形的大柜台……可以随时温酒”。《在烈日和暴雨下》开头：“六月十五那天，天热得发了狂!”这些开头或交待事情发生的时间、地点、节令、气候或阐述论题的背景、环境等。在考场作文时，有些题目乍一看，觉得突兀，不可捉摸，但联系背景一想，便豁然开朗了。如1999年的高考作文题目是《假如记忆可以移植》，联系近几年的科技发展，克隆技术的问世了，基因可以移植了，航天技术更是突飞猛进。近几年来，我国的经济持续发展，经济建设取得了突出成就。联系这些背景，文章的内容可写了，联想与想象也便有了立足点了。

3、设问置疑式 先倒叙事情的结果，设置悬念，或先设问破题，引起说明或议论。如《枣核》的开头：“动身访美之前，……可是却很蹊跷。”又如《万紫千红的花》开头设问：“花为什么会有各种美丽鲜艳的色彩呢?”这种开头方法，其目的是设置悬念，引起读者的关注，激发读者的兴趣，同时增加文章的曲折，显现文章的布局之美。这种开头技法在中考作文中的频率很高。当然，这种开头形式要注意巧妙运用，避免单一、或追求形式上的好奇。

(其实，这种开头的形式是很丰富的，如： ①先提出一个悬而未决的问题。 ②先截取一个精彩的事件片断。 ③先交待一个起线索作用的物件。 ④先安排一个引发故事的场景。 ⑤先介绍与故事情节紧密相关的人物。)

4、名言警句式 开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等，可以达到吸引读者，帮助突出中心的作用。如《回声》开头引用了艾青的一首诗。《怀疑与学问》开头引用了程颐的话：“学者先要会疑”等。这种开头法，也是一般考生容易掌握和便于使用的方法。试想，哪个考生记不得几首古诗，几句格言，几条名言呢?考场作文，因题而异，相机引用，又何乐而不为?名言警句式开头运用得自如，往往能增强开端的气势，使人感到突兀、峥嵘、高远。当然，引用时要尽量准确，避免出现知识性错误。

5、精辟设喻式 开头设喻，以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头：“石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。”《马说》开头：“世有伯乐，然后有千里马。”以伯乐与千里马的故事为喻引出中心论点，精辟设喻式多用于议论文的开头，它能使文章发端新颖，增强文章的吸引力和表达效果。既然是“设喻”，就得注意所言之“他物“与本题有一定的相似之处，不能牵强附会。

此外，还有抒情议论议式，刻画人物式等开头法，在此不一一赘述。

总之，考场作文怎样开头，这决定考题所规定的内容，文章的性质和考生独特的构思。各位考生拿到题目后，勿必三思而后行，切忌草草了事。

导语：名人名言可以利用碎片时间积累，运用到作文当中可以使文章提升档次。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关中考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

要使山谷肥沃，就得时常栽树。我们应该注意培养人才。——约里奥·居里

那里有天才，我是把别人喝咖啡的工夫都用在工作上的。——鲁迅

人才虽高，不务学问，不能致圣。——刘向十日画一水，五日画一石。——杜甫

业精于勤荒于嬉，行成于思毁于随。——韩愈

形成天才的决定因素应该是勤奋。有几分勤学苦练是成正比例的。——郭沫若

我是个拙笨的学艺者，没有充分的天才，全凭苦学。——梅兰芳

应知学问难，在乎点滴勤。——陈毅

对搞科学的人来说，勤奋就是成功之母!——茅以升

人应尊敬他自己，并应自视能配得上最高尚的东西。——黑格尔

不知道他自己的人的尊严，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。——席勒

人能尽其才则百事兴。——孙中山

一年之计，莫如树谷：十年之计，莫如树木;终身之计，莫如树人。——管仲

长才靡入用，大厦失巨楹。——邵谒

古人相马不相皮，瘦吗虽瘦骨法奇;世无伯乐良可嗤，千金市马惟市肥。——欧阳修

国家用人，当以德为本，才艺为末。——康熙江山代有才人出，各领风骚数百年。——赵翼

致天下之治者在人才，成天下之才者在教化。——胡瑗

我劝天公重抖擞，不拘一格降人才。——龚自珍

人才那得如金铜，长在泥沙不速朽。愿公爱士如爱尊，毋使埋渣嗟不偶。——袁枚

人既尽其才，则百事俱举;百事举矣，则富强不足谋也。——孙中山

人才难得又难知，就要爱惜人才，就要用人不疑。——周扬

珍视劳动，珍视人才，人才难得呀!——邓小平

精神的浩瀚、想象的活跃、心灵的勤奋：就是天才。——狄德罗

人的天赋就象火花，它既可以熄灭，也可以燃烧起来。而逼使它燃烧成熊熊大火的方法只有一个，就是劳动，再劳动。——高尔基

我们说资本主义不好，但它在发现人才、使用人才方面是非常大胆的。它有个特点，不论资排辈，凡是合格的人就使用，并且认为这是理所当然的。从这方面来看，我们选拔干部的制度是落后的。论资排辈是一种习惯势力，是一种落后的习惯势利。——邓小平

只有有天才的人才能发现天才的幼芽，发展这些幼芽，并善意地给予他们以必要的援助。——圣西门

必须让有天才的人独立，而人类应当深刻地掌握一条真理，即人类要使有天才的人成为火炬，而不要让他们放弃真正的使命。——圣西门

天才是各个时代都有的;可是，除非待有非常的事变发生，激动群众，是有天才的人出现，否则赋有天才的人就会僵化。——狄德罗

他有着天才的火花!你知道这是什麽意思?那就是勇敢、开阔的思想，远大的眼光他种下一棵树，他就已经看见了千百年的结果，已经憧憬到人类的幸福。这种人是少有的，要爱就爱这种人。——契诃夫

有些人天资颇高而成就则平凡，他们好比有大本钱而没有做出大生意，也有些人天资并不特异而成就则斐然可观，他们好比拿小本钱而做大生意。这中间的差别就在努力与不努力了。——朱光潜

对作家来说，写得少是这样的有害，就跟医生缺乏诊病的机会一样。——苏格拉底

有人问：写一首好诗，是靠天才呢?还是靠艺术?我的看法是：苦学而没有丰富的天才，有天才而没有训练，都归无用;两者应该相互为用，相互结合。——亚里士多德

无论哪一行，都需要职业的技能。天才总应该伴随着那种导向一个目标的、有头脑的、不间断的练习，没有这一点，甚至连最幸运的才能，也会无影无踪地消失。——德拉克罗瓦

我的箴言始终是：无日不动笔;如果我有时让艺术之神瞌睡，也只为要使它醒后更兴奋。——贝多芬

科学的灵感，决不是坐等可以等来的。如果说，科学上的发现有什麽偶然的机遇的话，那麽这种偶然的机遇只能给那些学有素养的人，给那些善于独立思考的人，给那些具有锲而不舍的精神的人，而不会给懒汉。——华罗庚

