初中英语写作常用句型（精选20篇）

教案内容：写自己最熟悉、最动情的东西

【教学目标】

1.让学生学习根据表达思想感情的需要选择材料。

2.训练学生如何将纷繁复杂的材料写成一篇生动的记叙文。

【教学重点】让学生了解写作时要注意客观材料的选择，应选择自己最熟悉的人、事、物、景，主观感情的抒发应是自己的真情流露。

【教学难点】启发学生拓展思路选择材料，布局谋篇生动的记叙文的写作。

【教学方法】师生互动学习法。

【教学安排】

1.激趣导入。

2.写自己最熟悉的：教师先举例子，然后让学生模仿，列举自己最熟悉的事物。

3.写最动情的东西：让学生列举自己最动情的事。

4.教师引导、学生讨论并布局谋篇。

5、学生自主确定写作的标题 ，完成写作任务。

【课时安排】 1课时 本文由一起去留学编辑整理，转载自一起去留学www.oh100.com转载请保留出处。

【教学程序】

一.激趣导入，调动情感，活跃氛围。

同学们：从蒲中走到长江初中，在这接近一年的教学旅程中，我作为一名普通的支边教师，的感触就是长江初中的老师待人热情、友好，为人大度、豁达;长江初中的学生好学、守纪，具有超人的智慧和非凡的能力，但我也留下了一个永远无法弥补的遗憾，那就是我不能常住长江，欣赏校园内一道亮丽的风景，那就是长江初中一大群天仙般美丽的女教师。如果大家有一双发现美的眼睛，那么同学们可以毫不含糊的说：美就在我们同学的身边。那就是与同学们朝夕相伴的班主任——左艳霞老师。讲到这里，我有必要顺便的作一点解释，我今天上课的内容没有来得及与左老师商量，但我相信左老师可以理解，因为有一首歌曲的名字是“爱你没商量”，我盗用一下，改为“喜欢作文没商量”，请同学们大声的说一遍：

“喜欢作文没商量!”

今天的作文指导课，请左老师容许同学们把你作为模特成为大家写作的素材。同学们好不好?

生齐答：好!

随即板书课题：写自己熟悉的东西

二、习作指导

( 一)(重点的突破)

1.教师引导学生回忆课文，明确作文要写自己熟悉的东西。

我们学习了鲁迅先生的散文《从百草园到三味书屋》，文章真实地再现了鲁迅先生儿时的乐园--百草园，使我们获得了美好、愉悦的审美感受。鲁迅先生是怎样描绘这个儿时乐园的呢?

(学生回答后教师补充：那里有碧绿的菜畦，光滑的石井栏，高大的皂荚树，紫红的桑葚，鸣蝉长吟，肥胖的黄蜂，轻捷的叫天子，油蛉、蟋蟀、蜈蚣、斑蝥、何首乌、木莲藤、覆盆子……)

教师问：如此细致的描写是建立在什么基础上的呢?

学生答：鲁迅先生熟悉那里的生活，百草园中的一草一木，都是那样亲切与熟悉，所以写起来充满了无尽的童趣。

面对我们大家再熟悉的班主任老师，大家的第一感觉或者说是第六感觉是什么?

学生回答：美丽。(教师随即板书：外表美丽)

那么请一位同学描述一下，左老师是怎样的美丽?

学生回答，老师补充：我最欣赏的是老师脸上灿烂的笑容和非凡的气质。请同学们看我的描述：

每逢高兴的时候，左老师的脸上露出的笑容就像她的名字一样有如骤雨初歇时的朝阳，艳丽无比，灿烂极了!她的气质是如此的摄人心魄，犹如天际边飘忽的一抹淡淡的云裳。

师述：左老师的美丽令许多女同胞嫉妒这是情理之中的事，可是她还让我们这些同科的男同事的嫉妒，同学们能够猜到其中的一二吗?那就是她任教的八(转载自百分网http://www.oh100.com，请保留此标记6)班的语文成绩第一名非她莫属，从来不谦虚的让我们尝试一下第一名的滋味。同学们说说这其中的缘由何在呢?

