英语优秀作文3篇 作文高中(合集20篇)

Friend plays important role in our lives. Everyone needs his or her own

friends. Some people make friends easily but some do not. And “friend” means

differently to people. Some people think friends should stay together all the

time, but some others think that share and support is the real meaning of

friend. From my point of view, friend is the person who will always be with you

no matter what happens. It’s the person who can share your happiness as well as

sorrows.

高考英语作文需要将有自己的想法，并且掌握好写作的方法，这样英语才能得到高分。

1、审题：审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。

2、进行构思，列出简单的提纲，打造文章之骨架：审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。

3、扩展成文：根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。

在这一步骤中还需注意三方面问题：

1)确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样，才能保证所写段落不偏题、不跑题。

2)要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排，避免段落内容的交叉。

3)用好连接词，注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。要做到所写文章层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯，就需要在句与句之间、段与段之间架起一座座桥梁，而连接词起的正是桥梁作用。

在扩展的过程中也有些窍门，以下几点可供参考：

1)在整篇文章中，避免只是用一两个句式或重复用同一词语。英语中存在着极为丰富的同义词，准确地使用同义词可以给读者清新的感觉。同时要灵活运用各种句式，如倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句、对比句、分词短语、介词短语等，从而增加文章的可读性。

2)使用不同长度的句子。如果一个意思用一句话写不清楚的话，通过分句和合句或用两句、三句来表达，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

3)改变句子的开头方式，不要总是以主、谓、宾、状的次序。可以把状语至于句首，或用分词等。

4)学会使用过渡词。

(1) 递进furthermore，moreover，besides，in addition，then，etc

(2) 转折however，but，nevertheless，afterwards，etc

(3) 总结finally，at last，in brief，to conclude，etc

(4) 强调really，indeed，certainly，surely，above a11，etc

(5) 对比in the same way，just as，on the other hand，etc

5)确定文章用第几人称写，基本时态是什么。使用人称时人物不能张冠李戴或指代不明。

时态要尽量保持一致。

4、检查修改：要检查复核，不要写完了事。

要留时间通读全文，修改可能出现的错误。检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅。检验的标准主要是句子是否通畅，该用连词的地方用了没有，所用的连词是否合适，是否有语法错误，主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯，是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误等，还有就是注意卷面整洁。

可归纳为：中心突出，主题明确;层次清楚，条理清晰; 表达力强，传情达意;语句通顺，句型多变;过渡自然，衔接紧凑;标点正确，大小无误;字迹清楚，卷面整洁。

高中英语写作常用开头句型

1.As far as …is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that… 不言而喻，…

3.It can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定地说……

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that… 它必须注意到，…

6.Its generally recognized that… 它普遍认为…

7.Its likely that … 这可能是因为…

8.Its hardly that… 这是很难的……

9.Its hardly too much to say that… 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that…需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that…毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that… 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that… 更重要的是…

My Family

My name is Li Hua. I am from a workers family. There are six people in my

family. They are my grandfather, my grandmother, my father, my mother, my sister

and I.

Every member in my family works for his or her own trade①. My grandfather

and grandmother are peasants. They do farm work every day in my hometown. My

father is a senior engineer. He is now working in Africa, helping to build a

power station. My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a middle school.

My sister, five years older than I, is a doctor in the Peoples Hospital of our

county. She loves her work and does it well. I am a middle school student. And I

am going to take this years college entrance examination. I wish that I could

be enrolled② by a famous university.

That is my family. All the members in my family live in harmony③. We love

each other devotedly.

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。

However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。

There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

导入句：

At present, Currently, Recently, Nowadays, a critical issue/problem/phenomenon has become the concern/attention of the public / has been brought into the focus / has aroused a wide concern of the public.

It is becoming increasingly popular for people to….. There is a growing tendency these days for students to…..

With the rapid/amazing/remarkable/steady development (advance, improvement, progress) of….., great changes have taken place.

With the increasingly rapid process of globalization (urbanization, internationalization, commercialization), ……

At present, nowadays, currently, there has been a heated (popular) discussion/debate on (over, concerning) …….

Scientific researches have shown that ……. According to a survey,…..

