初一上册英语作文我的朋友【精品20篇】

I have a lot of friends in Simon English School. One of them is my best friend. His name is boyd.

He and I are both thirteen years old. but I am older than he, and I am fatter than he too. He is shorter than I, and he is thinner than I. He wears a pair of glasses but I dont.

He likes to eat pocket-food, and he is a gentleman in a sense that when he has pock-food he will share them with us.

He and I are in the same school and in the same class. So, we can help each other. We alway play in the school together. he likes to do thing I like. He lives in the Ningbo Jiangdong, so he hardly came to my home in Zhenghai but I alway go to his home on weekends and he sometimes will come to my home on weekends. Sometimes we will fight but we alway get along well.

His mother is a doctor in the Li-Hui-Li hospital and I know where her office is. His father is a worker in the Bei-Lun power plant. He is a head of a group. So, his father has a lot of work to do.

He and I are in the same school. We usually have a good time so he is my best friend.

Everybody has a best friend that they can share everything with。I also have a best friend。We met in school，and were in the same grade。

My best friend is a good student because he is very hardworking。I learn a lot from him。He helps me with math;I help him with English。We always help each other。besides that，hes honest and reliable。I trust him pletely and we share secrets all the time。

My best friend is also loyal and brave。Once when a bully teased me，he came to my rescue right away。He always remembers my birthday and he is fun to be with。He tells funny jokes and stories。He always makes me laugh。Finally，he is a very good listener and he knows how to cheer me up when Im down。

My best friend is really one of a kind。I hope well stay friends forever。

Tom is my best friend. Who is he? He is a dog. He is a special dog. My

father give him to me at my 10 year birthday. The moment I saw him, I love him.

His fur is white. He is very lovely. He knows how to make me happy. Everyday

when I come back from school, I will play with him. He is also smart. He will

drag my quilt if I sleep late. Besides, if my clock doesn’t alarm in the

morning, he will bark at me. See, he is so clever that I couldnt help loving

him.

Im Sally .I have a friend.He name is Bess. She is nine.Shes very cute. She has two big oyes and a small nose, We are in the sane school.We are learning and playing togethar. She likes dolphin and purple. I like dolphin and purple,too.

We are good friend.

中考英语作文范文 我的朋友

标签： 范文 / 作文 / 英语

I have many friends. One of them is my classmate Ma Hua.He is a League member and one of the best students in my class.He is fond of English and good at it.

He often practises reading aloud. So he has a good pronunciation. He is always ready to help others. With his help I have made great progress. I have made up my mind to catch up with him and to join the League in the near future.

I have many friends, and one of them is Lily. She is one of my best

friends. She lives in the same area with me. We become friends for three

years.Every school day, we go to school together. We have many things in common.

For example, we both like listening to the music, reading books and playing

badminton. We both study hard and do well in studies. We help each in study,

because we want to make progress together. I am happy to have such a good

friend.

踏入初中，迎来了新生活，交了新同学，熟悉了新环境……

进入初中，经历了许许多多我未经历过的事情。如：军训……我不仅剪了头发，还变黑了。军训是其他同学认为苦的日子，但是我例外，我觉得很快乐。因为每日在父母的眼皮底下成长，是一个长不大的小孩，现在自己可以独立生活，独立做任何事……甚至在老师的管教下可以学习更多的知识，和新同学交流心事。

军训过后，就是学习。我班不怎么样，但是各个都很活泼。

学习，即是一件乐事，也是一件苦事。乐：当我们的好奇心在学习中获得满足的时候，当我们通过学习发现自己的潜能的时候，学习的快乐就洋溢在我们心中；我们从无知走向，从知之甚少到知之更多，不断的提升着我们的精神境界；我们将会明白，享有学习的权利和机会，这是多么令人快乐。苦：因为学习是一个探究和发现的过程，需要克服困难，刻苦努力。

学习当中还会出外实践。实践也是让我们明白什么叫独立。告诉我们真正的独立不是故作姿态，真正的独立是从内心散发的魅力，真正的独立是逐渐摆脱依赖，勇于为自己行为负责的精神。

还有一年一届的校运会，让我们站在起跑线上，发挥我们每个人的最佳水平，表现出我们的优点……

一学期就这样匆匆而去，迎来的将是初一下册，让我们发挥自己的优势吧。加油！！！

书，是我成长过程中的伙伴，在书的海洋里，我自由地遨游着，懂得了许多有关自然知识、科学知识、天文地理知识，知道世界有很多流传很久、很美丽的动人的童话故事等。 Book, is a partner in my growth process. In the ocean of the book, I swim freely and understand many about natural knowledge, scientific knowledge, astronomical geographical knowledge knowledgeKnow that there are many long -circulating and beautiful fairy tales that have been circulating in the world.