学生回答：工作负责，同学们喜欢她的语文课。

教师随即板书：内在美

师问：请一位同学起来讲述一件老师工作负责的事实。

生答：老师家住学校外，但她总是第一个出现在教室，婆家在汉川，从不请假耽搁我们的一节课，作业批改认真——

师述：上面大家列举了左老师的很多值得写作的优点，但我想来想去，还觉得不够舒服，同学们光说老师的好处，但我觉得不尽然吧，比如前几天我在办公室碰见一个同学站在墙角处，在悄悄的流泪呢?这位同学能够站起来叙述一下事情的经过吗?

生述，老师引导同学们分析材料的价值，随即板书：(严厉，耐心)

2.教师举例，让学生明确作文要写自己最动情的东西。

师述：有了上面的材料，那么同学们如何将这些材料生动的表达出来呢?老师想将自己的写作体验毫无保留的告诉同学们。

教师朗读作文，学生思考：文章为什么写的这么生动?

我曾经在20年前，写过这样一篇文章，题目是《开花的课桌》，文章是这样写的：

有一天，我看到学生的课桌上插了一枝迎春，枝条上是繁密的金色小花，如一串耀目的阳光。教室里被映上了一层淡淡的暖意。以后，打碗花、紫地盯映山红、葛花……学生的课桌上花事纷繁起来，演示着春天的进程。孩子们穿过乡间的羊肠小道来学校，路上只要一弯腰便能采一把花在手里。这些乡里孩子，有的还穿着露趾的鞋，穿着哥哥姐姐肥大的旧衣裤，他们无忧无虑地吹着麦笛，摇着手里的野花，沿着弯弯的小路跑着跳着，到了学校，便把花插在课桌上。有的孩子，还用细线把小花枝绑在铅笔上，看上去，他象是捏着花枝在写作业。花枝轻抚小脸，让人想不清，是花枝染红了小脸，还是小脸染红了花枝。

第一节是语文课，我迎着学生的歌声走进教室，看见我放教科书的讲桌上，也插了几朵野花，循着缝隙，"长"满了青草、绿叶、小花。那课桌仿佛是从春天剪下的方方正正的一块芳草地。我打开教科书，书页里也夹着一朵指甲般大小的紫色花。我笑了，学生们也喜形于色。我没有说什么，便开始讲课，其实不必说什么，那一笑，已使师生的心沟通了。这一节课上的格外好，学生始终情绪高昂。下课后，我拿着一枝淡紫色花朵的葛条，嗅了嗅，说："真是春天了，连咱们的课桌也都开花了!"学生大笑，欢呼起来。这时一个调皮的男孩指着一个女孩子说："老师，她也开花了!"我一看，可不，她的小辫梢上，插了一枝粉红的野花。学生们又是一阵击掌大笑。

在这开花的课桌间跺步，听着孩子们清朗的笑声，我觉得，这教室该是春天的源头了。春天是从孩子的身上产生，先染了他们的课桌，再染了我的讲桌，然后漫出窗子，染了山川、原野。和孩子们在一起，就是和春天在一起。我想起了一位诗人的诗句："孩子是春天的另一种姿势。"

身临授知求知的方舟(教室)，面对朝气蓬勃的孩子，目睹课桌、讲桌上的野花，激-情难抑，遂下笔成文。身为教师的我，在想象的天空中翱翔，汇自然世态、人情于一室，集采花、插花、爱花于一桌。于是文思喷涌，左右逢源，运笔随着激-情驱动的喜悦感挥洒自如，下笔有神。文章以"孩子是春天的另一种姿势"为纲来驾驭激-情和所感，使之在教室里、在课桌上、在讲桌上、在孩子们的心灵上，表现出另一种更浓更深更有意义的春天美景，使感受美升华为思想美。为什么我写的如此的好呢?(那是因为我写作的内容是我最动情的东西。)