Plentiful evidence has shown/proved that?.. 中心论句：同意

Frankly speaking, I am in favor of / agree with …..

As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the point of ….. From my point of view, I support the statement above.

Straightforwardly, I cannot accept the point of……, and I strongly support the statement of …..

提高英语写作分数的88个词组

1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges 5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that? 6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8.不可否认 It is undeniable that?/ There is no denying that? 9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate 10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue 11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人?而另外一些人? Some people? while others? 13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14.就?达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on?

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in? 18.对?必不可少 be indispensable to ? 19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: 20.?也不例外?be no exception

21.对?产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on? 22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。 23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in 24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision 28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden 30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration 31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective 32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对?有益 be beneficial / conducive to? 34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society 35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for? 36.综合素质 comprehensive quality 37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach 39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to?

40. 应当承认 Admittedly,

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty 42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of? 43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写) 46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly 49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology 51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue 52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion 53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence 54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way 55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice 56. ?必然趋势 an irresistible trend of?

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition 58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest 59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.?有其自身的优缺点? has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。 63.对?有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to 64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上?的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of ?

66.采取有效措施来? take effective measures to do sth 67.?的健康发展 the healthy development of ? 68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。 No garden without weeds。

69.对?观点因人而异 Views on ?vary from person to person。 70.重视 attach great importance to? 71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在?上 focus time and energy on? 73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge 74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to?

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代“think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden 79.优先考虑/发展? give (top) priority to sth。 80.与?比较 compared with?/ in comparison with 81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。 82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water 84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities 85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress 86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that? 87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding 88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

示例一：

Dear____,

There will a _____(内容) at/in______(地点) on____(时间). We would be honored to have you there with us.

The occasion will start at _______(具体时间). This will be followed by a ____(进一步的安排). At around______(时间)，__________(另一个安排)

I really hope you can make it. RSVP before ______(通知你的最后期限)

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

In this winter holiday, I am the most happy thing is the fifteenth day of the yuanxiao. One day, our family after dinner early and ready for years. Just after six o clock, my brother and sister is lit torches, already prepared in every house turned a circle to send down the stairs, the family behind to the yard. Neighbors are the torches sent out of the hall, everybody together joyfully jumped up the fire in the yard. All sides gradually came to break out of firecrackers, from time to time, flashing colorful fireworks in the sky.

Jump over the fire, we as people towards the street, watch fireworks, all the way all the way to put firecrackers. Came to a more open place, I cant wait to get out what you wish for the lamp, open, carefully drums blowing it first and then let mom and dad help to mention above, I quickly fasten a solid fuel, with a lighter lit up, not the fuel burning slowly in a minute. Mother said: "dont worry, wait a moment again." We gently hold the wishing lamp waited a while and make a wish lights began to slowly rise, we all my wishing lamp, closed his hands made the wish of his heart.

Looking at the slowly rising wishing lamp, gradually away from us, the bright light like a star in the sky, to the we blink, as if to say: I will realize your wishes!

在这个寒假里，令我最快乐的事是正月十五闹元宵。这天，我们全家人早早吃完晚饭，准备送年。六点刚过，哥哥、姐姐就点燃早已准备好的火把，在每个屋子里转了一圈送下了楼，一家人紧跟在后面来到院子里。左邻右舍也都陆陆续续把火把送了出来，大家一起在院子里欢快地跳起了火堆。四面渐渐传来此起彼伏的爆竹声，天空中不时闪烁着五彩缤纷的礼花。

跳完火堆，我们随着人流走向大街，一路看花炮，一路放花炮。来到一处比较空旷的地方，我迫不及待地拿出许愿灯，小心翼翼地打开，先把它吹鼓，然后让爸爸、妈妈帮着提住上面，我动作麻利地系好固体燃料，拿着打火机点了起来，不一会儿燃料慢慢地燃着了。妈妈说：“先别急，等一会儿再放。”我们轻轻地扶着许愿灯等了一会儿，许愿灯开始慢慢上升，我们不约而同地丢开许愿灯，合起双手许下了自己的心愿。

望着慢慢上升的许愿灯，渐渐地离我们远去，闪闪烁烁的光芒好像天空中的小星星，对着我们眨眼睛，好像在说：我一定会实现你们的愿望!