两三岁时，妈妈就开始给我讲故事，有《白雪公主》、《睡美人》、《小红帽》等等。每晚睡觉时，我总缠着妈妈给我讲故事，一定要听两三个故事才肯入睡，而且百听不厌。那故事至今还令我难以忘怀。

从一年级起，老师教会了我怎样读拼音。妈妈还为我买来了带有拼音的书籍，让我可以借助拼音读书看书。这不仅使我的拼音大有长进，并把基础知识学得牢，扎得实。而且开阔了我的眼界。

随着年级的增长，我掌握的汉字越来越多。这使我的阅读能力有了很大的提高，再也不用一个拼音一个拼音地去念了，可以直接读书，阅读课外书籍。

直到现在，我的汉字已经积累很多了，可以看一些比较厚的书了。现在我的书架上都堆满了大大小小的书，有科普知识的，有漫画的，

有文学的、也有海洋生物的……足有100多本，可谓是样样俱全。我每天都兴致勃勃地翻阅着，我还有个小秘密：我总把平时的零花钱攒着，去买更多的我喜欢的课外书来读!

由于我平常很喜欢看书，所以能积累下来一些成语和好词好句，都做成了笔记。现在以有56本笔记本了。妈妈说：“这些成语和好词好句能够提高你的写作能力，使你的作文写得更生动，更有趣。”

读书伴我成长，一刻也没有停止过。书里有一句话使我至今记忆犹新：“知识就像无边无际的海洋，永远也学不完。”我还得努力，成为一个知识丰富的学生，让读书伴我成长。

本次月考试卷只有笔试部分共十个题型包括单项选择，补全单词连词成句，阅读理解，口语运用，句型转换，书面表达等。既考查了学生的基础知识和基本技能，又考查了学生的交际运用能力，但从学生成绩来看并不能达到大部分学生成绩优秀，结合学生的实际情况，反思自己的教学行为，我想应该从以下几个方面努力：

1.针对单选题及句型转换题中出现的错误，我感觉自己对学生的英语基础知识把关不够严。在以后教学中要狠抓基础知识，多提问多听写，充分利用早读让学生在有限的早读时间内掌握所学知识。

2.阅读理解是学生英语综合能力的一种体现，是学生的弱项。加强英语阅读方法的指导以及阅读训练尤其提倡学生进行课外阅读让英语阅读成为一种习惯对学生的英语阅读能力的提高将会有很大的帮助。

3.英语是一门语言，语言是用来交流的工具，因此英语的交际性显得很重要，在以后的教学中可以进行课前五分钟自由对话，在运用任务型教学法，游戏教学法等多提供给学生一些交际英语的机会。

4.这次英语考试成绩基本可以，但有两极分化的趋向，在英语教学中面对全体学生关注每一个学生的成长尤其是后进生是预防两极分化的重要途径，还可以成立“一帮一”小组帮助后进生在尽可能短的时间内提高英语成绩。

总之，每次考试都是对自己教学工作阶段性的“评价”。要及时通过考试反思自己的教学中存在的问题，在总结与反思中不断进步，不断成长这样才能在三尺讲台上表现的更精彩些!

