2016万圣节的由来与发展 作文英语实用20篇

许多西方国家，在每年的10月31号，都会过万圣节，俗称鬼节。下面，让我为大家介绍介绍万圣节的来历和习俗吧。

关于万圣节由来的，传说最多的版本认为，那是源于基督诞生前的古西欧国家，主要包括爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士。这几处的古西欧人叫德鲁伊特人。德鲁伊特的新年在十一月一日，新年前夜，德鲁伊特人让年轻人集队，戴着各种怪异面具，拎着刻好的萝卜灯(古西欧最早没有南瓜)，他们游走于村落间。这在当时实则为一种秋收的庆典;也有说是“鬼节”，传说当年死去的人，灵魂会在万圣节的前夜造访人世，据说人们应该让造访的鬼魂看到圆满的收成并对鬼魂呈现出丰盛的款待。所有篝火及灯火，一来为了吓走鬼魂，同时也为鬼魂照亮路线，引导其回归。

万圣节期间，许多公共场所乃至居家院落，都会布置上很多装璜，诸如各式鬼怪呀、南瓜灯呀、还有黑猫以及巫婆的扫帚之类;孩子们会穿上每年不一样的万圣节服装，拎着罗卜灯的提篓去挨家挨户地讨糖。

这就是关于万圣节的由来和习俗。

This stanza comes from the worker’s big strike of American Chicago.On May 1 in 1886, Chicago of 20 in order to fight for practicing eight hours to work to make but hold the big strike, many ten thousand workerses pass by hard of bloodshed conflict, acquired the victory finally.For memorial this time the socialist that the worker’s one who exercise, July 14 in 1889, from all countries Marxist call represents the conference, Parisian solemn and impressive open in France.On the conference, attend meeting to represent the consistent approval:Common festival that May 1 settles for the international proletariat.This resolution gets the international community, the worker responds to actively.On May 1 in 1890, the working class of Euro-American all countries leads off to go into the street, holding the grand demonstration and holding a meeting, fighting for the legal rights.From now on, every time round this international community labors the people to all want the catcall, parade, to show to celebrate.

此节源于美国芝加哥的工人大罢工。1886年5月1日，芝加哥的20 多万工人为争取实行八小时工作制而举行大罢工，经过艰苦的流血斗争，终于获得了胜利。为纪念这次工人运动，1889年7月14日，由各国马克思主义者召集的社会主义者代表大会，在法国巴黎隆重开幕。大会上，与会代表一致同意：把5月1日定为国际无产阶级的共同节日。这一决议得到世界各国工人的积极响应。1890年5月1日，欧美各国的工人阶级率先走上街头，举行盛大的游行与集会，争取合法权益。从此，每逢这一天世界各国的劳动人民都要集会、游行，以示庆祝。

[有关五一节的由来的优秀英语作文

万圣节(All Saints Day, All Hallows Day或Hallowmas) 是每年11月1日的欧美大节日。以下是小编带来的关于万圣节的英语资料大全，希望对你有帮助。

Halloween (or Halloween) is an annual holiday observed on October 31, which commonly includes activities such as trick-or-treating, attending costume parties, carving jack-o-lanterns, bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, and watching horror films arevery happy.

Halloween (or Halloween) is an annual holiday observed on October 31, which commonly includes activities such as trick-or-treating, attending costume parties, carving jack-o-lanterns, bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, and watching horror films.

History

Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain, whose original spelling was Samuin (pronounced sow-an or sow-in)".The name is derived from Old Irish and means roughly "summers end".Snap-Apple Night (1832) by Daniel Maclise.Depicts apple bobbing and divination games at a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland.The name Halloween and many of its present-day traditions derive from the Old English era.

The word Halloween is first attested in the 16th century and represents a Scottish variant of the fuller All-Hallows-Even ("evening"), that is, the night before All Hallows Day.[4] Although the phrase All Hallows is found in Old English (ealra hālgena mæssedæg, mass-day of all saints), All-Hallows-Even is itself not attested until 1556.

11月1日 -- 万圣节 All Saints Day

11月2日 -- 墨西哥的鬼节 Day of Death

万圣节(All Saints Day, All Hallows Day或Hallowmas) 是每年11月1日的欧美大节日。

Halloween 是 All Hallows Eve 的缩写，万圣节前夜的意思，指10月31日的晚上。

For thousands of years people have been celebrating different holidays and festivals at the end of October. The Celts celebrated it as Samhain (pronounced “sow-in”, with “sow” rhyming with cow)。 The Irish English dictionary published by the Irish Texts Society defines the word as follows:

“Samhain, All Hallowtide, the feast of the dead in Pagan and Christian times, signalizing the close of harvest and the initiation of the winter season, lasting till May, during which troops (esp. the Fiann) were quartered. Faeries were imagined as particularly active at this season. From it the half year is reckoned. also called Feile Moingfinne (Snow Goddess)。(1) The Scottish Gaelis Dictionary defines it as ”Hallowtide. The Feast of All Soula. Sam + Fuin = end of summer.“(2) Contrary to the information published by many organizations, there is no archaeological or literary evidence to indicate that Samhain was a deity. The Celtic Gods of the dead were Gwynn ap Nudd for the British, and Arawn for the Welsh. The Irish did not have a ”lord of death“ as such.

The Celts believed that every year on the last day of October, the souls of the dead visited the earth.www.

When the Romans conquered the Celts in the first century A.D., they added parts of their festivals, Feralia and Pomona to the tradition. Feralia was a festival to honor the dead and Pomona was a harvest festival named after the goddess of fruit (apples) and trees.

Around the eigth century, the Christian church made November 1 All Saints Day to honor all of the saints that didnt have a special day of their own. Over the years these festivals combined, the mass held on All Saints Day was called Allhallowmas (the mass of all Hallows - saintly people)。 The night before was known as All Hallows Eve. Eventually this name became Halloween.

In the 1800s, as a lot of people emigrated to the U.S., the holidays and traditions of different cultures merged. Halloween was not always a happy time. October 31, or the night before took on other names. Some called it Devils or Hell night, to others it was mischief night. Here in Vermont, the night before is called cabbage night. To some people this became a time to play tricks on others. Some of these tricks were not fun at all. Luckily, community groups and individuals took action and started to change Halloween into a family event. Dressing up in costumes and going ”trick or treating“, costume parades, community parties and Fall festivals are some of the ways that Halloween is celebrated today.

Other countries have different Fall festivals to honor the deceased.