教师点拨，学生回答后明确：写自己最动情的东西。

When I was in primary school, my mother sent me to learn ballet, like other

mothers, she hoped me to act like a princess, but I was not interested in

dancing, so I quit the class. Later my mother tried to send me to learn singing,

but I had no talent in it. When my mother’s friends were talking, they were so

proud of their children, because they had the talent in dancing and singing. I

felt a little loss, I must find my own talent and learn some skills. I found I

was very interested in painting, now I have learned it for four years, my

teacher speak highly of me.

On December 25, I spent a memorable happy Christmas!

That day, I meet in schools and students, and the boy to a super fly snow, hee hee, look to bully my boy, do I fly snow, I think only KuangPen KuangPen, see they bully me, finally at half past seven, I finally want to use my weapon, think that the boy to so many people!

We took only a few, blame him, to spell, have never thought the boy so much, I defy spirit, picked up the blowing bottle, ran to the boy, unexpectedly, spray in my eye.

I feel, is that guy use , others also spray dead boy, but, we are still less than boys, make a few girls cry, we know that our dead, unexpectedly Zhang Wen we ran, pull the boy also ran to come over, organize a reunion...

This is a carnival of Christmas!

记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。

以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，考生应根据写作的要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)，应该注意描写先后顺序以及记事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。

以与景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与物的情感交融。

记叙文写作要点如下：

1. 明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想，段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。

2. 一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以下六个问题，即：when?该事发生的时间， where?该事发生的地点，who?人物角色是谁，what?发生的是什么事，why?该事发生的原因，以及how?事件的结果是如何造成的等等。

3. 一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。

4. 写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法，但初学者最好采用“顺叙”的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的先后为序。

记叙文高考指引

记叙文是高考书面表达中比较常用的一种形式。

1)记叙文要写作者比较了解的人或事物。

2)仔细审题，看准题目要求，确定文章的主题。文章的内容、结构、层次及所用语言都应围绕主题进行。

3)具体详细地描述。要使文章有说服力，叙述就必须繁简疏密相间。详细具体的描写有助于读者对所叙述的人物或事件等有个深刻的印象。

4)写作时要避免句子单调、毫无花样。这就要求写作时长短句结合，注意衔接词的运用。

5)叙述要生动。要使文章叙述生动，具有吸引力，必须请注意词汇的选择，时态的运用以及上下文的一致问题。词语的运用应注意是否恰当、通顺、简洁和准确。时态的运用应注意上下文的相关性、连续性，要与表达的内容一致。

6)叙述的顺序。大多数情况下叙述都是按照事情的发展及时间的先后进行的，但有时也可以采用其它顺序，如倒叙、插叙等。

7)人称。一般说来，记叙文用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。用第一人称叙述的优点是：文章比较生动、形象，使读者有身临其境的感觉，因而加强了故事的真实感和感染力。其缺点是，描写的范围受到限制。一篇文章中，由于角色的变化，人称也要随之而变，但应注意前后一致性。

The Hope Project is a commonwealundertaking. It aims at helping the children who are out of school in the poorarea.

What this organization usually do is subsidize the children in the poorplace to go to school.

Hope Primary Schools are the result of it. I’m very movedfor the act of the Hope Project. With its help, more and more people in needcan go to school.

I hope the helping spirit will last forever, as it is the traditionalof China.

希望工程是一项公益事业。它旨在帮助那些在贫困地区的失学儿童。这个组织通常做的就是资助贫穷地方的儿童上学。希望小学就是它的杰作。对于希望工程的行为我非常的感动。有了它的帮助，越来越多的需要帮助的人可以去学校。我希望这种乐于助人的精神永存，因为它是中国的传统美德。

[初中英语作文：希望工程

I am Alice. I am a student of No.1 Middle School. I study in Class Two

Grade Seven.