反思二：初一英语月考反思

第一次七年级英语月考试卷充分体现了新课改的精神，切实有效地考察了所学知识内容。下面对试卷试题进行具体分析：

一、试卷题型情况

1、注重对基础知识、基本技能的考察，题型新颖、覆盖面大，涉及到了所学的全部内容，促进学生有效学习。

2、注重从实际中选取素材，考察了学生的分析和处理问题能力。

3、试卷对学生探究能力是一个重点考察，增强了学生的探究分析能力。

二、试卷结构分析

试卷充分体现了新课标课改精神，注重了对学生基础知识和综合能力的考察，因此对学生的细心程度要求很高。

1、听力部分：试题难度不大，因此学生在该部分的得分率较高，但是学生的两极分化严重，高分很高，甚至满分，而低分则太低。

2、完形填空和阅读理解：难度适中，但是得分率一般，主要原因是学生理解文章不透彻，阅读能力差造成的。

3、词语运用：此题是各大题中得分最低的一个题，主要原因是学生对词的用法掌握不好，一些固定词组记不清。

4、书面表达：该题对于学生来说是比较容易的一题，它是对学生整体知识的一个考察，但两极分化最为严重。

三、学生分析

存在问题：

1、优等生对基础知识掌握较好，但是还有一部分学生对语言的运用能力较差，对比较碎的知识点没有能够很好地掌握。

2、中等生的基础知识掌握不够牢固，并且做题比较粗心。

四、具体改进措施

1、钻研新教材，夯实英语基础。练习中很多学生“一看就会，一做就错”，这种现象比较普遍，失误原因是对于常见用语掌握的熟练程度还不够。其根本原因就在于基础不牢，只有扎扎实实从基础做起，才能最终达到“一看就会，一做就对”。

2、加强英语课外阅读。英语知识的获得与能力的提高是在不断的听、说、读、写的训练过程中逐步形成的，而教材和课堂所能提供的训练还是比较有限的，因此，要加强理解语篇的能力训练，增强英语语感。

3、规范训练，改进学习方法。要善于分析学生，找出学生的薄弱环节，合理安排好教材知识梳理、专项训练和应试技巧指导。

在今后的教学中应注意开阔学生视野，多渠道、大容量地给学生提供具有时代感的英语信息，加强语言运用能力的培养，少讲解，多给学生实际运用语言的机会，在用中学英语。

Health is far more important than wealth and wisdom. Good health enables us to enjoy our life and achieve what we hope for in our career. On the contrary, poor health tends to deprive us of our interest in everything around us. How to stay healthy concerns everyone, though we have advanced medicine. When we discuss this, some fundamental principles should be brought in mind.

健康比财富和智慧更重要。良好的健康使我们能够享受我们的生活，实现我们的事业。相反，健康状况不佳往往剥夺了我们对周围一切事物的兴趣。如何保持健康的关注每一个人，尽管我们拥有先进的药物。当我们讨论这个问题，一些基本原则应牢记。

Firstly, it is very important for us to take more fruits and vegetables because they provide vitamins and they help in the process of digestion. Secondly, we have to keep a balanced diet and maintain regular eating habits. Proper nutrition is important for good health. Avoid food with lots of sugar and fat. Eat plenty of foods high in protein. Thirdly, we?d better do morning exercise every day, do sports frequently to make our bodies strong. Besides, we have to avoid too much work pressure. Getting too tired all the time may definitely weaken our defense system, making us get sick easily. Finally, we have to get rid of those bad habits that damage our health, such as drinking and smoking.

首先，它对我们采取更多的水果和蔬菜是非常重要的因为他们提供维生素和他们帮助消化的过程。其次，我们要保持均衡的饮食和正常的饮食习惯。适当的营养对健康很重要。避免与大量的糖和脂肪的食物。多吃高蛋白的食物。再次，我们?最好每天做早操，经常做运动，使我们的身体强壮。此外，我们要避免太多的工作压力。太累了所有的时间肯定会削弱我们的防御系统，使我们很容易生病。最后，我们必须摆脱这些坏习惯会损害我们的健康，如饮酒和吸烟。

In conclusion, if we stick to things according to the aspects mentioned above, we?ll lead a healthy life and become as fit as a fiddle.

总之，如果我们坚持的东西根据上面提到的方面，我们?要过健康的生活，成为健康。

The way of life that a group of people builds up over a long period of time becomes the peoplesCulture. Culture includes the peoples values and beliefs as well as their technical competency. Some aspects of culture are learned in a formal setting, such as a school, while other aspects are learned informally in the process of day-to-day living. A culture is always changing. Changes in s culture often come about by borrowing form another culture and by invention. To enrich the culture of our nation, we are constantly adapting new inventions and new ideas into our way of life.

All the people often say:"mothers love is the greatestin the world!"Yes,mothers love is very great.We mother give us very too much love.But a big number of us. dont know our mother give us too much love.Mothers are very tired .We dont know make her to rest.Mothers are thirsty.We dont know give they a cup of tea.When we beacome to father or mother.We know our parents give us much love .So,at this moment.We mut reture a good grades to our parents.