I still remember the first time I went to the zoo.

When I was only five years old, my mother took me there.We took the camera and went to the station together. There were so many monkeys, tigers, lions, wolves and other animals in the zoo. We took many photos in the zoo with the animals. I was pleased to see so many real animals at the same time. They seemed so lovely and active.

I spent a nice day. But on my way home, I began to feel sorry for them. They were taken away from their parents and friends and also far away from the nature. They must have felt lonely, I thought. Every day, the only thing they could do was to sit there and wait for food.

我仍然记得第一次去动物园的那一天。

5岁那年，妈妈带我去动物园。我们带了相机一起过去。那里有猴子、老虎、狮子和狼等等，我们跟它们照了很多相。我很高兴能同时看见那么多活灵活现的动物，他们看上去又活泼又可爱。

我度过了快乐的一天。可是在我回家的路上，我开始替它们难过起来。人们把它们从父母和朋友身边捉走，它们一定感觉很孤单，我想。它们每天惟一可做的事就是等着人们来喂食。

Dear Nate,

I am so excited to hear that you will come to learn Chinese in our school.

Now let me tell you something about our school. Our school is the key school of

our city with the most beautiful campus. It has many trees, flowers and a lot of

grass. We have two very nice and teaching buildings and a dormitory building. In

addition, the school is well-equipped with excellent equipment, such as a new

gym, a computer room and a large library. There are also a lot of electives to

choose from, such as painting, typing and cooking. Above all, there are many

excellent teachers in our school. Classes are interesting, the teachers are

kind, well-educated and knowledgeable and willing to help students in study as

well as in life. I like my school very much. I hope you will like it, too.

Yours sincerely

Daniel

自我介绍是向别人展示你自我介绍好不好，甚至直接关系到你给别人的第一印象的好坏及以后交往的顺利与否。同时，也是认识自我的手段。以下是小编整理的高中学生英语自我介绍，欢迎阅读！

Teachers，good afternoon. Allow me to briefly talk about myself.

My name is - Xianning graduated from the south gate of the private secondary schools. Tourism now studying at the school in Hubei Province. Studying hotel management professional.

I was a character，cheerful girl，so my hobbies is extensive. Sporty. In my spare time likes playing basketball， table tennis，volleyball，skating. When a person like the Internet at home，or a personal stereo. Not like too long immersed in the world of books，and family members have told me，Laoyijiege is the best. Talking about my family，then I will talk about my family has. Only three people my family，my grandmother，grandfather and my own. My grandfather is a engineer，I am very severely on peacetime，the Church me a lot. Grandma is a very kindly for the elderly，care for my life in every possible way. Therefore，I have no parents in their care，childhood and growth were full of joy.

I like this hotel management professional，because I like to live in a strict order of the management environment. I have my professional self-confidence and hope，as long as the efforts will be fruitful，this is my motto. Since I chose this profession，I will follow this path，effort，perseverance path.

Thank you teachers. I finished presentation.

中文翻译：

各位老师，下午好。请允许我简单介绍一下我自己。

我的名字叫——毕业于咸宁南门私立中学。现就读于湖北省旅游学校。学习饭店管理专业。

我是一个性格开朗的女孩子，所以我的兴趣爱好很广泛。热爱运动。在我闲暇的时候喜欢打篮球，乒乓球，排球，溜冰。一个人在家的时候喜欢上网，或者听歌。不太喜欢太长时间的沉浸在书的世界里，家人曾经告诉过我，劳逸结合是最好的。说到我的家人，那我就要说说我的家庭了。我家里只有三口人，我的奶奶，爷爷和我自己。我爷爷是个工程师，他平时对我很严厉，教会我很多东西。奶奶是个很慈祥的老人，对我的生活照顾得无微不至。所以没有父母的我在他们的照顾下，童年和成长都充满了快乐。

我喜欢酒店管理这个专业，是因为我喜欢生活在一个有严格管理秩序的环境里。我对我的专业充满自信和希望，只要努力，就会有收获，这是我的座右铭。既然我选择了这个专业，就会沿着我这条路，努力的，坚持不懈的走下去。

谢谢各位老师。我的介绍完毕。

Life is like a piano,what you get out of it,depends on how you play it.