There is a map of our school on the wall. The playground is in the middle

of the school. On the left of the playground, there is a library. I like reading

very much, so I often read books in the library. There is a teaching building

behind the library. We study in that building. My classroom is on the second

floor in that building. The teachers offices are in that building, too. Where

is the sport hall? Oh, its on the right of the teaching building. I have P.E

class in the sport hall. The canteen is in front of the sport hall. We have

lunch and dinner in the canteen. In the school, I feel very happy!

This is my school. Its a big and nice place. I like my school very much.

What about your school?

Water is very important to us. If you don’t have water for three days, you

will die. We can use water for flowers, swimming, washing and many different

things. We use it to cook, make electricity, put out fires and so on. We use

millions of liters of water every day.

Do you know how does the water come to your home? It travels through water

pipes. Some are long and wide but some are short and narrow. Then the water

travels through the water pipes to the reservoirs. Then it travels through the

water pipes to the river and to the special factories (we call water plants)

that purify the water. When the water is purified, we can drink it. Please don’t

leave garbage in the water on which we line, and keep the water clean.

MyfavouriteteacherisMissHuang.Sheisabeautifullady.Shehastwobigeyes,ahighnoseandalittleredmouth.Thereisalways

asmileonherface.

MissHuanglikessingingandcollectingposters.Sheisgoodatplayingthepiano.Intheevening,shealwayssitsinfrontofthepianoandplaysnicemusic.Sheisgoodatdancing,too.Sometimessheteachesusdancing.

MissHuanglikesdogsverymuchbecausethedogisveryfriendlyandcute.Herfavouritecolorisblue.Becauseblueisthecoloroftheskyandthesea.

Thisismyfavouriteteacher.Ourclassmatesalllikeherverymuch.

译文：

我最喜欢的老师是黄老师。她是一位漂亮的女性。她有两只大大的眼睛，一个高高的鼻子和一张小小的红唇。她的脸上总带着笑容。

黄老师喜欢唱歌和收集海报。她钢琴弹得很好。晚上，她常常坐在钢琴前弹奏优美的乐曲。黄老师跳舞也很棒。有时她也会教我们跳舞。

黄老师非常喜欢狗，因为狗很友好也很可爱。黄老师最喜欢的颜色是蓝色，因为蓝色是天空和海的颜色。

这就是我喜欢的老师。我们班的同学都非常喜欢她。

Summer holidday is coming.I have a good plan for it.My best friend Tony who

is from Britain will spend the holiday with mw.Tom is 17 years old ,he like

China very much.One week ago,I wrote him a letter,inviting him to come to Dalian

for the holidays.Tony has accepted my invitation and will fly to Dalian next

week.I will go to the airport to pick him up.Then well show him around the

city.Well go to the beach to watch the sea first.Then well visit some

insteresing places.Tony will live in my house during the holiday.I hope well

have a good time.

如何写通顺的英语

英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面，也是语言能力测定的重要手段，衡量写作水平的标准便是看其是否能用学过的语言材料，语法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。

书面语言表达一般分为三个过程：思维、组织、表达。先是思维，把要写的东西在脑中思考，这往往是个别的，孤立的一些素材，很凌乱琐碎；因此要对此进行组织，把这些思维作出整理，使其条理、系统化，但这还是较粗糙的，可能还有一些用词不当或语言错误；最后才是表达，把组织过的材料仔细推敲，确无问题了再落笔成文。

在撰写时要注意主谓语一致，时态呼应，用词贴切等，这就是写作。上述的三个过程，最难的就是第三个过程，这需要我们有较好的语法知识，掌握一定数量的句型，习惯用语，熟练的写作技巧，这样才能写出通顺生动的文章来。

总之，要提高英语写作水平，需要两方面的训练：一是语言基础方面的训练，要有扎实的造句、翻译等基本功，即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子；二是写作知识和能力方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。

