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368高考英语作文的专项训练:任务型写作训练水污染Waterpollution
全文共 2450 字
+ 加入清单读写任务(满分25分)
请阅读以下的短文,然后根据提供的任务说明和写作要求, 写一篇150字左右的英语短文。
(任务说明)
1.概括短文的内容要点(该部分的字数大约60-80);
2.清楚地陈述你自己的看法;
3.提供具有一定说服力的论据或实例来支持你的观点,可以参照文中的内容,但不能抄袭文中的句子;
4.文章体裁不限,但必须结构合理,内容连贯,有条理性。
(阅读材料)
Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths surface. Most of it, however, is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also, some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact, less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life. All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel, petroleum, paper and rubber and so on. Scientists estimate that the need for fresh water will have doubled by the year 2003. If they are correct, we must find new ways of saving it or producing it. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug, and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another, they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.
参考范文
With the worldwide increase of population, more and more water is needed. Meanwhile,the water sources are getting polluted by human beings in one way or another. Some nations are taking measures to solve this problem. They even communicate with each other hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs of their people.
随着世界范围内的人口增长,越来越需要更多的水。与此同时,水源被污染,人类以一种方式或另一种方式。一些国家正在采取措施来解决这个问题。他们甚至相互沟通希望能找到更好的方法来保存并生成水来满足人民的需要。
On a personal level, to solve the problem with fresh water, both the government and inpiduals should make every effort. For example, for the government, it is urgent to make detailed laws that require businesses and inpiduals to stop polluting the environment and to save water while it is not necessarily used. Besides, education should be offered to all the citizens to raise their awareness of the importance of protecting environment and saving water. As inpiduals, we need to take action to play our own part in our everyday life.
在个人层面上,用淡水来解决这个问题,政府和个人都应该尽一切努力。例如,对于政府来说,迫在眉睫的是做出详细的法律,要求企业和个人停止污染环境,节约用水,而不一定是使用它。除此之外,教育应该提供给所有的公民提高他们的意识保护环境和节约用水的重要性。作为个人,我们需要采取行动来扮演自己的角色在我们的日常生活。
更多相似作文
篇1:2024小升初英语分类作文写作技巧
全文共 222 字
+ 加入清单一、写提示议论文应考虑的几点
1、文章开头,能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。
2、会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。
3、归纳总结,首尾呼应。
二、看图作文应考虑的几点
1、看懂图片,把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来,使之成为内容连贯的句子。
2、确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。
3、确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文),接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。
4、根据图片或图表大意议论。
篇2:考研英语书信写作方法
全文共 1198 字
+ 加入清单在考研英语的小作文部分,历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型,投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等,但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中,翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷,常常发现这些归为一大类,终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要,下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招,让写作变得无比简单。
一、书信写作总体概述
1.首段
1)问候收信人
例:Dear Sir/Madam
2)解释来信原因
例:I’m writing for ……
2.中间段落
1)阅读题干要求,从中寻找名词或动词
例:Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.
2)注意题目文字暗示,把名词具体化,把动词近义词化。
例:I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……
3.结尾段落
例:I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.
4.署名
在文章右下角署名,一般格式为:Yours sincerely……
二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)
1.投诉信
投诉信通常包括:说明投诉原因并表示遗憾,实事求是阐述问题发生的经过,指出问题引起的后果,提出批评及处理意见,督促对方采取措施,提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。
2.建议信
建议信即写给某个组织或机构,就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人,就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。
3.道歉信
投诉信通常包括:表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因,提出补救办法,再次表示致歉,并希望得到谅解,提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)
4.感谢信
感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩,是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的,该书信内容通常包括:表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。
在2018考研的战场上,一分意味着上线与下线,一分意味着录取与非录取,所以,拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名,取得理想佳绩!
[考研英语书信写作方法
篇3:2024中考英语写作如何做好结尾
全文共 682 字
+ 加入清单一篇文章的结尾,是文章的画龙点睛之处,如何用精简的语言,最精确地总结和概括文章的意思呢?今天,的名师为您总结了5种文章结尾的方式,一起来看看吧。
1、Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…
把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……
2、Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that …
考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论……
3、Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that …
因此,我们最好得出这样的结论……
4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.
毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。
5、All in all, we cannot live without … But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.
总之,我们没有…是无法生活的。但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。
有了以上的五种万能的结尾句型,我们在托福写作结尾的时候,就不用啰嗦一大堆又得不到分了。
篇4:高考英语书面表达之写作常用谚语
全文共 3472 字
+ 加入清单导语:When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!
Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜於雄辩。
Adversity leads to prosperity.
逆境迎向昌盛。
A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一堑,长一智。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难朋友才是真朋友。
A friend is a second self.
朋友是另一个我。
A friend is best found in adversity.
患难见真友。
All time is no time when it is past.
光阴一去不复返。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy; all play and no work makes Jack a mere boy.
只工作,不玩耍,聪明孩子要变傻;尽玩耍,不学习,聪明孩子没出息。
A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.
远亲不如近邻。
An idle youth, a needy age.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
Business before pleasure.
事业在先,享乐在後。
Diligence is near success.
勤奋近乎成功。
Diligence is the mother of good luck.
刻苦是成功之母。
Diligence is the mother of success.
勤奋是成功之母。
Education has for its object the formation of character.
教育的目的在於培养品德。
Every brave man is a man of his word.
勇敢的人都是信守诺言的人。
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
每个人都是他自己命运的建诛师。
Every man is the master of his own fortune.
每个人都是他自己的命运的主宰。
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
Faith will move mountains.
精诚所至,金石为开。
Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.
友谊是两人一条心。
Grasp all, lose all.
贪多必失。
He alone is poor who does not possess knowledge.
没有知识,才是贫穷。
Health is above wealth.
健康胜於财富。
Health is better than wealth.
健康胜於财富。
He who does not advance falls backward.
不进则退。
Honesty is the best policy.
诚实是上策。
Hope is life and life is hope.
希望才有人生,人生要有希望。
Idle young, needy old.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
If you dont aim high you will never hit high.
不立大志,难攀高峰。
I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort.
成功之道唯三点∶努力、努力、再努力。
Improve your time and your time will improve you.
珍惜时间,时间才会珍惜你。
In doing we learn.
行而知。
Industry if fortunes right hand, and frugality her left.
勤勉是幸福的右手,节俭是幸福的左手。
In lifes earnest battle they only prevail, who daily march onward and never say fail.
在人生的搏斗中,只有日日前进不甘失败的人,才能获胜。
It is dogged does it.
天下无难事,只怕有心人。
Judge not according to the appearance.
不要以貌取人。
Labour is often the father of pleasure.
勤劳常为快乐之源。
Learning without thought is labour lost; thought without learning is perilous.
学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
Like tree, like fruit.
有其因必有其果。
Manners make the man.
礼貌造就人。
Never neglect an opportunity for improvement.
抓住大好时机,切莫等闲错过。
Never too old to learn.
学到老,学不了。
No great loss without some small gain.
塞翁失马,安知非福。
No one can call back yesterday.
往日不复返。
No sooner said than done.
言而必行。
No sweet without some sweat.
不劳则无获。
Nothing is difficult to a man who wills.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
Nothing is impossible to willing mind .
有志者事竟成。
Nothing is impossible to the man who will try.
天下无难事,只怕不努力。
Nothing is really beautiful but truth.
只有真理才是真美。
No time like the present.
只争朝夕。
One cannot put back the clock.
光阴一去不复返。
Overdone is worse than undone.
过犹不及。
Paddle your own canoe.
自立更生,自食其力。
Perseverance is vital to success.
不屈不挠是成功之本。
Second thoughts are best.
三思而行,再思可也。
Selt-trust is the essence of heroism.
自信是英雄的本色。
Self-trust is the first secret of success.
自信是成功的首要秘诀。
Success belongs to the persevering.
坚持到底必获胜利。坚持就是胜利。
Success grows out of struggles to overcome difficulties.
成功来自於克服困难的斗争。
The first element of success is the determination to succeed.
成功的首要因素是要有成功的决心。
The more a man knows, the less he knows he knows.