No sweat, no sweet.

没有辛勤的劳动，哪有甜美的收获?

There is no end to knowledge.There is no end to perfect character.

读不尽者书，造诣不尽者人品。

Great works are performed not by strength, but by perseverance.

做大事，靠的是毅力而不是力量。

Cease to struggle and you cease to live.

停止奋斗，就等于放弃生活。

Great works are performed not by strength but by perseverance

伟大的工作是源于坚持不懈，而不是一时的热情。

Congratulations on your graduation! Whishing you a future filled with success and joy of seeing your dreams come true.

祝贺您的毕业!希望您有一个成功的未来，感受到梦想成真的快乐。

Boys, be ambitious.

男孩，是雄心勃勃的

Man can survive, only when he has the substance, man can live only when he has ideal.

人依靠物质就能生存，但只有拥有理想时，才叫生活。

Goals determine what you are going to be.

目标取决于您的愿望。

Great hope makes great men.

伟大的愿望成就伟大的人。

An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. Pursue your object, be it what it will, steadily and indefatigably.

Man who has a settled purpose will surely succeed.

目标专一的人肯定会成功。

Follow your own course, and let people talk.

走自己的路，让别人去说。

Life is a leaf of paper white, thereon each of us may write his word.

There is a limit to ones youth, but no limit to his wisdom. Draw on the limitless wisdom during the short span of youth.

Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control, these three alone lead life to sovereign power.

自我尊敬，自知之明，自我控制，这是生活的最高境界。

Character decided the fate ,and knowledge changes ours fate.

My name is zhangyifan, this year 15-year-old boy, my special features is writing.I am an introverted person, very happy can spend a junior high school with everyone .I hope in the future day can spend amusedly with everyone for three years, increasing a perfect but substantial recollection for our lifes!

Dear Mum and Dad,

Time flies! Ive been here for nearly a year. Im very pleased to find that our school is really a good one. The students in our school work hard at their lessons. They take an active part in activities that help to improve their qualities and health. They are friendly to each other and always ready to help each other.

The teachers here all enjoy their work and they love their students. They work hard and do what they can do to help their students. And the students respect their teachers. They get on well with each other. The students in our school try their best to kkp the school yard clean and tidy. They never throw waste about nor pick the flowers.

In a word, I am deeply impressed by the harmonious atmosphere in this school. I love my new school.

Yours,

Tom

亲爱的妈妈和爸爸，

时光飞逝！我来这儿已经快一年了。我很高兴发现我们学校真是一个好的学校。我们学校的学生在功课上努力工作。他们积极参加活动，帮助提高他们的素质和健康。他们彼此友好，随时准备互相帮助。

这里的老师们都喜欢他们的工作，他们喜欢他们的学生。他们努力工作，尽他们所能做的来帮助他们的学生。和学生尊重他们的老师。他们相处得很好。我们学校的学生尽力北校园干净整洁。他们从不乱扔垃圾，也不摘花。

一句话，我对这所学校的和谐氛围印象深刻。我爱我的新学校。

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

As a Senior Grade Three students, I am very busy in preparing for the college entrance examination. I have seven classes a day, and two self-study classes at night. And only a day left for the weekend. So, most of the time I have to spend on the study, after all the college entrance examination is very important for almost all of us. Aside of study, I would play football with my friends after school and the weekend. I like playing football very much. When I run on the football field, I can put the examination thing off my mind for a while, only sweat and laugh left. It is a good exercise for health and a good way to relax from the busy study too. This is my high school life, busy and fulfilling.

作为一个高三的学生，我忙于为高考做准备。我一天有7节课，还有两节晚自习。周末只剩下一天。所以，我把大部分时间都花在学习上，毕竟高考对我们大多数人来说都十分重要。除了学习，我会在放学后以及周末跟我的朋友一起踢足球。我非常喜欢踢足球。当我在足球场上奔跑的时候，我可以暂时将考试的事情抛之脑后，只剩下汗水和欢笑。这对健康是个很好的锻炼，也是一个学习之余很好的放松方式。这就是我的高中生活，忙碌而充实。

Since I go to high school, I live in the school and stay away from my parents. I have three roommates, at the beginning, we have trouble in staying in the same room, but now we have got used to it.

