初中英语作文介绍我的家庭【最新20篇】

初中英语作文 《祖国的变化》

Great changes have taken place in China. Many new buildings have been built in cities, towns and villages.

The more cars we have, the more crowed the roads are. So the roads become wider and wider. Many overpasses (立交桥) have been built in big cities. Chinese people’s life is much better than ever before. We have Tv sets, washing machines, fridges, even computers, cars etc.

We’ll study harder and make our countrry stronger and more beautiful.

With the rapid development of the internet, shopping on the Internet has

become a fashion in our daily life. According to the latest data, over two

hundred million people used to buy commodities on the Internet. Some of the

students also join the group.

There are many advantages about shopping on the Internet. Just by a click

of the mouse, you can buy whatever you like without going outdoors. You don’t

need to worry about being trapped in the crowed people and cars, or wasting too

much time on walking. When shopping on line, you can choose from more varieties

of goods, whose price are generally lower.

Every coin has two sides. Its disadvantages are obvious, too. On one hand,

it’s very easy for you to buy goods different from the pictures you see on the

internet，which is quite disappointed. On the other hand, shopping on the

Internet may cause people to buy commodities that are not badly needed. It’s a

waste of money.

After all, I really enjoy shopping on the Internet.

Dear Sir or Madam:

I’m a middle school student. I have recently leamed from the newspaper that

you are going to build a factory here in my hometown. There is no doubt that it

is good for development of my hometown and it will provide us with more jobs.

Most of us stand by the program. However,some of us are worried that the factory

will make much noise and pollute the environment of the area. I would like to

know whether you have any plans for the environment protection. Would you please

offer us more information about it?

I’m looking forward to hearing form you.

Yours faithfully

Zhang Hua

I did very bad in the mid-term exams two weeks ago. After that, my life

seemed to be so dark and hard. My parents felt disappointed to me, and they

always told me to study during my free time. I couldnt watch TV for more than

half an hour and I couldnt search the Internet or play games. Besides, I feel

depressed and I almost lost my heart. But yesterday, my friend came to see me.

She knew I was not happy. She encouaged me that nothing is impossible. If I

could try hard from now on, I would do good in my study. Where there is a will,

there is a way. Only confidence and hardwork can pull me out from failure. If I

want to be good as before, I have to let this failure go and restart again.

The traditional stuffed turkey adorns everyDinnertable during the feast. pumpkin pie, cranberry sauce, corns are some of the dishes cooked everywhere to mark the day.

家庭盛宴是感恩节期间的一个重要习俗。全家人围坐在饭桌边一起祈祷，愿上帝施与永不停息的恩惠。 这也让身处异地的亲友欢聚一堂，同庆美好时光。

Though historians don’t have an evidence to prove that turkey was eaten during the first thanksgiving dinner, the thanksgiving celebration will be incomplete without it.

传统的填制火鸡让每个餐桌生色不少，南瓜派、酸果沙司、玉米更是那天必不可少的菜肴。虽然历史学家没有证据证明在第一个感恩节时人们就吃火鸡，但没有火鸡的感恩节是不完美的。

The traditional thanksgiving parade probably started with president lincoln proclaiming it an official day. the full- dress parade is a way to display the country’s military strength and discipline. the main aim of such parades is to lift the spirits of the spectators, provide them with wholesome entertainment. in the present day, parades are accompanied with musical shows and celebrities.

感恩节那天进行的巡游仪式大概始于林肯总统时期，而且这天被宣布为法定节日。隆重的巡游仪式是显示国家军事力量和严明纪律的一个方式，但这样的巡游主要目的是振奋国人，为大众提供一个积极健康的娱乐活动。现代的巡游活动还加入音乐节目，众多名人也参与其中。

football games??watching nfl football during thanksgiving is a popular tradition. the traditional game between the detroit lions and the green bay packers continues. one of the most memorable games having been played on this day.

感恩节观看美国国家足球联盟的橄榄球比赛也是一个习俗。底特律雄狮和绿湾包装工队之间的传统比赛至今仍然保留着。其中最值得纪念的比赛之一就在感恩节这天举行

Im a middle school student. I’m upset these days because of my parents.