懂得越多,就越知道自己懂得不多。
Union is strength.
团结就是力量。
Virtue is a jewel of great price.
美德是无价之宝。
Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.
浪费时间是一切花费中最奢侈豪华的费用。
When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.
没有希望就不会努力。
Without a friend the world is a wilderness.
没有朋友,世界就等於一片荒野。
You cannot judge a tree by its bark.
人不可貌相。
篇5:英语议论文的写作方法与技巧指导
全文共 7039 字
+ 加入清单议论文写作是几种常见文体中要求较高的一种。下面语文迷网整理了一些写作方法,希望对你有帮助。
一、议论文的文体特点和写作要求
英语议论文同中文议论文一样也是以议论的方式,通过摆事实、讲道理来阐述自己观点的一种文体。高中英语议论文是一种限制性的写作, 其论点、论据、论证都必须十分明确,学生必须结合题目要求来阐述相关观点。
议论文的结构可分为三个部分:1、引言段引出一个令人关注的问题或明白地亮出自己的观点,如提倡什么,支持什么,反对什么。 2、主体段对提出的问题进行分析、推论、并运用归纳法、演绎法和类比法等进行论证,取得以理服人的效果。3、结论段可以用两三句话来结束文章,同时要注意重申论点,与引言段呼应,但不能照搬原话。务必做到论点明确、要点齐全、论证严密、结构严谨、层次分明、首尾呼应。
二、议论文的写作方法与技巧
一)、审好题
人们常说:“磨刀不误砍柴功”。审题是写作的开始,是写好作文的前提条件,“好的开始是成功的一半”,议论文写作也不例外。只有明确题目要求,确立观点,确定论证方法及全文段落安排,才可能成功写出一篇好的议论文。如果写偏了题,再精心的构思、再好的语言表达也是枉然。审题主要包括六个方面:一是判断议论文所属类型。英语议论文根据命题特点,从形式上来看可分为如下类型: ①“一分为二”的观点。如:“轿车大量进入家庭后,对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”。②“两者选一”的观点。如:“乘火车还是乘飞机”。③“我认为……”型,如:“你对课外阅读的看法”。④“怎样……(how to)”型,如:“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”。⑤ 图表作文,通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法(杨家贵,2005)。二是确立该文的论点或作者须持的观点,以及支撑论点的道理和事实。三是确定全文所包括的要点。四是确定段落数及每段适用的连接词、过渡句,使文章连接紧凑、过渡自然、层次分明。五是选择全文主要时态及各段适用的其它时态。六是判断该文的格式,是书信还是短文。审题完毕,随即列出提纲。
二)、注重主题句的设置
主题句又叫中心句(topic sentence),是段落的论点,限制段落中议论的范围,是整个段落的纲领。主题句必须要正确,要明确表明作者赞成什么,反对什么。主题句在一篇百来字的议论文中好比“画龙点睛”,帮助作者分层次阐述自己的观点,让读者快速了解作者的观点。
1、确定主题句的位置
英语议论文的主题句宜设在段首第一句,这是由以下两个因素决定的。1)、主题句出现的位置有三种情况:①在段首,以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要,这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落;②在段末;③段中(高长梅,2000)。2)、英语民族的思维特点是常采用路标式(直线式)篇章结构,即主题句在段首。
2、写出好的主题句
好的主题句具有以下特点:①有一定的概括性,普遍性而不是罗列具体事实。②句意明确而不是模糊不着边际。③让人有话可写而不是给出无可辩驳的事实。④不以问题的方式出现,也不要同时表达两个以上的观点。笔者要求学生写了以下的主题句:
1)Staying up late is bad for our health.
2)The more cars, the better?
3)There are two reasons why some people are fascinated by Super Girls and two reasons why some dislike them.
4)Beijing is famous for the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Imperial Palace and other places of interest.
5)a. Tom is a middle school student.
b. Tom is a hard-working middle school student.
6)Living in small cities is better than living in big cities.
然后让学生对照主题句的特点,他们一致认为1)、5)b、6)为好的主题句。在实践和对比中,学生学会了如何写好的主题句,并且运用到议论文写作中,收到较好效果,见以下实例(下段黑体部分是主题句)。
Everyone lives by selling something. For example, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
由此可见,好的主题句能帮助作者阐明观点,起到提纲挈领的作用。作者围绕段落的中心论点,运用多种方法展开论证,达到以理服人的效果。
三)、用好连接词和过渡句
从行文需要出发选用恰当的连接词、过渡句可使整篇文章文句流畅,句意转换自然,同时使表达合乎逻辑,文章结构严谨。倘若一篇议论文的段落里不乏高级词汇和复杂语法结构,但缺少了连接词、过渡句的润色而不能从一个观点自然地过渡到另一个观点,或段落里的各论据(supporting sentence)连接松散,势必削弱论证的效果,就算不上一篇好的议论文。下面分别说明如何有效运用连接词与过渡句。
1、句与句的连接词
连接词通常由连词、副词、介词短语和插入语等充当。如何有效使用连接词,使句意连贯、紧凑,以体现文章良好的严密的论证逻辑?
2.段与段的过渡句
过渡句帮助作者展示文章的条理和层次。恰当运用过渡句能使表达锦上添花。当文章从一个层次转换到另一个层次,或由一段内容转入另一段内容时需要用过渡句。恰当有效的运用过渡句,效果明显(见下文,题目及要求略,黑体部分为过渡句)。
Wearing school uniform every day spreads an order over many schools. Is it good or bad for students? Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter.
Some people say that it has a bad effect on developing students’ personal character. According to them, students are tired of wearing the same clothes every day, which is hard to tell who’s who. Furthermore, the cost of the school uniform is not low as many people think. With the bad quality, it’s not well worth the money.
However, as a popular saying goes: “Every coin has two sides.” Others argue that it is good for students. In their opinion, wearing school uniform will prevent students from wasting so much money on clothes and the time on catching up with the fashion. In addition, it’s easy for the teachers to recognize the students. There is no doubt that wearing school uniform every day is good for students.
In short, I firmly support the view that we should wear school uniform.(康珍,2005)
上文黑体部分综合体现了恰当、有效运用连接词和过渡句的最佳效果。全文行文流畅、衔接自然、条理清楚,浑然不觉作者是在套用各种连接词和过渡句。因此,非常有必要熟记一些常用典型的议论文过渡句,使议论文结构严谨,论点清楚,行文流畅。
1)引言段的常用过渡句
Recently we had a heated discussion on…, Opinions are various among different people.
Different people have different opinions on the question of …
They differ greatly in their attitudes towards …
Different people hold different views/opinions on this matter.
Although most people think… I believe…
此类过渡句能迅速引起读者注意,自然而然地引出全文要讨论的话题,或者开门见山地阐明文章的论点。
2)主体段的常用过渡句
Some may hold the view that… because… But others have a negative attitude. From their point of view…
Some people think that… While others believe…
Some people are for the idea of… because… But some people are against the idea of… because …
本文所指议论文的主体段可以是一段也可以是两段。通过正确使用过渡句,文章思路清晰,结构清楚,显示作者严谨思维,增强表达效果。
3)结论段的常用过渡句
As far as I am concerned, I totally agree with the statement that…
Therefore, it’s easy to draw the conclusion that…
As a consequence/result, I firmly support the view that…
Taking all these factors into consideration, we may reach the conclusion that…
To sum up/in a word/in conclusion/in short/above all/in general/ generally speaking, I still hold the view that…
运用过渡句的提示作用进入结论段,作者或是重申论点,或是强调论点,以便加深读者对全文的了解和深刻认识。
英语议论文范文:
Should Examination Be Abolished (取消)?
The examination system has come to be the main theme (主题)of modern education. One should take an examination andsucceed in passing it before he could be admitted, promoted or graduated. As it plays so important a role in the realm of education (教育的领域) it is under much criticism (评论) as to its validity (有效性) . People who are in favour of it try to develop this system more; those who are against it believe that such a system should be abolished. Should examination be abolished? In my opinion it should be.
Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge, but, in fact, that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.
