2015年高考英语专题之写作基础知识精选三篇 作文（汇集20篇）

Dear David,

Im glad youll come to Beijing to learn Chinese. Chinese is very useful,

and many foreigners are learning it now. Its difficult for you because its

quite different from English. You have to remember as many Chinese words as

possible. Its also important to do some reading and writing. You can watch TV

and listen to the radio to practise your listening. Do your best to talk with

people in Chinese. You can learn Chinese not only from books but also from

people around you. If you have any questions, please ask me. Im sure youll

learn Chinese well.

Hope to see you soon in Beijing.

Yours,

Wang Ming

很多学校根据学生的爱好和兴趣开展了许多有益的课外活动，请你根据以下提示，写一篇不少于80字的短文。

内容包括：

1.列举你们学校开展的三项课外活动;

2.介绍你对哪些活动感兴趣，并说明原因，这些活动给你带来的益处;

3.为同学如何选择课外活动提出两个建议;

4.鼓励同学们积极参加学校课外活动。

Nowadays, after-class activities are becoming more and more popular in schools. We also have many kinds of after-class activities in our school, such as English corner, playing basketball and swimming. I am interested in the English corner, because it can help me make some new friends there.

If you also want to take part in after-class activities, I have some suggestions. You had better choose the activities which are good for you; you had better choose what you like.

Dear friends, please take part in after-class activities. I’m sure you will learn a lot and you will find it very interesting at the same time. Your school life will be colorful.

[高考英语作文话题预测：兴趣与爱好

What Kind of Jobs use to Work Overtime?

When it comes to overtime working, I believe manypeople will not happy but have experienced itbefore.

Do you think what kind of job usually needs to workovertime? I think it is the career like, designer.

When having task to design, they usually have to finish it in the arranging time.

In most cases, the time is very limited.

So, nearly every time they have new task, they have to work overtime.

Sometimes they have to work over night.

Of course, there are some peoples job property is similar to designer also need to work anextra shift.

Thus, I think the people like designer will have more chances to work overtime.

[关于加班的高考满分英语作文

新型冠状病毒肆虐的艰难时刻，钟南山院士、无数医务人员、全国各地党员干部纷纷走到前台，直面病毒、主动请战、一线战斗……中华儿女多奇志。全国人民众志成城，浇铸起了一道阻击新型冠状病毒的铜墙铁壁。他们是这个春节最靓丽的“风景线”，值得点赞，值得仰视。

仰视这道“风景线”，我们看到了充满大爱、闪耀希望的光芒。当湖北新型冠状病毒发生后，84岁高龄、经历过SARS的钟南山院士又一次站在了台前;15名医务人员拯救病人，不顾个人安危，最终感染上了病毒;1名长时间辛勤工作后的医务人员，摘下口罩时，满脸都是创伤;全国无数医务工作者主动请战，支援武汉抗击病毒一线，截止1月28日，已经有30支医疗队一共4130人已经到达湖北开展工作，还将有13支医疗队大约1800人能够到达武汉……都说“大爱无疆”。这些行动无一不彰显大爱，是生生不息的民族精神的源泉。在大家共同努力下，我们欣慰地看到，出院人数在日见增多，隔离效果在逐渐显现，治疗措施在日渐精进……形成一幅动人的战斗画卷，成为这个春节最靓丽的“风景线”。仰视他们，就好像看到了人间大爱的广阔、生命不息的希望。

仰视这道“风景线”，我们看到了充满忠诚、闪耀担当的光芒。在后防线上，各级党员干部放弃节假日，积极行动起来，开展宣传引导，做好防护隔离，搞好检查消毒，抓好后勤保障，哪里有危险就挺在前面，哪里有困难就冲在前面，各项工作扎实有序有力进行;纵使不能站到一线的老党员老同志，也“哪怕转发一条微信，让大家不串门、勤洗手、多消毒，尽自己一份力。”公安部严厉打击利用疫情哄抬物价、囤积居奇、趁火打劫等违法犯罪行为;医疗部门走到交通路口、汽车站点，进行消毒、检测体温……一个支部就是一个堡垒，一名党员就是一面旗帜。无数党组织和党员干部不忘初心、践行使命，处处彰显忠诚品格、担当作为的风范，成为这个春节最靓丽的“风景线”。仰视他们，一切困难都不叫不困难，一切危险也都能迎刃而解，战胜困难也就只是时间问题。

仰视这道“风景线”，我们看到了充满拼搏、闪耀智慧的光芒。与病毒抗争，就是与时间赛跑。西北某省疾控中心病原实验室负责人告诉《财经》记者，拿到标本后，实验室能在一天内筛查出是否为已知或常见病毒;而2003年爆发的SARS疫情，科学家用5个多月的时间才最终确定为新型冠状病毒;2013年的H7N9禽流感疫情，从首个病例发病到分理出病毒病确诊，用了1个多月。从隔离到检测、从检测到治疗，无数人不舍昼夜、不顾安危，硬是做出了骄人业绩。我们欣慰地看到，检测新型冠状病毒，最快只要2小时;抗病毒治疗、抗菌药物治疗、中医治疗，凝聚心情和汗水的各种治疗方案纷纷登场;上海传来好消息，新型冠状mRNA疫苗研发正式立项，预计40天内完成大规模生产制备……空谈误国，实干兴邦。与新型冠状病毒的抗争、拼搏，就是这个春节最靓丽的“风景线”。仰视他们，就像仰视一种生命的哲学，就像看到了中华民族智慧的光芒。

高考即将到来，语文作文对成绩的影响是很大的，大家一定要多看多练，提升作文水平。小编收集了临场作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、拿到考试卷，如果完成了基本的填写姓名等程序以后，可以先看看作文题，注意既然要看，就要看得仔细，以免没看清楚，引起错觉，影响后面的正式审题、答题。可以先看有一个准备，但不要先写作文。因为作文太耗时间和精力。考试开始的时候是精力最好的时候，这时候要用来解决前面的基础题。等到正式准备做作文时，还要仔细看题，要确保万无一失!

2、时间安排

花60分钟时间写作文是比较适当的，用8-10分钟构思很重要。因为，一旦写到一定字数发现思路不好，无论时间还是空间都来不及了。相信高考作文审题难度不大，但一定要审，之后再构思基本框架，根据自己的习惯，写个关键字的提纲(自己能看明白就行，主要的立意，哪些材料，还有哪些名言等)，开头部分最好在草稿纸上写好，修改，再誊抄。一定要仔细研究题目，审题不慎，满盘皆输。

3、标题

标题是文章的眼睛，也是阅卷教师对文章的第一印象，自拟题目，要确切、精练、生动、新颖、有意蕴。但坚决不能刻意求新，弄巧成拙!更忌涂改。当然，如果是命题作文，就不必为此烦神了。

4、文体

高考作文通常是“文体不限”(也有要求写议论文和记叙文)，但不代表没有文体，用什么文体写作，就要符合该文体的要求。记叙文要三分之二的篇幅落足于叙述，议论文反之。写记叙文，叙事务必清楚，情节设置或曲折或感人，不能是演绎中心的流水账;注意运用景物渲染和细节刻画、首尾呼应、伏笔过渡等写作技法。议论文，中心要突出，观点要鲜明;文章思路要清晰：或并列，或正反对照，或递进;论据要充分，表达要简洁，要懂得根据论点裁剪材料。还可以采用书信体，但务必符合书信格式，不能出现真实姓名和地点，要情真意切。