​

书面表达历来是英语教学中一个难点，要想在限定的时间内写出一篇质量上乘的文章，非一日之功。纵观几年来的高考书面表达，我们可以看出，高考英语写作越来越重视情景的设置，要求考生总结自己的感受和见解，给出自己的观点。书面表达又是全面衡量学生英语综合水平的一种测试形式，因此，我们不得不重视。

第一步，写作的内容，要求做到两点— 内容完整、相关。这两点只要考生不粗心，基本都能做到。比如陕西考区的题目，要求写暑假的安排，是一篇正反观点类的议论文。必须注意题目的要求，第一要提出讨论话题，Recently there has been a heated discussion about what the students should do during the summer vacation.(这是一个经典的模版开篇句型)。第二要写出一方面的观点，然后是另一方面的观点，最后提出自己的看法，根据要求缺一不可，否则就会被扣掉相应的分数，这就是完整。再比如，2005年广东考区的成语寓言故事，不仅要描写整个守株待兔的过程，还应该根据要求点名寓意，否则也是不完整，这点只要在课堂上强调，学生是很容易做到的。所谓相关，也就是不要过多出现文中没有的信息，不能过分发挥，一般学生犯此类错误的较少。

第二步，写作中的语法。在阅卷中，一般三个小的语法错误会被扣掉一分，一个大的语法错误(关于谓语的错误)会被扣掉一分。所以，学生应该尽量避免犯语法错误。我在课堂中会强调，对于语法基础薄弱的同学，除了加强自己的语法功底外，就是去背诵我给出的50个最高频用到的句法结构。这些结构不仅正确，而且一定是高考中的有效得分点，即使语法偏弱，记住这些句子然后在考试中使用也能避免学生自己造句中的语法错误，一举两得。比如，倒装句在考试中就很少有同学主动启用，但是一旦正确启用就会收到意想不到的效果，所以我会给出四组倒装句，然后让学生加强运用和练习。这些句子包括：

1、Only when we realize the importance of environmental protection, can we solve the problem of pollution.

2、So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

3、Diligent as he was, he failed in passing the exam.

4、By no means should teenagers get into the habit of smocking.

第三步，连接词的运用，使文章连贯、流畅。我把这些词分为8类，叫做“畅词”，往往学生由于中西方语言的差异，会忽视这一点，所以在授课中会通过大量的练习巩固和加强学生的印象。而且不仅要写，还写出高水平的畅词，因为高考是选拔性考试，要做到“人无我有,人有我优”。比如，“首先”这个表示次序的畅词，一般同学一定想到的是firstly 或者first of all。可是我建议学生启用to begin with, 或者initially (这个是建议水平较好的启用)。“然而”，绝大部分启用but, however，我建议学生采用on the contrary 或者oppositely。

第四步，也是整个课程的核心部分，要强化“复杂、高级”两个概念。为什么是核心呢?因为学生在这一部分没有正确的认识，在平时的学习中老师也没有有意识灌输和训练总结。大部分学生以为只要写出来、写正确就可以拿到高分，其实80-120个单词包括大概10个句子，如果全部是简单的词汇和句型没有办法达到最高档作文的要求。因此，我们强调高级的词汇和高级复杂的句型，不是说全部必须高级，而是必须出现一些才能符合高考作文大纲的要求。在这一步中，我总结的“高分词汇选择原则”、“简单句到复杂句的瞬间转换”、“高分句子写作策略”以及“钻石得分50句”，通过这些理论和实践结合的讲解，学生会感觉成绩的快速提升，效果明显。

Seeing my whole education history, I have many teachers. But my favorite teacher is only one. He is Mr Lu. He is my middle Chinese teacher and head teacher. He is about fifty years old. Maybe he works too hard, so his back is a little bent. He always wears a black glasses. He looks amiable but serious in study. He always thinks us before everything. His class is very interesting and full of different kinds of encouraging stories. He is very strict to us in study. But whoever has difficulties, he would help us without hesitation. Sometimes he plays the role of a strict teacher, sometimes he takes the place of a kind father.

纵观我整个受教育史，我有过很多老师。但我最喜欢的老师只有一个。他是陆老师。他是我的初中语文老师兼班主任。他大约五十岁。也许是因为工作辛苦，所以他的背有点弯了。他总是戴一副黑色的眼镜。他看上去很和蔼可亲，对学习却是很严格的。他总是把我们放在第一位。他的课是非常有趣的，也经常讲各种不同励志故事。他对我们学习很严格。但无论谁有困难，他都会毫不犹豫地帮助我们。有时他是一个严格的老师，有时候他是一个慈祥的父亲。

[中考满分英语作文My Favorite Teacher

假设你是《21世纪中学生英语报》“heart to heart”专栏的编辑.下面是你收到的一位中学生的来信.请你根据他来信的内容写一封回信.针对他的问题。

Dear Xiaowei,

Weight problem is quite common among teenagers everywhere. So I don’t think you have much to worry about. Here are my suggestions. Eating late at night is OK, but you should to eat more fruit and vegetables, which are good for you.

Also, when you are free, you’d better do more exercise. Running is great. You don’t like running alone, but what about running with your friends? Or you can do some team sports like basketball. I’m sure your friends will be willing to help you lose weight. I hope you have as much success in losing weight as you have had in your studies. “Believe myself, and I will win.” It’s really important for us when we meet difficulties. Don’t lose heart; I’m sure you will succeed one day.

技巧一：内容丰富，中心突出。

&内容充实：指的是写进文章里的人物事件、思想感情都要做到言之有物，换句话说，要具体形象可感。在记叙文中：“事件叙述完整、描写刻画细腻、表现手法多样，突出表现中心”，就是内容充实。

&中心明确：就是一篇记叙文中有一个清晰明白而且确定不移的中心，并让这个中心贯穿始终，统率所有的内容。

始发于题目——只有先明确题目所蕴含的“中心”，而后在此基础上为所要写的文章立意，才能做到“中心明确”;本次作文题目为“变化”，如何理解变化呢?什么是 “变化”?为什么会有“变化”?怎么

作文的开头是非常重要的，它对理清思路、引出下文、凸现文章的中心，都有着重要的作用。开头要引人入胜，激发读者阅读的兴趣。文章记叙了同学们帮洗鼻血这样一件事，从而揭示了同学们互相关心，团结友爱，生活在集体中多么幸福这一中心。

作文开头的方法，还有很多，像引用法，叙事法，故事引入法，提出问题法等等，不同体裁，不同内容的文章要行选用不同的开头方法，即使是同一篇文章，也可以有不同的开头方法。你看，同样一篇文章就有不同的开篇方法。因此，一篇文章怎样开头，采用哪种方法，一定要从文章中心表达的需要出发，适应不同体裁的特点做到新颖明快，言简意赅。