Id like to say that, because of the existence of the examination system, students pay so much attention to gaining high marks, that they often forget the chief purpose of education. The so-called clever students devote (贡献) themselves to the study of textbooks only. They, of course, know nothing but the skeleton (梗概) of knowledge. The end and aim of education, however, is to enable students to learn how to live. To do this, students must get themselves to do all kinds of training, physicalas well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.
Moreover, since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short a time as possible, psychologically (心理上来看), they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.
Lastly, in order to get high marks, there is a great temptation (诱惑) for students to cheat (作弊) in an examination. Indeed, such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers, their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair (损害) our moral standards (道德标准) .
Therefore, I am of the opinion, in conclusion, that the examination system should be abolished.
篇6:英语四级写作的应对方法
全文共 1223 字
+ 加入清单写作包括两部分,一是要求在35分钟内写一篇150字左右的短文,二是要求在10分钟内写一个50--60字的便条。这两部分均为命题作文,作文内容与大学生的日常生活、学习都密切相关,另外也有社会热点问题,比如环保、旅游、健身等,题目理解起来都比较容易。
短文写作部分文体为议论文,一般采用三段式的结构,第一段为论点,第二段为论据,第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题,思想表达清楚,论据充分,论证严密,基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章,应该注意一下写作步骤:
1.审题:作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题,因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文,而且多有中文提示或提纲,所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求,理解题目的真正意图,然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑,整理自己的思路,对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题,该涉及的内容,所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等,在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。
2.组织段落:构思好之后,根据构思的提纲,运用选好的材料,恰当地运用连词,合理安排段落,使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成,主题句确定下来,接着就是通过一系列的扩展句,来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等,考试时应灵活运用。
3.修改:也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容,检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写;字母大小写和标点符号;数的一致性(包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性);指代关系(包括指代的一致性和代词的选用);动词形式(时态、语态、语气)等方面。
关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道,短文写作的时间为35分钟, 要力争写完写好, 这就要求考生做到有条不紊,忙而不乱,充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间: 审题1~2分钟;组织素材, 细节和关键词: 4~5分钟;起草: 20~25分钟;修改定稿: 4~5分钟。
最后要说明的是,从某种意义上来说,专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构,而对于固定的题型,有固定不变的表达法。因此,大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当,搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型,包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句,以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法,然后自己多动笔写一写,只要按这样的方法进行练习,相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。因为是三段式作文,写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了,开门见山;第二段的论据要能充分说明论点,论证条理清楚;第三段的结论要水到渠成,切忌草率,严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。
便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确,交待清楚,比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等,要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式,一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。
篇7:2024中学必备英语写作素材汇总
全文共 3991 字
+ 加入清单1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue
11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…
13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…
15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16.双方的论点 argument on both sides
17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…
18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …
19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
20.…也不例外 …be no exception
21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…
22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
23.导致,引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden
30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective
32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…
34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…
36.综合素质 comprehensive quality
37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach
39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
40. 应当承认 Admittedly,
41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词,字母I 大写)
46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion
53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…
57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest
59.长远利益. interest in the long run
60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62.取其精髓,取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。
63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …
66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth
67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …
68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。
No garden without weeds。
69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。
70.重视 attach great importance to…
71.社会地位 social status
72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…
73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…
76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden
79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。
80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with
81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。
82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of
83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…
87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding
88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
篇8:2024中考英语作文写作万能句子积累
全文共 1494 字
+ 加入清单一、教育类
● And gladly would learn , and gladly teach .( Chaucer , British pot
勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人, 乔叟)
●Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune .(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher)
与其不受教育,不如不生,因为无知是不幸的根源.(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)
●Genius without education is like silver in the mine. (Benjamin Franklin , American president )
未受教育的天才,犹如矿中之银。 (美国总统 富兰克. B.)
●The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweet .(Aristotle , Ancient Greek philosopher )
教育的根是苦的,但其果实是甜的。( 古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德)
二、知识类
●Activity is the only road to knowledge .(George Bernard Shaw , British
dramatist)
行动是通往知识的唯一道路。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)
●A free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books .(Thomas Jefferson ,
American president)
一个自由的人除了从书本上获取知识外,还可以从许多别的来源获得知识。(美国总统
杰斐逊 . T.)
●A great part to the information I have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way .(Adams Franklin , American humorist )
我的大部分知识都是这样获得的:在寻找某个资料时意外的发现了另上的资料。(美国幽默作家
富兰克林. A.)
●If a man empties his purse into his head , no man can take it away from him , an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest .(Benjamin Franklin ,
American president )
倾已所有追求知识,没有人能夺走它;向知识投资,收益最佳。(美国总统
富兰克林. B.)
●Imagination is more important than knowledge .(Albert Einstein , American scientist )
想象力比知识更为重要。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. A. )
●Knowledge is power . (Francis Bacon , British philosopher )
知识就是力量。 (英国哲学家 培根. F.)
●The empty vessels make the greatest sound . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist )
满瓶不响,半瓶咣当。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.)
篇9:英语四级写作模板
全文共 386 字
+ 加入清单Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.
There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3.
In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
篇10:2024初中英语作文写作技巧分析
全文共 2008 字
+ 加入清单书面表达是近几年初中英语中考的重要题型,是一种反映学生表达、传递信息和解决实际问题的重要的语言测试手段,同时也是用于测试学生的语言交际能力和语言知识活用能力的一项综合性试题。《英语课程标准》对各个年级学生“写”的技能提出了明确目标,它要求学生具有较高的书面语言表达能力。然而,目前初中英语教学的书面表达相对滞后,学生的写作水平提高甚微,一提起写作学生们就犯愁,甚至一字不写,有的干脆放弃。写一篇像样的英语作文对80%的学生来说是“难于上青天”。究其原因是多方面的。学生方面:(1)汉语影响、生词造句;(2)词汇贫乏、搭配不当;(3)句型误用、语法不通;(4)信息不全、条理紊乱。因此,笔者结合新教材的内容,在教学中探索了学生写作训练的方法。
一、积累词汇
初中学生在阅读理解方面最大的障碍就是词汇量的缺乏,而扩大词汇量绝非死记硬背就能做到。最有效的方法就是大量接触各种不同体裁的英语文章,利用“在句中记,在文中记”的方法来积累词汇。因此我们指导学生依据英语报刊的特点,按栏目、话题、题材、体裁归类收集常用词,将出现频率较高的常用词汇积累到单词本子上,查字典写例句,初步学会这些单词的运用,放在身边,利用零散时间反复记忆,加强印象。还要求学生给出与单词有关的同义、近义、反义和词形相似的词,使词汇量得到最大限度的复现。如:反义词appear/disappear, crowded/uncrowded,polite/impolite/rude.词形相似的词except/expect,chance/change/challenge.这样,通过大量的词汇练习不仅仅能有效地积累词汇,还为组句打下了基础,同时还能训练学生的发散性思维和总结、归纳、比较的能力,为学生正确使用词句奠定了良好的基础。
二、活用词句
当学生有了一定的词汇量的时候,教师在教学中可以采用先易后难的方法,让学生用简单的词组成句子,再以句子的构成作为学生进行写作训练的起点,引导学生从对单个句型的掌握,逐渐过渡到多种句型的混用,直到学生能连贯自如地表达思想。一句多译,句型转换,是书面表达能力的关键。总的来说,教师在平时的教学中要将日常生活中经常出现的词、句作为材料让学生训练,使学生乐于接受,轻松完成,享受成功感。
例如:以study为中心组成句子。
I study in No.3 Middle School.I study very hard.My sister studies in the same school.But she studies harder than me.等等。
三、创设情景
例如,学生举行运动会,开“生日聚会”,以“A sports meeting”和“My birthday party”为语境,让学生在活动中仔细观察,亲身体验,然后试着用自己所学的语言知识,表达“A sports meeting”和“My birthday party”这些话题。在我们新教材的每个单元中,都设有写作训练题,它们用英语设置语境,用英语提示内容,这些写的练习,与我们平时用汉语给语境、用英语完成段落的方式相比,更为理想。当然,教师在设立语境话题时要与学生的水平和能力相适应,应从简到难,从浅到深进行。否则,学生会无从下笔,久而久之,他们会失去信心。
四、注重听、说和阅读的培养
在英语写作中听、说、读、写应同步发展。写作是一种语言输出形式,只有语言输入大于语言输出,语言输出才有可能。英语写作训练作为英语综合能力训练之一,是与英语的听说读不可分割的,它们是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体,必须注重听、说、读、写能力的同步发展。
比如笔者实施多年的“五分钟课前演讲”:在上正课前五分钟里,要学生用英语讲述一个故事(积累素材);或者课前朗读一篇短小精 的文章,让大家课后模仿;或者就大家平时关心的话题写一个发言稿或演讲稿进行课前发言;或者让学生自立主题,围绕自己喜欢的主题写一段话。这种课前训练取得了很好的效果。
五、写英文日记
要养成记英语日记勤练笔的习惯。经常用英语记日记等于天天在练笔,这无疑是提高英语写作行之有效的好办法。在记日记时,不要总是用简单句,要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型和复合句等,使文句更优美生动。对一些所给情景写的文章,写好后要对照一些范文,找出差距,然后再去练习,不仅能促使学生及时巩固所学的知识,还能锻炼他们的恒心和学习毅力,同时对提高英语作文也是很有帮助的。只有这样,学生才能通过多练习提高英语写作水平。
总之,学生英语写作水平的提高不是一朝一夕的事,英语写作能力培养的训练方法也是多方面的,因此需要我们英语教师在教学工作中不断探索、不断研究,总结出一些更富有创新活力的英语写作方法。鼓励学生平时要多积累语素材,要求他们坚持长期写作训练,做到善于思考、勤于训练、勇于探究,充分发挥学生的潜力。久而久之,学生的写作水平就会有大幅度的提高。
篇11:写作指导:中考英语写作六要素
全文共 1551 字
+ 加入清单每年的英语中考都有写作这一考查的内容,所以同学们要重视写作的方法,消除畏惧心理,排除心理障碍。纵观近几年中考英语写作题,题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说,不同的写作题材,它的人物,时间,写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面简单介绍一下中考英语写作六个要素:审题清,要点明,列提纲,全文顺,无病句,打草稿。
一、审题要清
看到考题后,先不要急于动笔,要仔细看清题目要求的内容。在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面,确定短文的中心思想,不要匆匆下笔,看懂题意,根据提供的资料和信息来审题。审题要审格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。