那么，究竟怎样才能写好作文呢？

阅读优秀范文

首先要搞好阅读。阅读是写作的基础，在阅读方面下的功夫越深，驾驭语言的能力也就越强。所以要写好英语先要读好英语，在语言学习方面狠下苦功，教科书要读透，因为教科书中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文笔流畅，语言规范，精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。再就是要进行大量课外阅读，并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。

加强练词造句训练

其次，要加强练词造句的训练。词句对作文相当于造房的材料，无好材料就造不出好房子。平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累，把好的词语、短语、句型做好笔记。平时在练习中的错误也要做好记录，再对照正确句子，使地道的英语句子如同条件反射，落笔就对。

了解英语写作格式

还有，要了解英语写作的不同体裁与格式。可以先看一本介绍英语写作入门的书，对英语写作有一个初步的概念，如怎么写议论文，如何提出论据，如何展开，如何确定中心句；又如，英语信的格式，如何根据不同身份写不同结束语等，然后根据不同的体裁进行写作练习。

用英语写日记

要养成记英语日记勤练笔的好习惯。经常用英语记日记，等于天天在练笔，这无疑是提高英语协作的行之有效的好办法。在记日记时，不要总是用简单句，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型、关联词和复合句等，使文句更优美生动。还有要按照题目或所给情景写文章练笔。写好后对照范文，找出差距，然后再练习，这对提高英语作文也很有帮助，在游泳中学会游泳，只有多练习才能练好。

总之，平时学习语言素材积累多了，体裁格式记住了又经常练习不断提高，到作文下笔时就会得心应手，水到渠成。

导语：英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语写作50条常用短语句子，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

Water is the source of life.We cant live without water.However,with the

increasing population and industrial development,water pollution has become a

serious problem.Large amounts of wastewater go into rivers and seas directly

without being treated,which can be dangerous to people.Also lots of people pay

no attention to saving water in daily life,while in some place water is badly

needed.

Its time for us to take some measures to improve the situation.Factories

should treat the wastewater before letting it go into rivers.We can play a

positive role in saving water.For example we can reuse the water for wishing

rice to wash vegetables and then clean a mop.

I went the park near my school with my family on Sunday. This park was holding a interesting garden party, where was crowded by many people. When sunday, the park was always very crowded. There was a lot of old men doing morning exercises, and many children going with their parents. During our around walking, I saw my classmate XX boating there. I said hello to her, and she asked me to enjoy boating with her. So I took the boat, and speaked with XX for a while. Then we pulled the boat over, where planted a few lilies,which was my faverate flower. I used my digital camera taking several picture. At that time, my cellphone was ringing. That is my mother, she call me for going back.

[初中英语作文：公园的星期天

MyPet

Recently, three owls appeared suddenly on our campus. They made me think of my pet from childhood. When I was little, we had an owl at home. It was small, gray, and had two big eyes. We liked it very much. Every time I went home, it greeted me by making “goo-goo” sounds. We always played with it and talked to it. It would blink its eyes just like it understood what we were saying. It was like my best friend. But when the weather became colder, we forgot to keep it warm , and it died. It made us sad for a long time, and it also taught me how important it is to take care of animals.

[我的宠物初中英语作文

写作方法属于艺术表现方法（即：艺术手法和表现手法，也含表达手法（技巧）），常见的有：夸张，对比，比喻，拟人，悬念，照应，联想，想象，抑扬结合、点面结合、动静结合、叙议结合、情景交融、衬托对比、伏笔照应、托物言志、白描细描、铺垫悬念、正面侧面比喻象征、借古讽今、卒章显志、承上启下、开门见山，烘托、渲染、动静相衬、虚实相生，实写与虚写，托物寓意、咏物抒情等。表达方式就是常见的叙述、描写、抒情、议论和说明。（其实也属于艺术表现手法）。

1、第一人称叙事法

【特点】由于文章的内容是通过“我”传达给读者，表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见，亲耳所闻，或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历，使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。采用第一人称，由于叙述人是当事人，所以叙述的人与事，只能是“我”活动范围内的人物和事件。活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。