Dear Jim,

亲爱的吉姆，

Last Sunday my classmates and I went to Xiangshan Park.

上周日我和我的同学去了香山公园。

We met at 7 oclock at the school gate. The weather in Beijing that day was great. At around 8 oclock, we arrived at Xiangshan Park. There is a high tree on the bottom of the hill. We had a party and played games under the tree. Then we climbed to the top of Xiangshan Mountain. It was not very difficult for us to do it. Next, we had lunch at the top of the hill. It was delicious. After lunch, we saw some birds. They were friendly. And we saw a whole picture of Beijing. "What a beautiful city!" I said. At that moment, we all felt so proud. I live in Beijing now. The 2008 Olympic games was held here.

我们七点在校门口集合。那天北京的天气很好。八点左右，我们就抵达香山公园。在山脚下有一棵高高的树。我们在树下开了一个聚会，玩游戏。然后我们爬上香山的山顶。对我们来说并不是很难。接下来，我们在山顶上吃午饭。很美味。午饭后，我们看见了一些鸟。它们很友好。我们看到了北京的全貌。”真是一个美丽的城市!”我说道。在那一刻，我们都感到非常的骄傲。我现在住在北京。2008届奥运会将在这里举行。

I hope you can visit to Beijing in the future and I am sure you’ll like here.

希望将来你可以来参观北京，我肯定你一定会喜欢的。

Best wishes.

最好的祝福

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

李明

Last year,I had a good holiday in Dalian,I went to the summer camp with my brother.It was such a wonderf journey.I played the water with my brother.And in the afternoon,we had lunch on the grass.Our food was made in the fast food restaurant.It was so delicious that my brother and I all liked it.And in the evening,I finished my homework,then I helped my brother study the English grammar.Then we went to bed .

What a beautiful day!But we couldnt stay there for a long time.So I decided that I must study hard and then go into the universities in Dalian.

我的好朋友（my good friend）

my good friend is a very pretty girl , and she is a very nice girl . her name is he shuyi , she is ten years old. she has long and black hair , two big eyes , a nice nose and a small mouth .

we are good friends . we learn from each other help each other . her favourite sport is swimming . her is good at badminton , she usually playing badminton , playing computer games , she very like english , she speaks english well , she’s learn very good , she like colour is purple , her homework is very good .

she is a nice stu-dent. i , he shuyi and peng shiming we are three is good friend !

[关于我的好朋友的英语作文

My Friend(我的朋友)

Zhang Dong is my best friend。 He entered our class last semester。 He is a

boy。 Both of us are good at English， so we often have a chat in English in our

spare time。 After school， we often play football together on the playground。 He

runs so fast that I can not catch up with him。 He is an excellent student。 He

not only gets good marks in all subjects but also is very kind and modest。 He

loves popular songs and also classical music。

There are three people in his family and he is the only child。 His father

is a doctor and his mother is a Beijing Opera actress。 Though Zhang Dongs

family is wealthy， he is usually simply dressed。 He has a dream which is to be a

lawyer。

Such is my friend， a clever and kind boy。 He is highly praised by the

teachers and students。

张东是我最好的朋友。他是上学期来我们班的，他是个男孩。我们两个人都擅长英语，因此我们经常在课余时光用英语聊天。放学后，我们经常在操场上踢足球。他跑得个性快，我追不上他。他是个优秀的学生，他不但各科功课好而且很友善、谦虚。他喜欢流行音乐，也喜欢古典音乐。

他家有三口人，他是独生子。父亲是个医生，母亲是个京剧演员。尽管张东家境比较富裕，但是他的穿着却十分朴素。他有一个梦想，就是将来当个律师。

这就是我的朋友，一个聪明、友好的男孩。老师和同学们都喜欢他。

我的朋友My Friend

Zeng Qiao is one of my friends。 She is a beautiful， outgoingand good-tempered girl。 She smiles frequently。 I think it’s her smile that makes her beauty。 We live in the same dormitory， so that we always stay together， no matter going to classroom or having dinners。 At first， I don’t like her very much， because she is always talking。 It seems that she can’t stop open her mouth。 I am a little bit quiet and introverted， so I seldom talk to others。 But gradually， I find that she can have influence on others by what she says。 Zeng Qiao likes sharing interesting things with others。 For example， she likes telling us her funny stories of her childhood or her former classmates。 She always tells me that I should be more extroverted and learn to talk to others。 Under the influence of her， I municate with others more frequently and I find that it feels so great。 I am so grateful that I can have such a good friend。

