高考英语写作策略研究方案(汇集20篇)

What Kind of Jobs use to Work Overtime?

When it comes to overtime working, I believe manypeople will not happy but have experienced itbefore.

Do you think what kind of job usually needs to workovertime? I think it is the career like, designer.

When having task to design, they usually have to finish it in the arranging time.

In most cases, the time is very limited.

So, nearly every time they have new task, they have to work overtime.

Sometimes they have to work over night.

Of course, there are some peoples job property is similar to designer also need to work anextra shift.

Thus, I think the people like designer will have more chances to work overtime.

[关于加班的高考满分英语作文

1. 不用说……

It goes without saying that …

= (It is) needless to say (that) ….

= It is obvious that ….

例：It goes without saying that it pays off to keep early hours.

不用说早睡早起是值得的。

2. 在各种……之中，……

Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …

例︰Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that ….

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

在我看来，玩电脑游戏既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do/that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

=It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：We shouldn’t spend too much time on something we aren’t interested in.

我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：At least it will prove how honest you are.

那至少可以证明你很诚实。

8. 状语从句

⑴ 如果你不…，你就会… If you don’t ..., you’ll ...

例︰If you don’t keep working hard, you’ll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

⑵ 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

⑶ 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

每当我想到我家附近那一.��清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不...... I think / I don’t think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesn’t think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

导语：“孤之有孔明，犹鱼之有水也。愿诸君勿复言。” “君才十倍曹丕，必能安国，终定大事。若嗣子可辅，辅之;如其不才，君可自取。”下面是小编整理的关于诸葛亮的相关材料，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

【诸葛亮简介】

诸葛亮(181—234)字孔明，号卧龙，中国三国时期杰出的政治家、军事家、战略家、散文家、外交家。诸葛亮早年在南阳隐居。207年，诸葛亮27岁时，刘备“三顾茅庐”，问以统一天下大计，诸葛亮精辟地分析了当时的形势，提出了首先夺取荆、益作为根据地，对内改革政治，对外联合孙权，南抚夷越，西和诸戎，等待时机，两路出兵北伐，从而统一全国的战略思想，这次谈话即是著名的《隆中对》。刘备恳切地请诸葛亮出山，帮助他完成兴复汉室的大业。诸葛亮遂出山辅佐刘备，联孙抗曹，赤壁之战大败曹军。形成三国鼎足之势，夺占荆州。建安十六年，攻取益州。继又击败曹军，夺得汉中。221年，刘备在成都建立蜀汉政权，诸葛亮被任命为丞相，主持朝政。蜀汉后主刘禅继位，诸葛亮被封为武乡侯，领益州牧。勤勉谨慎，大小政事必亲自处理，赏罚严明，与东吴联盟，改善和西南各族的关系，实行屯田，加强战备。前后六次北伐中原，多以粮尽无功。终因积劳成疾，病逝于五丈原军中。

千百年来诸葛亮成为智慧的化身，其传奇性故事为世人传诵。诸葛亮娴熟韬略，多谋善断，长于巧思。他曾革新“连弩”，可连续发射10箭;制作“木牛流马”，便于山地军事运输;还推演兵法，作“八阵图”。

【诸葛亮的相关典故】

吃瓜留子

诸葛亮不仅能种出好庄稼，而且还有一手种西瓜的好手艺。襄阳一带曾有这么一个规矩：进了西瓜园，瓜可吃饱，瓜子不能带走。传说这条“规矩”也是当年诸葛亮留下来的。诸葛亮种的西瓜，个大、沙甜、无尾酸。凡来隆中作客和路过的人都要到瓜园饱饱口福。周围的老农来向他学种瓜的经验，他毫不保留地告诉他们瓜要种在沙土地上，上麻饼或香油脚子。好多人都来问他要西瓜种子，因为以前没有注意留瓜子，许多人只好扫兴而归。第二年，西瓜又开园了，他在地头上插了个牌子，上面写道：“瓜管吃好，瓜子留下。” 诸葛亮把瓜子冼净、晒干，再分给附近的瓜农。现在，汉水两岸沙地上的贾家湖、长丰洲、小樊洲的西瓜仍有名气，个大、皮薄、味沙甜。有些地方还遵守那条“吃瓜留子”的老规矩。

神机妙算救后代

这件事情的真否无法考证，从记载来看，可能性还是有的。相传，诸葛亮在临死前对后代说：“我死后，你们中的一个将来会遇到杀身大祸。到那时，你们把房拆了，在墙里面有一个纸包，有补救的办法。” 诸葛亮死后，司马炎打下天下当了皇帝。他得知：朝廷中的一员将军是诸葛亮的后代，便想治治他。有一天，司马炎找了个借口，把这个将军定了死罪。在金殿上，司马炎问：“你祖父临死前说了些什么?”这个将军就一五一十地把诸葛亮的话说给他听。司马炎听后，使命令上兵们把房子拆了，取出纸包。只见纸包里面有封信，上面写着“遇皇而开”。土兵们把信递给炎，炎打开信，只见里面写道：“访问后返三步。”炎立即站起身退后三步。他刚站稳，只听“咔嚓嚓”一声响，炎龙案上面正对的房顶上，一根玉掉下来。把桌椅砸得粉碎。炎吓得出了一身冷汗。反过来再看信后面写道，“我救你一命，请你留我后代一命。”看完这封信，暗暗佩服诸葛亮的神机妙算。后来.他把那个将军官复原职。

诸葛亮的八卦衣

在戏剧和图面中，诸葛亮都是身披八卦衣，运筹帷幄，决胜千里的姿态。据民间传说诸葛亮的八卦衣是他勤奋好学，师母所赏赐。诸葛亮少年时代，从学于水镜先生司马徽，诸葛亮学习刻苦，勤于用脑，不但司马德操赏识，连司马的妻子对他也很器重，都喜欢这个勤奋好学，善于用脑子的少年。那时，还没有钟表，记时用日晷，遇到阴雨天没有太阳。时间就不好掌握了。

为了记时，司马徽训练公鸡按时鸣叫，办法就是定时喂食。诸葛亮天资聪颖，司马先生讲的东西，他一听便会，不解求知饥渴。为了学到更多的东西，他想让先生把讲课的时间延长一些，但先生总是以鸡鸣叫为准，于是诸葛亮想：若把公鸡呜叫的时间延长，先生讲课的时间也就延长了。于是他上学时就带些粮食装在口袋里，估计鸡快叫的时候，就喂它一点粮食，鸡一吃饱就不叫了。