The Festival of the Dead is one of the most important happenings in both Palermo and the rest of Sicily. The second of November is a festival day for the children of Palermo as, according to tradition,they were made to believe that their dead relatives would return the night before and leave them traditional sweets and cakes on the table (Martorana fruit, which is almond paste made into the shape of different fruit)。 They would also receive puppets of boiled sugar and toys. Its one way of keeping the memory of their dead relatives and loved ones alive.

一年中最”闹鬼“的这天夜里，各种妖魔鬼怪、 海盗、 外星来客和巫婆们纷纷出动。在基督纪元以前，凯尔特人在夏未举行仪式感激上苍和太阳的恩惠。

当时的占卜者点燃并施巫术以驱赶据说在四周游荡的妖魔怪。后来，罗马人用果仁和苹果来庆祝的丰收节与凯尔特人的10月31日溶合了。

在中世纪，人们穿上动物造型的服饰、 戴上可怕的面具是想在万圣节前夜驱赶黑夜中的鬼怪。尽管後来基督教代替了凯尔特和罗马的宗教活动，早期的习俗还是保留下来了。现在，孩子们带着开玩笑的心理穿戴上各种服饰和面具参加万圣节舞会，这些舞会四周的墙上往往悬挂着用纸糊的巫婆、 黑猫、 鬼怪和尸骨，窗前和门口则吊着龇牙裂嘴或是面目可憎的南瓜灯笼。孩子们还常常试图咬住悬挂着的苹果。

美国和加拿大的孩子们在这天穿戴上古怪的服饰去按邻居家的门铃，并按传统发出”是款待我还是要我耍花招“的威胁。邻居们不管是否被吓着，总是准备了一些糖果、 苹果等点心，孩子们则一一收入自己的袋内。

万圣节其实不是基督教的节日。2500年前，爱尔兰的凯尔特人(Celts)以10月31日为一年的最後一日，11月1日是新一年的开始，也象徵冬天的来临。

凯尔特人相信死亡之神Samhain在10月31日的晚上会和鬼魂一起重返人间，寻找替身。因此他们燃点火炬，焚烧动物以作为死亡之神的献礼。还会用动物的头或皮毛做成的服饰打扮自己，发出古怪的声音，使死亡之神认不出自己，避过灾难。这就是今天万圣节化妆舞会的由来。过了当晚，鬼魂回到阴间，一切回复平静。

基督教兴起，教徒沿袭万圣节传统，万圣节的意义慢慢改为纪念为献身於神而死亡的人(holies)。

附带一提，11月2日是墨西哥的鬼节(Los Dias de los Muertos, Day of the Dead)。当天家家户户都烘烤动物造型的面包和煮鸡肉等食物，并在供桌上面放置玩具，以期待早逝的孩童们回到家中玩耍。也可以陈列鲜花、 水果、 照片和彩绘的骷髅头，接待仙逝长辈。

墨西哥人认为，鬼魂和人一样需要及时行乐，所以鬼节宛若一场嘉年华会，人们带着面具到处游走，吃骷髅形状的糖，面包上还装饰有鬼的形像。黄昏时刻，全家人一起到墓园清理墓地，妇女们或跪或坐整夜祈祷，男人们交谈或唱歌，在子夜中烛光忽闪忽灭充满了整个墓园，游唱歌者为已逝亡者的灵魂高歌吟唱。

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Halloween is a western festival, legend on Halloween day, will be a ghost. So a lot of people in the home made pumpkin head, to scare people at night; And children knock on the door in someones home say: trick or give sugar; There are people use E-mail to send greeting CARDS to wish...

Halloween is a day in November. In western countries, a noisy:

, a small red girl was followed a group of friends to other peoples house knocking at the door, mouth say: trick or to give candy, give candy, or I really want to rock the boat. The home of the person who opened the door, give the children sweets, mouth smiled and said, give you a candy to eat, dont make trouble oh, go quickly, go to someones home to play well, I wish you happiness. Red and the other children to another to eat candy, return in mouth to eat the sweet sweet candy, to the uncle say: trick or give sugar, to eat candy, otherwise we will be doing mischief. But the uncle rather than give them candy, a meal also scold them: "dont rock the boat to go to go to, you, dont go to my house to candy, you hurry up and get out of here, go to someones home to candy, dont come here." Red and the other children cry, crestfallen walk to another, "ah! A ghost!" "Dont be afraid of me." A wearing a pumpkin heads uncle said, that was you ah, friends and red red red stunned, frighten our uncle was not give us the sugar uncle, the uncle saw that partners and red surprised, explains: "people dont have to be afraid of me, I just tease you play, come on, let uncle give you candy." Friend and red led the candy, his mouth a piece of laughter.

Halloween, although sometimes will be scared, also can eat candy.

Halloween is how beautiful!

万圣节是西方国家的节日，传说在万圣节那天，会有鬼。所以很多人在家里制作了南瓜头，晚上来吓唬别人;还有小孩在别人家敲门说着：不给糖就捣乱;还有人用电子邮箱发贺卡来祝福……

万圣节是在十一月一日。在西方的国家，一片热闹：

一个叫红红的小女孩正在跟着一群小伙伴们一起到别人家敲门，口里念着：不给糖就捣乱，快给糖果，不然我真的要捣乱啦。那个人的家打开了门，给了小朋友们糖果，嘴里微笑着说：给你们糖果吃，不要捣乱哦，快走吧，去别人家好好地玩，祝你们快乐。红红和小伙伴们到另外一个要糖果吃，嘴里还吃着香香的糖果，对那个叔叔说：不给糖就捣乱，给糖果吃，不然我们就要捣乱哦。可是那个叔叔非但没有给他们糖吃，还骂了他们一顿：“去去去，你们别来捣乱，别去我家要糖果，你们快点滚出去，去别人家要糖果，别到这儿来。”红红和小伙伴们哭了，垂头丧气的走到另一家，“啊!有鬼啊!”“别怕是我。”一个戴着南瓜头的叔叔说道，原来是你啊，小伙伴们和红红红惊呆了，这位吓唬我们的叔叔竟然是不给我们糖的叔叔，那位叔叔见伙伴们和红红很惊讶，解释道：“大家不用怕我，我只是逗你们玩的，来来来，叔叔给你们糖果吃。”小伙伴和红红领了糖果，嘴里一片欢笑。

万圣节虽然有时又会被别人吓，但也可以要糖果吃。

万圣节是多么美好啊!