二、要点明确
要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点,同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力,把情景中给出的各个要点逐一罗列出。
三、列出提纲
为写作做好准备。根据文章要点短文的中心思想将主要句型、关键词语记下,形成提纲。
四、写顺全文
写短文时要做到五个方面:
1.避免使用汉语式英语,尽量使用自己熟悉的句型。
2.多用简单句型,记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当多使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或独立主格结构等较复杂的句型。
3.注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。语态、时态要准确无误;主谓语要一致,主语的人称和数要和谓语一致;注意冠词用法,例如:It takes Tom half an hour to go to school by bus.中的an不能写成a;注意拼写,例如:fourteen,forty,ninth等不要写成forteen,fourty,nineth等;注意标点符号和大小写。
4.描写人物时,要生动具体,可以选择使用下列词汇,例如:外形:tall,short,fat,thin,strong,weak,pretty等;颜色:red,yel-low,blue,white,green,brown,black等;心情:glad,happy,sad,excited,anxious,interest-ed等;情感:love,like,hate,feel,laugh,cry,smile,shout等。
5.上下文要连贯。同学们应把写好的句子,根据故事情节,事情发生的先后次序(时间或空间),使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理,使文章连贯、自然、流畅。同学们应注意下面过渡的用法:并列关系:and,as well as,or…;转折关系:but,yet,how-ever…;时间关系:when,while,after,before,then,after that…;因果关系:so,there-fore,asaresult…;目的:in order to,in order that,so as to,so that…;列举:for example ,such as…;总结性:in general,in all,in a word,generally speaking…
五、没有病句
中考作文时,由于时间紧、内容多,同学们出错在所难免。因此,改错这一环节必不可少。中考作文评卷是根据要点、语言准确性、上下文的连贯性来给分,根据错误多少来扣分。因此中考时花几分钟时间用来检查错误显得尤为重要。检查错误应从以下几个方面入手:(1)看字数是否达到要求,看有无遗漏要点。
(2)看文体格式是否正确规范。
(3)看有无语法或用词上的错误。
(4)看单词拼写、字母大小写是否有错,标点符号有无遗漏或用错等等。
(5)注意时态、语态、人称是否上下文一致。
六、先打草稿
考试中,书面表达应做到先打草稿,写完后多读几遍,检查是否有误,然后再抄到试卷上,注意字迹要工整,不涂、不画、不勾不抹,避免不必要的扣分。
篇12:关于英语论文的写作格式和规范
全文共 5936 字
+ 加入清单规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。下面是小编为你带来的关于英语论文的写作格式和规范,希望对你有帮助。
一、英语论文的标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。
就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。
二、英语论文提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、英语论文正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
四、英语论文的文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:
The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).
这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:
Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”
is an admirable and characteristic
diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it
Whitman is unable to conceive the
extreme crises of society, one is certain
that no society would be tolerable whoses
citizens could not find refreshment in its
buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)
这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。
3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:
Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).
值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。
4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:
Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).
5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:
Professor Chen Jias A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).
圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。
6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:
Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).
Farrington points out that Aristotles father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle15).
这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。
7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。
When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).
这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。
五、英语论文的文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:
1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。
3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。
4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。
Two or More Books by the Same Author
Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A
Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.
---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,
Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.
引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。
An Author with an Editor
Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.
Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.
本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:
Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:
Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribners,
1962.vii-xxxix.
如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):
Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.
London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.
A Multivolume Work
Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.
Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.
Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.
Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.
第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。
A Selection from an Anthology
Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”
Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New
York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.
被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。
Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers
Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”
Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.
报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。
Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cathers Nostalgia: A Study in
Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.
月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。
Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post
31 July,1985:B1.
引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献(略)(摘自《外语与外语教学》1999年第8期,原文:“英语论文写作规范”作者 刘新民)
篇13:英语写作技巧
全文共 286 字
+ 加入清单删除诸如"who is”或"that is"类的关系代词,变从句为短语,例:
句:The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.
修改后:The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.
注:把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达,节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉,这只会引起最少的变动。
篇14:高考英语作文常用写作句式句型汇总
全文共 10058 字
+ 加入清单一.开头用语:
良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时,通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求,点出文章的中心思想。
1.议论论文:
A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.
B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.
C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...
D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.
E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.
F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.
2. 书信:
A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.
B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...
C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.
E. How nice to hear from you again.
3. 口头通知或介绍情况:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make.
B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.
C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.
4. 演讲稿:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health.
B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.
二.并列用语:
as well as, not only…but (also), including,
A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.
B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.
C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.
D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.
三.对比用语:
on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing ;for another, nevertheless
A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.
B. It is hard work; I enjoy it though.
C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.
四. 递进用语:
even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse
A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.
五. 例证用语:
in one’s opinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely
A. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.
B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of education.
六. 时序用语:
first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time
in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays,
A. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.
B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty.
七. 强调用语:
especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all ,
A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.
B What in the world/on earth are you doing?
八. 因果用语:
thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of..., owe ...to...
A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export sales.
B. As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations.
九. 总结用语:
in short; briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all
A. Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters.
B. In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted.
常用句型
(一)段首句
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that ……
2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying……Its the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ……Second,……What makes things worse is that…….
4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。
Nowadays,it is common to ……. Many people like …… because …… Besides,……
5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception,it has both advantages
and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看来,……
People’s opinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say that ……To them,……
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。
……has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……,但是为什么呢?
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it can be seen that……while. Obviously,……but why?
(二)中间段落句
1. 相反,有一些人赞成……,他们相信……,而且,他们认为……。
On the contrary,there are some people in favor of……t the same time,they say……
2. 但是,我认为这不是解决……的好方法,比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I dont think it is a very good way to solve …….For example,……Worst of all,…….
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的。首先,……。而且……,最重要的是……
……is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction. First,……Whats more, ……Most important of all,……
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先,我们可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can……
5. 面临……,我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……,另一方面,
Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to…….