5、内容：精彩的构思必须用丰富的内容来支撑，丰富的内容必须紧扣主题。

要注意文章的主题不要偏离社会的主流价值观。虽然现在强调高考作文只要能够自圆其说，怎样的观点都可以，但这里必须有个度，这个度就是社会的主流价值观。不要触及敏感的政治事件，少谈宗教、政治话题，不要单纯发牢骚，不要写早恋、文革、批判政府无能等敏感话题。记叙文最好要有细节描写。推己及人，以情动人。议论文切忌大话、套话、废话，要避免空发议论，无情而“抒情”，无病呻吟，滥提口号，乱发号召，空表决心等等。议论文必须有分析，如果只是材料的堆砌就不叫议论文。

6、结构

高考作文的思路，务必清晰。除掉首尾，中间部分可以采用段首点题的方式，彰显文章的思路;也可以采用小标题的方式组织文章(慎用!)。另外，文章的段落安排，一定不能出现少于五段的情况。最好在5—8个自然段。

7、开头和结尾

考场作文最忌含蓄。高考作文的开头和结尾，必须做到开头起笔入题，结尾点明主旨。要确保开篇简洁，语句通畅，绝对不能出现病句和错别字，书写上也不能涂抹。要充分利用首因效应，在开篇给阅卷者留下良好的第一印象。开篇字数不宜过多，最多五句话，并且一定要有点明文章中心的句子。开篇确立的主旨，一方面要符合题目要求，另一方面必须贯穿全文。切不可前后矛盾。

文章的结尾也是阅卷看得相对仔细的地方。结尾亦不能草率。也要精心构思。或卒章显志，点明主旨;或画龙点睛，升华主题;或预留空白，引发想象或思考;或点题，首尾呼应。

8、语言

应试作文的表述要朴实大方，干净利索。严禁文白夹杂;严禁使用别人看不懂的方言;严禁使用别人看不懂的词汇;少用长句多用短句;尽量避免欧式的语言表述方式;多引用名言警句;引用流行的通俗歌曲歌词;但要注意：在作文中不要插上几句英语或网络语言(广东明令禁止采用)。总之，表达要符合现代汉语的语言规范，要简明、连贯、得体，要准确、鲜明、生动。

9、字数

应试作文一定要看清字数的要求，一定要写够数量或稍微超过50—100字才好。全文不要超过900字，写多了容易画蛇添足。

10、书写与卷面

书写要认真，卷面要整洁。不写繁体字、不写不规范的简化字(注意不要把“己”写成“乙”，注意修改的要求)。特别是民间流传的简化字，可以算作错别字，要扣分的。尽量写楷体字，一笔一画清清楚楚，不要写草字。标点符号，注意格式。近年高考作文评分标准中，“字体工整”是一项重要的评分细则。一般不要求写得好看，但要求书写整齐易辨认。总之，书写规范，卷面整洁，给阅卷老师留下好印象，至关重要!

一、积累固定搭配，避免中式英文

在高考中，很多考生写作文时都是要先想好中文内容再来翻译成英文。这看起来并没有什么不对的地方，因为一般考生的水平都达不到直接用英文来思考的程度。但差别在于英文很好的人在整体构思自己的作文时可能会用汉语，但是写作时完全的英语写作并不会存在什么障碍;只有英语水平一般的人才会将每句的意思大致用汉语想好，但写作时还是要用英文的习惯句型和固定搭配来表达，有时甚至没办法流畅的翻译出自己想的内容，再者也存在一个单词一个单词累积拼凑句子的情况 ，这就是我们常说的中式英语;之所以会这样，主要原因还是在于考生自身积累的英语习惯句型和固定搭配太少了，所以考生平时要注意积累考试常用的句型和语法基础知识，这些内容并不是太多，只要用心总结，需要很少一部分时间就能掌握的很好。

二、模糊叙述，避免不确定词汇

英语考试写作中经常遇到的一个问题就是不确定的词汇，想要描述一个事物，但是那个单词始终想不起来，这是每个考生都会遇到的问题，不论你的词汇量有多丰富，总会有你不认识的词汇出现。那么这时在考场上，我们该如何应对呢?首先我们应该想到的是找一个类似的词来代替它，也就是模糊化即用同义词表达。其次，我们可以用一句完整的话来描述出来它，对其加以解释说明。再次，如果我们实在描述不了也替代不了，那么我们还可以把一些解释不清的东西略去不写。只写那些自己会写的，避开那些自己不会写的。扬长避短，在写作中才能避开容易犯的错误而得到高分。

三、基础不过硬，少用复杂句

不少考生在考试中喜欢用很长很复杂的句式来填充自己的作文，对于英语语法熟练的考生来说这很随意，但是英语水平不过硬的考生最好不要过多地运用复杂句、长难句，因为考试作文是检验一个考生写作水平的工具，命题人虽然会以复杂句来判断考生的英语水平，但是复杂句也表示它容易出错的几率要高很多。因此，在考试中虽然我们要写复杂句但是注意不能写太多这样的句子，考试作文的句子要长短结合。基础不好的考生避免运用长难句，这样自己出错扣分的概率也小很多。

四、认真审题，思考作文分支观点

很多考生在拿到考试作文题时第一感觉是这个作文自己有话说，并且知道应该说什么，但是认真开始提笔时却往往不知道从何写起，之所以会这样是因为考生对作文的审题和观点把握并不清晰，此时考生应该先审题;其次思考简单的分支观点并且考虑可以采用的哪些简单而又成熟的句型。近几年的四级或六级题目大多都会给出提纲，一般提纲中都会包含考生需要的中心句，围绕这个中心句，考生可以考虑自己的文章结构。对于分支观点这方面，考生要尽量量力而行，不要思考太深的观点，要结合自己语言表达的能力而定。

五、重点研究近几年真题作文，掌握固定结构

准备作文的时候背诵真题作文是不可避免的，但是四六级作文真题范文数量太多，有些历时已经有些久远，参考的价值并不是很大，而要把这些都背下来似乎也不太可能，所以考生要把注意力放在近几年的作文范文上，在复习时间不太充裕的时候，并不需要整篇全部背诵，主要是学习范文的行文结构，熟悉适合自己的固定句型，这样大家背诵范文的目的就已经达到了。

一：无视整体，断章取义

就是没有从整体上把握作文试题所给材料的含义及有关要求，而是仅凭其中的只言片语来立意。如此立意，往往失之偏颇。

二：联想随意，解读过度

就是没有站在中心角度或重要角度来立意，而是联想太随意、无遵循，对作文试题所给材料进行了过度解读。如此立意，往往失之于宽。

三：附和偷懒，没有主见

就是没有提出属于自己的观点，而是照搬照抄他人的看法，或人云亦云，或老生常谈。如此立意，往往失之于旧。

2022高考要谨防三大写作误区作文

审题不抓关键词。

专家认为，在近几年的中考评卷中，发现相当一部分考生审题不抓关键词，这样在写作时就很难抓住重点，容易跑题。如

“动力来自……”这个作文题的关键词是“来自”，考生只有将“来自”作为重点才能写出好文章。

不少考生没有审题抓关键字的意识，看一眼题目就急着动笔，有的考生考前背过一些范文，一到考场就往里套，不仔细审题，这样最容易“下笔千言，离题万里。”要养成审题的习惯，对作文题目要逐字细看，明白题目的