过了一些时候，司马先生感到奇怪，为什么鸡不按时叫了呢?经过细心观察，发现诸葛亮在鸡快叫时给鸡喂食。司马先生在上课时，就问学生，鸡为什么不按时叫鸣?其他学生都摸不着头脑。诸葛亮心里明白，可他是个诚实的人，就如实地把鸡快叫的时候喂食来延长老师授课时间的事如实报告了司马先生。司马先生很生气，当场就把他的书烧了，不让他继续读书了。诸葛亮求学心切，不能读书怎么得了，可又不能硬来，便去求司马夫人。司马夫听了请葛亮喂鸡求学遭罚之事深表同情，就向司马先生说情。司马先生说：“小小年纪.不在功课上用功夫，倒使心术欺蒙老师。这是心术不正，此人不可大就。

”司马夫人反复替诸葛亮说情，说他小小年纪，虽使了点心眼，但总是为了多学点东西，并没有他图。司马先生听后觉得有理，便同意诸葛亮继续读书。司马先生盛怒之下烧了诸葛亮的书，后经夫人劝解，又同意诸葛亮来继续读书。可没有书怎么读呢?夫人对司马先生说：“你有一千年神龟背壳，传说披在身上，能使人上知千年往事，下晓五百年未来.不妨让诸葛亮一试.如果灵验，要书作甚?”司马先生想到把书已烧了，也只好按夫人说的办。诸葛亮将师母送的神龟背壳往身上一披，即成了他的终身服饰——八卦衣，昔日所学，历历在目，先生未讲之道，也能明白几分。

诸葛亮的鹅毛扇

诸葛亮的鹅毛扇代表着智慧和才干，所以在有关诸葛亮的戏曲中，孔明总是手拿鹅毛扇。关于鹅毛扇，民间流传着这样的故事，黄承彦的千金小姐 黄月英并非丑陋，而是一个非常聪明美丽、才华出众的姑娘。黄承彦怕有为的青年有眼不识荆山玉，故称千金为“阿丑”。阿丑黄月英不仅笔下滔滔，而且武艺超群，她曾就学于名师。艺成下山时，师傅赠送她鹅毛扇一把，上书“明”、“亮”二字。二字中还密密麻麻地藏着攻城略地、治国安邦的计策。并嘱咐她，姓名中有明亮二字者，即是你的如意郎君。后来黄承彦的乘龙快婿，就是吟啸待时、未出隆中便知天下三分的名字中有“明”、“亮”二字的未来蜀国丞相诸葛亮。结婚时，黄月英便将鹅毛扇作为礼物赠给诸葛亮。孔明对鹅毛扇爱如掌上明珠，形影不离。他这样作不仅表达了他们夫妻间真挚不渝的爱情，更主要的是熟练并运用扇上的谋略。所以不管春夏秋冬，总是手不离扇。清朝康熙年间，襄阳观察使赵宏恩在《诸葛草庐诗》中写道：“扇摇战月三分鼎，石黯阴云八阵图”，就足以证明诸葛亮手执鹅毛扇的功用以及他手不离扇的原因。

诸葛亮和馒头

相传在三国时候，蜀国南边的南蛮洞主孟获总是不断来袭击骚扰，诸葛亮亲自带兵去征伐孟获。泸水一带人烟极少，瘴气很重而且泸水有毒。诸葛亮手下提出了一个迷信的主意：杀死一些“南蛮”的俘虏，用他们的头去祭泸水的河神。诸葛亮当然不能答应杀“南蛮”俘虏，但为了鼓舞士气，他想出了一个办法：用军中带的面粉和成面泥，捏成人头的模样儿蒸熟，当作祭品来代替“蛮”头去祭祀河神。从那以后，这种面食就流传了下来，并且传到了北方。但是称为“蛮头”实在太吓人了，人们就用“馒”字换下了“蛮”字，写作“馒头”，久而久之，馒头就成了北方人的主食品。

诸葛亮和大头菜

据说大头菜的渊源也与 诸葛亮有关。诸葛亮居住隆中时，有一次小染疾病，他到山上去采药，发现一种象箩卜的东西，挖起来一看又不是箩卜。只见这东西拳头大小，上大、下小，咬一口一尝，不苦不涩，细品一下，还有点辣甜。他想，地上百草能养人，这种东西若没毒，不也是好菜吗?于是，他就挖了几个带回家，叫妻子炒了一盘，想尝尝味道咋样。谁知，菜一上桌，全家人一尝，都称好吃。问叫啥菜，诸葛亮想了想说，就叫“大头菜”吧。从此，诸葛亮一家经常吃大头菜。有一年风调雨顺，诸葛亮种的大头菜长得又肥又大，秋后收了一大堆。襄阳人储存剩菜的办法就是腌制，诸葛亮将大头菜洗净凉干腌了一缸，第二年拿出来一尝，竟比新鲜还美味，后来，诸葛亮辅佐 刘备联吴抗曹，因士兵没菜吃，常使刘备发愁。诸葛亮就派一支 木牛流马到襄阳买大头菜。大头菜带起来方便，吃着有味，刘备非常喜欢。从那以后，每逢大战之前，刘备就派人到襄阳买大头菜，他的士兵一直没有缺过菜吃。此后，襄阳的大头菜越来越有名气，人们自然想到诸葛亮，为了不忘他的功劳，大家就把大头菜叫做“诸葛亮菜”。

喂鸡求学的诸葛亮

诸葛亮小的时候，跟着隐居在襄阳城南的水镜先生学习兵法。水镜先生养了一只公鸡，公鸡一到晌午啼叫三声，水镜先生就下课了。诸葛亮听课听得很不过瘾。诸葛亮小的时候，跟着隐居在襄阳城南的水镜先生学习兵法。水镜先生养了一只公鸡，公鸡一到晌午啼叫三声，水镜先生就下课了。诸葛亮听课听得很不过瘾。

后来，他想了一个办法，在裤子上缝了一个口袋，每天上学的时候就抓几把小米放在口袋里。当晌午快到时，他悄悄地朝窗外撒一把小米。公鸡见有黄灿灿的小米，顾不上啼叫，就啄食起来。刚刚啄完，诸葛亮又撒一把，直到把口袋里面的小米撒完。

等公鸡吃完口袋里的小米再叫时，水镜先生多讲了一个时辰的课，可把师娘饿坏了，时间长了不免抱怨几句：“怎么搞到这么晚，晌午过了，也不知道饿!”