Halloweenfirst came to America with early settlers from Celtic areas in Europe, such as Ireland and Scotland. But other American settlers with strict religious beliefs, including the Puritans from England, rejected Halloween. The arrival of many Irish immigrants during the 1800s helped spread Halloween’s popularity.

万圣节第一次来到美国，与来自欧洲的凯尔特地区的早期移民，如爱尔兰和苏格兰。但是其他的美国定居者和严格的宗教信仰，包括来自英国的清教徒，拒绝了万圣节。在19世纪，许多爱尔兰移民的到来帮助传播万圣节的声望。

But by the late 1800s, fewer people believed in ancient superstitions of ghosts and witches. Halloween became more a holiday for children to receive treats and dress in costume.

但到19世纪末，更少的人认为古代迷信的幽灵和巫婆。万圣节成为孩子们的节日去接受款待和穿的服装。

TINY ghost—like dolls hang from trees， big plastic spiders sit on rooftops and bloody plastic hands reach out from gravestones…Are you ready for the scariest night of the year？

October 31 is Halloween， one of the most popular festivals in the US， Canada and Britain。 The festival began as a day to remember the dead。 But nowadays its all about the carnival atmosphere when people can enjoy dressing up and scaring each other。

Halloween is one of childrens favourite nights of the year。 They dress up as monsters and go to their neighbourshouses。 Knocking on the door they shout： "Trick or treat！" Of course， usually people give them "treats" － a like sweets and chocolates。 But， if you dont， you can expect a prank such as having your car windows soaped or your garbage cans turned over。

Halloween is also a time for masquerade parties。 Witches fly in on broomsticks， while ghosts and skeletons chat on the dance floor。

You can even dress up as a famous monster like Dracula！ The motto is： "The scarier， the better。" 。”

Even making Halloween food should be like casting a spell or mixing a magic drink。 In Britain， people drink "Witchs Mix"， made with apple， orange， grape and berry juice。 Children also enjoy "Halloween Worms，" made from egg noodles。 And how do you like the sound of "Eye—Balls"？ Dont worry， theyre made with scoops of chocolate and vanilla ice cream， shaped like human eyes。 Skeleton—shaped cookies are equally popular。

A well—known Halloween tradition is to make lanterns from pumpkins， called "Jack—o—lanterns"。 First， the inside of the pumpkin is removed。 Then， a face is cut into the pumpkin， traditionally a smiling， devil face。 Finally a candle is placed inside， and the lantern is put at the front of the house to keep evil spirits away。

Besides pumpkin cutting， "apple—bobbing" is another popular game。 Several apples are put floating in water in a big bucket。 Children have their hands tied behind their backs。 They have to try to pick the apples out of the water using only their mouths。 Of course， people get very wet and it is very funny to watch。

[美国万圣节英语作文

Economic development and environmental protection are a pressing issue primarily for developing countries where, in trying to catch up with developed countries, they have to consume natural resources on an unprecedented scale. This has seriously polluted our environment and, with the global environmental campaign gaining momentum, many people in China call for the precedence of environmental protection over economic development.

Any attempt to pose economic development and environmental protection as diametrically contradictory is simple-minded. Since no country is willing to stop its economic development, the best way is to strike a balance between the two and to heighten the environmental awareness of those solely concerned with economic development.

European countries both economically developed and environmentally friendly can serve as perfect examples for China. Their success story in both undertakings illustrates that environmental protection does not mean a complete standstill of economic activities or exploitation of natural resources, but rather an active development and application of effective technologies to minimize environmental consequences. In Germany, environmental protection has become part of economic development as it boasts the world s most successful environmental industry. With a developed economy, we are well equipped to develop sophisticated technologies that can effectively safeguard our environment.

[英语作文：经济发展与环境保护

The Dragon Boat Festival is a lunar holiday, occurring on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month holiday, occurring on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month

The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival is a significant holiday celebrated in China, and the one with the longest history .

The Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated by boat races in the shape of dragons.

Competing teams row their boats forward to a drumbeat racing to reach the finish end first.

The boat races during the Dragon Boat Festival are traditional customs to attempts to rescue the patriotic poet Chu Yuan.

Chu Yuan drowned on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in 277 B.C. Chinese citizens now throw bamboo leaves filled with cooked rice into the water.

Therefore the fish could eat the rice rather than the hero poet. This later on turned into the custom of eating tzungtzu and rice dumplings.

我们平时所说的万圣节(All Hallows Day)，其实是万圣节前夜 (Halloween)，即10月31日，11月1日才是万圣节。

We usually say the Halloween (All Hallows Day), is Halloween (Halloween), which in October 31st, November 1st is the halloween.

万圣节前夜又被叫做 “All Hallow Een”， “The Eve of All Hallows”， “Hallow een”， 或者 “The eve of All SaintasDay”。后来约定俗成被叫做 “Halloween”。 万圣节前夜是西方国家的传统节日，这一夜是一年中最“闹鬼”的一夜，所以也叫“鬼节”。话说我们中国也有“鬼节”呢，即农历七月十四的盂兰节 (Hungry Ghost Festival)，俗称中元节。

Halloween called "All Hallow Een", "The Eve of All Hallows", "Hallow een", or "The eve of All SaintasDay". The convention was called "Halloween". Halloween is a traditional festival in western countries, this night is one of the most "haunted" in the night, so it is called "halloween". We Chinese have a saying "Halloween", namely the lunar calendar in July fourteen of the hungry ghost festival (Hungry Ghost Festival), commonly known as the festival of the dead.

在万圣节前夜，小孩子们都开心的不得了，等了一年的“不请吃就捣蛋”(Trick or treat) 呀!夜幕降临，孩子们便迫不及待地穿上五颜六色 (multi-colored) 的化妆服，戴上千奇百怪的面具 (all sorts of strange masks)，提上一盏“杰克灯 (jack-olantern)”跑出去挨家挨户的要糖、小点心或者零钱。小气的人家就要倒霉了，小捣蛋鬼们 (trouble maker)会在门把手涂上肥皂，有时还把他们的猫涂上颜色。

In Halloween, children are very happy, waiting for a year "trick or treat" (Trick or treat)! As night fell, children will be unable to hold oneself back to wear (multi-colored) be riotous with colour makeup suits, wear a mask of all sorts of strange things (all sorts of strange masks), put on a "Jack-O-Lantern (jack-olantern)" from door to door to run out of sugar, snacks or change. The mean people will be out of luck, the little monkeys (trouble maker) will apply soap on the door handle, and sometimes their cats painted colors.