For one thing,For another,
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……,另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All these measures will certainly…….
7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说,……的主要原因是由于……
Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to …….
8. 然而,正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样,……也有它的不利的一面,象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has its own disadvantages, such as ……
9. 尽管如此,我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述),主要理由如下:
I fully agree with the statement that ……because…….
(三)结尾句
1. 至于我,在某种程度上我同意后面的观点,我认为……
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ……
2. 总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样,我们才能在将来……。
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.
3. 但是,……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如,……,而……。然而,把这两者相比较,我更倾向于(喜欢)……
But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while……
Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……
4. 就我个人而言,我相信……,因此,我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because……
5. 随着社会的发展,……。因此,迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量,这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ……So its urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.
6. 至于我(对我来说,就我而言),我认为……更合理。只有这样,我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you……
7. 对我来说,我认为有必要……。原因如下:第一,……; 第二,……;最后……但同样重要的是……
In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First ……second …… Last but not least,……
8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏,因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而,就我个人而言,我发现……。
It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view find……
9. 综上所述,我们可以清楚地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that……
10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法,就可能控制不了这种趋势,就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果,所以,我们应该做的是……
If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is
常用句型:
开头:
When it comes to ..., some think ...
There is a public debate today that ...
A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?
Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.
提出观点:
Now there is a growing awareness that...
It is time we explore the truth of ...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.
进一步提出观点:
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...
提出假想例子的方式:
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...
举普通例子:
For example(instance),...
... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用:
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
讲故事
(先说故事主体),this story is not rare.
..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因:
There are many reasons for ...
Why .... , for one thing,...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...
The first reason can be obiviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
进行对比:
The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.
A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
承上启下:
To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...
A study of ... will make this point clear
让步:
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...
I do not deny that A has its own merits.
结尾:
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
篇15:英语四级画图作文写作步骤
全文共 788 字
+ 加入清单图画作文是近年大学英语四级写作中出现频率较高的一类文体,考生要特别加以重视。众所周知,题目所给出的图画必然反映了一定的社会现实或者揭露出某种社会现象。相比其他的文体而言,这类作文难度较大,既要求考生通过文字形式分析出图画内容,又要将图中所包含的的思想内容准确地表达出来。为此,应届毕业生网就此类作文写作步骤予以如下几方面的指导和点拨。
一、审题立意
四级作文写作过程中最关键的步骤就是审题,不仔细审题就会很容易使作文跑题,因此这是必不可少的第一步。此步骤要注意两点:一是分析题目和图画,确定文章的命题类型,抓住中心思想,联想此作文要求的写作主题。二是进一步确定给定的题材及此作文要考查的重点内容。也就是说,通过审题,考生要对作文谈论的主要话题心中有数。
二、组织结构
审题之后,根据分析的结果草拟提纲并组织安排段落,确定文章的整体结构。一般而言,考生可将图画作文转化为三段式提纲作文。开始段描述图画内容;中间段解释图画所反映出来的深层意义;结尾段引出结论,总结全文。各段的主题句要条理清晰,以使自己要表达的内容有更好的把握。每段的重点都应集中于描述图画规定的内容。选用的词句应紧扣图画主题、突出重点、前后连贯、表达清楚。
三、检查修改
考试过程中,很多考生由于紧张、仓促等原因,很容易犯一些简单的错误。因此,最后留出几分钟时间来修改所写内容是很有必要的。然而,切忌大幅度地对作文惊醒修改,因为这样会破坏卷面整洁,影响阅卷老师对试卷的印象。修改时可以从两点着手:
语法方面。包括时态是正确、名词单复数是否对应、被动主动语态是否正确、主谓是否一致等。
词汇方面。包括连接上下句或段落的关联词、固定搭配、及物不及物动词的使用、习惯用语是否使用正确等。同时,单词拼写错误和标点误用都是扣分点,考生应尽量避免此类错误。
综上所述,四级写作需要遵循上述步骤,即审题立意、组织结构、检查修改。祝考生顺利通关!
篇16:初中期末英语作文的写作技巧
全文共 4289 字
+ 加入清单对于我们农村地区的学生来说,英语写作非常困难。尤其在每一次的英语考试中,英语写作题型总是必不可少的,小编收集了初中期末英语作文的写作技巧,欢迎阅读。
一、学生写作过程中出现的现状
1.词汇量太少
词汇是英语写作必不可少的基本要素,要写好一篇作文以表达自己的思想,必须以足够的词汇量为基础,但实际上大多数学生掌握的词汇量都达不到规定的要求,因而在写作时也就不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想。出现的问题往往有拼写错误,影响理解;词语误用,表达不准确;某一词语反复使用,语言表达缺乏变式,文章显得单调乏味;文章中出现大量“造词”,让人看了啼笑皆非等。
语法规则和句型句式是英语写作涉及的另一基本要素。学生英语写作中出现的“大错”又多半是由语法错误引起的,学生在写作中语法不规范、句子结构混乱、含义不清等情况屡见不鲜,Chinese English现象更是不乏其中,所以词汇量和语法问题是中学生英语写作时首先要解决的问题。
2.词汇错误较多