“你没听见鸡才叫吗?”水镜先生说。

师娘是个聪明人，知道其中必有奥妙。

第二天快到晌午的时候，她悄悄地来到了院子里，只见那只花颈公鸡刚要伸长脖子叫唤，就有人从书房窗口撒出一把小米。她走上前，把事情看了个仔细，又悄悄地回家了。

这天水镜先生回来，师娘笑着说：“你这个当先生的，还不如小诸葛。”于是她把刚才看到的情况，一五一十地告诉了水镜先生。

水镜先生听后一愣，又哈哈大笑起来，心想诸葛亮喂鸡求学，真是聪明过人，将来必定是盖世奇才。

诸葛亮经过刻苦学习，终于成为杰出的政治家和军事家，帮助刘备建立了蜀汉政权。

心得·启迪

诸葛亮刻苦学习的精神值得我们每一个人学习。我们的学习条件好了，更应该发奋学习，拼搏进取，最大限度地发挥自身的潜力，成为有用之才。

(Mothers Eyes)

My mother has a pair of keen eyes which can speak. With her eyes,she observed my mood, gave me courage and made me strong. Therefore, I could face difficulties.

When I was a baby learning to walk, my mother always lent me a hand and encouraged me to get up while I fell down. As I finally threw myself into her arms, her eyes smiled with praise. Later as I grew up, I met with more difficulties. But whenever I was frustrated, my mothers eyes alwaysgave me hope and encouragement. Once I failed in exams, my mother encouraged me to find out the reasons. Instead of blaming me she pushed me to do better. At last I overcame the difficulty. Now I have grown up and become more independent, but whenever I come across setbacks, my mothers eyes are always with me encouraging me wherever I go.

我母亲有一双敏锐的、会说话的眼睛。那双眼睛能洞察我的心情，给我鼓励，促我坚强，因此我能面对一切困难。

孩提学步时，妈妈总是帮助我，鼓励我摔倒了就爬起来。最后我晃晃悠悠地扑进她怀抱时，她的双眼充满了赞扬之情。成长过程中，我遇到了很多困难，但灰心失望时，妈妈的双眼总给我以希望和鼓励。一次我考试不及格，妈妈没有责备我，而是鼓励我找出原因，提高我的成绩。最后我终于度过了难关。现在，我长大了，不用再让她操心了。但每当遇到挫折时，妈妈的眼睛总是伴随着我，给我鼓励。

[高考英语满分作文:母亲的眼睛

导语：寂寞，让你能够听到更多的声音。而孤独，让你听到自己的内心。那一刻，意味着你已经告别了寂寞。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

把心迹写成随笔，写下的是寂寞;走过泥泞的道路，留下的是寂寞;哼着自编的歌曲，唱出的是寂寞;欣赏一篇好文章，品到的是寂寞;思索一件小事，想到的是寂寞;捧起晶亮的雨滴，留在心中的还是寂寞。

寂寞似酒，需品才能察觉它的内在。

寂寞如诗，需感才能发现它懂得内涵。

不管寂寞是酒还是诗，不管它是好还是坏，寂寞是一种灵感，一种妙不可言的美。

一直以来，寂寞就占据我的心怀，凭着一种共同的节拍，但是奇怪，我惟独不能感觉到它的存在，或者由于悲哀，抑或是习惯，对寂寞的到来，再也没有力量去关怀。

心境平和的海面，片刻的柔和，片刻的憔悴，片刻的寂寞，片刻波光弧影的微笑。

但，我想告别寂寞，虽然它是一份美，但我不能永远都沉睡再寂寞中，我会醒来的，只是时间问题而已。可是我还没有醒来，所以我依旧寂寞，正因为如此，我想告别寂寞。

法国哲学家帕斯卡说过："人的所有不快乐，都是因为他无法独自待在房间里"。

我想告别寂寞，却不知道迎来了孤独。

然而，当你年长一点，你会学懂去享受孤独，正如你学懂了寂寞。

寂寞，让你能够听到更多的声音。而孤独，让你听到自己的内心。那一刻，意味着你已经告别了寂寞。

我感觉到：寂寞正在慢慢消逝，成为往事，成为记忆，它闪耀不定的微笑，浮动在一层层的泪水里。

我感觉到：寂寞和孤独，隔着长长的一生，心和心，要经过多少岁月，才能告别寂寞而不迎来孤独。

夜色在身后合拢，寂寞走向星空，成为一个无解的谜，一颗冰凉的泪点，挂在永恒的脸上，躲在我残存的梦中。

寂寞是什么......

假定你是李华，从小喜爱大熊猫(panda),一直通过有关网站(website)关注三年前在美国圣迭哥动物园出生的大熊猫“苏琳”和她的母亲“白云”。现在苏琳即将三岁。请根据以下要点给动物园工作人员写一封信：

1、 自我介绍;2、 祝贺苏琳生日;3、 感谢工作人员;4、 索取苏琳三岁生日照。

注意：

1、词数100左右;2、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯;3、开头语已为你写好。

例文：

Dear Sir/Madam,

Greetings from China!

I’m Li Hua, a student in Sichuan. I’ve been a panda lover since I was a child. About three years ago I was delighted to learn that Baiyun gave birth to her daughter Sulin and I’ve been watching her grow on your website,. Now she’s going to be three. I’d like to wish her a happy birthday and to express my thanks to you for your hard work, because of which Sulin and her parents are living a happy and healthy life in the US.

By the way, could I have a photo of Sulin taken on her third birthday? Thank you very much in advance.

Yours truly,

Li Hua

好词

1.delighted adj.欣喜的，快乐的 2.express v.表达 3.give birth to v.产生，生育

好句

I’d like to wish her a happy birthday and to express my thanks to you for your hard work, because of which Sulin and her parents are living a happy and healthy life in the US.

我祝福它生日快乐并且对你们的辛勤工作表达我的感激之情，正是你们的努力工作让苏琳和它的父母在美国过着幸福和健康的生活。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

It is quite usual that one meets failures, for ones life can never be

plain sailing. However, different people hold different attitudes towards

failure. Some people think it a heavy blow to fail in achieving something and

they can not endure failure. When they meet failure, they will be seriously

dejected and can never pluck up their courage to try again.

遇到失败这是很平常，因为人的生命不可能一帆风顺。然而，不同的人对失败持有不同的态度。获取某些东西失败对有些人来说是一个沉重的打击，他们不能承受失败。当他们失败，他们将非常的沮丧并且不能鼓起勇气再试一次。

However, others think it natural to meet failures in ones career.