曾巧是我的一个朋友，她是个漂亮活波，脾气又好的女孩子。她很喜欢笑，我觉得是她的笑容使她看上去漂亮。我们住同一间宿舍，因此不管是去教室还是吃饭都形影不离。之前我并不喜欢她，我认为她太喜欢说话了，总是停不住她的嘴。相反我性格内向，喜欢安静，很少跟别人说话。但是渐渐地，我发现她是个善于用言语影响别人的女孩子，她喜欢跟别人分享搞笑的事，那些童年的故事或是以前同学的事情。她经常开导我要变得外向，多试着跟别人说话。在她的影响下，我跟别人交流也更多了，并且发现这感觉十分好。我觉得有这样的朋友很幸运！

In peoples life, food and clothing live line, deficiency may not be all. Especially the food, it is closely connected to each of us, is our daily necessities. As the saying goes, the meal is not to eat so hungry. So we should pay attention to food safety. Food safety is increasingly concerned topic in our life, one of the active management of the ministry of commerce and industry at the same time, also often implement the food inspection work.

The so-called food safety, is the food does not contain any harmful substances to human body. If food spoilage or containing toxic substances, will bring harm to our body and even life-threatening. Food safety is about peoples life and health. Inferior food greatly endanger peoples health, light diarrhea diarrhea, or poisoning coma, moreover may cause death. Indeed, food safety is directly related with the health and quality of life of the masses. Schools around there are many small shops, the inviting "gourmet" from the fragrance, the classmates to withstand the snack temptation, you, me one yuan to buy a lot of snacks, the results some buy snacks classmates because bought not health food and have loose bowels.

Remember once I saw a news on TV: a famous yogurt brand for some reason, the expired yogurt repackage again, also good food quality supervision administration found in time, otherwise the consequence is unimaginable. Look at these factories, how hard, in order to market competition, regardless of the health of consumers.

The above examples are enough to prove that the importance of food safety, food unsafe events caused great influence to peoples life, food regulators have also been attaches great importance to this problem. Believe that relevant departments can seriously, strict management, give you a rest assured food environment. We, as a primary school student, as a member of a society, we should also be constantly improve the self-protection ability and the ego to protect consciousness, render and do our work with regulators.

在人的生活当中，衣食住行，样样缺不得。特别是食品，它是与我们每个人紧密相连的，是我们每天的必需品。俗话说得好，民以食为天，一顿不吃饿得慌。所以我们更该关注食品安全。 食品安全是我们生活中日益关心的话题之一，工商部门积极管理的同时，也常常实施着食品检查的工作。

所谓食品安全，就是食品里不含任何对人体有害物质。如果食品变质或者含有毒物质，就会给我们身体带来危害甚至危及生命。食品安全关乎人的生命健康。劣质食品极大得危害了人的健康，轻则拉肚子腹泻，重则中毒昏迷，更有甚者可能会引起死亡。的确，食品安全直接关系着群众的身体健康和生活质量。学校周边有许多小店，那诱人的“美食“发出阵阵香味，同学们抵挡不住零食的诱惑，你五角，我一元地买了许多零食，结果有些买零食的同学都因为买了不卫生的食品而拉肚子。

记得有一次我在电视里看到了一个新闻:某一知名酸奶品牌因为某种原因，把过期的酸奶重新包装了一遍，还好食品质量监督管理局及时发现，不然后果不堪设想。看看这些厂家，多么毒辣，为了市场上的竞争，竟不顾消费者的健康。

以上事例都足以证明食品安全的重要性，食品不安全的事件给人们的生活造成了很大的影响，食品监管部门也一直很重视这个问题。相信有关部门能够严肃处理，严格管理，给大家一个放心的食品食用环境。而我们作为一名小学生，作为社会的一份子，我们也应该要不断提高自我保护能力和自我保护意识，以及尽自己的绵薄之力配合监管部门工作。

there are a great many hobbies to choose from. some people enjoy collecting coins or stampes,

ohers choose to spend their time on sports or music.