学生在写作的时候,中式英语Chinglish :如There are many people would like to go on a vacation. I by bike to school every day. 2、词汇错误:错别字、近义词混淆、词性误用3、词组、句型使用不正确,缺乏重点句型的使用:如I spent one hour to read the book yesterday. 4、时态、语态、人称把握不正确(审题不正确)。思维模式总是先汉语,后转化为英语,可能他想到了句子该怎样写,句型也知道的,但却有个别单词不会。如:“对我来说学英语是困难的”这个句子可能他想到了,句子结构“it is+adj for sb to do sth”也知道,但里面的形容词difficult不会写,导致句子表达含糊,以至于整篇文章错词百出,面目全非。
3.写出的长句达不到表达效果
一般的英语应试作文,总会给出汉语提示,学生写作也是从提示上入手,有的提示意思较长,所以学生写的时候会直接翻译,但对太长的句子又没有驾驭的能力,导致整个句子错误。
4.听力较弱影响写作能力
我们所面临的是一群农村学生,他们没有特别好的条件练习听力,每次的练习时间仅仅是每节英语课上,听听力的时间是在太少。有位作家说过:“不写没有读过的语言,不读没有说
的语言,不说没有听过的语言”。很明显,通过听的渠道获得语言信息及语言感受在英语学习中基础的基础。听不来也就写不上。
5.单词书写不规范,卷面书写较乱
对于大多数学生来说,格式、大小写、标点,书写不规范:句首字母大写不注意,使用从句时不会使用标点、大小写等)。如:After he went back home. He cooked supper.,考试时把单词写整齐的很少,学生普遍认为只要把单词写正确就可以得分,虽然觉得自己写的作文还可以,但卷子发下之后却没有得到期望的分数,而有的同学写作能力较差但书写整齐,写作得分也不是很低。
二、提高写作的方法
1.词汇的积累
初中学生在阅读理方面最大的障碍就是词汇量的缺乏,而扩大词汇量绝非死记硬背就能做到。最有效的方法就是大量接触各种不同体裁的英语文章,利用“在句中记,在文中记”的方法来积累词汇。因此我们指导学生依据英语报刊的特点,按栏目、话题、题材、体裁归类收集常用词,将出现频率较高的常用词汇积累到单词本子上,查字典写例句,初步学会这些单词的运用,放在身边,利用零散时间反复记忆,加强印象。
同时拟定时以单选、完型、阅读等形式考察学生对这些单词的掌握情况,通过测试和竞赛的方式进一步激发大家学习词汇的热情。不过,由于课程的时间安排问题,测试的工作开展较少,这也是实验工作中的一个不足。
2.熟练记住单词
( 1.) 巩固单词拼写,培养组句能力。 词汇匮乏是妨碍英语写作的最大障碍之一,有话想说,无词可写是大部分学生的苦恼。因此,我要求学生坚持每天听写、默写、循环记忆单词,掌握巩固词汇。还要求学生给出与单词有关的同义、近义、反义和词形相似的词,使词汇量得到最大限度的复现。如:反义词appear/disappear, crowded/uncrowded, polite/impolite/rude. 词形相似的词except/expect, chance/change/challenge. 还以某一词为中心,写出该词的不同形式或词性,组成典型的句型,从而不断丰富词汇和句型。如拼写单词die 时,不但要写出其过去式过去分词died,而且要写出其他词性(death, dead, dying), 再分别组句,如:The old man died two years ago. He has been dead for two years. His death made his dog very sad. It is dying.又如写到易混淆的词pay, spend, cost, take 时,可以多种方式表达句意。He paid 20 yuan for the book. He spent 20 yuan on the book. He spent 20 yuan buying the book. The book cost him 20 yuan. It takes him 20 minutes to read the book every day.等等。这样,通过大量的词汇练习不仅仅能有效地积累词汇,还为组句打下了基础,同时还能训练学生的发散性思维和总结、归纳、比较的能力,为学生正确使用词句奠定了良好的基础。以上这些机械操练虽然枯燥,但很有必要,它是能力培养的基础。在词句落实的基础上,可向学生提出稍高的要求,如写出高质量的句子: What a happy family I have ! (I have a happy family.) The story is so interesting that everyone likes it.( The story is very interesting. Everyone likes it. ) He didn’t come to school, because he was ill. (He was ill. He didn’t come to school.) I am good at not only English but also math.(I am good at English and I am good at math ,too. )( 2、) 阅读背诵精彩段落,围绕单元话题设计书面表达。 阅读是写作的 熟练记住每一话题的单词。熟记单词后让他们能够熟练的运用,能够把重点单词用来造句。然后熟记词组,特别是能够熟练的运用词组,能够用词组熟练造句。用词组和单词连成简单句,只要学生将句子表达清楚,语意连贯,就是一篇好的英语文章。
3.熟练使用简单句
简单句对学生来说相对好掌握些,可以要求学生们能够熟练划分主语、谓语、宾语。 正确掌握并列连词andbutor等词。在写作中要求学生不能随意发挥,也不能逐字逐句的翻译所给的文章,要求学生能抓住题中所给的条件,只要考生能将题中所给的要点全部表达清楚,而没有遗漏,在写作中并且注意到语言的连贯,那么就是一篇很好的英语文章。
4.加强听力训练,促进写作
目前英语听力教材使用的具体做法是:事先提出每课生词,教师领读几遍。排除生词障碍后,第一遍学生主让学生在课后反复听课文内容,并逐字逐句写下。每周星期五布置,星期一用课堂时间,教师将该文念一、二遍,让学生听写,教师收上来查阅,加以评讲。通过这种训练,提高学生的听力水平和表达能力。
5.书写规范,促进写作
关于书写的卷面整洁与否,字体如何,是老生常谈话题。可是由于印象分数的一分半分之差,很可能影响一生。在此处丢分纯属不值得,这也是笔者把它放在第一位的原因。在教学过程中,应坚持要求学生书写规范,写好匀笔斜体行书,注意连写,以及文面美观。可以采用出专刊的形式,让全班同学都参加英语书法评比,从而激发学生练习英语书写的兴趣,养成良好的书写习惯。
综上所述,在英语写作中听、说、读、写应同步发展。写作是一种语言输出形式,只有语言输入大于语言输出,语言输出才有可能。英语写作训练作为英语综合能力训练之一,是与英语的听说读是不可分割的,它们是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体,必须注重听、说、读、写能力的同步发展。
比如笔者实施多年的“五分钟课前训练”:在上正课前五分钟里,要学生用英语讲述一个故事(积累素材);或者课前朗读一篇短小精悍的文章,让大家课后模仿;或者就大家平时关心的话题写一个发言稿或演讲稿进行课前发言;或者让学生自立主题,围绕自己喜欢的主题写一段话。这种课前训练取得了很好的效果。
美国作家舒伯特指出:“Reading is writing”,即:阅读能够促进写作,因为对学生而言,他们对生活的体验、对人生的认识大多是从书本上获得,从大量的阅读中获取的,阅读不仅能帮助学生积累思想,也能帮助他们积累语言素材。“You ought to read very carefully. Not only very carefully,but also aloud,and that again and again till you know the passage by heart and write it as if it were your own.” 这就清楚地说明了熟读成诵对写作是多么重要。所以要想写出好文章,就必须大量读书,它是写作的基础。
阅读对写作固然重要,但其它形式写作训练同样不可忽视,英语写作实践是英语写作理论转化为写作能力的“中介”。英语写作要突出实践,正如学习游泳一样,写作的能力是练出来的。课外练笔是课堂写作训练最有益的补充,因为课堂时间有限,仅靠课堂写作训练培养学生的写作能力是不够的。作文不是“学”出来的,而是“写”出来的。学生必须进行大量的写作练习才能掌握并且灵活运用各种写作技能,而且写作技能只有在不断写作的过程中才能逐步得到提高和完善。
此外,学生的英语语言意识和英语思维能力的培养也需要大量的练习。可见,课外练笔非常必要,应该给予重视。课外练笔的形式多种多样,可采用让学生写英语日记、写英语周记,教师也可有意识地给学生提供一些尽量贴近生活的时尚话题,如奥运会、环境保护等,让学生在课外习作。
篇17:高分英语写作攻略之功能段落法
全文共 5395 字
+ 加入清单写作是最灵活的一种测试形式。写自己提前准备的表达是提分最有效的利器。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高分英语写作方法,希望对你有帮助。
“To be or not to be: that is a question。”莎士比亚如是说。冲刺阶段,背模板还是不背?我的答案:背,但绝不是盲目地背。
整篇背诵模板不是最有效的方法,因为模板的写作思路是固定的,然而很多时候试题的命题思路可能与所背模板思路不同。因此,可能导致“所背非所考”,甚至导致文不对题,生搬硬套。
但是,无论四六级写作话题如何变化,一般都对应三个或两个汉语提纲。只要按提纲要求去写相应的内容段落,就做到了紧扣主题。历年写作提纲可以总结为六种功能段落:现象描述、危害分析(弊)、原因分析、建议措施、观点阐述(观点的本质为利弊:支持方观点等于分析“利”,反方观点等于分析“弊”)、意义阐述(利)。
下面,结合近年真题展示功能段落内容:
2011-06:Online Shopping
1.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚
2.网上购物有很多好处,但也有不少问题
3.我的建议
解析:本次四级作文对应四个段落分别是:现象、观点(利、弊)和建议。该类作文可以被称之为:观点对比型作文,对比的内容重点在利弊分析上。
2010-12:How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?