Therefore, they are psychologically prepared. When they meet failures, they will

not be frustrated. Instead, they will continue to meet new challenges. As to me,

Im in favor of the latter view. Failure is really a terrible thing but it is

also the mother of success. If one draws lessons from failures, in most cases he

will get success in the future. Furthermore, ones life can never be smooth

sailing; it must be full of difficulies and setbacks. If one is daunted by

difficulies and frustrations, he will always be a failure. However, if one holds

a positive attitude toward failure, he will overcome difficulties and

frustrations to win victory.

然而，其他人认为，在自己的职业生涯中的败是很自然的。因此，他们的心理有所准备。当他们遇到失败，他们不会失意。相反，他们将继续迎接新的挑战。就我而言，我赞成后一种观点。失败是一个可怕的事情，但它是成功之母。如果一个灵感来自失败的教训，在大多数情况下，他将在未来获得成功。此外，一个人的生活永远不会是一帆风顺的;它必须是充满困难和挫折。如果一个人被困难和挫折吓倒，他将永远是一个失败者。然而，如果耸对失败持有积极的态度，他将克服困难和挫折，赢得胜利。

高考即将到来，语文作文对成绩的影响是很大的，大家一定要多看多练，提升作文水平。小编收集了临场作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、拿到考试卷，如果完成了基本的填写姓名等程序以后，可以先看看作文题，注意既然要看，就要看得仔细，以免没看清楚，引起错觉，影响后面的正式审题、答题。可以先看有一个准备，但不要先写作文。因为作文太耗时间和精力。考试开始的时候是精力最好的时候，这时候要用来解决前面的基础题。等到正式准备做作文时，还要仔细看题，要确保万无一失!

2、时间安排

花60分钟时间写作文是比较适当的，用8-10分钟构思很重要。因为，一旦写到一定字数发现思路不好，无论时间还是空间都来不及了。相信高考作文审题难度不大，但一定要审，之后再构思基本框架，根据自己的习惯，写个关键字的提纲(自己能看明白就行，主要的立意，哪些材料，还有哪些名言等)，开头部分最好在草稿纸上写好，修改，再誊抄。一定要仔细研究题目，审题不慎，满盘皆输。

3、标题

标题是文章的眼睛，也是阅卷教师对文章的第一印象，自拟题目，要确切、精练、生动、新颖、有意蕴。但坚决不能刻意求新，弄巧成拙!更忌涂改。当然，如果是命题作文，就不必为此烦神了。

4、文体

高考作文通常是“文体不限”(也有要求写议论文和记叙文)，但不代表没有文体，用什么文体写作，就要符合该文体的要求。记叙文要三分之二的篇幅落足于叙述，议论文反之。写记叙文，叙事务必清楚，情节设置或曲折或感人，不能是演绎中心的流水账;注意运用景物渲染和细节刻画、首尾呼应、伏笔过渡等写作技法。议论文，中心要突出，观点要鲜明;文章思路要清晰：或并列，或正反对照，或递进;论据要充分，表达要简洁，要懂得根据论点裁剪材料。还可以采用书信体，但务必符合书信格式，不能出现真实姓名和地点，要情真意切。

5、内容：精彩的构思必须用丰富的内容来支撑，丰富的内容必须紧扣主题。

要注意文章的主题不要偏离社会的主流价值观。虽然现在强调高考作文只要能够自圆其说，怎样的观点都可以，但这里必须有个度，这个度就是社会的主流价值观。不要触及敏感的政治事件，少谈宗教、政治话题，不要单纯发牢骚，不要写早恋、文革、批判政府无能等敏感话题。记叙文最好要有细节描写。推己及人，以情动人。议论文切忌大话、套话、废话，要避免空发议论，无情而“抒情”，无病呻吟，滥提口号，乱发号召，空表决心等等。议论文必须有分析，如果只是材料的堆砌就不叫议论文。

6、结构

高考作文的思路，务必清晰。除掉首尾，中间部分可以采用段首点题的方式，彰显文章的思路;也可以采用小标题的方式组织文章(慎用!)。另外，文章的段落安排，一定不能出现少于五段的情况。最好在5—8个自然段。

7、开头和结尾

考场作文最忌含蓄。高考作文的开头和结尾，必须做到开头起笔入题，结尾点明主旨。要确保开篇简洁，语句通畅，绝对不能出现病句和错别字，书写上也不能涂抹。要充分利用首因效应，在开篇给阅卷者留下良好的第一印象。开篇字数不宜过多，最多五句话，并且一定要有点明文章中心的句子。开篇确立的主旨，一方面要符合题目要求，另一方面必须贯穿全文。切不可前后矛盾。

文章的结尾也是阅卷看得相对仔细的地方。结尾亦不能草率。也要精心构思。或卒章显志，点明主旨;或画龙点睛，升华主题;或预留空白，引发想象或思考;或点题，首尾呼应。

8、语言

应试作文的表述要朴实大方，干净利索。严禁文白夹杂;严禁使用别人看不懂的方言;严禁使用别人看不懂的词汇;少用长句多用短句;尽量避免欧式的语言表述方式;多引用名言警句;引用流行的通俗歌曲歌词;但要注意：在作文中不要插上几句英语或网络语言(广东明令禁止采用)。总之，表达要符合现代汉语的语言规范，要简明、连贯、得体，要准确、鲜明、生动。

9、字数

应试作文一定要看清字数的要求，一定要写够数量或稍微超过50—100字才好。全文不要超过900字，写多了容易画蛇添足。

10、书写与卷面

书写要认真，卷面要整洁。不写繁体字、不写不规范的简化字(注意不要把“己”写成“乙”，注意修改的要求)。特别是民间流传的简化字，可以算作错别字，要扣分的。尽量写楷体字，一笔一画清清楚楚，不要写草字。标点符号，注意格式。近年高考作文评分标准中，“字体工整”是一项重要的评分细则。一般不要求写得好看，但要求书写整齐易辨认。总之，书写规范，卷面整洁，给阅卷老师留下好印象，至关重要!