要求后再下笔。

语言贫乏缺少文采。

专家说，有的考生写文章不会抒情议论，没有理性思辨语言，这样的作文很难拿到高分。考生在平时就要注意对语言素材的积累。

平时，考生可抽出时间阅读一些报纸杂志，如读者，每期都有不少亲情、励志方面的文章，对作文素材积累很有帮助。此外，还要注意古

诗词的积累，在文章中恰当地运用古诗词也是让文章增色的好办法。

文章较“平”缺少细节。

一些考生写的文章没有细节，没有重点，记“流水账”一样洋洋洒洒一大篇。在写作时要有两把剪刀，一把剪出自己最擅长的一件事，另一把在这件事中剪出要重点描写的部分。

如在写跑步时，早上怎么集合、怎么准备，都可以略写甚至不写，但发令枪响时自己如何紧张，跑的过程中

遇到的问题，这就需要详细描写。有细节的文章才有真情实感，才能打动人。一般来讲，一篇文章中抓住两个精彩的细节就够了，这需要考生平时苦练。

商务有文而成长，管理因案而规范

和说相比，写是更见真功夫的，也是要下更多功夫的。商务文案写作向来是让职场人士头疼的难事，也是很多稳健者、成功者、腾达者的强项优势。读了李玉珊老师的《商务文案写作》，很为如今的大学生高兴，为他们有了如此实用的职场实用工具而高兴，我相信青岛滨海学院的学生们就更是幸运了，因为和其他的读者相比，他们还能在李老师的课上感受到更生动的精彩与细节！ --- 国家商务策划师资质认证管理专家委员会副主任 万钧

第一章商务文案写作基础

学习目标

主要内容

本章小结

自学目标：了解商务文案的概念、作用、特点

掌握商务文案写作规范

了解商务文案写作的基本要素及思路

能力目标：自学《有限责任公司章程》，能够设立“模真”公司----×ד有限责任公司”。

一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论?

二、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托（正衬、反衬）

三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语?

四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

五、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙?六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写?

七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉?

九、描写景物的方法：动静结合（以动写静）、概括与具体相结合、由远到近（或由近到远）?

十、描写（或抒情）方式：正面（又叫直接）、反面（又叫间接）

十一、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写

十二、说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

十三、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用?

十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局

十五、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境

十六、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境

十七、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证

十八、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据

十九、论证方法：举例（或事实）论证、道理论证（有时也叫引用论证）、对比（或正反对比）论证、比喻论证

二十、论证方式：立论、驳论（可反驳论点、论据、论证）

二十一、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总；分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。

二十二、引号的作用：引用；强调；特定称谓；否定、讽刺、反语

二十三、破折号用法：提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。

导语：我们的身体健康与食品安全息息相关，但现在我们却面临越来越多的食品问题如染色馒头、毒奶粉。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

我们的身体健康与食品安全息息相关，但现在我们却面临越来越多的食品问题如染色馒头、毒奶粉。请用英语写一篇100-120词的短文，简要分析食品问题形成的原因并提出相应的解决措施。

染色馒头the industrial dye of steamed bun 毒奶粉the notorious milk powder

It is universally acknowledged that the safety of food is closely related to our health. As the famous saying goes, “we are what we eat.” However, things often go contrary to our wishes since we are faced with a series of food safety problems at present, ranging from the industrial dye of steamed bun to the notorious milk powder.

There are several reasons for this severe problem. First and foremost, many manufactures produce fake food of poor quality in order to get higher profits. In addition, the relevant laws and regulations are imperfect and even ineffective. Last but not least, the public especially customers from poor families, are not alert enough to the safety of food.

In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures must be taken to improve the situation. Firstly, it is essential that relevant laws and regulations on food safety should be enforced. Secondly, the relevant department should attach more importance to supervising监督 the manufacturers. Also, the public should be trained to be alert to food quality, believing our efforts will make an enormous difference. Only by taking these actions can the problem be coped with successfully in the nearest future.

【参考译文】

人们普遍认为食品的安全与我们的健康息息相关。常言道，“食物塑造了我们”，然而，事情往往违背我们的愿望，因为我们面临着一系列的食品安全问题，目前，从工业染料馒头臭名昭著的奶粉。

这个严重的问题有几个原因。首先，许多制造商生产劣质食品以获得更高的利润。此外，相关法律法规不完善甚至失效。最后但并非最不重要的是，公众尤其是来自贫困家庭的顾客，对食物的安全不够警觉。

考虑到问题的严重性，必须采取有效的措施来改善局势。首先，必须加强有关食品安全的法律法规。其次，相关部门应重视监督监督厂家。此外，市民应接受培训，以警惕食品质量，相信我们的努力将产生巨大的差异。只有采取这些行动，才能成功地解决问题，在最近的未来。

1.热点高考英语作文：光盘行动

2.高考热点英语作文：光盘行动

3.高考优秀英语作文“光盘行动”

4.介绍光盘行动的英语作文

5.高考英语作文热门话题:食品安全

6.英语作文：浪费食物

7.学生浪费食物的英语作文

8.英语作文：食品安全问题之我见

Instant noodles are great to eat no matter what the situation may be. They are easy, extremely quick to make and require little knowledge to make them taste delicious.

First, the noodles must be placed in a bowl with about five hundred milliliters of boiling water. There is a small package with spices that should be added into the noodles. Cover the container and wait for about three minutes until the noodles are soft. Upon lifting the cover you will find a tasty and filling dish that took you less than five minutes to make.

So if youre in a hurry or just craving for instant noodles, tear open a package and see for yourself just how easy it is.

在任何情况下方便面都是食用佳品。食用方便、迅速，而且不需要什么知识。

首先，用大约500毫升的沸水将方便面泡在碗里。把一小包调料放在面条里，盖上容器不要管它，大约三分钟后面条变软。当打开盖后你就会吃到荚味、加好调料的面了。整个过程不到五分钟。

如果你忙碌或只是想吃到方便面，打开一包自己试试，真是太容易了。

If you are in a hurry or hungry, what would you like to eat? I guess the answer should be instant noodles. Yes, instant noodles are easy to make and taste good. It can save you lots of time because it doesnt need cooking.

Now let me tell you how to have it.

First, put the noodles in a bowl, along with the soup stock.

Then, pour in 500ml boiling water.

Next, cover the bowl and stands for three minutes.

Now, lift the cover and you can have the noodles at once.

It takes less than five minutes.

It is really easy, isnt it?Please try it by yourself!

如果你很忙或很饿，你想吃什么?我猜一定是方便面。对，方便面很容易做且味道不错。它不需烧煮，因此很省时间。

现在让我来告诉你如何食用方便面。

首先，将面和汤料放入碗中。

然后，加入500m1沸水。

接着加盖3分钟。

现在打开盖，你马上就可吃到面了。

整个过程不到五分钟。

真的很容易，是吗?你亲自试试吧!