现在，“Trunk or treat” 似乎更加流行，在指定停车场 (parking lot)，家长们会把车布置成各种有趣、漂亮的主题，准备好零食，等待孩子们的“捣乱”。

Now, "Trunk or treat" seems to be more popular in the designated parking area (parking lot), parents will put the car into a variety of interesting layout, beautiful theme, prepare snacks, waiting for the children ".

由于万圣夜临近苹果的丰收期，“咬苹果”(Apple Biting) 也成了万圣节前夜很流行的游戏。游戏时，大人们让苹果漂浮在装满水的盆里，然后让孩子们在不用手的条件下用嘴去咬苹果，谁先咬到，谁就是优胜者。 另外焦糖苹果 (caramel apple， toffee apple)，热苹果西打 (cider)，粟米糖(candy corn)，烘南瓜子 (pumpkin seed) 等也是受欢迎的应节食品。

Since Halloween approaching apple harvest, "bite" (Apple Biting) has become a very popular Halloween game. The game, the adults make apple floating in a basin filled with water, and then let the children in the mouth bite apple do not in the hands of the conditions, who first bite, who is the winner. In addition the caramel apple (Caramel Apple, toffee apple), hot apple cider (cider), candy corn (candy corn), roasted pumpkin seeds (pumpkin seed) is also popular festive food.

One night, a pig into the forest, suddenly heard a terrible cry, this sounds very much like a Wolf, the pig is scared, it saw many bats fly up. Pig feel more scared, it anxiously ran home. Results the pig got lost. It walk on the road, suddenly caught by the a bat demon king. It put the pig in a bag. To a palace. Ready to kill him, do eat roast pork. At this moment, the pig from window found the bat Lord dropped the key to the door in the center of the palace door, door have a chicken in the play, the pig said to the chicken, "the chicken, please bring the key to the door to me." The chicken said: "oh." Say that finish, he handed the keys from the window to the pigs. Come back soon, bat Lord ready to kill pigs.

Piggy to bat Lord said: "the bat Lord, I died and a bucket, that is to listen to my story." Bat Lord said: "oh, you still have wishes, then you can go ahead." When pigs found the bat Lord relaxed demeanor, pig loudly say: "oh, someone steal things." What, where,? "Said the bat Lord." On the second floor. "Said the pig. The bat Lord and hurriedly ran to the second floor, when he left he said to the guard:" he has great potential/holds great promise. "But, guards are dozing, and didnt hear. Take this opportunity, pigs hold keys to open the doors of the temple ran away, run away before forget to thank the chicken. Pigs ran ran found a button, and the underground pig by once, a look, it seems to be to his home. He told the story to a neighbor in the first time, it is going the rounds ten word. We all know that at last.

It let foreigners know that this day is called Halloween.

一天夜晚，一只小猪走进树林，忽然听到一种可怕的叫声，这声音很像狼叫，小猪害怕极了，它又看见许多蝙蝠飞了过来。小猪感到更害怕了，它焦急地往家里跑。结果小猪迷路了。它在路上走着走着，忽然被一个蝙蝠魔王抓住了。它把小猪放进一个袋子里。带到一个宫殿里。准备把他杀了，做烤猪肉吃。这时，小猪从窗内发现蝙蝠魔王把大门的钥匙掉在宫殿门外的地上，门外有只小鸡在玩耍，小猪对小鸡说：“小鸡，请你把门外的钥匙拿给我。”小鸡说：“哦。”说完，他就把钥匙从窗外递给了小猪。不多时，蝙蝠魔王回来准备要杀小猪。

小猪对蝙蝠魔王说：“蝙蝠魔王，我临死前还有个遗愿，那就是听我讲故事。”蝙蝠魔王说：“哦，你还有遗愿，那你就讲吧。”这时小猪发现蝙蝠魔王神态有所放松，小猪大声说：“啊，有人偷东西了。”哪，哪，在哪?”蝙蝠魔王说。“在二楼。”小猪说。蝙蝠魔王便急急忙忙地跑向二楼，临走时他还对卫兵说：“看好他。”可是，卫兵正在打瞌睡，根本没听见。趁这机会，小猪拿着钥匙打开殿门就逃走了，逃走前却忘了跟小鸡致谢。小猪跑着跑着发现地下有个按钮，小猪按了一下，一看，这好像是到了自己家了。他就在第一时间把这件事告诉了邻居，这件事就一传十，十传百。最后大家都知道了。

这件事让外国人知道了，就把这一天叫万圣节。

除了上街搞鬼，万圣节少不了大大小小的南瓜灯装饰，不过为何是西瓜、冬瓜或萝卜，而是南瓜呢?根据典故，爱尔兰有个名叫Jack的男子，某天，他和恶灵在酒吧喝酒，两人酒足饭饱后却没钱付帐，Jack将恶灵禁锢起來，经过恶灵苦苦哀求，Jack要求其答应一整年都不能骚扰他才“放鬼”。

沒想到后来Jack不幸去世，进不了天堂只好去地狱求恶灵收留，恶灵认为是Jack自已说不要再有瓜葛，所以拒绝接受Jack的请求，只私給他一快烧红的木炭让他放在大头菜內当灯笼照明，后来苏格兰小孩“有样学样”，也挖空大头菜放蜡烛点灯。

这个习俗传到美国后，人们发现圆圆胖胖的的南瓜更适合当空心灯笼。所以自然就变成南瓜的天下，南瓜灯也成为万圣节最应景的道具之一。

there was a kindly nobleman whose wife had died of an illness leaving the nobleman and his three daughters in despair. after losing all his money in useless and bad inventions the family had to move into a peasants cottage, where the daughters did their own cooking, sewing and cleaning.

when it came time for the daughters to marry, the father became even more depressed as his daughters could not marry without dowries, money and property given to the new husbands family.

one night after the daughters had washed out their clothing they hung their stockings over the fireplace to dry. that night saint nicholas, knowing the despair of the father, stopped by the noblemans house. looking in the window saint nicholas saw that the family had gone to bed. he also noticed the daughters stockings. inspiration struck saint nicholas and he took three small bags of gold from his pouch and threw them one by one down the chimney and they landed in the stockings.