explain... to sb.向某人解释……

look upon sb. as...把某人看作……

think sb. to be...认为某人是……

take sb.’sside站在某人的立场上

would like to do...愿意做……

allow sb. to do...允许某人做……

keep/prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事

be afraid to do/be afraid of...害怕……

feel like doing sth.喜欢做某事

insist on doing sth.坚持做某事

drive sb. off赶走某人

think highly of sb./speak highly of sb.高度评价某人

speak ill of sb.对某人评价很差

force sb. to do...逼迫某人做……

offer to do...主动做……

refuse to do...拒绝做……

agree to do...同意做……

regret doing...后悔做了……

prefer to do A rather than do B愿意做……而不愿做……

had better do...最好做……

would rather (not) do(不)愿做……

have the habit of doing...有做……的习惯

have trouble in doing...做……有困难

make up one’smind to do...下决心做……

prepare sth. for...准备好做……

give up doing...放弃……

do sth. as usual像往常一样做某事

do what he wants us to do做他要求我们做的事

set about doing...开始做……

try one’sbest to do...=go all out to do...全力以赴做……

get into trouble遇到困难

help sb. out帮某人的忙

wait for sb. to do...等某人做……

find a way to do...发现做……的方法

make friends with sb.与某人交朋友

show(tell) sb. how to do...告诉某人怎么做……

take(send) sb. to...带(派)某人去……

I’m trying to find...我尽力找到……

It is dogged (that) does it.天下无难事,只怕有心人。

I’m afraid we are out of...恐怕……用完了

feel a little excited about doing...因做……感到兴奋

导语：人生真正的欢欣，就是在于你自认正在为一个伟大目标运用自己;而不是源于独自发光、自私渺小的忧烦躯壳，只知抱怨世界无法带给你快乐。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.奋斗、寻觅、发现，而不屈服。 ——诗人丁尼生

2.所有口述手写的辞句中，最悲哀的就是“本来可以……”——美国诗人惠蒂尔

3.啊!到达人生的尽头，才发现自己没活过。——梭罗

4.好的木材并不在顺境中生长;风越强，树越壮。 ——马里欧特

5.所有主体客体及人类文化活动之全部。 ——杜威

6.智者不只发现机会，更要创造机会。——培根

7.若无胆量，永远不可能升到高位。 ——赛鲁士

8.前往伟大的颠峰之路，必定崎岖。 ——赛尼嘉

9.若不好到至极，就不算伟大。——威廉·莎士比亚

10.每个意念都是一场祈祷。——詹姆士·雷德非

11.医生知道的事如此的少，他们的收费却是如此的高。 ——马克·吐温

12.复杂中带着简单的思考，是人和动物的分别。——皮雅

13.对一般人而言，凡事要思考并不是什么麻烦的事。 ——詹姆士•布莱斯

14.成功不是全垒打，而要靠每天的、经常的打击出密集安打。——Robert J• Ringer

15.了解面对逆境，远比如何接受顺境重要得多。——马丁·赛力格曼

16.绝不测量山的高度─除非你已到达顶峰，那时你就会知道山有多低。 ——哈马绍

17.没有人爬山只为爬到山腰。为何甘于平庸呢?——詹姆士·哈特

18.世界进步的历史是由那些不愿向失败者俯首称臣的人写下来的。 ——西祖

19.输赢并不在乎外在的强弱─完全发挥你内在的特质才是重要。——道格拉斯·马洛

20.只要你想象得到，你就能做到;只要你能梦见，你就能实现。 ——威廉·雅瑟·渥德

21.要使一件工作获得最大的成就，尊重自己的情绪是很重要的。——不知名

22.写作就跟生活一样，是一趟发现之旅。——亨利·米勒

23.一本好书是大师心灵的鲜血，可以一代一代地保存珍藏。 ——强恩·米尔顿

24.如果你是个作家，这是比当百万富豪更好的事，因为这一份神圣的工作。 ——哈兰·爱里森

25.成为一个成功者最重要的条件，就是每天精力充沛的努力工作，不虚掷光阴。 ——威廉·戴恩·飞利浦

26.人生成功的秘诀是，当机会来到时，立刻抓住它。——班杰明·戴瑞斯李

27.不停的专心工作，就会成功。 ——查尔斯·修瓦夫

28.过去的事已经一去不复返。聪明的人是考虑现在和未来，根本无暇去想过去的事。 ——英国哲学家培根

29. 真正的发现之旅不只是为了寻找全新的景色，也为了拥有全新的眼光。 ——马塞尔·普劳斯特

30.这个世界总是充满美好的事物，然而能看到这些美好事物的人，事实上是少之又少。 ——罗丹

31.你要确实的掌握每一个问题的核心，将工作分段，并且适当的分配时间。——富兰克林

32.爱不能单独存在，它的本身并无意义。爱必须付诸行动，行动才能使爱发挥功能。 ——德蕾莎修女

33.要能感觉存在，就需加强对美的感受力。——詹姆士·雷德非

34.将爱的能量传送给别人，我们自己就会变成一条管道，吸纳来自上天的神圣能源。而那种玄秘体验是我们每个人都得以品尝的! ——詹姆士·雷德非

35.我们都随时处于正在学习的过程。 ——Don Shimoda

36.人类心灵深处，有许多沉睡的力量;唤醒这些人们从未梦想过的力量，巧妙运用，便能彻底改变一生。——澳瑞森·梅伦

37.凡是内心能够想到、相信的，都是可以达到的。 ——Napoleon·Hill

38.一个客观的艺术不只是用来看的，而是活生生的。但是你必须知道如何去靠近它，因此你必须要做静心。 ——OSHO

39.烦恼使我受着极大的影响……我一年多没有收到月俸，我和穷困挣扎;我在我的忧患中十分孤独，而且我的忧患是多么多，比艺术使我操心得更厉害! ——米开朗基罗

40.有两种东西，我们对它们的思考愈是深沉和持久，它们所唤起的那种愈来愈大的惊奇和敬畏就会充溢我们的心灵，这就是繁星密布的苍穹和我心中的道德律。 ——康德

41.我们的生活似乎在代替我们过日子，生活本身具有的奇异冲力，把我们带得晕头转向;到最后，我们会感觉对生命一点选择也没有，丝毫无法作主。 ——索甲仁波切

42.对"战士旅行者"而言，选择其实不是去选择，而是优雅地接受"无限"的邀请。——唐望

43.真正的艺术家从来不会去想到完美， 而他的动作是如此地全然，而完美就是来自于它。 ——OSHO

44.每一年，我都更加相信生命的浪费是在于：我们没有献出爱，我们没有使用力量，我们表现出自私的谨慎，不去冒险，避开痛苦，也失去了快乐。 ——约翰·B·塔布

45.微笑，昂首阔步，作深呼吸，嘴里哼着歌儿。倘使你不会唱歌，吹吹口哨或用鼻子哼一哼也可。如此一来，你想让自己烦恼都不可能。——戴尔·卡内基

46.、当一切毫无希望时，我看着切石工人在他的石头上，敲击了上百次，而不见任何裂痕出现。但在第一百零一次时，石头被劈成两半。我体会到，并非那一击，而是前面的敲打使它裂开。 ——贾柯·瑞斯