My Favorite Food 我最喜欢的食物

There are many different kinds of food. My favorite food is fried rice.In China, most of the people in the south eat rice. And I like fried rice best.

It’s really delicious. When I go home from school, I am always hungry. At that time I always make fried rice by myself. I often cook it carefully and it is so delicious. It makes me happy. After eating it, I am not hungry any more. Fried rice is my favorite.

世界上有许多不同种类的食物。我最喜欢的食物是米饭。在中国，大多数人在南方吃米饭。我最喜欢炒饭。

它真的很美味。当我从学校回家，我总是饿。那时我总是自己做炒饭。我经常认真地做饭，它是如此美味。它使我快乐。吃了它之后，我不再饿了。炒饭是我的最爱。

Cupcake 纸杯蛋糕

Last night, when I saw the TV series, I find a new food，that is the cupcake. The show shows me that the cupcake is just like the cake, but it is a little different. It is smaller and has many favors. So I go to the cake shop, but I can’t find the cupcake, then I learn that it is special. Only few shops sell it. I want to taste it.

昨晚，当我在看电视剧的时候，我发现了一种新的食物，那就是纸杯蛋糕。节目展示了纸杯蛋糕就像蛋糕一样，但是有点不同。它更小，有很多风味。所以我去蛋糕店，但是找不到纸杯蛋糕，我才知道纸杯蛋糕是比较特别的。只有一些小的商店才有。我想要尝尝。

巨大的水果味蛋糕 Huge fruit flavored cake

youll need the following: a cup of water, a cup of sugar, four large eggs, two cups of dried fruit, a teaspoon of baking soda, a teaspoon of salt, a cup of brown sugar, lemon juice, nuts, and a bottle of whisky.

你需要以下几点：一杯水，一杯糖，四个大鸡蛋，2杯干果，一茶匙小苏打，一茶匙盐，一杯红糖，一杯柠檬汁，一瓶威士忌，一瓶威士忌。

sample the whisky to check for quality.

样品的威士忌要检查质量。

take a large bowl. check the whisky again. to be sure it is the highest quality, pour one level cup and drink. repeat. turn on the electric mixer, beat one cup of butter in a large fluffy bowl. add one teaspoon of sugar and beat again.

拿一大碗。再次检查威士忌。要确保它是最高品质，倒一杯酒。重复。打开电动搅拌器，在一个大碗里打一杯黄油。再加一茶匙的糖，再打一次。

make sure the whisky is still okay. cry another tup. turn off the mixer. break two leggs and add to the bowl and chuck in the cup of dried fruit. mix on the turner. if the fried druit gets stuck in the beaterers pry it loose with a drewscriver.

确保威士忌仍然是好的。另一个有哭。关上搅拌机。打破二雷格斯和添加的碗和盘干果杯。特纳的混合。如果炸druit卡住的beaterers它撬松一drewscriver。

sample the whisky to check for tonsisticity. next, sift two cups of salt. or something. who cares? check the whisky. now sift the lemon juice and strain your nuts. add one table. spoon. of sugar or something. whatever you can find.

品尝威士忌检查tonsisticity。下一步，筛选双杯盐。或某事。谁在乎呢？检查威士忌。现在过滤柠檬汁和你的坚果。加一张表。匙。糖或某物。无论你能找到什么。

grease the oven. turn the cake tin to 350 degrees. dont forget to beat off the turner. throw the bowl out of the window, check the whisky again and go to bed

在烤箱中润滑。把蛋糕变成350度。别忘了击败特纳。把碗扔到窗外，再检查一次威士忌，然后去睡觉

鸡肉三明治 Chicken sandwich

1．First ,put the mayonnaise on a slice of bread .The cut u an onion and a tomato .Add these to the sandwich .Next ,put some lettuce and the chicken slices an the sandwich .Put the relish on the chicken .Finally ,put another slice of bread on the top.

1。首先，沙拉酱放在一片面包上。砍你一个洋葱和一个西红柿。把这些加在三明治上。接下来，把一些生菜和鸡肉片的三明治。鸡上放些佐料。最后，把另一片面包放在上面。

食品安全问题之我见 My View on Food Security

Over the past couple ofyears, several cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various media.The problem of food security has become a hot button across society. Theprevalence of food insecurity has greatly impacted public health, which thegovernment could not afford to ignore, according to the online edition of thePeople Daily. -

在过去的几年中，几起食品丑闻案件已经在各种媒体上披露。全社会的食品安全问题已经成为一个热题。食品不安全的盛行已经大大影响了群众的健康，根据人民日报网络版，政府不应该忽视这一问题。

There are a couple of drivingforces, I would argue, behind this undesirable tide. First, in the course ofthe rapid economic evolution, we ignore moral education, giving rise to therising rate of the problem. More importantly, the lack of adequate regulationand punishment on those illegal producers enforces the trend. -

我认为这一不良行为的背后有很多驱动力。首先，在快速的经济进化过程中，我们忽视了道德教育，从而导致了这一问题不断上升。更重要的是，缺乏足够的对那些非法生产者的监管和处罚加强了这一局面。

As Confucius instructed, itis better late than never. Prompt and strict measures should be taken to turnback this evil trend. The government should launch a massive moral campaign toeducate all citizens and draw up tougher laws to crack down on those irresponsiblecorporations and prohibit them from entering the food industry again. I amfirmly convinced that through our combined efforts we are bound to enjoy morerisk-free foods in the days ahead.-

正如孔子教导的，迟到总比不到好。我们应该采取及时严厉的措施来扭转这一不好的局面。政府应该发起大量的道德运动以教育所有的市民，并制定更严厉的法律打击那些不负责任的企业，并禁止他们再次进入食品行业。我坚信，通过我们的共同努力，我们一定会在未来的日子中享受更多的无风险食品。

诗词，是指以古体诗、近体诗和格律词为代表的中国汉族传统诗歌。亦是汉字文化圈的特色之一。小编收集了诗词写作的基础知识，欢迎阅读。

【含义】

押韵，又作压韵，是指在韵文的创作中，把相同韵部的字放在规定的位置上。诗词歌赋句末(偶亦在句中)用同一韵母的字，以使声韵和谐。一般用于偶句句尾。也称韵脚。在某些句子的最后一个字，都使用韵母相同或相近的字，使朗诵或咏唱时，产生铿锵和谐感。

所谓韵部，就是将相同韵母的字归纳到一类，这种类别即为韵部。同一韵部内的字都为同韵字。

任何诗歌都要求押韵，古今中外概莫能外，所不同者，对于押韵的限制多与少、严与宽的不同而已。这也是诗歌同其它文学体裁的最大分别。比较常用的是《108部平水韵》，详见前篇“浅谈古诗词韵律”。

押韵是增强诗歌音乐性的重要手段，近体诗为了使声调和谐、容易记忆，对于押韵十分讲究。古人通常使用官方颁布的专门指导押韵的书，如《唐韵》、《广韵》、《礼部韵略》、《佩文诗韵》、《诗韵集成》、《诗韵合壁》等，以南宋王文郁撰的《新刊韵略》最为流行，刘渊先生后来编著了一本《壬子新刊礼部韵》，即现在的《平水韵》。