俗话说，良好的开端是成功的一半，我们只要掌握作文开头的方法和技巧，联系实际，勤于练习，就能写好开头，为写好全文打下基础。

开头的方法很多，常见有：

1．开门见山法。

这种方法是文章一开头，就直入正题，把文章所要叙述的主要内容直截了当地交代出来，让读者一看就知道这篇文章描写的是什么人、什么事、什么活动。这种开头一下子就能吸引读者的注意力，而且还不会跑题。例如《课间十分钟》一文开头：

下课铃响了，同学们快步走出教室，到操场上参加自己喜欢的课间活动，校园里顿时沸腾起来。这个开头就点明了时间——“下课”，地点——“操场上”，人物——“同学们”，事情——“课间活动”。非常直截了当。

2．提示中心法。

这种方法是一开头就点明全文的中心，使读者对文章的中心思想有一个明确的了解，我们看看下面的开头。

“生活在集体中间是幸福的，两年前，我深深地体会到这一点。”

这是《生活在温暖的集体里》一文的开头，

3．描写引入法。

描写人物和景物来开头，这种方法就是描写引入法。描写人物就是在文章的开头，对人物的肖像、服饰、神态、等进行描写，以达到人物在读者面前树立一个鲜明形象的效果，描写引入法中还有一种是以描写景物来开头，也就是在文章的开头对故事情节所处的自然环境或社会环境必要的描写，以起到交代背景、渲染气氛突出中心的作用。

4．设置悬念法。

在写事的文章中，我们常常把事情的结果或文中的某个片段放在开头来写，以引起读者的疑问，然后再记叙事情的起因和经过，这种开头的方法叫设置悬念法。这种方法可以激发读者强烈的兴趣，如《智斗奸商》一文的开头写到的：放暑假的第二天旱上，我和表姐一块儿去买菜。走到菜场的北口，我就看前面很多人。我和表姐紧走几步，也围了过去……

5．对比法。

在文章的开头，把不同的人和事物或同一个人和事物的不同时间，不同方面的情况作对比介绍。运用对比法可以使描绘的形象更为突出，增强文章的表达效果，给人留下深刻的印象。

6．回忆联想法。

由人、事、景、物、等引起回忆，联想、引出下文，展开情节，这种方法就叫回忆联想法。运用回联想法开头，给人一种亲切，自然的感受。

7．对话开头法。

以人物的对话开头。这种开头起笔自然，往往给人以新鲜的感觉。采用对话的形式开头，一定要把对话写得精彩有意义，紧扣中心。

同学们学习一下记事作文的写作技巧，写一篇漂亮的作文吧！下文是为大家精选的小学生记事作文写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读。

一、要交代清楚时间、地点、人物、事件。

让读者明白文章写的是什么人，在什么时候，什么地方发生了怎样的事。

二、找出事件闪光点。

如果根据题目的要求选定了某件事，你就要对这件事进行认真的回忆，并仔细琢磨，反复思考，挖掘出这件事中含有的生活道理，或找出它闪光的地方。

三、必须把事情发生的环境写清楚。

因为任何事情总是在一定的环境中发生、发展的。环境写好了，写出特点来，还能渲染气氛，表达感情，使文章更生动。

四、一般要按事情发展顺序写。

把一件事的起因、经过、结果写清楚，不能颠三倒四，还应把事情的前因后果，来龙去脉写清楚。

五、记事中要围绕中心，抓住重点，不要面面俱到。

重点部分(一般指事情发展高潮处)要详写，写具体，写详尽，给读者以深刻的印象。

六、写事不能离不开写人。

同此在记事过程中，一定要把人物的语言、神态、动作、心理活动等写细致，写逼真，这样才能表达出人物的思想品质，才能更好地表达这件事所包含的意义，即文章的中心思想。

七、必须把事情发生的环境写清楚。

因为任何事情总是在一定的环境中发生、发展的。环境写好了，写出特点来，还能渲染气氛，表达感情，使文章更生动。

读后感写的是自己读了一篇文章或一部著作后的感想。观后感写的是看了一部电影或一出戏剧一部电视剧一场演出一幅书画后的感想。二者的写作要求是一样的：既要写看到的作品的内容，又要写由此产生的感想;作品内容要写得简略，感想要写得具体;要有叙述有议论。怎样写出符合要求的习作呢?我们可以这样做：

一、理解作品，选定感发点。

理解作品是写读后感、观后感的前提。我们要认真研读观看作品,理解作品的写的或表现的内容是什么，要说明什么道理赞扬人物的什么精神。在此基础上思考：这篇(部)作品的哪些情节精彩，为什么说它精彩?哪个地方使自己深受启发，受到了怎样的启发?哪个地方引起自己的联想，引起了怎样的联想?自己喜欢哪个人物，为什么喜欢?自己不喜欢那个人物，为什么不喜欢?这样以来，我们就会产生好多的感想,把所有的感想排排队，比较一番，看看其中哪一个(最多两个)感想最深刻、最有话可说、最有现实意义，就把这个(最多两个)感想作为这篇读后感、观后感的感发点。

二、起个凝练醒目的题目

读后感、观后感的题目要凝炼醒目。题目可以提示出习作的内容，如《〈周恩来〉观后感》、《读〈邱少云〉有感》;也可以提示出感发点，如读了《小马过河》写读后感，用“要亲身尝试”做题目。

三、开头要简洁，为下文做铺垫

读后感、观后感的开头要简洁明快，为下文做好铺垫。如“《灯光》读后感”这样开头：“读了《灯光》，我被郝副营长的英雄事迹感动得流下眼泪。”紧扣题目只用一句话就交待明白了读的文章是什么，总的感受是怎样的，为下文介绍郝副营长的事迹和具体写自己的感受做好了铺垫。

四、引述作品有关内容再分析议论亮出感发点

为了增强习作的说服力，接下来要把作品里引发自己感发点的内容简明扼要地引述出来，再对这些内容进行分析概括和议论，然后亮出感发点。如写“《周恩来》观后感”，用几十字引述周总理到农村去访贫问苦、到工厂去视察生产、到地震灾区指挥抗震救灾、在病重住院期间还坚持批阅文件的感人事迹后，再经过一番分析议论，然后亮出感发点：“周总理为了祖国和人民真是鞠躬尽瘁死而后已呀!”别人读了会觉得习作的感发点有理有据，入情入理，值得信服。

五、立足感发点引申联想

亮出感发点后，还需要联系社会生活中类似的或相反的事例、现象，展开分析议论，以增强文章的现实意义和感染力。如看华君武的漫画《假文盲》写观后感，在亮出感发点“假文盲的行为危害了正常的社会生活秩序”后，联想到社会上一些人随地吐痰践踏草地不走斑马线等不文明不道德的行为，并分析议论他们给社会带来的危害，又联想到小同学在乘车时主动为老年人、孕妇让座的事例，与前者进行对比，然后褒扬小同学的高尚品质。这样以来，不仅文章的内容丰富了，而且有了针对性，有了现实意义，感染力就增强了。