很久很久以前有一个心地善良的贵族，他的妻子因病去逝，留下他和他的三个女儿。这个贵族喜欢尝试创造发明，但是都失败了，也因此耗尽了家里的钱财，所以他和女儿们不得不搬到一家农舍里生活，三个女儿也只得自己干家务活。

一晃几年过去，女儿们陆续到了出嫁的年龄，父亲却变得更加沮丧，因为他没钱给女儿们买嫁妆。圣人nicholas(圣诞老人)知道了他们一家人的境况后，决定帮助他们渡过难关。

一天晚上，女儿们洗完衣服后将长统袜挂在壁炉前烘干。圣人nicholas(圣诞老人)驾着雪橇来到他们的家门前，他从窗口看到一家人都已睡着了，同时也注意到了女孩们的长统袜，于是，他从口袋里掏出三小包黄金从烟囱上一个个投下去，刚好掉在女孩们的长统袜里。

第二天早上，女儿们醒来发现她们的长统袜里装满了金子，足够供她们买嫁妆了。父亲也因此能亲眼看到女儿们出嫁了。从此，一家人又过上了幸福快乐的生活。

后来，世界各地的孩子们都继承了悬挂圣诞袜的传统。圣诞节那天有些国家的孩子则有其它类似的风俗，如在法国，孩子们将鞋子放在壁炉旁等等。

[关于圣诞袜由来的英语作文

母亲节起源于美国。1906年5月9日，美国费城的安娜·贾薇丝的母亲不幸去世，她悲痛万分。在次年母亲逝世周年忌日，安娜小姐组织了追思母亲的活动，并鼓励他人也以类似方式来表达对各自慈母的感激之情。此后，她到处游说并向社会各界呼吁，号召设立母亲节。她的呼吁获得热烈响应。1913年5月10日，美国参众两院通过决议案，由威尔逊总统签署公告，决定每年5月的第二个星期日为母亲节。这一举措引起世界各国纷纷仿效，至1948年安娜谢世时，已有43个国家设立了母亲节。

Mothers Day originated in the United States. In May 9, 1906, American Philadelphia Anna Jia Wei silks mother died, her grief. In the next year Mothers death anniversary, miss Anna mother organized a memorial service, and encourage others to express their gratitude to the mother in a similar manner. Since then, her lobbying and appeal to all walks of life, calls for the establishment of mothers day. Her appeal to get a warm response. In May 10, 1913, American house and Senate passed a resolution, signed by President Wilson announcement, decided each year the second Sunday in May as mothers day. The move by all the countries in the world have to follow, to 1948 xieshishi Anna, 43 countries have established the mothers day.

母亲节在我国最早是港澳台地区有此节日。改革开放后，母亲节也为内地所接受。广东省于1988年开始，杭州等城市于1989年开始，都由各级妇联组织母亲节的庆祝活动，并把评选"好母亲"作为节日的内容之一。

Mothers day in China is the first Hong Kong and Macao have this festival. After the reform and opening up, mothers Day is also accepted for the mainland. Guangdong Province, beginning in 1988, Hangzhou city began in 1989, the womens federations at all levels have mothers Day celebration, and the selection "good mother" as part of the festival.

在母亲节许多人将康乃馨赠给母亲，这是源于1934年5月美国首次发行母亲节纪念邮票。邮票上一位慈祥的母亲，双手放在膝上，欣喜地看着前面的花瓶中一束鲜艳美丽的康乃馨。随着邮票的传播，在许多人的心目中把母亲节与康乃馨联系起来，康乃馨便成了象征母爱之花，受到人们的敬重。康乃馨与母亲节便联系在一起了。人们把思念母亲、孝敬母亲的感情，寄托于康乃馨上，康乃馨也成为了赠送母亲不可缺少的珍贵礼品。

On Mothers Day carnations to the mothers for many people, this is from 1934 May America issued the first mothers Day commemorative stamps. Stamp a kind mother, hands on knees, delighted to see the vase in front of a bunch of bright beautiful carnations. With the spread of the stamps, linked the mothers Day carnations in many peoples minds, carnations became the symbol of motherly love flowers, respected by people. Mothers Day carnations and he relates in together. People miss mother, your mothers feelings, hopes in the carnation, carnations has become the indispensable precious gifts mother gifts.

据网上报道显示，人大代表提出高考取消英文科目，赞同人数高达百分之八十二，这一话题也成为当今许多同学的热议，很多人认为：中国人学好国语就行，为何要学习外国的语言。

我认为英语成为我们学生的学习主科有其道理性和针对性的针对学生的发展未来。从对国家发展来看英语占全世界的国家讲的人数虽不是最多的，但却是分布的最广乏于国家的，包括很多的发达国家，中国学习这门语言对走出世界，同其他国家交流沟通发挥了很大的作用，如果取消这门沟通语言之门便少了日后中国发挥国际地位中的作用，众所周知，中国早已加入世界贸易组织，若贸然作出取消英语科目的决定，其进一步从长远地发展眼光看便可想而知。

作为学生，许多人的其他科目优势都能被英语这门科目好多了，但无论如何学好英语对学生的将来只有利大于弊，如果其他都学好只有英语差，对将来是不利的，要想睁大眼睛看世界，就得努力使自己插上翅膀飞出中国面对多样化，缤纷多彩的世界，到一个发达的地区闯出一片天，再把自己的国家发展好。

义务教育阶段时期在小学时便把语文，数学英语，这三门科目定为了主要学习科目，其实英语只要从小学基础打起，便觉得好学，多听，多说，脑海里会自然形成像语文那样会听，会说的一种能力。

导语：儿童节即将到来，你知道最开始儿童节是怎么来的吗?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Children, also known as "June 1 International Childrens Day," the annual June 1, the world of childrens festivals. November 1949, the Womens International Democratic Federation council meeting held in Moscow. China and other countries and representatives of countries and anger exposed the imperialist reactionaries kill and poison children. In order to protect the worlds children to survival, health and education, to improve the lives of children. The meeting decided in the annual June 1 International Childrens Day.

The International Childrens Day (ICD) is celebrated in numerous countries, usually (but not always) on June 1 each year.

The ICD had its origin in the World Conference for the Wellbeing of Children in Geneva, Switzerland in 1925. It is not clear as to why June 1 was chosen as the ICD: one theory has it that the Chinese consul-general in San Francisco (USA) gathered a number of Chinese orphans to celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival in 1925, which happened to be on June 1 that year, and also coincided with the conference in Geneva.

June 1 has since been observed as the ICD by numerous countries, especially by Communist countries; in the Western world the ICD is usually celebrated on other days of the year (if at all), and there is often little public awareness about these celebrations. (See the section on Germany below for further discussions.) Consequently there is sometimes a misperception that June 1 as the ICD was a Communist invention. Nonetheless, in recent years even some groups within the United States started observing the ICD on June 1.