韵脚是韵文(诗、词、歌、赋等)句末押韵的字。一篇(首)韵文的一些(或全部)句子的最后一个字，采用韵腹和韵尾相同的字，这就叫做押韵。因为押韵的字一般都放在一句的最后，故称“韵脚”。引这些字的韵母要相似或相同。

韵又叫做韵母。韵母分为韵首、韵腹、韵尾三部分。一般只要韵尾相同，韵腹相同或者相近即可，而对于韵首则不做考虑。律诗里的韵和现代普通话里以及新华字典里的韵不尽相同，有些字，看着读音相同，韵母也一样，但却不属于同一个韵部;而有些字，看着读音有差异。所以，写诗的时候，应该先掌握一些简单的声韵知识。

韵是诗词格律的基本要素之一。从《诗经》到后代的诗词，差不多没有不押韵的。民歌也没有不押韵的。在北方戏曲中，韵又叫辙，押韵叫合辙。一首诗有没有韵，是一般人都觉察得出来的。至于要说明甚么是韵，那却不太简单。但今天的汉语拼音字母，对于韵的概念还是容易说明的。

诗词中所谓韵，大致等于汉语拼音中所谓韵母。大家知道，一个汉字用拼音字母拼起来，一般都有声母，有韵母。例如"公"字拼成gōng，其中g是声母，ōng是韵母。声母总是在前面的，韵母总是在后面的。同韵的字大致都可以用来押韵。

举个例子：

《书湖阴先生壁》

(宋)王安石

茅檐常扫净无苔，

花木成蹊手自栽。

一水护田将绿绕，

两山排闼送青来。

这里"苔"、"栽"和"来"押韵，因为它们的韵母都是ai。"绕"字不押韵，因为"绕"字拼起来是rào，它的韵母是ao，跟"苔"、"栽"、"来"不是同韵字。依照诗律，像这样的四句诗，第三句是不押韵的。

在拼音中，a、e、o的前面可能还有i，u、ü，如ia，ua，uai，iao，ian，uan，üan，iang，uang，ie，üe，iong，ueng等，这种i，u，ü叫做韵头，不同韵头的字也算是同韵字，也可以押韵。

例如：

《四时田园杂兴》

(宋)范成大

昼出耘田夜绩麻，

村庄儿女各当家。

童孙未解供耕织，

也傍桑阴学种瓜。

诗中的"麻"、"家"、"瓜"的韵母是，韵母虽不完全相同，但它们是同韵字，押起韵来是同样谐和的。

押韵的目的是为了声韵的谐和。同类的乐音在同一位置上的重复，这就构成了声音回环的美。但是，为甚么当我们读古人的诗的时候，常常觉得它们的韵并不十分谐和，甚至很不谐和呢?这是因为时代不同的缘故。语言发展了，语音起了变化，我们拿现代的语音去读它们，自然不能完全适合了。

例如：

《山行》

(唐)杜牧

远上寒山石径斜，

白云深处有人家。

停车坐爱枫林晚，

霜叶红于二月花。

xié和jiā，huā不是同韵字，但是，唐代"斜"字读siá(s读浊音)，和上海"斜"字的读音一样。因此，在当时是谐和的。

又如：

《江南曲》

(唐)李益

嫁得瞿塘贾，

朝朝误妾期。

早知潮有信，

嫁与弄潮儿。

在这首诗里，"期"和"儿"是押韵的;按今天普通话去读，qī和ér就不能算押韵了。如果按照上海的白话音念"儿"字，念像ní音(这个音正是接近古音的)。今天我们当然不可能(也不必要)按照古音去读古人的诗;不过我们应该明白这个道理。

古人押韵是依照韵书的。古人所谓"官韵"，就是朝廷颁布的韵书。这种韵书，在唐代，和口语还是基本上一致是;依照韵书押韵，也是比较合理的。宋代以后，语音变化较大，诗人们仍旧依照韵书来押韵，那就变为不合理的了。今天我们如果写旧诗，自然不一定要依照韵书来押韵。不过，当我们读古人的诗的时候。却又应该知道古人的诗韵。

通常讲的押韵，人们比较熟悉。新诗、戏曲、快板、顺口溜，都讲押韵。在这几种文体中，按照汉语拼音，一般韵母相同的字就可以用来押韵。

然而，格律诗的用韵，与此不同。格律诗必须按照诗韵来写，就是要按照韵书中分列的韵目，来辨别平仄和选择押韵的字。一首诗的所有韵脚，必须从同一个韵目中选字来押韵。如李白的《敬亭山》，用的“闲”和“山”这两个韵脚，就同属于“删”这个韵目。

一首诗中，如果有一个韵脚用了别的韵目的字，就叫做“出韵”。在科举中，出韵的诗算不合格。比如按照现代普通话，“闲”和‘先”当然是可以押韵的，但按照诗韵则不可以，因为这两个字分属于两个不同的韵目。

1、考题示例

仔细观看下列海报，写一篇短文阐述图中所表达的奥运精神。

要求：表达连贯，可适当发挥想象，100词左右。

参考词汇：羽毛球badminton橄榄忮olive branch接力棒baton

2、参考范文

competing 竞争

Competition is a common phenomenon in our social life. We compete when we play games and when we try to do better than others in our study. There is constant competition for academic degrees, jobs, customers, money and so forth. In a sense, competition is one of the motive force to the development of society.

In fact, the only way our world reward people is to give laurels to the winners, not to the losers. What is more, by attempting to compete at different activities, we learn to win and lose, gain experience and know our strengths and weaknesses. Competition prepares us for the tough things in life.

To go ahead, to acquire possession, we should be competitive. To us, industriousness and ambition are positive values.

Whether in games, in study or in business alike, the aim is to win the game, the degree, the trophy, and the contract. Learning to be competitive is clearly the best preparation for life.

Olympics in Posters 海报奥林匹克

There are two people in either posters, each of which tells something about Olympic spirits.

有2个人在任何一个海报，其中每一个告诉一些关于奥林匹克精神。

In the first poster, two badminton players hold one gold medal together, which suggests that cooperation always comes first in Olympics. Although all the players struggles to be higher, faster, and stronger, the teamwork usually plays a very important role in a lot of events, such as football, group gymnastics and relay races.

在第一张海报中，2个羽毛球运动员一起举行一个金牌，这表明，合作总是第一个在奥运会。虽然所有的球员都在努力地更高、更快、更强，但是在足球、团体体操和接力赛等许多比赛中，团队合作通常起着非常重要的作用。

In the second poster, in the relay race one athlete is passing an olive branch, instead of a baton, on to the next one. What does it mean? It shows us that the Olympics mean more than just competition. Peace and friendship are also part of the Olympics!

在二张海报上，在接力赛中，一名运动员正在穿过一个橄榄枝，而不是一根接力棒，在下一个。这是什么意思？它显示我们的奥运意味着不仅仅是竞争。和平与友谊也是奥运会的一部分！

In short, all the events involved in Olympics are symbols of strength, competition and more importantly, cooperation and world peace.