2、第三叙事法

【特点】用第三人称叙事，叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制，也不受生理、心理的限制，可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前，能自由灵活地反映社会生活。但第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。

3补叙法

【特点】补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明，一般是片断性的、简要的，不具备完整的事件，也可以把解释或说明的文字放有前面，以引起下文。补叙的作用，一般不发展情节、事件，只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。

4插叙法

【特点】插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙；有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要，做到不节外生枝，不喧宾夺主。在插入叙述的时候，还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接，不能有断裂的痕迹。

5倒叙法

【特点】倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述，而是除了把某个部分提前外，其他仍是顺叙的方法。采用倒叙的情况一般有三种：一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要，把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面，加以突出；二是为了使文章结构富于变化，避免平铺直叙；三是为了表现效果的需要，使文章曲折有致，造成悬念，引人入胜。倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处，要有明显的界限，还要有必要的文字过渡，做到自然衔接。特别要注意，不要无目的地颠来倒去，反反复复，使文章的眉目不清。

[初中作文写作有什么方法

What does it mean to relax?Despite hearing this term thousands of times

during the course of our lives, very few people have deeply considered what it’s

really about.

When you ask people (which I have done many times) what it means to relax,

most will answer in a way that suggests that relaxing is something you plan to

do lateryou do it on vacation, in a hammock, when you retire, or when you get

everything else done. This implies, of course, that most other times should be

spent nervous, agitated, rushed, and frenzied. Very few actually come out and

say so, but this is the obvious implication.Could this explain why so many of us

operate as if life were one great big emergency?

It is useful to think of relaxation as a quality of heart that you can

access on a regular basis rather than something reserved for some later time.

You can relax now. It’s helpful to remember that relaxed people can still be

superachievers and, in fact, that relaxation and creativity go hand in hand.When

I’m feeling uptight, for example, I don’t even try to write. But when I feel

relaxed, my writing flows quickly and easily.

Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live we must

communicate with other people.

A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by

the simple means of speech.

If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are

likely to have conversations where we give information or opinions, receive news

or comment, and very likely have our views challenged by other members of

society.

Face-to-face contact is by no means the only form of communication and

during the last two hundred years the art of mass communication has become one

of the dominating factors of contemporary society.

Firstly, inventiveness has led to advances in printing, telecommunications,

photography, radio and television.

Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission and reception of

communications so that local news often takes a back seat to national news,

which itself is often almost eclipsed by international news.

No longer is the possession of information confined to a privileged

minority.

In the last century the wealthy man with his own library was indeed

fortunate, but today there are public libraries.

Forty years ago people used to flock to the cinema, but now far more people

sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program that is being channeled into

millions of homes.

Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of

information.

The modern communication industry influences the way people live in society

and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and

entertainment.

The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all involved with

informing, educating and entertaining.

Although a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is

very valuable to the individual and to the society of which he is a part, the

vast modern network of communications is open to abuse.

However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no

turning back.

The definition of happiness always causes the public’s attention. Some

people believe that making a lot of money and earning great reputation are the

standard to define success, while some people think that spending more time with

their families deserves all the things and it is their bliss. In my opinion, the

meaning of happiness varies according to different people, but there is one

thing in common, which is their positive attitude to life. I am so lucky to born

in a happy family, and my parents give me all their love. Though we are

ordinary, I am so satisfy with my life now. I cherish the thing I have.