One of my roommates impresses me so much, since she comes to our room, she keeps the habit of reading the novel when we go to bed. She told me that when she lived with her parents, she dared not to read it because her mother would blame her for sleeping late. Now she is very happy that she is out of control, it seems that she is free.

But I feel sorry for her, because she is short-sighted now, what’s more, she is lagging behind other students in the study. Staying away from her parents, she is not strong enough to behave herself. We should have the strong will and behave ourselves.

自从我上了高中，我就住在学校，远离父母。我有3个室友，刚开始，我们不习惯同处一室，但是如今，我们已经习惯了。有一个室友让我印象很深刻，自从她住进我们的房间，她就在我们睡觉的时候保持看小说的习惯。她告诉我们在她和父母住在一起的时候，她不敢看小说，因为她妈妈会责怪她那么晚睡觉。如今她很高兴再也不受控制了，似乎她得到了自由。但是我为她感到遗憾，因为她现在已经近视，而且，在学习方面也落后于其他同学。离开了父母，她不够强大，无法自律。我们应该有坚强的意志，并且自律。

[高中英语作文：坚强的意志

People often ask and are asked that what is the most important thing in

life. Some people answer that family is the most important and others say love,

work or money. In my opinion, health is the most important in life. However, how

to keep healthy?

Firstly, being positive. A positive attitude towards life must be good to

health. It also brings you power to overcome disease. Secondly, taking exercise

regularly. Taking exercise regularly or even every day helps you build a strong

body which is the base of health. Exercise can improve the ability of the body

to fight disease. Thirdly, making friends, because friendship is an important

part to influence your health. Many studies show that people with a wide range

of social contacts get sick less than those who dont. I always feel better when

I am with friends than when I am alone. Finally, eating properly, having good

rest and building normal daily routine are aslo important to health.

Health is a problem we should attach importance to. Only build a healthy

body can us live a better life.

参考译文

人们常常会问或者被问什么是生命中最重要的东西。有的人会回答家庭是最重要的，其他人会说爱，工作和金钱是最重要的。在我看来，健康才是生命中最重要的。但是，怎样保持健康呢?

首先，要积极。对生活的积极态度一定会对健康有好处。它也会给你带来克服疾病的力量。其次，要经常锻炼。经常甚至是每天锻炼能够帮助你建立强壮的身体，这是健康的基础。锻炼可以提高身体抵抗疾病的能力。再次，要多交朋友，因为友谊是影响你健康的重要部分。很多研究表明有广泛的社会交际的人比那些没有的人更少生病。当我跟朋友在一起的时候感觉比独自一人的时候好。最后，饮食合理，休息良好以及建立规律的日常生活对健康也很重要。

健康是我们应该重视的一个问题。只有建立健康的体魄我们才可以过上更好的生活。

When girls get together, they like gossip. They always talk about the topic of beauty. They will discuss who is the most beautiful girl in school or they will compare the girls and see who is more charming. As the young people, they usually judge people from appearance. The definition of beauty of course is the one who is thinner and has the pretty face. When they ask me which one is more attractive, then I will look at them for a while, because I want to perceive their personality. My view on beauty is not only from appearance as I think most girls have the pretty faces, but also from the inside, only the quality that differentiates them. The pretty faces will fade away anyway, only the quality that helps people to keep charming. So we need to cultivate the good quality.