六、结尾注意强调、升华感发点

读后感观后感结尾时要注意强调和升华感发点：如“《小兵张嘎》观后感”这样结尾：“张嘎凭着机智勇敢战胜了敌人，他是一个小英雄。我要学习张嘎，机智勇敢地应对学习和生活中的种种挑战和考验。”既强调了感发点——嘎子机智勇敢，又说了自己要机智勇敢地应对学习和生活的挑战和考验，从而升华了文章的中心。

文无定则。初写读后感观后感，同学们可以按这个步骤写，在基本掌握了写作方法后就要追求创新。相信你们一定能写出优秀的读后感、观后感。

[写好观后感作文的写作技巧

导语：小学生作文基础比较差的同学，可以先学习一些技巧，帮助快速提分，一起了解一下吧！

一、写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌？孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。”如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了？

二、写说不出现“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。张三说：“……”；张三无可奈何地说：“……”；张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……”显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

三、写想不出现“想”

遇到描写心理活动时，这样的句子已经被孩子们写滥：“我脑子里跳出两个小人，一个小人……另一个小人……”不用这个句子又该怎么写？最常用的就是“我心想”。如某学生写：“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。我心想：天哪！这该怎么办呢？”按照“写想不用想”的技巧，去掉：“我心想”三个字如何？“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。天哪！这该怎么办呢？”是不是更简洁精练？别忘了提醒孩子要给心理描写加上适当感叹词。

四、就是不用成语

作文为什么写不长？都是成语惹的祸！不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗？其实不然，当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

五、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想

对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼？比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

六、环境里面有“真”“情”

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。”孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗？为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢？云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

七、要动连着动

文章要一波三折才好看，但现在的孩子生活都很平淡，你不能强求他们写出一波三折的内容，那就让他们学会一波三折地使用动词，就这是要动连着动——学会连续使用动词，某学生写一场乒乓球球赛：“他发了一个旋转球，让人看得眼花缭乱。”（一句话把文章就给写完了）学会动词技巧后将修改成：“只见他高高地将球抛起，眼睛死死盯着，球接触球板的一瞬间，他手腕轻轻一抖，脚一跺，球高速旋转着，向这边飞来，让人看得眼花缭乱。”一个动词转瞬变成六七个，文字即刻灵动丰富起来。

八、一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了！怎么变成三百字？可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地；加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等；还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗？

九、一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。？！：；、“”‘’......这些标点你的作文中都有吗？没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

十、字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。事实上很多作家也是以写短句见长的，像沈从文、汪曾祺。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句，改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感？

十一、长短结合节奏感

学生作文：疯马一样，酷毙上篮；飞龙一样，夺命三分；猫头鹰一样，勾手穿针。猎豹一样，有万影的速度。最后一句，你能否改成四个字？不要改。一段话，前面是四个字，后面也是四个字，当然可以。但前面六个字，后面四个字，或者两个字，那叫长短结合。长短结合的句子，读起来节奏感更棒。

十二、心情决定环境

张明语文考试只得了66分。回家后，一向严格的妈妈会怎么教训他？还有，和同学约好星期天去钓鱼，不知道还去不去得成？揣着那份沉重的试卷，张明忐忑不安地走出校门……他经过工地、垃圾场时会是怎样子的？张明语文考试得了99分，全班第一！一向重视学习的爸爸妈妈知道后，会怎样褒奖他呢？买玩具，还是肯德基？还有上次爸妈答应给她买溜冰鞋，何不趁热打铁？揣着那份写满希望的试卷，张明喜滋滋地走出校门……他经过工地、垃圾场时又会是怎样子的？肯定不一样，其中的不一样是什么，是人的内在的心情。人的内在的心情会改变你对环境的感觉。

十三、就爱用语气词

这馅偏偏跟我作对，像调皮的孩子要出去玩似的，老往外钻。呀，饺子皮破了，饺子馅弄得满手都是，黏糊糊的。除了“呀”这样的语气词，还有啊，还有哦，哈。语气词会让句子更亲切，更干净。甚至，当你写作文写不下去的时候，你就写一个语气词，你就写一个“哈哈”，你就写个“哦”，写个语气词下去，就有话写了。小编祝小朋友都学会这么棒的方法。

怎样提高小学生的写作水平

培养学生的听、说、读、写能力是语文教学的重点。而作文教学是语文教学中不可缺少的重要部分，既是重点也是难点。习作成了学生望而生畏的科目，对学生而言，写作文难，写一篇好的作文更难。他们面对作文题目不知从何下笔，无话可说，即便是写出来，也是内容空洞，言之无物，没有真情实感。师生都付出许多努力，但常常收效甚微。那么如何提高小学生的写作水平呢？通过《语文课程标准》的学习，加之自己十多年来的教学经验，我总结出以下几个方面。

一、通过教师的讲解和示范作文，让学生把握要点，培养其写作的灵感

二、注重平时的积累，积累对引导学生学习，写作起着十分重要的作用

1、根据课文内容来积累

３、通过写日记来积累

三、学会观察，吸收素材

四、多种方法对学生进行习作练习

１、语言技能训练法

２、专题训练法

３、提纲训练法

写人，免不了要描写人的动作，因为一个人的思想、品质、性格和作风，往往能通过行为动作来表现。小编收集了2017年中考作文技巧：写人的攻略，欢迎阅读。

怎样描写人物的动作?

(一)描写人物动作，最重要的是注意观察。在日常生活中要格外留心，观察周围各种人形形色色的行为动作，特别要注意不同的人的动作特征，抓住特征仔细地反复地进行观察。

如下面例段：

1、小丽抿着嘴，弓着腰，蹑手蹑脚地，一步一步慢慢地靠近它。靠近了，靠近了，又见她悄悄地将右手伸向蝴蝶，张开的两个手指一合，夹住了粉蝶的翅膀。小丽高兴得又蹦又跳。

2、他弯着腰，篮球在他的手下前后左右不停地拍着，两眼溜溜地转动，寻找“突围”的机会。突然他加快了步伐，一会左拐，一会右拐，冲过了两层防线，来到篮下，一个虎跳，转身投篮，篮球在空中划了一条漂亮的弧线后，不偏不倚地落在筐内。

捉蝴蝶、打篮球，都是我们常见的活动，有的甚至是同学们亲自参加过的。但写起来却不具体。上述两段描写，由于作者观察仔细，把捉蝴蝶，打篮球的动作、神态写得栩栩如生。

(二)是要抓住最能突出人物性格、身份特点的动作描写。

请看下列例段：

1、他50多岁了。戴着一副高度近视眼镜。他战战兢兢取下眼镜，用衣服的下摆随手擦了擦镜片。“嗯嗯……”他刚要讲话，忽然想起了什么，手忙脚乱地在盘子里找了找，又匆匆往口袋里掏了掏，掏出了一盒火柴，这才放心地又“嗯嗯”两声，站直身子，用特别响亮的声音说：“现在开始看老师做实验!”