They pay too much attention to my study. I have to report my test results to them every time.

If I get good grades they will be happy and satisfied. But if not they will be worried about me, especially my mom. I never want to let her down, but she has made a plan for my future.

I am very disgusted with it. I dont know what to do. I know they really love me. I also know knowledge is important for everybody. However, I cant stand they are always making me study. Im really expected they can understand me.

我是一名初中生。因为我的父母，我最近很心烦。他们过于关注我的学习了。每次测验的结果我都要报告给他们。如果我取得好成绩，他们就会开心和满意。但如果没有，他们就会担心我，尤其是我妈妈。我从来都不想让她失望，但她已经为我的未来制定好计划了。我很讨厌这一点。我不知道怎么办才好。我知道他们是真心爱我的。我也知道知识的重要性。然而，我不能忍受他们总是让我去学习。我真的希望他们能够了解我。

[初中英语作文：我的烦恼

proud of yourself; when you fail, never give up. Please smile to face your life. If you do this, you will find the sky more blue; the sea more green….. Your life will become better and better!

One day my grandmother and I went to the park, it began to rain when we got there. Some people were disappointed, but my grandmother smiled: "it is good to rain, it will water the field, and the crops will grow better. I think so. If we can change our mind to see the things, we will discover all things are beautiful. In everyones life, the mood is very important. It can encourage unsuccessful people not to lose heart, to make sad people feel better. At last I want to say, if you enjoy life, you will be happy forever.

1、Fact speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

2、Empty vessels make the greatest sound.

实磨无声空磨响满瓶不动半瓶摇。

3、Fear always springs from ignorance.

恐惧源于无知。

4、Fools grow without watering.

朽木不可雕。

5、Don‘t try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs.

不要班门弄斧。

6、Don‘t have too many irons in the fire.

不要揽事过多。

7、Good watch prevents misfortune.

谨慎消灾。

8、Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.

天才不过是勤奋而已。

9、Habit cures habit.

心病还需心药医。

10、Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.

隔墙有耳。

11、He sets the fox to keep the geese.

引狼入室。

12、Friends agree best at distance.

朋友之间也会保持距离。

13、Easier said than done.

说得容易，做得难。

14、Example is better then percept.

说一遍，不如做一遍。

15、Great minds think alike.

英雄所见略同。

16、God helps those who help themselves.

自助者天助。

17、Heaven never helps the man who will not act.

自己不动，叫天何用。

18、Great trees are good for nothing but shade.

大树底下好乘凉。

19、He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.

自嘲者不会让人见笑。

20、Honesty is the best policy.

做人诚信为本。

21、is good when new, but friends when old.

东西是新的好，朋友是老的亲。

22、Each bird love to hear himself sing.

孤芳自赏。

23、Great hopes make great man.

伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。

24、Harm set, harm get.害人害己。Hear all parties.

兼听则明。

25、Good medicine for health tastes bitter to the mouth.

良药苦口利于病。

26、Eat to live, but not live to eat.

人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。

27、Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.

愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问。

28、Forbidden fruit is sweet.

禁果格外香。

29、Faults are thick where love is thin.

一朝情意淡，样样不顺眼。

30、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.

抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。

31、He that will not work shall not eat.

不劳动者不得食。

32、Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.

经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。

33、Happy is he who owes nothing.

要想活得痛快，身上不能背债。

34、Fortune knocks once at least at every man‘s gate.

风水轮流转。

35、Fire is a good servant but a bad master.

火是一把双刃剑。

36、Fool‘s haste is no speed.

欲速则不达。

37、Happiness takes no account of time.

欢乐不觉时光过。

38、Give a dog a bad name and hang him.

众口铄金，积毁销骨。

39、Hasty love, soon cold.

一见钟情难维久。

40、Great men have great faults.

英雄犯大错误。

41、Experience must be bought.

吃一堑，长一智。

42、First think and then speak.

先想后说。

（1）以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数;主语为复数时，谓语用复数，例如：

He goes to school early every morning.