总之，奥运会的所有事件都是力量、竞争和更重要的是，合作和世界和平的象征。

Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports 体育运动的好处和坏处

Sports do us good in many respects (TS). It goes without saying that taking exercises can build up our physical strength. In collective sports like basketball, volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation. While taking part in sports game, we will try our best to win and arouse ourselves the competitive spirit. Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausting work. However, as the saying goes, "there are two sides to everything", and sports is without exception. We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities. Whats more, excessive or severe training can do harm to our health.

My participation in sports tells me that sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically. It is also a good way for people to know each other and can promote friendship between people. So long as we are carefully enough, sports can do us nothing but good.

运动对我们有好处在许多方面(TS)。不用说,锻炼可以增强我们的体力。在集体运动像篮球、排球、足球,我们将学习合作的重要性。而参加体育比赛,我们将尽力赢得和激发自己的竞争精神。运动也可以帮助我们一段累人的工作后进行放松。然而,俗话说,“一切有两个方面”,体育也不例外。我们可能会损害其他玩家，或如果我们参加体育活动时不够仔细。除此之外,过度或严重的训练可以伤害我们的健康。

我参加运动告诉我,体育可以让我们在生理和心理上健康。这也是一个好方法让人们了解彼此,可以促进人们之间的友谊。只要我们足够小心,体育我们可以做得好。

Olympic Opening Ceremony 北京奥运开幕式

北京奥运开幕式(Olympic Opening Ceremony)

The world will be stunned by Chinas opening ceremony of the Olympic Games on August 8 in Beijing, The Sydney Morning Herald said on Friday.?

In a story about the rehearsal of the Olympic opening ceremony on Wednesday night, the paper quoted Ric Birch, a chief adviser to the director of the ceremony Zhang Yimou, as saying that "The world can expect, of course, to be gobsmacked."?

Birch, an Australian, has been involved in all the opening ceremonies since he cemented his reputation as a creative guru at the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984.?

The story said the extravagant light show of the rehearsal also featured the inner shell of Beijing National Stadium, known as the Birds Nest, lit in a vibrant red.?

It added that Zhang Yimou has been trying to fit 5,000 years of Chinese culture into 50 minutes during the grand opening ceremony. However, weather is another challenge for the ceremony, the paper added.?

北京奥运开幕式

《悉尼先驱晨报》周五报道中称，8月8日北京奥运开幕式即将举办，整个世界将为之震惊

一篇关于北京奥运会开幕式的彩排报道中，总导演张艺谋的首席顾问Ric Birch说：“整个世界毫无疑问将为之目瞪口呆。”?

自1984年澳大利亚人Birch成功为洛杉矶奥运会出谋划策后，他就一直参与历年奥运会开幕式策划。

彩排现场豪华的灯光效果将北京奥运主场馆“鸟巢”内部映衬得一片鲜红

报道介绍，张艺谋力求将中华5000年的文化浓缩进50分钟的开幕式中。但是，天气情况将可能给开幕式带来一些挑战。

Playing Game is fun only you win? 比赛要赢了才有趣吗？

“玩游戏IsFun只有当你赢了。”您是否同意或不同意这种说法？

有些人认为，运动员，打游戏，要坚持原则，“友谊第一，比赛第二”，而这是真正的体育精神。

就个人而言，我不同意这种观点。无可否认，竞争对手应与每个other.However友好，对每个球员最关心的后一年或两年的艰苦训练，是要赢得比赛。他/她的唯一动机无论在训练或比赛，是出于一个迫在眉睫的希望和未来的冠军。无论是下棋，或举重或100米短跑比赛的竞争，情况确实如此。如果他/她赢得了比赛，高回报，鲜花和荣誉桩后，将他/她。如果他/她将失去一次或两次，他/她将变得不那么勇敢的第三次。然而，一些损失可以打败他/她，和他/她的下一个哈蒂，如果他/她是敢于斗争，可能会是一个失败。

所以，在我的脑海里，乐趣或玩游戏的快乐在于都知道，运动员的最终实现的goal.We拿破仑的名言，一个士兵谁没有野心成为一个元帅，是不是真正的soldier.I同意，不思进取的运动员是不是一个真正的运动员。

A Swimming Match in My Family 家庭游泳比赛

Everyone in my family likes sports. Father, mother and I go out to do exercise almost every day in our spare time. Yesterday we went to the swimming pool and held a swimming match there. Father was swimming so fast that he got the first prize. I won the second place and mother was the last. If I keep on practicing, I believe I can outdo my father someday.

我们家人都喜欢体育运动。每天空闲的时候，爸爸、妈妈和我都要出去做运动。昨天，我们一起到游泳池举行游泳比赛。爸爸游得真快，他得了第一名。我第二，妈妈最后。我想如果我继续锻炼，总有一天会超过爸爸的。

[高考英语作文热点预测

在考公共基础知识时需要进行写作，那么应该如何写作呢？下面是小编分享给大家的范文，希望对大家有帮助。

一、请仔细阅读下面的材料，并根据作答要求作文;

曾有人做过实验，将一只最凶猛的鲨鱼和一群热带鱼放在同一个池子，然后用强化玻璃隔开。最初，鲨鱼每天不断冲撞那块看不到的玻璃，奈何这只是徒劳，它始终不能过到对面去，而实验人员每天都有放一些鲫鱼在池子里，所以鲨鱼也没缺少猎物，只是它仍想到对面去，每天仍是不断地冲撞那块玻璃，它试了每个角落，每次都是用尽全力，但每次也总是弄得伤痕累累，有好几次都浑身破裂出血，持续了好一些日子，每当玻璃一出现裂痕，实验人员马上加上一块更厚的玻璃。

后来，鲨鱼不再冲撞那块玻璃了，对那些斑斓的热带鱼也不再在意，好像他们只是墙上会动的壁画，它开始等着每天固定会出现的鲫鱼，然后用它敏捷的本能进行狩猎，好像回到海中不可一世的凶狠霸气，但这一切只不过是假像罢了。

实验到了最后的阶段，实验人员将玻璃取走，但鲨鱼却没有反应，每天仍是在固定的区域游着，它不但对那些热带鱼视若无睹，甚至于当那些鲫鱼逃到那边去，他就立刻放弃追逐，说什么也不愿再过去。

实验结束了，实验人员讥笑它是海里最懦弱的鱼，可是失恋过的人都知道为什么，它怕痛。

要求：(1)自选角度，自拟题目

(2)联系实际

(3)写一篇不少于800字的议论文

(4)请在主观题答题卡上作答

二、【写作参考答案】

【解析】这属于寓言故事的出题方式，主要是围绕鲨鱼，面对强化玻璃在历经失败过后，产生相对安逸的思维，等到危机困难真正解除，却不能迎接之前的目标，想告诉我们，面对失败挫折，应该积极面对，不能退而求其次，因此，这篇文章立意是应对挫折，获得辉煌。

结合日常生活中的生活经验，可以从良好心态、激发个人潜能、调整人生目标方面进行论述。

历经挫折 迎接辉煌

贝多芬曾说过：“苦难是人生的老师，通过苦难，走向欢乐。”人的一生不能没有老师，就如同不能没有挫折一样。遭遇挫折，是人生常态，就像四季轮回、秋去冬来一样，是事物发展的客观规律，非人力所能避免。挫折是一个火药桶，点燃它会给人们带来苦难，带来不幸，带来失利;同时坐车又是一把金钥匙，拿着它会打开成功的大门，踏上人生的巅峰，通往幸福的天堂。因此，正确面对挫折，才能迎来新的篇章。

笑对挫折，能够培育良好心态，享受生活。人生之路不是一马平川，有坦途就有坎坷，有甜蜜就有苦涩。人生之路，从来都与挫折相伴而行。然而，挫折对于强者来说是一块块垫脚石，是通向成功的一级级阶梯;对于弱者则是一道道绊脚石，会把弱者跌得鼻青脸肿。

挫折，有时候也会像一座沙漠，试图使人迷失方向。然自信者手中始终会握着一枚“指南针”，他永远不会迷失方向，勇往直前地向着目标进发;而失意者整天却像一个无头苍蝇，撞到哪儿算哪儿，一辈子也走不出“沙漠”。要想享受生活，就要正确对待挫折，时时怀着得意淡然、失意坦然的乐观态度，笑对自己的挫折和苦难，去做，去努力，去争取!