2、教室里打得乌烟瘴气。毛老师气咻咻地站在门口，他头上冒着热气，鼻子尖上缀着几颗亮晶晶的汗珠，眉毛怒气冲冲地向上挑着，嘴却向下咧着。看见我们，惊愕地眨了眨眼睛，脸上的肌肉一下子僵住了，纹丝不动，就像电影中的“定格”。我们几个也都像木头一样，钉在那里了。

3、老人的双手很灵巧。一个泥人在他手里诞生，只要几分钟。看他又拿起一团泥，先捏成圆形，再用手轻轻揉搓，使它变得柔软起来，光滑起来。接着，又在上面揉搓，渐渐分出了人的头、身和腿。他左手托住这个泥人，右手在头上面摆弄着，不一会儿，泥人戴上了一顶偏偏的帽子。

上述三段都抓住了最能突出人物特点的动作。

例一写的是一位高度近视的老教师。通过“用衣服的下摆擦镜片”、“手忙脚乱地在盘子里找”、“匆匆地往口袋里掏”等动作的描写，写出了一个高度近视、动作不利索且有点“糊涂”的老教师的特点;例二，主要抓住性格暴躁的人生气时，面部表情动作的特点来描写的。如：“气咻咻地站在门口”、“头上冒着热气”、“眉毛怒气冲冲向上挑”、“嘴向下咧着”、“肌肉纹丝不动”等，把生气时的面部表情写得生动而逼真。例三则是抓住捏泥人的动作特点，写出了一位心灵手巧的老艺人形象。

(三)是要准确而恰当地运用动词且不重复。

读读下列例段，看看各段中带点的词的作用。

他左脚尖顶住起跑线，膝盖一弯，稳稳地蹲着。两手就像两根木柱插在地上，整个身体微微前倾，那架势，就像一只起飞的雄鹰。

这短短的几句话中，用了“顶、弯、蹲、插、倾、飞等”6个动词，把赛场上运动员起跑的预备姿式描写得准确而逼真。

她挤进大门，把担子撂下地;走上前去，将地上的草揽好，用膝头压着，俯下身，双手使劲勒紧草腰子，提起来，扔到院墙角落。

段中带点的这些动词用得非常贴切。写出了一个能干、利索、有力气，干活熟练的农村姑娘的形象。

她看见奶奶站起来，双手抓着锅盖向上揭。吃力地揭了几次，才稍稍揭开一条缝。一股浓烟从灶口冲出来，差点熏着奶奶的脸。奶奶随便用袖子拂了拂布满皱纹的脸，又摇摇头，自言自语地说：“老了，不中用啰!”

这段话描写的是一位老奶奶干家务活的动作。用“揭、冲、熏、拂、摇”等动词，准确而恰当地写出了老人干活动作的特点。上述各例说明，描写人物的动作必须选用准确、恰当的动词，才能具体形象地写出人物的动态形象。

一、卷面书写应工整

卷面是作文的门面，卷面书写洁净工整会让人赏心悦目，能博得阅卷老师的好感;而卷面脏乱不堪的作文只能让阅卷者望而生厌，难得高分。

我省从去年开始，中考命题时就已把卷面书写列为得分项，分值为8分，由此可见对卷面书写要求之高。今年我市考生卷面书写质量有很大程度提高，脏乱差的卷面数量大幅度减少。但仍有为数不少的考生卷面不够整洁，乱涂乱抹，这就直接影响了他的作文得分。

二、思想内容应深刻

思想内容深刻是作文得分关键。今年我市高分作文大多是内容丰富，见解深刻的作文，考生或阐述对生活的感悟，或表达自己对生活独到的见解;而那些得分较低的考生作文，内容则显得空洞贫乏，缺少实实在在的内涵，仅仅是凑一些字数，敷衍成一篇非常乏味的“政治式论述题”。因此考生在写作文时一定要结合自己的实际生活阅历，运用自己的眼光去深入思考、提炼作文的主题，表达自己的生活感悟，展示自己的思想境界，写出一篇实实在在的文章，切不可蜻蜓点水一带而过，更不可架空文章。

三、篇章结构应完整

结构完整，这是中考作文最基本的要求。一篇未及完篇的作文，无论语言多么优美，观点如何新颖，也只能归入三类卷，所以在中考作文时一定要避免无结尾作文的出现。如果实在没有时间，也应结合作文的开头急就一个作文结尾。

其次，中考作文一定要做到主题集中，作文应围绕同一主题作深入阐述，切忌东拉西扯，主题涣散甚至无主题。

另外，作文篇幅也应控制在600~700字之间，作文太短了，会让人觉得内容单薄，太长了又会让人感到厌烦。

四、切入角度应新颖

要想在众多的考生作文中脱颖而出，赢得阅卷老师的青睐，作文切入角度的新颖不失为一条行之有效的途径。今年我省的中考作文为半命题作文，大部分的考生都是从题目的提示语中选择一个词语填入题中，如写珍惜拥有的“亲情”、“青春”、“幸福”等，这样的文题当然可以，但写的人多了，阅卷者难免会觉得乏味，如果作文语言不是很精彩，那么你的作文就很难得到高分。但有些考生就很聪明，他们舍弃了这些考生常用的话题，而另辟蹊径，有的写珍惜拥有的“挫折”，有的写珍惜拥有的“对手”等，这样新颖别致的文题就很能引起阅卷老师的注意，如果言之成理或描述得当，则很容易得高分。

五、表达形式应多变

有些学生在写作文时不懂分段，一篇作文就老三段——开头、中间、结尾，甚至全文就一段，这就使得作文显得非常呆滞，难以引起阅卷老师的重视而得不到高分。

而今年我市中考作文形式多样，从体裁上看，有记叙文，有抒情散文，有日记体作文，还有诗歌、戏剧等。在表现形式上，有以题记式开篇的，有以后记式结篇的，还有的将全篇分成几个小片段，每个片段冠以一个小标题，几个片段构成一个有机整体的。这样，多变的形式为作文获得高分加上了一个有力的砝码。

因此学生在平时作文训练时应有意识的加强文体训练，多吸取别人作文的成功经验，努力使自己的作文在形式上不拘一格。

六、语言表达应有味

语言项是作文主要采分点。考生在平时的作文训练中，应尽量提高自己的语言表达能力，并力争形成自己的语言风格。

今年我市中考作文在语言表达上可谓异彩纷呈：有俏皮幽默的，有老成持重的，有清新亮丽的，有古朴典雅的……优美有味的语言让阅卷老师拍案叫绝，也为作文获得高分提供有力保障。