The children are playing outside.

To work hard is necessary for a student.

（2）由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：

Both he and I are right.

Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom.

但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如：

His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.

The poet and writer has come.

（3）由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：

In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.

Each man and each woman is asked to help.

（4）主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with 等介词短语，谓语动词仍用单数。例如：

The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.

Nobody but two boys was late for class.

Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.

（5） 一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。例如：

A lot of people are dancing outside.

The police are looking for lost boy.

（6）由each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。例如：

Is everybody ready?

Somebody is using the phone.

（7）有两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：

Where are my shoes? I can’t find them.

Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them.

如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则往往用作单数，谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如：

Here are some new pairs of shoes.

My new pair of socks is on the bed.

Kung Fu Panda is the lastest project from Dreamworks. It’s a CG-animated comedy about a lazy, irreverent slacker panda named Po Po (Voiced by Jack Black), who must somehow become a Kung Fu Master in order to save the Valley of Peace from a villainous snow leopard, Tai Lung. Prophecy said that Po is the “Chosen One” to save the day. But he appears to be the laziest of all the animals in ancient China. A group of martial arts masters are going to need a black belt in patience if they are going to turn this slacker panda into a kung fu fighter before it’s too late.I like the movie because it is very interesting and funny.The monkey is voiced by Jackey Chan who is my favourite star!

Last evening, we had a power cut at eight oclock.

At that moment, Mr.Zhang was watching an NBA match. Its really exciting!

But he missed the end, because of the power cut.

And there was also something terrible with Mrs. Zhang. She was

in the lift and couldnt get out. She was afraid of the dark and began to

shouting, but no one answered.

When the power cut, Judy, the daughter of Mr. Zhang and Mrs. Zhang, was

sleeping. As a result, she didnt know about it.

Last evening Tom, Judys brother, was having a birthday party with his

classmates. They were lighting the candles when the power cut. But they thought

that it was a trick by one of them. So they felt more exciting and began to sing

and dance. Was a great wonderful party!

轻轻的坐到电脑前，飞快的浏览了一下62期作文pk赛的三个题目，‘自我介绍’？这不很好写吗？

我傻傻的笑笑，眯了眯眼睛。好吧，就通过这个机会我要好好介绍介绍自己吧！

我，不大不小的眼睛被好多朋友说叫：“珍珠奶茶里的黑珍珠镶在鸡蛋白上”，光滑的鼻子，粉粉的嘴，这些看起来都不错的器官却长在我这张“可爱”的“叉烧包”脸上！就因为这样，我常被爸爸，妈妈笑话：“脸大的和盆一样！”“你的脸胖得就像马上要挤出肉似的！”“你的脸好像叉烧包哦！”呜呜~饼脸有什么不好啊？我就觉得不错啊！每听到这些话时我就在心里暗暗地说：“切，不懂欣赏！”

我，1米72的身高，本来可以说走到哪哪都有羡慕的表情，可是却全被我这个62公斤的体重‘糟蹋’了。走到哪里哪里就有人说：“这丫头好高啊！但是也不瘦，壮壮的，像男孩子，比男孩子还壮！减减肥，长大去国家队打篮球！”唉~长得高长得胖就有错啊！

再说说我的性格吧，嗯，我想想，那部电视剧上面女生性格和我相似？对了！今年最红的古装电视剧《天天有喜》上的九妹——白梅英的性格就和我很像！活泼，善良，顽皮，爱笑，贪玩，倔强！可以说九妹的性格和我的性格很是雷同，唉，你说导演为啥不找我去演九妹呢？我要去演一定比穆婷婷演的还好，不过话又说回来，如果导演真找我去演九妹，我一定是不会去滴，因为毕竟我才14岁好不好？

呵呵，噢，明天我就要上学了，我要去整理书了，“自我介绍”就到此结束吧！

对了，看完我的自我介绍，你喜欢我吗？嘿嘿欢迎和我交朋友哦！

我叫尹**。一听到这个名字，您是否感以有长不大的意思?是啊，在父母眼里，我永远也长不大，婧婧是我的小名，翻开字典查这个“婧”字，是女子有才能的意思。不好意思，真有点儿对不起这个名字，其实我挺差的。我还给自己起了个笔名——雪娆。是根据毛主席《沁园春·雪》一词中的诗句起的，我觉得这个名字很美。