一、学校生活及学习成绩

Be getting on well with one’s study某人的学习越来越好

take several courses at school在学校学若干门课程

have English (Chinese, Physics…) every (other )day work hard at…

put one’s heart into…专心于;致力于

be interested in…

be fond of

like chemistry best

be good at…; be poor at…; do well in…; be weak in…

make progress in…; fail in…’ be tired of…’

pass the examination; give sb. a passing grade;

major in history主修历史

He has the best record in school.他的成绩最棒。

get a doctor’s degree获得博士学位

be more interesting to sb.

learn about; succeed in…; be active in class (work);

take an active part in…; learn… by heart;

work out a (maths) problem; improve oneself in…;

get 90 marks for (English); get an“A” in the exam;

have a good command of…

lay a good foundation in (language study)

二、师生关系

get on well with sb; like to be with students;

be gentle with us; be kind to sb;

be a strict teacher; be strict with one’s pupils;

be strict in work

We think of him (her) as…; help sb with sth;

praise sb for sth…; blame sb for sth..

give advice on…; question sb on…

be satisfied with…

correct the students’ homework carefully and prepare for the next day; give sb a lot of work;

try to teach sb good study habits; make one’s lessons lively and interesting; teach sb. sth.;

teach sb to do sth.

devote all one’s time to work;

admire (sb.for) his devotion to the cause of education

佩服他对于教育事业的献身精神。

三、课余活动及周末生活

spend one’s time in many different ways;

enjoy doing things by oneself; go swimming;

go for an outing; have an outing at (the seashore);

see the sights of Beijing; play the piano (violin);

play chess (basketball); have a swim;

have dances on weekends; have a picnic over the weekend;

go to the cinema; have a party; hold a sports meeting;

do some reading; help sb do sth; enjoy a family trip;

get everything ready for;

ride one’s bike with sb.to(the park);

There are a lot of activities at (the beach).

We enjoy a change from our busy life in the city.

She would like to bring sth. to the picnic.

It was a very relaxing Sunday.

There are good programmes on TV on weekends.

四、彼此沟通信息

take a message for sb; send a message to sb;

hear from sb; talk about/of sth; tell sb to do sth;

get information about…;

express one’s idea (feelings) in English用英语表达一个人的思想(感情);

Write sb a letter saying…给某人写信说...， apologize to sb for…

thank you for…; make a speech t at the meeting;

explain sth to s; look upon sb as…; think sb to be…;

take sb’s side

五、事件中人的态度

would like to do; allow sb to do;

keep sb from doing (prevent sb. from doing);

call on sb to do; be afraid to do (be afraid of…);

fee like doing; insist on doing; drive sb. off;

speak highly of sb; speak ill of sb; think highly of sb;

force sb to do; offer to do; refuse to do; agree to do;

regret doing;

prefer to do A rather than do B; had better do;

would rather (not) do.

六、事情过程

have the habit of doing…; have no trouble doing;

make up one’s mind to do;

prepare sb for…; give up doing…; do sth as usual;

do what he wants us to do; set about doing;

try one’s best to do…=go all out to do;

get into trouble; help sb out; do one’s bit for New China;

wait for sb to do; find a way to do; make friends with sb;

show (tell) sb. how to do…; take (send) sb to…;

I’m trying to find…;

I’m afraid we are out of…;

pass the time doing; feel a little excited about doing…;

can’t help doing…; do some good deeds to people;

be prepared for more hard work;

Some are doing A, others are doing B, and still others are doing C.

七、感观活动与思维活动

look around for…; look up (down) at…; catch sight of…;

take a look at…; hear sb do (doing); take notice of…;

take view of…; have a good understanding of…;

consider sb (sth) to be…; come to know…;

realize that…; know that +从句

八、情感与欲望

be pleased with…; be delighted in doing…;

take a pleasure in doing; be worried about;

feel surprised at…

be sorry for…; be angry with sb for sth;

be angry about…(为某事生气);

look forward to doing…; wish to do; expect to do;

long for (long to do); be sick for one’s home;

have a strong desire to do…;

九、健康状况及治疗

be in good shape; be in good (poor )health;

feel weak (well, terrible, sick); have got a high (slight ) fever;

have a slight (bad) cold; take one’s temperature;

have got a pain in…; be good (bad) for one’s health(eyes);

It’s nothing serious. stay in bed until…; save one’s life

十、其它

It (take)sb. some time to do…; It is said that…;

be fit for; be short of; be well dressed;

miss the lecture (train); change…into…;

waste time doing; spend time doing; be busy doing;

have no choice but to do; I can’t help it. be in need of…;

be mistaken about…; fall behind…; catch up with;

on behalf of; instead of; be welcome to do…;

Running, biking and swimming are popular in summer.