尽管语言优美是较高要求，需长期努力训练方能得到，但我们在平时作文训练时注意提炼语言则很必要，也很有效。语言是作文的外在表现形式，阅卷者在判你作文时首先就是看你的语言，语言不够精彩就可能失去得高分的机会，因为中考阅卷时间紧、任务重，每篇作文在阅卷者眼中停留的时间一般只有一分钟左右，在这么短的时间内，阅卷者是不可能细细琢磨推敲你的作文的，如果你的作文开头就显得很拖沓，写了一大段还没写到点子上，那么你的作文可能就要面临得低分的命运了。

因此，考生在写作文时开头应简洁，并迅速入题，尽量做到语言表达的生动精彩。作文中间段落每段开头的语言应简洁生动，并尽量在每段开头用优美的语句概括本段内容或紧扣作文主旨。作文的结尾更要注意锤炼语言并再扣主题，如能用画龙点睛式的句子突出中心或升华中心，则效果更好，应尽量避免使用“所以”“因此”一类的字眼作总结，因为这样很容易让人觉得你不是在写作文，而是在回答问答题。

Olympic Games is the biggest event for the players, because it holds every four years. I remembered that my father watched the games at midnight many years ago, and I did not understand why he was so crazy about it. Now I watched the game with him and I started to appreciate the charm of sports. No matter what the result is, standing in the biggest stage and competing with the greatest rivals make the players feel proud. They chase to be higher, stronger and faster and these are the spirit of Olympic Games. When the audience see the players break the record and challenge human being’s limitation, how excited it is.

奥运会对于运动员来说是最大的大事，因为它每四年才举行一次。我记得我的父亲很多年前在午夜看奥运会，我不明白他为什么那么的疯狂。现在我和他一起看了比赛，我开始体会到体育的魅力。不管结果怎么样，站在最大的舞台与最伟大的对手竞赛使运动员们感到骄傲。他们追求更高、更强、更快，这也是奥运会的精神。当观众看到运动员们打破记录，挑战局限性时，是多么的令人兴奋啊。

Last week, the cat that our family raised for two years had lost. All of us searched every corner of the house and even walked down the whole street block to ask others, but just got no information of it. At last, we had to give up, though I was sad, I had to get used to it. But last night, the cat showed up in our balcony. When I saw her, I just couldn’t believe, how she could walk home after missing for almost a week. This is miracle, for the first time I believe in miracle. My parents were so surprised and happy to see our member return.

上周，我们家养了两年的猫不见了。我们搜查了房子的每一个角落，甚至跑到街上去问别人，但是都没有人见过她。最后，我们不得不放弃。虽然我很伤心，但我必须要去适应。不过昨晚，猫突然出现在我们的阳台上。当我看到她时，我简直不敢相信，她怎么会在失踪了近一个星期后还能回来。这是奇迹，我第一次相信奇迹。我父母也非常惊讶也很高兴看到我们的成员回来了。

[深圳市中考英语作文

Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.

There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3.

In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

My school life is very interesting and happy. I like English best of all the subjects in the school. Because it can make me know something new about the world and make friends with a lot of foreigners. I often play basketball with my classmates at school and surf the Internet at home . I will study hard at other subjects from now on in order that I can enter a better high school.

我的学校生活是非常有趣和快乐。我最喜欢英语在所有的科目在学校。因为它能让我知道一些新的关于世界和结交了很多的外国人。我经常在学校和在家里上网，我的同学们打篮球。我会努力学习其他科目从现在开始，我可以进入一个好的高中。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

抒情类的作文重点就是情感的表露方式，以及感染力了，以下是小编整理的抒情作文写作常见技巧，欢迎参考阅读!

(1)述亲身经历

写作需要生活，越是亲身经历过、体验过的生活，写在文章中往往就越真实，越感动人。在构思过程中，我们要尽量从自己经历的生活中筛选素材。作为中学生，生活经历也许并不算丰富，但只要认真回忆和筛选，再进行适当的加工和组合，就一定能找到具体的材料，写出充满真情实感的作文。《我发现爸爸老了》是南通市的一篇优秀中考作文，作者写的就是自己亲眼所见的情景：小时候，为了不让我一个人孤零零呆在家里，父亲将两条毛巾平铺在装满秧苗的筐上，用那根我熟悉得不能再熟悉的扁担挑着我，在泥泞不堪的小路上送走了我的童年。当时的父亲，身材魁梧，虎背熊腰，在村里是数一数二的壮汉子;如今，父亲原先那嘹亮清脆的号子声已失去昔日的雄壮，隐约间还夹杂着几丝沙哑，原先油亮的黑发现在已染上了霜色，原先红润的面庞在已渐渐变得土黄，原先笔直的腰杆也略显弯曲……由于都是亲眼所见，印象特别深刻，写出来就有真情实感。

(2)多细节描写

真情实感离不开生动的、典型的细节，细节的多少和真实与否，反映出作者对生活的体验程度，也直接关系到文章的真情实感。如果文章中都是些笼统的、概括的叙述，即使是亲身经历过的，也往往会给人不真实的感觉。细节不细，这个“不细”，就是指它的作用不小。《我喜欢童年的竹林》是荆州市的优秀中考作文，之所以说它有真情实感，就是因为它有生动具体的细节描写，如：伸出手，扶住竹竿使劲一摇，“哗啦”一声，雪花“簌簌”地如天女散花般地飘落下来，洒到我的脖子里，凉丝丝的，滋润我“咯咯”的笑声。又如：有时，我们从家里偷出绳子，牢牢地拴在竹子上，做成秋千。摇啊，荡啊，从秋千底下，摇出我心中的歌。这些细节，不但真实，而且写得也富有诗意。

(3)明人事要素

具体和真实是一对孪生兄弟，要使文章有真情实感，就必须写得具体。虽不能说凡具体就一定真实，但一般而言，具体的叙述往往更能让人信以为真。你简单地说某地发生一件抢劫案，听者不一定会信，假如你有鼻子有眼睛地说，把抢劫的时间、地点、受害人的单位或姓名及被抢劫的数量都说出来了，那别人就会相信。在作文过程中，要尽量写清楚相关的人事要素。人，主要是单位、姓名、年龄、相貌、性格等;事，主要是起因、经过、结果等。《为自己喝彩》是泉州市的中考优秀作文，第一段是这样的：我坐在座位上，手捧着《简?爱》，心无旁骛。忽然不知谁传来消息：“明天要体检了!”体检?我一愣，小心翼翼地探听：“测些什么?”同桌不以为然地说：“身高、体重，这些都免不了呗。”啊，我心里发虚，低头看看自己的“虎背熊腰”，想想矮矮的个儿，听着后排那两个瘦如麻杆、身材苗条的女生半真半假对自己的身段作着自我批评，真是欲哭无泪。这个开头，把什么人、正在干什么、发生了什么、问些什么、想些什么等，都通过对话介绍出来了。因而，给人真实的感觉。