今年我十六岁了。十六岁的花季，应该是快快乐乐的，十六岁的女孩更应该是快快乐乐的，而我却相反。我的性格注定我要在花季流泪。我动辄就哭哭啼啼。难怪妈妈说我像多愁善感的林黛玉。不过，我也蛮喜欢这样的性格，她使我走向爱好文学的道路，并且得到了老师的赏识。我特别喜爱文学，尤其是散文和诗。我常常把自己的快乐和忧愁融入一首首小诗和一篇篇散文里。

我四岁半开始上幼儿园，六岁上学前班，八岁上小学。在小学，我的座右铭是：学费不比人家交得少，成绩更不能比别人差!所以，我的成绩一直是班级的前几名。妈妈也一直把我视为她的希望，她的自豪。我就在这一片赞扬声中长大了。大概因为我的骄傲自大吧，渐渐地，我的成绩滑到了中等。到了初三更严重，成绩竟一次比一次差。不过家人和老师没有放弃我。他们认为我一定会赶上去的。

现在，关于我的故事还不多。我想，过几年再写我的自传时会更精彩。

我叫杨灵霄，因为是龙年出生的，所以妈妈又爱叫我“小龙女”。

我有一个充满智慧的脑袋，一头齐耳短发看起来特别精神。圆圆的脸蛋上，一对秀眉好像月牙一样，那双像黑钻石一般的眼睛，虽不太大却闪着灵气，时刻对这世界充满了好奇。最特别的要数我这小小的翘翘的嘴巴，旁边还有两个小酒窝呢!妈妈说：“这酒窝不是笑出来的，而是馋嘴馋出来的!”

虽然嘴馋，挺能吃的，但我 一米三的身高，却只有46斤。唉，咋就吃不胖呢?不过我瘦得有精神，身体棒棒的。我对运动情有独钟，一到体育活动课就拿着羽毛球往外跑，到了操场只听“啪啪啪”的响声，那是我跟同学在打羽毛球呢，常常打得汗流浃背，可起劲啦!妈妈说：“你爱运动，你也爱乱动!”的确，我连吃饭时脚都要东摇摇，西晃晃，有www.fw dqw.com时弄得椅子“嘎嘎”地响，人家还以为我得了多动症呢!爸爸说：“你睡着了都翻来覆去动个不停。”太夸张了吧?再说，睡着了还动，那可不是我的错!

其实我是个性格温和的孩子写作，与别人相处得很好，看到谁都爱露出一脸笑容。偶尔会发些小脾气，只要妈妈给我讲明道理，我就会改的。我呀，还特别喜欢写毛笔字，暑假顶着烈日到老师那儿去练字，从不叫累。当然啦，我还喜欢写作文，每当老师读到我的作文时，心里美滋滋的。

这下你认识我了吗，我希望能与大家做朋友!

值得学习的写法：多么坦诚可爱的小女孩呀，毫不隐瞒地向大家介绍了自己，从外形到性格爱好，从优点到缺点，扣住了自身特征一一道来，让读者被她的这份率真感动。文章层次清楚，尤其是过渡句的使用，让段与段之间衔接自如。

你还可以这样写：本文是自我介绍类习作的最常规写法，有条理地写出了自己的外貌、性格爱好以及优缺点。工作汇报其实这类作文还可以定题为《我的自画像》，既然是“画像”，那就必须注重外貌的描写，又要从外貌联系到内在。比如先“画”带酒窝的嘴，再写到“嘴馋”;先“画”收收的四肢，再写“爱运动”等等。

Another new term comes again,so i should have a study plan to promot myself.

firstly ,i descide to finish my homework more carefully than before.And pay more attention to the knowledge which i didn t know it clearly.

secondly,i will do a lot of read to widen the range of my knowledge.and try to combine thoery to practice.