【参考译文】

1942年6月，德国法西斯党卫军包围了现在捷克共和国的首都布拉格市附近的利迪策村，枪杀了16岁以上男性公民140多人，全部婴儿和妇女被押往集中营，另外有90名儿童被押往波兰的一个集中营(其中只有17人活到战争结束)。村里所有的房舍、建筑物均被烧毁或被铲土机夷为平地。就这样，一个好好的村庄被法西斯党卫军毁灭了。

为了悼念利迪策村和全世界所有在战争中死难的儿童，反对帝国主义战争贩子虐杀、毒害儿童，保障儿童的权利，1949年11月在苏联首都莫斯科召开的国际民主妇女联合会理事会通过一项决议，正式决定每年的6月1日为全世界儿童的节日，即“六一”国际儿童节。

国际民主妇联作出每年6月1日为国际儿童节的决议后，1949年12月23日，我国中央人民政府政务院第十二次会议通过了统一全国年节和纪念日放假的办法，其中决定自1950年起，每年以6月1日国际儿童节作为中国儿童自己的节日，并放假举行庆祝。从此中止了1931年起由中华慈幼协会建议的每年4月4日为我国儿童节的活动。

于是，1950年6月1日便成了我国建国后的第一个“六一”国际儿童节。

此后，我国每年的6月1日都举行各种活动，庆祝“六一”国际儿童节。

I am not supportive of the idea that either takes priority. It is necessary and absolutely possible that economic development and environmental protection co-exist, in the sense that both of them are indispensable factors for the prosperity of society.

Economic development is seemingly more important, due to the fact that it creates enormous job opportunities, improves living conditions and increases government revenues. Yet, the above goals can only really be reached on condition that the environment is well protected. And, interesting, it is the economic development per se that provides the money and personnel resources required for the protection of the environment. A well-preserved environment is the groundwork for the economy and in a way promotes economic growth. A fast-development and well-functioning economy calls for a good environment, which offers essential resources, e.g. wood, coal, water, and so on. Once the environment deteriorates, the production process is likely to be disturbed or even halted. What is worse, natural disaster that comes with the worsening environmental conditions might even paralyze the whole economy and pose a severe threat to human life. The pursuit of short-term economic profit is the destruction of our home and that of our posterity.

So economic development and environmental protection are equally important. In this case, we are actually working on an environment-friendly economy.

Theres an old called "years" the monster, head length Angle, fierce anomaly, life in the sea. On New Years eve will climbed out, the spitting food livestock harm thy soul. So a to New Years eve, everyone fled to the mountains, to avoid the damage. This year, from the village to a silver whiskers elegant, eye if lang star old yourself. Midnight "years" burst into the village, is preparing to bluster, all of a sudden there was "cracking" Fried noise, the old has put on red appear in front of the "year", "year" shuddered, to flee to the sea, and the night cant into the village. This is to celebrates New Years eve legends and the origin of firecrackers, and then after thousands of years of development, the Chinese New Year customs to accept the more abundant the.

One story about Jack,an Irishman,who was not allowed into Heaven because he was stingy with his money.So he was sent to hell.But down there he played tricks on the Devil (Satan),so he was kicked out of Hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern.

Well,Irish children made Jacks lanterns on October 31st from a large potato or turnip,hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside.And Irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village Halloween festival that honored the Druid god Muck Olla.The Irish name for these lanterns was "Jack with the lantern" or "Jack of the lantern," abbreviated as " Jack-o-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern."

The traditional Halloween you can read about in most books was just childrens fun night.Halloween celebrations would start in October in every elementary school.

关于万圣节有这样一个故事.是说有一个叫杰克的爱尔兰人,因为他对钱特别的吝啬,就不允许他进入天堂,而被打入地狱.但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦,所以被踢出地狱,罚他提着灯笼永远在人世里行走.

在十月三十一日爱尔兰的孩子们用土豆和萝卜制作“杰克的灯笼”,他们把中间挖掉、表面上打洞并在里边点上蜡烛.为村里庆祝督伊德神的万圣节,孩子们提着这种灯笼挨家挨户乞讨食物.这种灯笼的爱尔兰名字是“拿灯笼的杰克”或者“杰克的灯笼”,缩写为Jack-o-lantern .

现在你在大多数书里读到的万圣节只是孩子们开心的夜晚.

On October 31st, dozens of children dressed in costumes(节日服装)knock on their neighbors’ doors and yell "Trick or Treat" when the door opens. Pirates and princesses, ghosts and popular heroes of the day all hold bags open to catch the candy or other goodies that the neighbors drop in. As they give each child a treat the neighbors exclaim over the costumes and try to guess who is under the masks.

Since the 800’s November 1st is a religious holiday known as All Saints’ Day(万圣节). The Mass that was said on this day was called Allhallowmas. The evening before became known as All Hakkiw e’en, or Halloween. Like some other American celebrations, its origins lie in both pre-Christian and Christian customs.

October 31 st was the eve of the Celtic(凯尔特人的)new year. The Celts were the ancestors of the present-day Irish, Welsh and Scottish people. On this day ghosts walked and mingled with the living, or so the Celts thought. The townspeople baked food all that day and when night fell they dressed up and tried to resemble the souls of the dead. Hoping that the ghosts would leave peacefully before midnight of the new year.

Much later, when Christianity spread throughout Ireland and October 31 was no longer the last day of the year, Halloween became a celebration mostly for children. "Ghosts" went from door to door asking for treats, or else a trick would be played on the owners of the house. When millions of Irish people immigrated to the United States in the 1840s the tradition came with them.

Today’ school dances and neighborhood parties called "block parties" are popular among young and old alike. More and more adults celebrate Halloween. They dress up like historical or political figures and go to mmasquerade parties(化妆舞会). In larger cities, costumed children and their parents gather at shopping malls early in the evening. Stores and businesses give parties with games and treats for the children.

Teenagers enjoy costume dances at their schools and the more outrageous the costume the better!

Certain pranks(恶作剧)such as soaping car windows and tipping over garbage cans are expected. But partying and pranks are not the only things that Halloweeners enjoy doing. Some collect money to buy food and medicine for needy children around the world.

Symbols of Halloween

Halloween originated as a celebration connected with evil spirits. Witches flying on broomsticks with black cats, ghosts, goblins(小精灵)and skeletons have all evolved as symbols of Halloween. They are popular trick-or-treat costumes and decorations for greeting cards and windows. Black is one of the traditional Halloween colors, probably because Halloween festivals and traditions took place at night. In the weeks before October 31, Americans decorate windows of houses and schools with silhouettes(轮廓)of witches and black cats.