47.人生不是一支短短的蜡烛，而是一只由我们暂时拿着的火炬;我们一要把它燃得十分光明灿烂，然后交给下一代的人们。 ——萧伯纳

48.虚荣心很难说是一种恶行，然而一切恶行都围绕虚荣心而生，都不过是满足虚荣心的手段。 ——柏格森

49.习惯正一天天地把我们的生命变成某种定型的化石，我们的心灵正在失去自由，成为平静而没有***的时间之流的奴隶。 ——托尔斯泰

50.要及时把握梦想，因为梦想一死，生命就如一只羽翼受创的小鸟，无法飞翔。 ——兰斯顿·休斯

51.生活的艺术较像角力的艺术，而较不像跳舞的艺术;最重要的是：站稳脚步，为无法预见的攻击做准备。 ——玛科斯·奥雷利阿斯

52.在安详静谧的大自然里，确实还有些使人烦恼、怀疑、感到压迫的事。请你看看蔚蓝的天空和闪烁的星星吧!你的心将会平静下来。——约翰·纳森·爱德瓦兹

53.对一个适度工作的人而言，快乐来自于工作，有如花朵结果前拥有彩色的花瓣。 ——约翰·拉斯金

54.没有比时间更容易浪费的,同时没有比时间更珍贵的了，因为没有时间我们几乎无法做任何事。——威廉·班

55.人生真正的欢欣，就是在于你自认正在为一个伟大目标运用自己;而不是源于独自发光、自私渺小的忧烦躯壳，只知抱怨世界无法带给你快乐。 ——萧伯纳

56.有三个人是我的朋友 爱我的人、恨我的人、以及对我冷漠的人。爱我的人教我温柔;恨我的人教我谨慎;对我冷漠的人教我自立。——J·E·丁格

57.称赞不但对人的感情，而且对人的理智也发生巨大的作用，在这种令人愉快的影响之下，我觉得更加聪明了，各种想法，以异常的速度接连涌入我的脑际。 ——托尔斯泰

58.人生过程的景观一直在变化，向前跨进，就看到与初始不同的景观，再上前去，又是另一番新的气候。 ——叔本华

59.为何我们如此汲汲于名利，如果一个人和他的同伴保持不一样的速度，或许他耳中听到的是不同的旋律，让他随他所听到的旋律走，无论快慢或远近。 ——梭罗

60.我们最容易不吝惜的是时间，而我们应该最担心的也是时间;因为没有时间的话，我们在世界上什么也不能做。 ——威廉·彭

积累一定的素材能够提高自己的文章水平。以下是小编给大家整理的高考写作素材十则的内容，欢迎大家阅读。

一、《世说新语》中讲述了这样一个故事：荀巨伯远道探视重病的朋友，正碰上胡兵马上就要来攻城。朋友劝荀巨伯赶紧离开，说：“我是死定了，不想连累了你!快快离开这里!” 荀巨伯说：“我从很远的地方来看朋友，你却叫我离开躲祸。在你，固然是好心，但是于我，这种以败坏道义来求得生存的行为，岂能是我荀巨伯的做法!”很快胡兵进城，涌进荀巨伯所在的屋子，看到居然还有人在，就问他们为什么不逃跑。荀巨伯正色道：“我是来看朋友的，朋友病了，我不能丢下他独自逃命!要杀就杀我好了!我愿意以我的命代替朋友去死!” 胡兵面面相觑，然后说：“我们这样不讲道义的人，却在侵犯有如此高义之士的国家!”于是班师回返，从而一郡百姓都获保全。

二、一天，某珠宝店。一个蓝眼睛小姑娘对店主说，想买一条项链给姐姐，因为姐姐在她们的妈妈去世后，无微不至地照顾她们。今天是姐姐的生日，她要让姐姐高兴高兴。小姑娘看上了一条蓝宝石项链。店主问她带了多少钱来，她拿出一个小手绢包，打开来一看，里面只有几枚硬币。店主惊讶之余，很专业地把项链取了出来，配上漂亮的包装盒包好，微笑着收了硬币，把项链递给了小姑娘。傍晚，一个姑娘找上门来，她把已经打开的礼品盒放在柜台上，问道：这条项链是在这里买的吗?多少钱?店主说，本店商品的价格是买主和卖主之间的秘密。姑娘说，我妹妹只有几枚硬币，而这条宝石

项链货真价实，她买不起，是不是你们搞错了!店主接过盒子，精心将包装重新包好，递给了姑娘，并耐人寻味地说，她给出了比任何人都高的价格，她付出了她的一切。

三、康熙是我国清朝时期著名的皇帝。他在位时，清朝的政治逐渐稳定，国力逐渐强大。公元1661年，年仅8岁的爱新觉罗·玄烨被推上龙座，成为康熙皇帝。玄烨幼年登基，虽经祖母悉心培养少小持重，但担负国家的重任还为时过早。尤其，当时以鳌拜为首的辅政大臣，利用玄烨年幼、孝庄太后一介女流之便掌握朝政大权。在朝中，他们结党营私，玩弄权术，骄横跋扈，不把小康熙放在眼里，

连孝庄太后也只好隐忍。年轻气盛的康熙几次想将鳌拜惩治法办，但是实力相差悬殊，如果时机不成熟，只能是以卵击石。因此，康熙把怨气与怒气埋在心里，一直积蓄力量。

终于，1669年，年满16岁的康熙羽翼丰满，发动攻势，一举剿灭了鳌拜一伙。之后，他又平定“三藩”，收复台湾，击退沙皇俄国的入侵，开创了一代盛世。

而康熙如果不是用理智战胜了愤怒，把怨气压了八年，恐怕早就被鳌拜害死了，哪里还有后来的“康乾盛世”。

四、在火车上，一位孕妇临盆，列车员放手通知，紧急寻找妇产科医生。这时，一位妇女站出来 ，说她是妇产科的。女列车长赶紧将她带进用床单隔开的病房。毛巾、热水、剪刀、钳子什么都到位了，只等最关键时刻的到来。产妇由于难产而非常痛苦的尖叫着。那位自称妇产科 的女子非常着急，将列车长拉到产房外，告诉列车长她其实只是妇产科的护士，并且由于一 次医疗事故已被医院开除。今天这个产妇情况不好，人命关天，她自知没有能力处理，建议 立即送往医院抢救。

列车行驶在京广线上，距最近的一站还要行驶一个多小时。列车长郑重地对她说：“你虽然 只是护士，但在这趟列车上，你就是医生，你就是专家，我们相信你。”

列车长的话感染了护士，她准备了一下，走进产房时又问：“如果万不得已，是保小孩还是保大人?”