1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切
2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该……
解析:该题目只有两个提纲:现象和建议,可以添加一个功能段落:原因。这样这篇作文就是“三段论”的形式:提出问题(负面现象描述)、分析问题(原因)、建议措施段。2010年6月CET也属于该种那类型。
2009-12:Creating a Green Campus
1. 建设绿色校园很重要
2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……
3. 为了建设绿色校园,我们应该……
解析:该段对应提纲如下:意义阐述(即分析:利或好处)、现象描述(解释绿色校园环境之外的因素)、建议措施段。
综合以上分析,六种功能段落已经涵盖住了以上考试的所有提纲。因此,如果能够掌握住六种功能段落的写作实际就掌握了四六级考试写作考题的最本质特征。那样的话,无论题目如何变化,我们准备都是有的放矢的。反观,死背模板容易导致生搬硬套,甚至文不对题。
二、写作短期提分方略
在了解了四六级考试在命题特点的基础上,考生在冲刺阶段最需要准备的是两个内容:思路和表达。思路解决怎么写的问题,表达解决写什么的问题。如果拿到一个作文题目,你知道应该按照什么思路去写,又知道应该写什么表达,这篇作文就已经成功了一半。
思路点拨:在本人所讲授的基础班、强化班、精品班等不同班型上都曾讲授到现象、原因、建议、利弊、观点分析时的逻辑:“一个中心,四个基本点”。具体内容:“以孩子(学生、事件)为中心,以家长[微博](老师、相关人员)、家庭(学校、管理机构)、社会、法规(道德意识)为基本点”。
试举例说明:以2010年12月真题为例,主题为子女教育话题。谈到子女,必然涉及到家长,孩子和家长组成家庭,千千万万的家庭组成社会,是什么在维护着社会稳定?法规和道德意识。这样我们就找到了可以入手去分析的五个方面:孩子、家长、家庭、社会、法规道德意识。如何使用这五个方面?比如分析家长溺爱孩子原因时至少可以从家长意识、家庭结构变化、社会背景角度去分析。
同理,2010年6月话题为学生英语学习,可从学生自身、教师教学、学校教学政策角度去分析。那么,如果主题不是孩子也不是学生,怎么分析?2011年6月主题为网络购物,分析时就以该事件为中心,可以想到相关人或物(买方:customers/clients/shoppers;卖方:online shops/stores;中间方:支付宝、淘宝等),其管理机构(政府)、社会背景,相关法规是否健全等。
“一个中心,四个基本点”的分析逻辑形成一种立体化网状结构,考生运用该思维模式,只要能想到其中两到三点,思路问题即可迎刃而解。建议童鞋们首先将该思路背诵下来,以备将来可以在考场上灵活应用。
表达积累
表达分为四个层次:词句段篇。其中篇章层面只要按照提纲要求去组织文章即可,因此篇章方面不足为虑。段落方面按照“功能段落”的六种形式去识别,也小菜一碟。
词和句是表达的基本元素,也是语言质量的根本体现。在新东方教书的这几年中和参加四六级考试阅卷的经历中,看过无数学生的作文,深感学生词句方面能力的薄弱。同时结合过往教学中的成功案例,提出冲刺阶段表达积累的高效途径。
背写:思路+表达
很多同学考前也在背,背的滚瓜烂熟,脱口而出,觉得自己水平很牛!上了考场也顺利将文章写了出来,却得了一个很低的分数,为什么?因为单词都拼错了。冲刺阶段,请牢记:口头背诵得再好不等于能够写对。背写是提高写作和翻译唯一也是最有效的方法。
那么,背写什么内容哪?答案是思路和表达。思路上文中已有论述,遣词和造句的表达方面应该紧密结合功能段落来背诵有效句式和用词。考生不必刻意追求适用难词,但可以将常见词汇稍作替换:如,
exceedingly, extremely, intensely替换very;an army of/a great many/a host of 替换a lot of;advancement 替换 development; positive, favorable, promising(有希望的), perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good; give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause; harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that替换think; beneficial, rewarding替换helpful; bear in mind that替换remember; enjoy, possess替换have; shopper, client, consumer, purchaser替换customer……
表达精彩体现在三个方面:遣词、造句、连贯。大家可以结合以下例文感受这三个方面:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of To Help or Not to Help. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow:
1. 帮助别人是一种美德
2. 但是帮助陌生人容易使自己陷入麻烦
3. 我的看法
首段阐述意义:In contemporary society, it should be a virtue for individuals to offer help to those who are in need. Without this morality, it is impossible for the society to be named “Harmony”. Apparently enough, it is of great importance/ significance/ value/ benefits for people to help each other, especially in difficulties。
二段描述负面现象:However, a host of people find it hard or troublesome to offer helps to strangers. We have been frequently informed that(A typical example is that) a warmhearted man —who lends a hand to an old lady—gets himself in trouble. Since helping others may trigger trouble, a few people refuse to offer help timely. And if we let/allow this situation to continue as it is now, we would not know where civilized society will be in the forthcoming future。
尾段我的看法或建议:As college students, we should bear in mind this virtue. However, it is essential that regulations should be worked out to support this virtue. In addition, it is suggested that we should offer aid to strangers in a safe way, such as dialing 12o or 110 for help. If we try our utmost to do so, the future of our society/ civilization will be promising, hopeful and rosy. (以上范文字数为202词,请自己酌情删减即可)
三、冲刺复习安排建议
总体原则:先背再写、阶段总结、适当模拟。
先背再写:基础较差同学一定要先背一些功能句式和教材相关范文,然后模仿该作文的思路和表达去写。背写的目的是积累语言表达实力,同时练习书写的公正和优美。建议书写较差的考生买本英语字帖练一下书写,也许你会有意外的惊喜。
阶段总结:每过一周就要问自己几个问题:所背诵的表达可以用来写什么类型的文章?该类文章的相关词汇或表达有什么?关键词如何避免重复?请记住:没有复习,没有巩固。
适当模拟:在熟练掌握背写了六种功能段落的思路和表达之后,可以结合适当题目在写作中运用所讲所背所总结提分词汇、句式。建议大家能够灵活运用,做到一例多用。比如我在多个班上讲过的关于英语学习的话题作文,可以写13次四级考试的作文。
题目:On English Learning
提纲:1. 英语学习很重要;2. 英语者所面临的困难;3. 如何学好英语
In contemporary world, English learning has gained great popularity and it is of great significance. (主题句) Firstly, based on a survey, a majority of tourists acknowledge that they prefer to speak English when traveling around the world. (调查法表述)Secondly, compared with the poor English speakers, good English-speakers are superior in many ways. (比较模板句式)
However, English learners may have a variety of difficulties or troubles in their learning. (主题句) For example, it can be noticed that a large number of students have difficulty memorizing words. Sometimes, it is difficult for them to understand the rules of grammar. In addition, though some are good at reading or writing, they can not express themselves freely in English。
Then, how to get a good command of (学好) this language? I am convinced that practice makes perfect. Only practice can enable one to speak and write fluently. And it is also through practice that one can master the rules of grammar and remember words, and there is no other way. (强调句式)
篇18:第一步审题,确定写作的重点与范围
全文共 1756 字
+ 加入清单1、话题作文的审题
话题作文一般由“引入性材料+阐释性话语+话题核心词+写作要求”构成。“材料”主要用来引出话题,同时对话题的走向起导向和提示作用;“提示语”主要是启发审题立意,打开写作思路;“要求”则是写作时注意的事项,写作时不可轻视。话题作文审题包括:审材料,审提示,审话题,审要求。最关键的是审话题,包括审准话题的写作范围与写作重点。
(1)单个词语型话题
其话题本身是一个字或词语。名词要注意其本义,引申义和比喻义。如:“脸”本义“人脸部”,引申义“表情,情感”(妈妈的脸指妈妈的关爱),比喻义“面貌”(城市的脸)。形容词与动词话题,写作时根据立意,补出主语或宾语后,按后面的主谓短语和动宾短语的方法确定写作范围与重点。
(2)偏正短语型话题
正部是写作的重点,偏部限定写作范围。如:生存的智慧,“智慧”是写作的重点,“生存”限定写作范围,即“智慧”只能是“生存”方面的“智慧”。
(3)动宾短语型话题
动词是写作的重点,宾语是论述的对象范围。如:战胜诱惑,“战胜”是写作的重点(为什么要战胜,怎么样战胜),“诱惑”限定战胜的对象只能是“诱惑”而不是别的。
(4)主谓短语型话题
谓语是写作的重点,主语表示谓语论述的对象。如:答案丰富多彩,“丰富多彩”是写作的重点,“答案”则限制丰富多彩的对象只能是“答案”,而不是别的事物。
(5)并列短语型话题
主要是关系型话题,写作时以一者为主,两个方面对比贯穿全文。
关系型话题的主要关系有:
①依存关系,如《看到自己与看到别人》;
②主次关系《自我认识与他人期望》;
③取舍关系,如《材与非材》;
④条件关系,如《人文素养与自我发展》。
(6)完整句子型话题
以谓语为写作重点,同时注意主语,宾语和修饰语对对象和范围的限制。如:细节决定成败,谓语“决定”是写作重点(为什么决定,怎么样决定),“细节”“成败”则表示“决定”的范围对象。
【特别强调】
审题时,要注意话题中的词语的本义、比喻义、引伸义或其它特殊意义。深入准确地挖掘这些含义,往往会适使文章立意深远深刻。
2、命题作文审题与话题作文的比较
命题作文和话题作文虽然不是同一概念,但二者有交叉的地方。有些命题本身就是话题,如“安”、“愿景”、“谈意气”等等,这样的命题与话题作文,二者立意完全相同。而有些命题就不能仅仅把它看作话题,因为它已经是作者的观点或主张了,如“我想握住你的手”,“今年花胜去年红”等,这样的命题作文,立意必须严格服从题目的指向(作文的标题也不得改变)。
值得指出的是,如以“一枝一叶一世界”,“雕琢心中的天使”为话题作文,尽管话题即观点,但也可以反过来立意,“一枝一叶未必一世界”“心中的天使不需雕琢”(保持人的本真美)。广东省作文评分标准中对这样的立意是认可的(“纪念”也可以立意为“无须纪念”),因为它符合“在话题范围内”的要求。
3、材料作文审题与话题作文的比较
请比较下面两则材料并加以区别:
材料1:“一只老鸟指着开着门的鸟笼对它的几个孩子说“进去吧,我早就为你们准备好了家。”“不,我们要上天!”它的孩子回答说。请根据以上材料,写一篇议论文。
材料2:有人说当代中学生常常是矛盾的。一方面,带有个性的脸颊,他们开始认识到自我,自信“我就是我”;另一方面,在缤纷炫目、而且必须面对的生活面前,他们有时也迷茫,常常会问:“谁能告诉我,我是谁?”请你结合成长中的亲身经历,以“我的故事”为话题,讲出一段真实的体验和感受。
通过比较,我们很容易发现,由于材料的“功用”不同,二者的区别是明显的。前一则材料,是文章立意的出发点和归宿点,同学们必须找准材料的“焦点”,审清“自立”这个题旨后才能构思写作;而后一则材料,仅仅为我们提示了一个内容指向,其写作范围也要比前者大得多。
在写法上,以往的材料作文很容易套用“三段论”、“四步法”。引述材料、分析材料、联系材料、归结材料几乎成了这类作文固定的写作模式(并不是说这种模式完全要不得,作为基础训练它是可以的,但在选拔考试中,这种模式作文肯定占不了什么优势)。而话题式材料作文,除了明确限定性内容外,同学们在写作时,完全可以从简审题,突破传统材料作文所形成的种种程式,在它为同学们提供的最广阔的思维空间里,大胆地发表对事物的高见,不拘一格地写出社会生活的五彩缤纷,写出自己的最精彩的故事。