Finally,i will learn to adjust, to be more positive and more helpful.

That s what i plant to do in a new term.

[初中英语作文：the plan for the new term 新学期的打算

introduce myself

my name is ningruoyan。i’m a china girl。i’m ten 。i’m from zhengzhou，china。do you know zhengzhou？it’s in the middle of china。our shool is a good school in zhengzhou。i’m in class4 grade4。there are 83 students in our class。i like our shool ，teachers and classmates。

i like listening to music，i hope everyone likes music as i do。music can bring you a lot of joy and happiness。

i like reading，too。in my room，there are many books。i often go to the library to read books。sometimes，i borrow some bookes from the library。

swimming is my favorite sport。if you swim in the water，you will look like a lovely fish。if you smim ，you’ll be strong。

i like myself very much！do you like？

自我介绍

我的名字叫宁若岩。我是一名中国女孩。我10岁。我来自中国郑州，你知道郑州吗？它位于中国的中部。我们的学校是郑州的一所好学校。我在四年级四班。我们班有84名学生。我爱我们的学校，老师和同学。

我喜欢听音乐，我希望每个人都像我一样喜欢音乐。音乐能给你带来很多喜悦和幸福。

我也喜欢读书。在我的房间有许多书。我经常去图书馆看书。有时还从图书馆借阅书籍。

游泳是我最喜爱的运动。如果你在水里游泳，你看起来就像一条可爱的鱼。如果你经常游泳，你会变得强壮。

我非常喜欢自己！你们呢?

[自我介绍英语作文及翻译

Dormitory Clean Duty In China, when students go to middle school, most of

them need to live in school from Monday to Friday, they can go home on

weekends.

Students have to spend most of their time in school, they start to learn to

get along with others.

Everyone has roommates, there are always four people live in a dormitory,

without parents’ caring, students need to take care of themselves.

The first question needs students to think about is the dormitory clean

duty, while most of them are princes and princess at home. Students need to do

the house work, they should take turns, in that case, the dormitory will keep

clean.

It is reported that boys’ room are dirty, because they never clean

dormitory.

It is everyone’s duty to clean the dormitory, we should not keep silent

about the problem, students need to realize the clean environment can make their

mood comfortable.

There is an old saying goes that failure is the mother of success. Everyone

confronts with failures even those famous and successful figures. Some people

say that failure lashes them to work harder. Some think that failures are so

depressing and we should not to make any failures. For me, I cherish failures

very much for we can realize our shortcomings from them.

First of all, we can learn from failure and get more experience. It is

indeed so disappointed when we confront with failure. However, we can always get

some experience from failures and makes us understand our weak point. If we can

learn from failure, then we will avoid such problem in the coming days.

Secondly, the more failures, the more successful we will be. As the old

saying goes that failure is the mother of success. The more failure we make, the

more successful we will be. If we make many mistakes, then we will learn a lot

from them and will do better when we meet the same kind of problems. This means

we will obtain great success if we meet more failures.

All in all, failure is a bad thing for people, but it is a good chance for

us to learn more from it and become successful in the future.

I am student of Southwest Weiyu Middle School. I am in Class Two Grade Six. Im a girl. Im twelve years old. Im tall and thin. I like to sing and dance. I can sing POP music very well. I like to eat meat, because I think its very delicious. I good at English, because I like it very much. I like to write a composition and I like to read many nice books. I think its good for me. I like drawing, but I cant draw very well. I like cats very much, but I cant have them, because my mother doesnt like them, she think theyre very dirty. I want to travel around the world, but I havent enough money. But Im happy, because I have many friends and a happy family.

My mother is a shop assistant. Shes thirty-six years old. Shes tall and thin too. Shes pretty. Her hair is short and straight. She likes to sing and she likes Zhang Xueyous songs and English songs. She likes to eat crabs. She always goes shopping with me. Shes good at Maths. When I have problems with Maths she will help me. She doesnt like pets; because she thinks they are dirty. I like my mother very much.