“我们相信你。”

护士明白了。她坚定地走进产房。列

车长轻轻地安慰产妇，说现在正由一名专家在给她助产 ，请产妇安静下来好好配合。

出乎意料，那名护士几乎单独完成了她有生以来最为成功的手术，婴儿的啼声宣告了母子平安。

五、东汉年间，有一个清官，名叫杨震。他在荆州做官时，发现王密

才华出众，便向朝廷举荐让王密做了昌邑县令。数年后，他调任途中路过昌邑。王密听说了，亲赴郊外迎接恩师，并无微不至地照顾。

晚上，王密悄悄来到杨震住处，乘室中无人，从怀中掏出黄金10两，捧送给杨震，以报栽培之恩。“不可，不可!”杨震连忙摆手拒绝，并郑重地说，“以前是因我了解你有真才实学，所以推荐你;现在你这样做，是太不了解我的为人了。”王密又走近轻声说：“现在是夜里，无人知道。”杨震生气地说：“天知，地知，你知，我知，怎么说无人知道?认为无人知道就宽容自己，是要不得的。”王密听了，羞愧地带着金子退了出去。

六、刚到德国时，站在斑马线前等待疾驶的车辆通过，但汽车却主动停下来，开车人打手势示意让我先行，我便特意摆手致谢!当我到驾校学车时才知道，这是行人的权利，无需致谢。驾校学车路考时，哪怕考生在斑马线前稍微有一点和行人抢行的意识，考官便立即终止考试，绝不原谅!因为驾校的教科书上明确写着：当发现人行道上的行人有要横过马路的意识时，汽车必须减速示意，只要行人迈向斑马线，汽车就必须在斑马线以外停下，以免使行人心理上产生不安全感。

在斑马线前，德国人是否人人都能自觉遵守交通规则呢?一次，我曾专门在车水马龙的旅游景区路口观察。斑马线上人群川流不息，20多分钟过去了，没有发现一辆车在斑马线上与行人抢行。还有一次，夜里10点多，我见人行横道的信号灯是红的，马路

上一辆车也没有，而站在马路边上的德国老太太就是不过马路。我问她为什么不过马路，她说：“楼上窗里有人正看着这里呢。”德国人的自觉性，折射出这个民族的文明水平。

七、徐洪刚是济南军区某部的一名班长。在探亲归队途经四川筠连县时，有歹徒在车上抢劫和调戏妇女，他为保护人民群众的生命财产，挺身而出，同4名歹徒殊死搏斗，身上连中14刀，肠子从刀口中流出，但仍用双手死抑着一名歹徒的腿。他热爱人民，不顾个人安危，用他的青春和热血谱写了一曲人民子弟兵热爱人民的英雄颂歌。

八、威廉.萨克雷，是英国19世纪杰出作家。他同情穷人，真诚助人。每当听到或看到别人有困难时，便把钱装在用过的丸药盒里，写明：“每服一粒，以应急需”的服法，并附上一封化名、假名或没有寄信人姓名地址的信，叫人送去。这样，他就感到很高兴。

九、李嘉诚坚守原则(李嘉诚投资巴哈马——马政府以赌场牌照作为酬谢——委婉拒绝——在酒店外另建独立的房子给第三者经营，和黄只赚取租金)李嘉诚讲了一个有关坚守原则、有所为有所不为的故事。不久前，他在加勒比海巴哈马国投资，拥有货柜码头、飞机场、酒店、高尔夫球场及大片土地，成为当地最大的海外投资商。巴哈马政府拿出很多商人求之不得、一定赚大钱的赌场牌照，作为酬谢李嘉诚的礼物。面对送来的钱财，李婉转地拒绝了。他说：“我对自己有个约束，并非所有赚钱的生意都做。”巴哈马总理找到李嘉诚说：“一大堆商人追着要这个牌照，我们都没给，你这么大的投资，我一定要给你，你有三家酒店，随便放那家都可以。”盛情难却之下，李作了“妥协”，决定不接受赌场牌照，但在酒店外面另盖独立的房子给第三者经营，并由经营者直接与政府洽谈条件，和黄只赚取租金。“酒店客人要去那儿我不管，但我的酒店决不设赌场”。李说，或许，用现代的生意眼光来考量，会有各种不同的说法，但“这是我的原则，原则必须坚持”。

十、《庄子》记载了一个耐人寻味的故事。子舆天生浑身缺陷：驼背，隆肩，颈脖超天。有人不恻隐地问：“你一定为你的形象很头疼，很苦恼吧?” 子舆昂然回答说：“我为什么要苦恼呢?如果老天把我的作臂变成一只公鸡，我就让它高亢地鸣叫为人们报晓;如果老天把我的右臂变成一只弹弓，我就用这打下斑鸠烧着吃;如果老天把我的脊椎变成一辆马车，我就用精神的骏马拉起它驰骋天下。我为什么要埋怨、讨厌、苦恼呢?”

In my life I have met many people who are really worth my recalling. But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever knew is my Chinese language teacher.

What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities. First of all, I was attracted by his lively wit. I remember we always long for his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke loud laughs. Second, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer-- an awakening of a passion for learning. He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of Chinese and literature, but also aroused our great interest in exploring something deeper in this field. Finally, I was deeply impressed by the respect he showed for us, for he treated us like friends rather than students.

Although it is nearly 10 years since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.

导语：我的家里每天都有欢笑声，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

In my big family, there are six members. They are my grandfather, my grandmother, my father, my mother, my little brother and I. We live together happily.

My grandfather and grandmother are in their seventies. My grandfather has something wrong with his heart, while my grandmother is in good health. Last summer, I taught her to play chess. She was so intrested in it that I had to play with her all day on weekends!

My father is a doctor and my mother is a middle school teacher. They are all very busy and hard-working. Although sometimes they disagree with each other, they respect each other.

My little brother is only two years old. He is very lovely. He has a round face and two big black eyes. There are two dimples on his cheeks when he smiles just like me. I often can’t help kissing him. Sometimes he is very naughty. When I don’t want to get up in the morning, he comes to pinch my ear to wake me, and runs away quickly when I open my eyes angrily.

What a harmonious family we have! I love my family forever!

【参考译文】

在我的大家庭里，有六个成员。他们是我的爷爷，奶奶，爸爸，妈妈，弟弟和我。

我爷爷和奶奶七十多岁了。我爷爷的心脏有点问题，而我的祖母身体很好。去年夏天，我教她下棋。她很感兴趣，我只好跟她玩一整天在周末!