笑对挫折，能够激发个人潜能，助力成长。挫折是积累经验的必修课，是走向成熟的催化剂，是收获果实的剪刀手。数风流人物，都是历经挫折方成宏图伟业。勾践卧薪尝胆终成一代枭雄;马云买保险的失败，造就阿里巴巴;刘伟电断双臂与白血病的次次打击，但终成“双脚弹琴小王子”。然而，生活中小学生因暑假作业未完成而崩溃跳楼的例子引人深思。究其原因在生活过于一帆风顺，没有遭受过挫折。因此，有意无意遭受点滴挫折，可以使我们告别安逸，在风雨中接受洗礼，从而拥有自己的一片新天地。

笑对挫折，能够调整人生目标，实现梦想。歌德用尽半生学画无成，面对人生不断碰壁，及时调整了人生目标，在文学道路上做出一番成就。孙中山青年时悬壶济世，最后发现治一人不能拯救全社会，于是转而投身革命，终于成就了令世人敬佩的事业。老子云：“知人者智，自知者明;胜人者有力，自胜者强。”古人在千百年前就告诉我们要正确地认识自己，才能变得智慧和强大。但是，每个人都无法直接预料到适合干什么，只有在不断的遭遇挫折不断进行调整，找到最适合自己的路，最适合穿的鞋。

“不经一番寒彻骨，哪的梅花扑鼻香”启示大家梅花妖娆美丽的获得是经过冰冷的寒冬。

同样，个人的成才也需要勉面临不断的碰壁，需要展现乐观态度与艰难选择的切合之魅，最后在挫折中使自己不断成熟。

[公共基础知识作文写作

纵观历年的高考书面表达，其文体题材各异，有书信、口头通知、简介、日记、自我介绍、记叙文、描写文、说明文、看图作文等，不同的体裁需要考生应用适当的篇章结构，将题目所提供的信息清晰、明了、准确，逻辑合理地表达出来。

篇章结构在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用，同样的信息点会因为不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明，逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者在很短的时间内获得并准确理解题目所规定的信息;而叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章则让人一头雾水，不知所云何物。当然，后者是失败的表达，即使作者在写作的过程中使用了再漂亮的词汇和句型，混乱的文章结构也不会让读者准确领悟作者的意图。

记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。

记叙文的写作要素：

1 要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who ,how，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。

2. 事情的叙述可以按时间或空间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，从而理解文章主题。

3. 时态通常使用与过去有关的时态，如一般过去时。

记叙文的篇章结构：

开头 the beginning——交待必要的背景。如：时间、地点、人物等。

中间 the middle——交待故事情节(事情的主体)。如：事件的发生、发展和前因后果。(可以使用表示时间或空间的连接词，使文章连贯。 如：at first…then…few minutes later…)

结尾 the ending——事情的结果或感想、愿望等。(所表达的感想或愿望应与所记叙的内容有关系，起到扣题或点题的作用，使文章结构紧凑)。

例如NEMT2000

假设你是李华，正在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你目击了一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时的所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。

注意：1. 目击者应该准确报告事实

2. 词数100左右

3. 结尾已为你写好

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高考英语作文热门话题——运动会

高中阶段，小编最喜欢的除了放假就是学校开运动会了，因为可以我们可以玩三天！而且还是高质量的玩法。那假如让我写一篇关于体育运动或者运动会的文章呢？呃，这个……让我看看……

Last month we had a sports meeting. Though the weather wasnt very fine that day, the students were all very excited and the whole school was alive.This time, I was even more excited.

上个月，我们学校开了运动会。虽然那天天气并不是非常好，但是同学们都非常兴奋，整个学校一片欢乐的气氛，我更是激动的要命。

Because I went in for the sports meeting and my item was high jump. I didnt want to get any place, I only wanted to enjoy the game because I knew I wasnt good at sports. Joozone.com.

因为我参加了运动会，并且我的项目是跳高。因为我并不擅长于运动，所以我没有想过要取得名次，只想好好的享受比赛。

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When I got to the field with my friend. I was both excited and nervous. When I saw the first height, my heart could hardly heat.

当我和朋友们走进赛区时。我又激动又紧张。当我看到第一个高度时，我的心都快跳爆了。

How high it was! It was higher than our desks. I couldnt believe my eyes. This was too high for me to jump over. I wasnt nervous at that time, while I was a bit afraid. But I had gone there, I must have a try.

好高啊! 比我们课桌都高一大截。我简直不能相信我的眼睛。这让我跳过去，简直太高了。我那时已经不是紧张不安了，取而代之的是害怕。但是我都到这里了，我必须得尝试一下。

Not long after, the game began. The first person was great. He jumped over easily. I was too surprised to say a word. The second was good, too. The third nearly jumped over, but he wasnt bad…

不一会儿，比赛开始了。第一个运动员做的非常好，很容易就跳过去了。我简直惊呆了。第二个也一样顺利完成。第三个刚好越过，但是他不是最差的一个……

It was my turn. I had a deep breath and then ran towards. In front of the pole, I began to 洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英

jump. Oh, no! My right foot hit the pole. “I failed.” I thought. And then, another unlucky thing happened.

轮到我了。我深呼一口气跑过去。在杆子前面，我开始跃起。噢，不!我的右脚碰到了杆子。我觉得“我失败了”。但是接下来，更糟糕的事发生了。

I didnt stand firm and I tumbled. I hurt my back badly. At that moment I felt my back was broken. It was too painful. It seemed that the people around field all didnt know that, they only laughed at my foolish posture.

我没有站稳，摔倒了。我的背狠狠的摔了一下。那时我感觉我的背摔坏了。太疼了。我周围的人似乎都不知道发生了什么，他们只是一个劲的笑我愚蠢的姿态。

After a very short rest, I stood up.

休息了一会后，我站了起来。

I push my pain back and then went out of the field with my red face. My friend hurried to come to me. He asked me if this was terrible. I was too pained with my back to answer his questions. I only shook my head. I was sad. Not only I had hurt my back but also I couldnt go on in the game. I had to see the others jump and wish them to get a 洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英

good place.