My father is a manager. Hes forty-six years old. But he looks like very young and handsome. He always goes to park with me. He likes to smoke. But I think smoke is bad for himself. He likes English songs. Hes good at Chinese. He sometimes helps me to write a composition. My father likes pets very much. I like my father very much.

My grandmother and my sister live together. My grandma is sixty-three years old. Shes retiring. My sister is a student of fourteen years old. She has two big eyes and long straight hair. Shes a small famous singer in her city. She likes to sing and dance. She can sing very well. She joins in many competitions and she always be champion.

I am a girl of ten, and I live in a small mountain village far from

Taiyuan. The only person that lives with me is my mother, because my father is

away for eight years, working in a city.

During the Spring Festival, my father came back home. He looked thin and

tired. He gave my mother two thousand yuan, and told her that he would work even

harder, earn more money, and then he could take us to the city He stayed at home

for only ten days.We are living a poor life now. But what I want most is not

money, but my father. I miss him very much!

Hello! My dear friends! First, let me introduce myself to you. My name is

Wu Dongxiang and my friend usually calls me Kina. Im a 20-year-old girl who

comes from Guilin Guangxi China. It’s known to all, Guilin is a beautiful city

in China. Have you ever been to Guilin? If the answer is no, don’t worry about

it. Please come on, I am very glad to be you guide .Welcome to our city!

In my college, I majored in Tourism and English. I want to be a tour guide

when I graduate from my college. Because Im a lovely girl and I like to travel

to different places. I have about ten courses to learn this term. What about

you?

I have a lot of hobbies. In my spare time, I often go sightseeing, play

badminton and go out running. Sometimes go shopping or stay at home. I also like

reading and planting flowers. Do you have the same hobby with me? If you want to

talk with me, please send me an E-mail. My E -mail: kinakl920@126.I m looking

forward to seeing you!

Hello, everyone! My name is ~~. I, a girl with short hair, is smart and

beautiful. What’s more, it is surfing the Internet that is my hobby. Besides, I

do well in my study, which, in teachers opinion, is what my classmates want to

do as well as me .On the other hand; I am not what I used to be, for I never did

sports in the past. But now, I like take exercise, which can make me healthy.

And my hobbies help me think about good things in my life .Seeing blue sky, I

feel it good to live on the earth! So, it is I who am a good girl in daily

life!

介绍自己的英语作文篇20

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls. Now, it’s my turn. My

name is Edgar, a high school student. I am much honored to be here to give you a

speech. Also its a good chance for me to improve my English. I hope I can make

a good performance today. The topic of my speech is "After studying here".

Before I came here, I can never imagine that I can learn so much knowledge

about other countries, which cant be got from my books in school. Three months

ago, I took my first class. Unfortunately, I felt so embarrassed, because I even

cant speak any words, though I know I really love English.

After that, I took some of my tutors advice and previewed the lesson that

I’ll learn. What’s more, in every class, I JUST try my best to say as much as

possible. Now, I can only remember it’s a really hard time. What’s worse, I had

to go to my high school and went there at the same time.

After several weeks, I began to get used to the atmosphere in web .At least

Im not afraid to speak in front of my tutor and foreign teachers.

During web’s period, I found I had improved a lot, both physically and

mentally. For example, how to be a confident person, how to plan for my future.

And the most important is that I have learnt how to communicate with others,

which is a necessary skill. Nowadays studying is not the only thing that we high

school students should do, there are some more important things we have

ignored.

First, I am grateful for my parents. They have spent so much money for me,

but never ask for anything in return. I really know how hard it is to work on

such living conditions.

Now it’s time to introduce my tutor sally. It was she that led me to the

right studying here. It was she that helped me deal with all kinds of annoying

things. Also there are some other teachers that I appreciate, especially Laura

and Anita. Of course, I like to take foreign teachers classes. Anyway, thanks

all of you!

I know I am young; there is a long way in my life. I have to face the

difficulties and solve them by myself. But I know I must keep on my dream, I

agree that If you put your mind to, you can accomplish anything.

I know I’m not the best ,but I’m the most diligent one，I hope you can

remember me, an ordinary boy.