篇19:英语写作素材:南瓜灯的故事
全文共 1260 字
+ 加入清单南瓜灯(Jack-O-Lantern)是庆祝万圣节的标志物。下面语文迷网整理了关于南瓜灯的故事作文,希望对你有帮助。
One story about Jack, an Irishman, who was not allowed into Heaven because he was stingy with his money. So he was sent to hell. But down there he played tricks on the Devil (Satan), so he was kicked out of Hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern.
Well, Irish children made Jacks lanterns on October 31st from a large potato or turnip, hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside. And Irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village Halloween festival that honored the Druid god Muck Olla. The Irish name for these lanterns was "Jack with the lantern" or "Jack of the lantern," abbreviated as " Jack-o-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern."
The traditional Halloween you can read about in most books was just childrens fun night. Halloween celebrations would start in October in every elementary school.
关于万圣节有这样一个故事。是说有一个叫杰克的爱尔兰人,因为他对钱特别的吝啬,就不允许他进入天堂,而被打入地狱。但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦,所以被踢出地狱,罚他提着灯笼永远在人世里行走。
在十月三十一日爱尔兰的孩子们用土豆和萝卜制作“杰克的灯笼”,他们把中间挖掉、表面上打洞并在里边点上蜡烛。为村里庆祝督伊德神的万圣节,孩子们提着这种灯笼挨家挨户乞讨食物。这种灯笼的爱尔兰名字是“拿灯笼的杰克”或者“杰克的灯笼”,缩写为Jack-o-lantern 。
现在你在大多数书里读到的万圣节只是孩子们开心的夜晚。在小学校里,万圣节是每年十月份开始庆祝的。孩子们会制作万圣节的装饰品:各种各样桔红色的南瓜灯。
篇20:2024年高考英语作文写作技巧
全文共 4366 字
+ 加入清单下面是关于高考英文写作的技巧以及必备高分句型,希望对同学们有所帮助!
一、要善于模仿
一些同学的办法往往是背一堆范文,然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作,真正的模仿重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上,而非个别的词汇。有一个句式说:“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么,用在高考写作中,我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行:“The bicycle is very popular in China for the simple reason that…”。然而,很多同学一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”。如果要表示“总是能够”的概念,很多同学提笔就会写can always,但理想的句子应该是用双重否定表示强烈的肯定,用never fail to。
二、要灵活变通
在批改过上万份同学们英语作文中,经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。有一句话叫做“立志如山,行道如水”,写英文作文,一定要有决心把它写好,有信心把意思表达清楚,这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度,能像流水一样变通解决问题。有个翻译界的故事说:在某大型国际会议的招待会上,一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译:“What is it made of”本来是非常简单的一个问题,结果翻译太紧张,忘了“egg”这个词,但是他急中生智,回答:“It is made of Miss Hen’s son.”这里,就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达,是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。
三、要细心观察
注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。比如在正式文体的写作中,很少用 “it isn’t”这样的略缩形式,而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理,在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写,阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。
许多同学在写作文时,习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上,在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中,这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头,表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实,经常留心地道的英语文章能发现,如果是并列关系,完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系,用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。
四、要心有全局
英文写作如果结构意识良好,应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了,适当地填入观点、素材,文章就自然而然立起来了。
临考在即,同学们要牢记英语写作的基本要领,特编顺口溜如下:细审题,巧构思,列要点,防遗漏。写日记,同汉语;书信,通知格式要牢记。看清图表细梳理,写人记事按顺序;完稿后查遗漏,整洁干净莫忘记。
英语写作七类万能句型必备
一. 结尾万能句
Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…
把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……
Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that…
考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论……
Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that…
因此,我们最好得出这样的结论……
There is no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.
毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。
All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.
总之,我们没有...…是无法生活的。但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。
二. 引出话题万能句
Recently, the problem of… has aroused peoples concern.
最近,……问题已引起人们的关注。
The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题。
Nowadays, overpopulation has become a problem we have to face.
如今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。
It is commonly believed that…=It is a common belief that … 人们一般认为……
Many people insist that…
很多人坚持认为……
With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…
随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为……
A lot of people seem to think that…
很多人似乎认为……
三. 引出观点万能句
Peoples views on…vary from person to person. Some hold that... However, others believe that…
人们对……的观点因人而异。有些人认为……,然而其他人却认为……
People may have different opinions on…
人们对……可能会有不同的见解。
Attitudes towards drugs vary from person to person.
对毒品的态度因人而异。
There are different opinions among people as to…
关于……,人们的观点大不相同。
Different people hold different attitudes toward failure.
对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。
四. 提出建议万能句
Here are some suggestions for handling…
这是处理......的一些建议。
The best way to solve the troubles is…
解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……
People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已想出许多办法来解决这个问题。
It is high time that we put an end to the trend.
该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。
It is time to take the advice of… and to put special emphasis on the improvement of…
该是采纳……的建议并对……的进展给予特殊重视的时候了。
There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…
毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够的重视。
Obviously,… If we want to do something… , it is essential that…
显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是...…
Only in this way can we…
只有这样,我们才能……
It must be realized that …我们必须意识到……
五. 预示后果万能句
Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that … will lead us in danger.
很明显,如果我们不控制这一问题,很有可能......会使我们会陷入危险。
No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that…
毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则很可能……
It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.
很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展。
六. 论证万能句
From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.
在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。
I cannot entirely agree with the idea that…
我无法完全同意这一观点……
Personally, I am standing on the side of…
就个人而言,我站在……的一边。
I sincerely believe that…
我真诚地相信……
In my opinion, it is more advisable to do…than to do…
在我个人看来,做……比做……更明智。
Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why …
七. 给出原因万能句
This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, …
这一现象的存在是有许多原因的。首先,……第二,……第三,……
Why did …? For one thing,... for another(thing),...
为什么......?一则,...... 二则,......
I quite agree with the statement that… The reasons are chiefly as follows.
我十分赞同这一论述,即……,其主要原因如下。