我揉揉我疼痛的背红着脸走出了比赛区域。我的朋友跑过来。他问我是否严重。我强忍背部疼痛回答了他的问题。我只摇头。我很沮丧。不仅仅是摔坏了背，更主要的是我不能再继续参加比赛了。我只能观看其他人的比赛，并祝福他们得到一个好名次。

Though I didnt have the whole game. I was still very happy. Because a lot of my

classmates tried their best in the game and they got a lot of good places. They were all best in my eyes. I was thankful to them for doing their best for our class.

虽然我没有能完成比赛。但我依旧很高兴。因为我的同学们都尽其所能的完成比赛，并且都取得了很好的成绩。他们在我眼里是最棒的。我很感谢他们能为班级做出这么大的贡献。

现在工作了，运动的时间也越来越少了。但是小编还是建议大家每天都要想办法运动一下哦！啥？不知道怎么运动？我们的免费英语站上有方法哦！

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(转 载 于:wWW.smHAida.cOM :英文作文写运动会)

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洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

I like to travel to different places, I can see thebeautiful scenery and get to know the differentcultures.

我喜欢去不同的地方旅行，我可以看到美丽的风景和了解不同的文化。

My friends and I always travel together, we makemany plans in advance.

我总是和朋友一起旅行，我们提前订好很多计划。

But the plans will always be interrupted by all kinds of unexpected incidents, like the badweather, the holiday being cancelled, so we have to spend another time to wait for the trip.

但是计划总是会被各种各样意想不到的事件打断，比如天气不好，假期被取消等等，因此我们不得不花时间等待下次的旅程。

Traveling alone can ignore these problems, I can go to travel whenever I want, I just need topick up my backpack, and then buy the ticket.

独自旅行就能忽视这些问题，我可以随时去旅行，只需要背起背包，买上票。

It is so free, I don’t have to wait for others, I can go to the places I want to.

那是多么的自由，我不用等其他人，去我想去的地方。

Traveling alone is good.

独自旅行真好。

observe a child; any one will do. you will see that not a day passes in which he does not find something or other to make him happy, though he may be in tears the net moment. then look at a man; any one of us will do. you will notice that weeks and months can pass in which day is greeted with nothing more than resignation1, and endure with every polite indifference. indeed, most men are as miserable as sinners, though they are too bored to sin-perhaps their sin is their indifference2. but it is true that they so seldom smile that when they do we do not recognize their face, so distorted is it from the fied mask we take for granted3. and even then a man can not smile like a child, for a child smiles with his eyes, whereas a man smiles with his lips alone. it is not a smile; but a grin; something to do with humor4, but little to do with happiness. and then, as anyone can see, there is a point (but who can define that point?) when a man becomes an old man, and then he will smile again.

it would seem that happiness is something to do with simplicity, and that it is the ability to etract pleasure form the simplest things-such as a peach stone, for instance.it is obvious that it is nothing to do with success. for sir henry stewart was certainly successful. it is twenty years ago since he came down to our village from london, and bought a couple of old cottages, which he had knocked into one. he used his house a s weekend refuge5. he was a barrister. and the village followed his brilliant career with something almost amounting to paternal pride.i remember some ten years ago when he was made a kings counsel6, amos and i, seeing him get off the london train, went to congratulate him. we grinned with pleasure; he merely looked as miserable as though hed received a penal sentence. it was the same when he was knighted; he never smiled a bit, he didnt even bother to celebrate with a round of drinks at the "blue fo"7. he took his success as a child does his medicine. and not one of his achievements brought even a ghost of a smile to his tired eyes.

i asked him one day, soon after hed retired to potter about his garden,8 what is was like to achieve all ones ambitions. he looked down at his roses and went on watering them. then he said "the only value in achieving ones ambition is that you then realize that they are not worth achieving." quickly he moved the conversation on to a more practical level, and within a moment we were back to a safe discussion on the weather. that was two years ago.

i recall this incident, for yesterday, i was passing his house, and had drawn up my cart just outside his garden wall. i had pulled in from the road for no other reason than to let a bus pass me. as i set there filling my pipe, i suddenly heard a shout of sheer joy come from the other side of the wall.i peered over. there stood sir henry doing nothing less than a tribal war dance9 of sheer unashamed ecstasy. even when he observed my bewildered face staring over the wall he did not seem put out10 or embarrassed, but shouted for me to climb over.

"come and see, jan. look! i have done it at last! i have done it at last!"there he was, holding a small bo of earth in his had. i observed three tiny shoots out of it."and there were only three!" he said, his eyes laughing to heaven."three what?" i asked."peach stones", he replied. "ive always wanted to make peach stones grow, even since i was a child, when i used to take them home after a party, or as a man after a banquet. and i used to plant them, and then forgot where i planted them. but now at last i have done it, and, whats more, i had only three stones, and there you are, one, two, three shoots," he counted.

and sir henry ran off, calling for his wife to come and see his achievement-his achievement of simplicity.

假设你叫李华，你将作为高三毕业生代表，根据以下要点在毕业晚会上用英文作一简短的告别演讲：

1、对三年高中生活的怀念;

2、对老师的感谢;

3、对母校的祝福。

My teachers and fellow students,

In a couple of weeks, we’ll say goodbye to our mother school. How time flies! Now It’s really hard for me to put my feelings into words. The past three years has been really a wonderful journey with you guys, full of laughter and tears.

To make the journey safe and fruitful, our great teachers contributed their time, energy, love and the whole heart. Here, we are extremely grateful for all that you, dear teachers, have done for us.

It’ll soon be the time for us to depart, though unwillingly. But it is not the end. It just means that we’re going to begin a new journey.

Finally, on behalf of all the graduates present here, let me extend our sincere wishes for our mother school and respectable teachers. Thank you!

[高考英语满分作文：毕业告别

【例文】

Good afternoon, everyone!

The topic of my speech today is “My Attitude to Pursuit of Fashion in School”.

Now in our school there is a hot pursuit of fashion. Some students live a very expensive life. They have the same hairstyles as their favorable stars and wear top brand of clothes and shoes. Some use expensive mobile phones.The reasons why they do so are as follows. Firstly, they hope to look smart and special. Secondly, they want to win others’ admiration and respect. In addition, it makes them feel cool .

As far as I am concerned, we students should hold the right sense of values. We should practice thrift in our daily life because it is one of our Chinese traditional virtues. What’s more , it is advisable for us to donate some pocket money to the Hope Project so that those poor children in rural areas can return to school to receive normal education. Last but not least, it is the inner beauty rather than our appearance that makes us respectable.

Thank you for listening!

【译文】

大家下午好！

我今天演讲的题目是“我的态度在学校工作，追求时尚”。

现在在我们学校有一个追求时尚热点。有些学生生活非常昂贵的生活。他们有他们的有利星级相同的发型，穿的衣服和鞋第一品牌。有些使用昂贵的移动电话。究其原因，他们这样做如下。首先，他们希望看起来聪明和特别。其次，他们想赢得别人的钦佩和尊敬。此外，它使他们感到凉爽。

据我所知，我们的学生应持正确的价值观念意识。我们应该在日常生活中实践节约，因为它是我们中华民族的传统美德之一。更重要的是，这是值得我们捐些零用钱给希望工程，使农村地区的贫困儿童能重返学校，接受正常的教育。最后但并非最不重要的，它是内在美，而不是我们的外表，使我们尊敬的。

谢谢你的关注！