I have many hobbies,but playing basketball is my favorite one.

At weekends, we always build a team to play basketball against anoher one in our neighbourhood.

The competitions brought us so much fun.

I think playing basketball is a good way to build up ones body and relax oneself.

But I will always remember that its unwise to spend too much time playing.

现在有很多爱好可供选择，一些人喜欢收集硬币或者邮票，其他人则喜欢把时间花费在音乐和运动方面.

我也有许多爱好，但是打篮球是我最喜欢的，

周末，我们会和邻居建立一个小组对打篮球，比赛带给我们很多的乐趣，

因此我认为打篮球是一个好的方式增强体质以及放松自己，但是我也认为花费太多时间打篮球也是不明智的.

I have a friend. Her name is Candy. She is twelve year old. She has black and short hair. She has a little mouth, two big eyes. She is so cute. Her mom and dad love her. She has a happy family. Her friends like her too, So she’s happy every day.

She is a student of Yi Zong Fu Xiao. She is in Class Four Grade Six. She studies very hard. English is her favourite subject. She likes to speak English. She can speak English very well now. She always says “Learn by doing.” So she thinks speaking is very important in learning English.

We are very busy studying when we are in school. But on the weekend, we are free. We often do homework together on Saturdays. After that, we can watch TV at home. Sometimes, we play games. We have the same hobbies. She likes riding bikes and watching TV and so do I. Her favourite sport is swimming. She’s very good at it. She often teaches me how to swim in summer.

I like her very much. I am lucky to be her friend.

我有一个朋友。她的名字是糖果。她是十二岁。她有黑色的短头发。她有一个小嘴巴，两只大眼睛。她是如此的可爱。她的妈妈和爸爸爱她。她有一个幸福的家庭。她的朋友们也喜欢她，所以她快乐每一天。

她是一个医宗附小学生。她是六年级四班。她学习很努力。英语是她最喜欢的科目。她喜欢说英语。她英语讲得很好了。她总是说“做中学”。所以她认为说话是非常重要的学习英语。

我们都很忙，当我们在学校学习。但在周末，我们是自由的。我们常常一起做家庭作业，星期六。在那之后，我们可以在家看电视。有时，我们玩游戏。我们有相同的爱好。她喜欢骑自行车和看电视等，也是她最喜欢的运动是游泳。她很擅长。她经常教我如何在夏天游泳。

我非常喜欢她。我很幸运能成为她的朋友。

[我的朋友英语作文以及翻译

今天考试了是期末考试，心里特别紧张。第一节课打铃了，我非常着急，我急忙的向洗手间跑去，跑进去了我深深的吐了一口气。

自己的座位上发现同桌还没来，他平时都比我早。我心想我来得这么早，一定比他做得好。我们全班都已经开始做第二个题目，同桌才来。这么重要的考试他怎么迟到了！我都替他着急了，考试只有一个小时的时间，不知道他能不能完成！

第一门考试是数学，看到监考老师的脸，心里有点紧张。这时想起妈妈对我说，一定要定下心来才能做好。于是我认认真真地从审题，检查，把每一道题都仔细完成了。除了有一道题我不太确定，其他感觉都做得不错。监考老师收完卷子，语文老师进来了，说：最后那道附加题有多少人答案是14，哗啦一片同学们有好多举起了手。老师数着，一、二、三……老师说：这些举手的同学都是做对的！我听了心里非常高兴，这道题我做对了。我想这张卷子能考满分吧！

的休息时间我们在操场上纷纷议论这次数学考试的题目。叮铃叮铃，铃声响了，各班同学都回到自己的教室。我们开始了语文考试。咿呀！我们又换了个“侦探”老师，而且看起来更是一脸凶巴巴的，连点笑容都没有。我有点慌张！当我开始拿到卷子，刚写上名字，老师就叽叽喳喳地说：别忘了写名字啊！语文考试的题目对我来说简单多了，哎呀，小菜一碟！满分没问题。

回家后，我说：“哎呀！终于回来了。”妈妈问为什么，“鼻涕连天，就带了两张纸，都不够用，真不知道该怎么办了！”妈妈问到考试的情况，我说，题目有点难，但应该是满分吧！

期末考试结束了，我们这个学期也将结束，希望在下个学期。我能再接再厉。