Pumpkins are also a symbol of Halloween. The pumpkin is an orange-colored squash, and orange has become the other traditional Halloween color. Carving pumpkins into jack- o’lanterns is a Halloween custom also dating back to Ireland. A legend grew up about a man named Jack who was so stingy(吝啬的)that he was not allowed into heaven when he died, because he was a miser(吝啬鬼). He couldn’t enter hell either because he had played jokes on the devil. As a result, Jack had to walk the earth with his lantern until Judgement Day(审判日). The Irish people carved scary faces out of turnips(芜菁根), beets(甜菜根)or potatoes representing "Jack of the Lantern," or Jack-o’lantern. When the Irish brought their customs to the United States, they carved faces on pumpkins because in the autumn they were more plentiful than turnips. Today jack-o’-lanterns in the windows of a house on Halloween night let costumed children know that there are goodies(糖果)waiting if they knock and say "Trick or Treat!"

[关于万圣节的英语作文素材

导语：八旗最初源于满洲(女真)人的狩猎组织，是清代旗人的社会生活军事组织形式，也是清代的根本制度。今天我们来看看清朝八旗的由来、发展与兴衰。

八旗是清太祖努尔哈赤独创的一种“军政合一”、“寓兵于民”的组织，遇有征伐，抽调旗下甲士组成军队，即通常所说的八旗兵;同时它又是政权组织，具有管理旗下人民户籍、田土、赋役、教养、诉讼、婚姻等广泛职能。清人关前，凡人均隶于八旗，可以说旗外无兵无民，八旗的重要性自不待言;就是入关以后，清统治者仍视八旗为国家根本，以八旗禁旅卫护京师，驻防冲要大城。

八旗的前身

中国清代满族的社会组织形式。满族的先世女真人以射猎为业，每年到采捕季节，以氏族或村寨为单位，由有名望的人当首领，这种以血缘和地缘为单位进行集体狩猎的组织形式，称为牛录制。总领称为牛录额真(牛录意为大箭;额真，又称厄真，意为主)。

八旗的建立

努尔哈赤在统一女真各部的战争中，取得节节胜利。随着势力扩大，人口增多，他于明万历二十九年(1601)建立黄、白、红、蓝四旗，称为正黄、正白、正红、正蓝，旗皆纯色。四十三年，努尔哈赤为适应满族社会发展的需要，在原有牛录制的基础上，创建了八旗制度，即在原有的四旗之外，增编镶黄、镶白、镶红、镶蓝四旗(镶，俗写亦作厢)。旗帜除四正色旗外，黄、白、蓝均镶以红，红镶以白。把后金管辖下的所有人都编在旗内。

八旗的分类

清朝的八旗分为满洲八旗，蒙古八旗和汉军八旗，其中满洲八旗，蒙古八旗的主体是骑兵，他们的普通士兵分为三个等级，马兵，战兵和守兵，军饷依次降低。普通的满洲八旗，蒙古八旗男子十岁开始每三年可以参加考试，达标为守兵，享有军饷，以后每三年可以参加晋级考试，考试合格升入高一级，增加军饷。马兵，战兵和守兵是等级而不管你是否骑马。汉军八旗也叫乌真超哈(重装部队)其主要是炮兵。

八旗的方位

清代的八旗军，包括八旗满洲、蒙古、汉军在行军、驻营时所居的位置是固定的。据说是依“五行相克”说制订的。在《八旗通志》中有如下的记载：“两黄旗位正北，取土胜水。两白旗位正东，取金胜木。两红旗位正西，取火胜金。两蓝旗位正南，取水胜火，水色本黑，而旗以指麾六师，或夜行黑色难辩，故以蓝代之。”根据阴阳五行学说：东方属木，颜色为青，木能克土;南方属火，颜色为赤，火能生土克金;西方属金，颜色为白，金能生水克木;北方属水，颜色为黑，水能生木克火;中央属土，颜色为黄，土能生金克水。从五行所属的颜色和五行相克的角度讲，八旗所处的方位恰恰与五行相克的方位是一致的：两黄旗属土，土能克水，所以在北方;两红旗属火，火能克金，所以两红旗位于西方;两白旗属金，金能克木，所以两白旗位于东方;两蓝旗属水，水能克火，所以两蓝旗位于南方。

八旗的特点

八旗初建时兵民合一，全民皆兵，凡满洲成员皆隶于满洲八旗之下。旗的组织具有军事、行政和生产等多方面职能。入关前，八旗兵丁平时从事生产劳动，战时荷戈从征，军械粮草自备。入关以后，建立了八旗常备兵制和兵饷制度，八旗兵从而成了职业兵。清定都北京以后，绝大部分八旗兵丁屯驻在北京附近，戍卫京师的八旗则按其方位驻守，称驻京八旗，俗称京旗，实即禁军。另抽出一部分旗兵派驻全国各重要城市和军事要地，称驻防八旗。八旗有一套完整的制度。如封爵，崇德元年(1636)始定亲王、郡王、贝勒、贝子、镇国公、辅国公、镇国将军、辅国将军、奉国将军9等。八旗按引军旗色定户籍。八旗兴办宗室觉罗学、官学等，课其子弟。八旗宗室王公及官兵的婚丧等均有规定。清初定满汉不通婚，直到光绪二十七年(1901)才取消禁令，实际上民间早已通婚。

八旗的编制

八旗的最小单位是牛录，设牛录额真1人;5牛录为1甲喇，设甲喇额真1人;5甲喇为1固山，设固山额真1人。牛录既是一种社会组织，也是作战时的一个单位编成，每牛录300户，每户出一个壮丁，父死子继，兄亡弟代，在全军出动时才有每牛录300人。一般作战，每牛录只有几十人。八旗的组成是满洲八旗300牛录，其中包括约100个已经满族化的蒙古牛录，纯粹满洲牛录仅210个。蒙古八旗129牛录和汉军八旗167牛录。终清一代牛录的数字增加不多。

据史籍记载，当时编有满洲牛录308个，蒙古牛录76个，汉军牛录16个，共400个。此时所编设的八旗，即后来的满洲八旗。清太宗时，又建立蒙古八旗和汉军八旗，旗制与满洲八旗同。八旗由皇帝、诸王、贝勒控制，旗制终清未改。