(4)用生活语言

作文是用语言记录生活。作文虽然要对生活进行加工和改造，但必须力求保持生活的原汁原味，尽量有生活气息。用生活语言，就是要正确和准确地反映生活，生活是怎样的就写成怎样的，不要走样，不要变味。《我喜欢童年的竹林》一文中用了不少拟声词，仔细体味，你就会发现用得非常准确，如“哗哗”形容摇竹的声音; 用“簌簌”形容雪花飘落的声音;用“咯咯”表示我们童年快乐时的笑声;用“沙沙沙”表示风吹竹林时的响声……作者把生活中确实如此的声音准确地搬进了文章之中，让人读后自然就觉得亲切感人。用生活语言，还要特别注意人物语言，什么样的人物说什么样的话，老年人有老年人的语言结构和常用词汇，而老年人口中一般就不会有这样的词。语言要符合人物身份，要根据人物的身份、年龄、文化程度和性格特点等来写，尽量写出个性。

(5)露潜在意识

潜在意识，也叫潜意识，指的是人的深层意识，它与浅意识和表层意识相对，它是人最质朴、最本质的心理活动。之所以称“潜”，是因为它隐藏于思维的底层，不经意袒露出来。人类生活是自然界中最为复杂的现象，有许多人，在许多场合想到的意思，往往不能说，不便说，或者不该说，不敢说，有时是为了礼貌，有时是为了工作需要，有时是为了自我保护，想到的而没有说出来的话就是潜意识。每一个人都有潜在意识，而且要比浅意识活跃和丰富，但在作文时，它在很大程度上受到抑制，替代潜意识的往往是那些与心相违的浅意识，这样写出来的作文，当然就没有真情实感。因此，要想作文有真情实感，最好大胆一些，充分展露自己的潜意识，心里是怎样想的，就怎样写。《为自己喝彩》的后半部分有这样几句：晚上，我站在穿衣镜前细细地端详自己。不!我不要这张苦大仇深的脸，我拥有别人没有的优点，我上进、奋发、勇敢，知识填高了我，我有什么好自卑的呢?这几句话，一般人是不会公开对人说的，但作者把它写了出来。心里想的就是这样，写出来当然就有了真情实感。

(6)拟相应情景

作文要尽量写自己经历过的事，但有时，从自己的经历中找不到恰当的材料，有时，必须对自己经历过的事作一定的加工和改造。换句话说，作文中的事并不是自己完全或真正经历过的。这能不能给人真情实感呢?应该说，虚构也能做到有真情实感，关键是要注意这两点：一是这种事，自己虽然没有经历过,但现实生活中必定会有，别人肯定经历过;二是要模拟相应生活情景，把自己置于其中，仔细地想一想：假如我在那个时间、那个场所，遇到那样的事会怎么样呢?如果写的是一位老年男子，那么，就不妨借助自己的外公或爷爷，从他们平时的表现中想一想：假如爷爷在遇到这种事时会怎么对待?如果所写的是中年妇女，那不妨借助自己的母亲或邻居的大婶，根据母亲等平时的性格特征和行为习惯，想一想：她会怎样处理这件事?模拟生活情景，转换人物角色，能使虚构的文章多一点真情实感。

一、化抽象为形象

请比较下面两个句子：

1.忙的工作之后，女孩开始有些想家了。

2.忙的工作之后，女孩喜欢一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳。(颜文静《寻人启事》)

两句话虽然都表达“女孩想家了”，但前一句只是一般性的交代，“想家”是抽象的、模糊的，而 后一句是通过女孩“一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳”的意象，蕴蓄思念萦怀、感伤别离的孤独感、凄凉感的，很容易使人想起“乡书何处达?归 雁洛阳边”“断送一生憔悴，只消几个黄昏”之类的诗句，所以给人的印象特别深。

再如，一位同学在写小提琴演奏的艺术效果时，说“琴声吸引了许多路人驻足倾听”。这句话没有 写出小提琴的演奏内容和旋律之美，也没有写出听众的沉醉之态，体现不出小提琴演奏的艺术效果，显得枯燥无味，缺乏应有的艺术美感。不妨改写为：“优美的 《梁山伯和祝英台》小提琴协奏曲，轻轻地飘出小楼的窗口，穿过蒙蒙细雨，散落在林间的小路上。许多行人情不自禁地放慢了脚步，听得如痴如醉。”

二、化静态为动态

莱辛在《拉奥孔》中说，动态之美是一纵即逝却令人百看不厌的美，比一般的美能产生更强烈的效果。正因为如此，对那些静态的事物，我们要善于“化静为动”，使之富有生气，充满活力。例如孔孚的《千佛山龙泉洞某佛前即景》，是这样描写佛像和绿苔的：

他微笑着，看苔爬上脚趾，他微笑着，听苔跃上双膝，他微笑着，任苔侵佛头……

佛本是静态的，就是生长着的苔在我们看到的一刹那也是静止的，作者却用“微笑、看、听”“爬、跃、侵”等动词，使佛和绿苔动态化了，仿佛有了生命似的。山水名胜，多为静物，静则无势，无势则不能动人，所以，要善于让静物动起来，让无生命的东西活起来。

三、绘形绘声绘色

所谓“绘形绘声绘色”，就是把自然界的声响、物体的形状与色彩等具体地描写出来，使人有身临 其境的感受。陀斯妥耶夫斯基举过一个例子，他说“有个小银圆落在地上”，这个句子不够好，应该写成“有个小银圆，从桌上滚了下来，在地上丁丁铛铛地跳着” (转引自秦牧《语林采英》)。这样一来，就有声有色了。

四、幽默俏皮活泼

表达过于严肃，不免给人沉重感、压抑感，来一点幽默，讲一点俏皮话，能使文章形象生动，活泼有趣。请看高考(微博)满分作文《跟时代一起改变》收尾部分：

我们并不一定要追赶潮流，完全可以做自己;并不需要一味地学着人家的样儿，完全可以做更“高级”的事。

改变自己，使自己有高尚的品行，而不是只知“忙”。

改变自己，使自己有爱国的情操，而不是“爱大米”。

改变自己，使自己有出色的修养，而不是只看搞笑和言情。

改变自己，让自己有鹤立鸡群的素质，如今个性也是潮流，像这种特点，无疑是最“in”的。

周围的一切，正在对我们的成长形成影响，而它们常常是负面甚至颓废的，真是“一点技术含量也没有”。但只要改变自己，我们一样可以拥有过人的气质。否则，“后果很严重”。

作者娴熟地运用杂文笔法，写得亦庄亦谐，轻松自如，使文章具有了特殊的情调，读之令人忍俊不禁。

五、善用修辞手法

根据表达的需要，恰当地运用比喻、拟人、借代、夸张、对偶、排比、设问、反问等修辞方法，可以有效地增强文章的表达效果。请看数例：

1.蛛也惜春归去，网住残红不放飞。

以“残红”代落花，鲜明生动;用拟人手法，生动地表达出惜春之情。

2.清鱼读月;山静鸟谈天。

用对偶，有音乐之美;用拟人，不仅表现出环境的优美、幽静，而且渲染了一种让人心旷神怡的浓郁的书卷气。

3.双眼睛，如秋水，如寒星，如宝珠，如白水银里头养着两丸黑水银……(刘鹗《老残游记》)