Skiing and skating are my favorite winter sports.

十一、信件开头常用语

You letter came to me this morning.

I have received your letter of July the 20th.

I’m writing to you about the lecture to be given next Monday.

I’m writing to ask if you can come next week.

How time flies! It’s three months since I saw you last.

Thank you for your letter.

In reply to your letter about (the exhibition this year)…;

Let me tell you that…

十二、信件结尾常用语

Please remember me to your whole family.

Give my best regards (wishes) to your mother.

Best wishes.

With love.

Wish you a pleasant journey.

Wish you success. Wish you the best of health. (luck)

Looking forward to your next visit to China.

Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you.

Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible.

十三、问路和应答

Go down this street

Turn night/left at the first crossing

It’s about…meters from here

You can’t miss it

In front of behind at/a the corner(不用in)

Pass two blocks

“游客纷至沓来”这句话，很多学生不能用英语写出“纷至沓来”这个成语，但是可以用以下几种表达方式：

⑴A large number of visitors come here

⑵There are lots of visitors coming here every day

⑶Many people visit here every day

⑷A lot of people pay a visit here every day

十四、多使用过渡性词语使句子连贯

表列举：for example、for instance、that is to say

表补充：besides、in addition、moreover

表对比：on the one hand…on the other hand、in spite of

表原因：because of、thanks to、due to、owing to

表结果：therefore、thus、as a result、so

表结论：to conclude、in a word、in brief、to sum up

表转折：however、nevertheless、yet

十五、段首句

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today， ____， which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First， ____ Second，____. What makes things worse is that______.

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)

……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People‘s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them，_____.

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?

十六、中间段落句

1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。

On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.

2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I dont think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___.

3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。

首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

______is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction. First，______.Whats more， _____.Most important of all，______.

4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。

There are several measures for us to adopt. First， we can______

5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，

Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another，______

6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。

It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.

7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……

Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this， the main cause of ______due to ______.

8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。

However， just like everything has both its good and bad sides， ______also has its own disadvantages， such as ______.

9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。

Nonetheless， I believe that ______is more advantageous.

10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述)，主要理由如下：

I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

When the leaves from the green turn yellow, the wind gently blow, leaves the name of the child like a yellow butterfly fly down; when the trees off the green summer, put on the golden autumn; when the rice field covered with a Zhang "gold carpet", the fall has unwittingly came to our side. When we enjoy the beautiful spring, the autumn rhythm of the ground up.

Autumn as bright as the pearls, smooth broken jade children, scattered scattered, intermittent, silent, fluttering to sway. And threw it upon the high eaves; and sprinkled it on the dead branches; and leapt to the earth;

Autumn drip on the window, thrown a slight luster, pattering, playing into a autumn march. They seem to be a group of lively and lovely children, drooping to fall on the umbrella, like walking on the umbrella. These "children" like weaving a gray mantle account, hanging between heaven and earth. I seem to see the hazy sky there is a slim girl looming, she seems shy up, put on a layer of mysterious veil. And as if a "city beautician" drive a huge sprinkler in the water, the city should be washed spotlessly.

Autumn winds, blowing away the hot summer, bring cool. Gradually, the rain is getting bigger and bigger, one of the meaningful, let you back to the past, let you miss the hometown, rather than that it is worry, it is better to say that this is a taste of beauty it

Rain is fine, a picture is so sweet, it is to celebrate the crop harvest smile, it is so that the mountains and plains of the fruit red face. "Autumn wind and rain worry about the era of early in the motherland golden autumn gone.

I love the rain, because she put the world with a mysterious clothes!