八旗的兴衰

清军入关，满族人口大量涌入北京及其附近地区。为了安置八旗官兵和闲散人口，清政府进行大规模的圈地运动，八旗官兵因此获得一部分旗地。兵丁份地大多数靠本人带同家属从事耕种，后多迫于生计被典押出去。清统治全国以后，八旗兵丁生计日渐拮据。清王朝虽采取了种种措施，但直至清末，八旗生计问题非但没有解决，反而陷于贫困的境地。

八旗制度从正式建立到1911年辛亥革命后清王朝覆灭，共存在296年。它是清王朝统治全国的重要军事支柱，曾为发展和巩固中国多民族统一的国家、为保卫边疆防止外来侵略等都作出了重要贡献，对满族社会的发展，更起到不可磨灭的作用。随着历史的嬗变，八旗制度中落后的一面也日益明显，严重地束缚了满族人民的发展，在征战中的作用也愈来愈小。八旗制度与清王朝的命运紧密地联系在一起，经历了由盛而衰，由衰而亡的整个历史过程。

八旗与北京

在八旗当中，正黄、镶黄、正白为上三旗，直接由皇帝管辖;其余的五旗，则分由其它官员管辖，称做下五旗。

清朝定都北京以后，满洲八旗的主力则按旗驻扎在北京城内外，人们称之为“禁旅八旗”。除正阳门外，北京的八个城门都有八旗兵驻防。当时清朝统治者认为北京的最大威胁来自北方，因此北面的德胜门和安定门是防守的重中之重，由皇帝亲自指挥的正黄、镶黄两旗驻防，其余的城门，则由剩下的六旗兵按照各自的方位，分别把守。出于同样的道理，清朝在京城的北部郊外也部署了相当的兵力，这也就是今天为什么北京的北面多有以“旗”、“营”为名的地名，而其他三个方向少有类似地名的原因。

八旗制度给北京留下的历史遗迹还间接地烙印在了皇城之内，在今天的北京地图上，我们总可以看到许多像北营房、南营房、东营房这样的地名，追根溯源，就是因为过去这些地方曾是驻守城门的八旗兵的营房。

北京宣武门外有一条胡同叫校场口，校场口附近还留存有校场头条至五条，历史上这一带曾经是八旗兵练兵、习武的地方。今天，当我们漫步在这些风韵无存的老胡同里时，刀光剑影的声声厮杀穿过了现代都市的阵阵喧嚣荡入耳畔，屋檐之下、门墩之后依稀若现五尺男儿们那威武矫健的身影。

想当年，德胜门外的西北这一带，是清军正黄旗旗营所在地。有军队驻守，理当太平，于是人们便称此地为太平营。解放以后这个当年的军营所在地被改名为北太平庄。今天的北太平庄军旅不在，容颜已改，只有太平依旧。

八旗制度从正式建立到1911年辛亥革命后清朝覆灭，共存在了近三百年，它是清王朝统治国家的重要军事支柱。古老的北京城，见证了它由盛及衰、由衰而亡的过程，而历史把这个见证绘记在了今天的地图之上。

八旗的渊源

众所周知，八旗制度既是军事组织又是农业生产组织，是一种兵农合一的制度。也许我们会想起，在中国的少数民族历史上还有一个女真人所建立的王朝也创立过这种兵农合一的制度。那就是清朝的前身金朝，完彦阿骨打所创立的猛安谋克制。但清太祖努尔哈赤所建立的八旗制度无疑是一种在此基础上的深化和完善。

早在努尔哈赤六世祖猛哥帖木儿时，建州女真就有了自己的军队。努尔哈赤的历史功绩在于对女真原有的军事组织加以改造，组见了一支纪律严明、骁勇善战的铁骑，并创立了八旗制度。

先是，女真人在出猎时，各出一支箭。十人中立一个总领;总领成牛录额真，后以牛录额真为官名。努尔哈赤起兵之后，将他的部族分为若干个牛录，每牛录统辖三百人。牛录额真已不是行猎时的小头目而成为女真部族的一级官员。牛录也不单单是围猎组织，也成为了军事组织。万历二十九年(1601年)努尔哈赤对建州女真军队初次整编，始设四旗，每三百人为一牛录，设牛录额真一员，并画一颜色。以黄、白、红、蓝四色为旗的标志。

万历四十三年(1615年)，努尔哈赤的军队已不下五六万人。他将原有的四旗，扩为八旗。规定每三百人设一牛录额真(参领)，五甲喇设一固山额真(都统)。每旗约七千五百人八旗总共有五六万人。每个固山有特定的颜色的旗帜，所以汉语将固山译为旗。原有四旗用黄、白、蓝、红四种颜色做的旗帜有增添四旗。将原来的旗帜周围镶边，黄、白、蓝三色旗帜镶红边，红色旗帜镶白边，成为八种不同颜色的旗帜。不镶边的旗帜成为正旗，镶边的旗帜成为镶旗。从此八旗制度开始实行在女真军中。

到天命七年(1622年)，始设的蒙古旗后发展为蒙古八旗。天聪五年(1631年)，努尔哈赤第八子皇太极将满州八旗中的汉军选出，另组建了汉军八旗。于是，满州八旗、蒙古八旗、汉军八旗，共二十四旗，分为左右翼两旗，但统称为八旗。八旗制度“以旗统军，以旗统民”，他还掌管行政、经济、和家族组织。牛录额真下设二人副职，并设四名拔什库，管理村屯。牛录额真及其副职管理牛录的军事、民政、经济、土地、诉讼、婚丧等事物但以军事为主。八旗兵丁“出则为兵，如则为民”，平时耕猎，战时出征。出征时要自备马匹、器械、粮草;俘获，掠来的财物按军功分配。

努尔哈赤创建的八旗制度，以他为纽带，把女真社会的军事、行政、经济、家族统治起来女真各部的部民，按照军事方式分为三级加以编制。从而使分散的女真社会联结成为一体并结成了一个组织严密，生气勃勃的社会机体。八旗制度的创立是少数民族历史上的一次伟大的改革和一种创新。为清军最终问鼎中原奠定了坚实的基础。

Halloween first came to America with early settlers from Celtic areas in Europe,such as Ireland and Scotland.But other American settlers with strict religious beliefs,including the Puritans from England,rejected Halloween.The arrival of many Irish immigrants during the 1800s helped spread Halloweens popularity.

But by the late 1800s,fewer people believed in ancient superstitions of ghosts and witches. Halloween became more a holiday for children to receive treats and dress in costume.