女孩喜欢八卦，当她们聚在一起时，总是谈论美的话题。她们会讨论谁是学校里最美丽的女孩或者比较谁更有魅力。因为年轻，所以她们通常是从外貌判断一个人，理所当然的认为美丽的定义是瘦跟漂亮的脸蛋。当她们问我哪一个女孩子更有魅力的时候，我会看一会，因为我想想想她们的品行。我觉得大多数女孩都有着漂亮的脸蛋，所以我认为美不仅是外表，还有内心美，只有品行能把她们区分开来。漂亮的面孔会逐渐老去，只有品行可以永远保持魅力。所以我们需要培养良好的品行。

Recently, the movies about the old people happen to have the magic and then

come back to their 20 years old time are very popular. The old people do all

kinds of crazy things that they never have the chance to do. These movies tell

people that given another chance, they will do whatever they want to do. I

always hear my parents said when they retired, they could carry out all kinds of

their plans and enjoyed the life. In my opinion, when we are young , we shuold

enjoy our moment and chase our dream. It is a little to carry out the plans when

we are old. Youth is the advantages.

Do chinese have any morals?Thats a good question.Many people insist that ideas about right and wrong are merely personal opinions.Some voicesthoughare calling chinese back to traditional moral values.some people suggests that great moral stories can build character.Many chinese still believe in moral values.But what are they?

To begin withmoral values in chinese are like those in any culture.In factmany aspects of morality are universal.But the stories and traditions that teach them are unique to each culture.Not only thatbut culture influences how people show these virtues.

One of the most basic moral values for us is honesty.People still believe that "honesty is the best policy."

In no way can this brief description cover all the moral values .Courageresponsibilityloyaltygratitude and many others could be discussed.But no matter how long or short the listmoral values are invaluable.They are the foundation of any culture.中国人有道德吗?这是个好问题。许多人坚持对与错乃是个人的意见。一些声音，但呼吁中国回到传统的道德values.some人认为伟大的道德故事可以塑造性格。许多中国人仍然相信道德的价值。但他们是什么?

首先，中国人的道德价值观和任何文化中的一样，事实上，道德的许多方面是普遍的，但教给他们的故事和传统对每一种文化都是独一无二的，不仅如此，文化影响人们如何表现这些美德。

对我们来说，最基本的道德价值之一是诚实，人们仍然相信“诚实是最好的政策”。

在任何情况下，这一简短的描述都包括了所有的道德价值，勇气、责任、忠诚、感激以及其他许多人可以讨论的，但无论列表有多长或短，道德价值都是无价的，它们是任何文化的基础。

An Enlightening Night

That was really an unforgettable night.I was waiting for buses at the station.There came an old lady, who was running to catch the bus.However,she was knocked down by a bike and the rider just ran away.The first thing came to my mind was the famous Pengyu’s incident,which shocked the ethic line of our society.All of a sudden,I was in a dilemma.I worried that I may be involved in troubles if I gave a hand to the

elderly,as Pengyu’s incident was like a warning.So I was frozen.What surprised me most was that a passer-by girl,rushing across the street without hesitation,putting the old lady on her back and carrying her to a hospital nearby.At that moment,I felt so embarrassed and ashamed that I wanted to crawl a hole and never come out.She was just a student but she did something what an adult like me was afraid of.

Never in my dream did I imagine that girl could have such an impact on my view of moral obligation.From then on,I decide to help strangers who is in need without hesitation and reservation.Because only in this way can our society become more harmonious.From my perspective,that little girl teaches me a lot that night.The

conscience of the many outweighs the wicked behaviors of the few.That’s what we should keep in mind no matter what we experience.

Good morning th teachers and fellow students. Today we would like to introduce a few favorite books to you.

My favorite book is (Italian: Cuore). This is a diary written by an Italian boy Enrico. The diary is about his life and study. It included various touching stories that happened around Enrico, the mottos taught by his parents, as well as the wonderful ten "monthly" stories told by his teacher during the class. Every word in the chapter describes the word "love". From patriotism to friendship, and to the love between parents and child -- really touching.

This novel taught me how to love, and how to learn from love. I really like this book very much. How about you? What is your favorite book?

My favorite book is . Have you read it before?

Oh, I haven’t read this book before. What is it about?

Well, it is a story of a rich girl who maintained her noble character after the bankruptcy of her father. The story is happy ending.

Can you tell the us why you love this book so much?

Sure. It is because the story taught us to be brave and to face the challenges and difficulties with courage. I am deeply impressed by the strength and perseverance of the little princess in the story. I have decided to learn from her from now on.

Oh I see, the story sounds very good. I cannot wait to read this book as well.