用博喻刻画白妞的眼睛：“秋水”见其清澈纯净，“寒星”见其晶莹明亮，“宝珠”见其圆润光泽，“水银”见其黑白分明、水灵生动。这双眼睛真是顾盼传情，美丽动人。

4.听鸟声，夏听蝉声，秋听虫声，冬听雪声;白昼听棋声，月下听箫声，山中听松声，水际听欸乃声，方不虚此生耳。(张潮《幽梦影》)

运用排比，列举一连串悦耳之声，令人浮想联翩，心旌摇荡。

5.年读书，如隙中窥月;中年读书，如庭中望月，老年读书，如台上玩月。皆以阅历之浅深，为所得之浅深耳。(同上)

以赏月喻读书，表达读书所获与阅历相关的道理，深入浅出。

6.个地方花朵是太少了，颜色全被女人占去;石头是太少了，坚强全被男人占去;土地是太贫乏了，内容全被枣儿占去;树木是太枯瘦了，丰满全被羊肉占去。(贾平凹《延川城》)

用对比的手法，凸现延川少花少石、土地贫瘠、树木枯瘦和女人美丽、男人坚强、枣大羊肥的特点，造语新奇，让人过目不忘。

7.墨黑不溜秋，稀松平常，价格低廉;而金刚石光彩熠熠，坚硬无比，价值连城。两者相比，如同鱼鳅与蛟龙，宛若毛虫与彩蝶，好比麻雀与凤凰，犹如地上的癞蛤蟆与碧霄的白天鹅……[(《悦纳压力》)

鲜明的对比，生动的比喻，不仅突出了石墨与金刚石之间的天壤之别，而且给人审美的享受。

8.生生、轻飘飘、软绵绵的棉花糖，在风中颤颤悠悠，好像一片洁白的云要从我手上飞走，我赶紧把它们往怀里靠一靠，拢一拢。我一跑，棉花糖似乎又要飞走，我赶紧把它们团一团，捏一捏……(王珂《甜丝丝的回忆》)

“洁白的云”的比喻形象、贴切，委实引人入胜。

六、注意句式变化

整句和散句、长句和短句灵活搭配，交替使用，语言就会变化多姿，产生特殊的美感。比如2006年浙江卷满分作文《且息且行》中的一段话：

有的人征服了高峰，又举目遥望更险峻的山崖;探得了魂宝，又跃跃于另一次奇异的冒险;策马路过梅园，却一心想着直奔边关，戍国杀敌。

这样的人不是痴顽，而是执著，他们在奔波里冲击生命的极限，在征服里体验生命的快乐，在“无所息”里实现自己的终极意义……最伟大的战士，都渴望战死沙场，在死神带来的永恒憩息面前，他们粲然微笑，死得其所。

有的人，驾一叶之扁舟，凌万物之茫然，却不想到达任何彼岸，只是徜徉自得，听风饮露。他们秉 烛夜游，访仙探鬼，只是感慨于岁月如寄，而风光无限，不得遍赏。 这样的人，不是放纵颓靡，而是潇洒自如，他们在漫游里赏玩生命的细节，在驻足遐观中纪念流逝的时间，在诚挚的诗篇里讴歌造化的神秀……升仙的道人，不问红 尘俗世，只在静坐修行中获得人格的圆满，生命的休憩。

这几段文字风格典雅，词语丰富，使用了许多成语、典故;从句式的角度看，以整句为主，兼用散文的章法，注重整散、对称与呼应，形成了一种整散结合的美。

七、引用化用名句

阅读面广、知识面宽、文化底蕴丰厚的同学，在符合题意的前提下不妨多引用、化用名言警句，以尽情展示自己的才华。例如2006年福建卷《月圆是画，月缺是诗》一文中写道：

秋雨先生曾说过，堂皇转眼凋零，喧腾是短命的别名。在流光溢彩的日子里，生命被铸上妖冶的印 记。此时此刻，所谓生命的空白，或许就是一种“花开花落两由之”的淡泊心境吧。有哲人云：圣者，常人肯安心者矣。有时候，生命需要隐匿，心灵需要蜇居。在 蜇居之中，为未来做准备，就是在蓄势，蓄水以后开了匣放水，便可以灌溉大地。

为生命留一点空白，我安静地想着。永恒是一种从容的心境，告别忙碌的生活，淡而处之。生活的 滋味，无非在于诗、酒、哲学、爱情。在空白的缝隙中，吟无用之诗，醉无用之酒，读无用之书，钟无用之情，终于成一无用之人，生活却因此平添了几分色彩。宛 若一隐士，把酒黄昏后，看太阳从东而西，静观风起云涌，诗意地栖居。在我心里，唯有活得简单才能活得自由，好比一块空白的印章，为生命烙下闲适的情操;拥 有了闲适，才让我觉得自己是生命的主人。

记得海德格尔曾说过，生命充满了劳绩，但还诗意地栖居于这块土地上。要感谢海德格尔，这位精 神的探索者，为我的心里留下了一隅空白。让我在心烦意乱之际，能够冷静地思考，吟上一句“人生天地间，若白驹过隙，忽然而已”;让我在忙碌中，能够偷得浮 生半日闲，欣赏一段“他年傍得蟾宫客，不在梅边在柳边”的还魂爱情。如五柳先生，“怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘籽”;如东坡先生，“诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之 章”;如守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，如遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……他们都是诗人，在属于自己的空白天地中，诗意地栖居。

这位考生旁征博引，撷英掇华：从余秋雨的名言，到海德格尔的精神;从鲁迅的诗歌《悼杨铨》， 到庄子的语录;从《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的吟咏，到五柳先生的理想展望，再到东坡先生的赤壁放歌;从守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，到遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……其 视野之广阔、材料之丰赡、信息之密集、语言之精美，令人叹服。

总之，高中生要消除语言“有文采”高不可攀的思想，多读“有文采”的精美时文和语言有特色的高考佳作，确立适合自己实际的语言目标，掌握方法，认真训练。这样，在较短的时间内就能使自己的文章闪现出亮丽的色彩。

读完这篇2016中考作文技巧指导，对你的作文写作是不是会有帮助呢?希望在考场上取得好的成绩。