我父亲是医生，我母亲是中学教师。他们都很忙，工作很努力。虽然有时他们意见不一致，但他们彼此尊重。

我的弟弟只有2岁。他非常可爱。他有一张圆圆的脸和两只大大的黑眼睛。他的脸上有两个酒窝，他笑得跟我一样。我常常忍不住吻他。有时他很调皮。当我早上不想起床时，他会来抓我的耳朵叫醒我，当我愤怒地睁开眼睛时，我很快就跑开了。

我们的家庭和睦和睦!我永远爱我的家人!

对明天做好的准备就是今天做到最好!下面是语文迷为大家整理的高考英语励志名言，希望对你有帮助。

1. A chain is no stronger than its weakest link.链条的坚固程度取决于它最薄弱的环节。

2. Dont part with your illusions . When they are gone you may still exist , but you have ceased to live.(Mark Twain , American writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。((美国作家 马克·吐温)

3. If you would go up high , then use your own legs ! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads .(F.W .Nietzsche , German Philosopher)如果你想走到高处，就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采。 F. W.)

4. Cease to struggle and you cease to live.(Thomas Carlyle)生命不止，奋斗不息。(卡莱尔)

5. Great works are performed not by strength , but by perseverance.完成伟大的事业不在于体力，而在于坚韧不拔的毅力。

6. Will, work and wait are the pyramidal cornerstones for success.意志工作和等待是成功的金字塔的基石。

7. Behind every successful man theres a lot u unsuccessful years. (Bob Brown)每个成功者的后面都有很多不成功的岁月。(鲍博·布朗)

8. Energy and persistence conquer all things.(Benjamin Franklin)能量加毅力可以征服一切。(富兰克林)

9. Genius only means hard-working all ones life. (Mendeleyev Russian chemist)天才只意味着终身不懈地努力。(俄国化学家 门捷列耶夫)

10. A contented mind is the greatest blessing a man can enjoy in this world.知足是人生在世最大的幸事。

11. The secret of success is constancy to purpose.成功的秘密在于始终如一地忠于目标。

12. Great works are performed not by strengh, but by perseverance.(Samuel Johnson, British writer and critic)完成伟大的事业不在于体力，而在于坚韧不拔的毅力。(英国作家和评论家 约翰逊。 S.)

13. A man can succeed at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm.无论何事，只要对它有无限的热情你就能取得成功。

14. Dont aim for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.如果你想要成功，不要去追求成功;尽管做你自己热爱的事情并且相信它，成功自然到来。

15. True mastery of any skill takes a lifetime.对任何技能的掌握都需要一生的刻苦操练。

16. The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。

17. The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work.只有在字典中，成功才会出现在工作之前。

18. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.(John Ruskin)生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。(罗斯金)

19. A man can fail many times, but he isnt a failure until he begins to blame somebody else.(J. Burroughs)一个人可以失败很多次，但是只要他没有开始责怪旁人，他还不是一个失败者。(巴勒斯)

20、Kings have long arms.

普天之下，莫非王土。

21、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

21、Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.

博学使人谦逊，无知使人骄傲。

22、Learn and live.

活着，为了学习。

23、Learning makes a good man better and ill man worse.

好人越学越好，坏人越学越坏。

24、Learn not and know not.

不学无术。

25、Learn to walk before you run.

先学走，再学跑。

26、Let bygones be bygones.

过去的就让它过去吧。

27、Let sleeping dogs lie.

别惹麻烦。

28、Let the cat out of the bag.

泄漏天机。

29、Lies can never changes fact.

谎言终究是谎言。

30、Lies have short legs.

谎言站不长。

31、Life is but a span.

人生苦短。

32、Life is half spent before we know what it is.

人过半生，方知天命。

33、Life is not all roses.

人生并不是康庄大道。

34、Life without a friend is death.

没有朋友，虽生犹死。

35、Like a rat in a hole.

瓮中之鳖。

导语：英语写作能力作为体现语言交际能力至关重要的一个方面,写作测试是对学生书面交际水平及能力进行检验最有效的途径。以下是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的写作技巧，希望对您有所帮助。

要想获得高分就应在“正确”表达的基础上写出自己的特色，写出自己的“亮”点。

一、词汇选择——标新立异

在写作中“较高级词汇”的使用主要是指使用《大纲》上没有的词语、使用通过构词法变化来的新词、使用同(近)义词或反义词等来代替常见词语。

1)这栋房子在芳草街的一栋楼上。

A: The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street.

B: The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street.

分析:is in是常见词语，而situates in则是《大纲》上没有的，属于高级词汇。

2)在周末我们做很多作业。

A: At weekends, we have a lot of homework to do.

B: At weekends, we have endless homework to do.

分析:B句在表达时没有使用过于直接的a lot of，而是使用了endless。endless就是由《大纲》词汇end加后缀-less变化来的。

3)洗澡间和厨房都很好。

A: The bathroom and the kitchen are good.

B. The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.

在表达要点时，B句使用了well furnished,这比good语气强，也显得生动。

在造句时,“较高级词汇”如能运用贴切自然，哪怕整篇文章只用上一个，也会使你的作文显示出与众不同。

二、结构造句——与众不同

在造句时,既要使句子生动，又要使其简明扼要。

1、使用与人不同的表达方式，特别是提倡打破汉语句子结构的束缚而重组的句子更受欢迎。

1)唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。

A: There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s.

B: A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1980s.

大多数同学使用了there be结构，这是对的，但是B句却摒弃了常见句式。另辟蹊径而使用了“主语+谓语+宾语”结构，且使用了terrible,hit/strike这样的词汇，更是难能可贵的。

2)你八月十五日的来信我今天早晨收到了。

A:I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning.(多数人使用的方式)

B: Your letter of August 15th reached/ got to me this morning.(与多数人使用的方式不同,简洁)

2.使用一些强势句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力。如：

3)阿福救了我妹妹。

A: Ah Fu saved my sister.(一般句式)

B: It was Ah Fu that saved my sister.(强调句式)

4)我们看到庄稼和蔬菜长势喜人很是高兴。

A: We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well.(一般陈述句)

B: How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well.(感叹句)

3、句式多样,复杂得体。在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型，而应注意句式的变化，如长短句结合，简单句、并列句与复合句共用，还可使用简化句等;一些较复杂的结构如独立主格，分词结构等也可使用。下面的表达中A句简单句多，而且多处使用there be结构，显得单调、乏味，而B句就有自己的特色(请同学们自己分析)。

5)这是一套25平方米的住房，住房里面有卧室、有洗澡间、有厨房;卧室里有床、沙发、桌子和椅子等。

A: Its a flat of 25 square metres. There is a bedroom in the flat. There is a bathroom and a kitchen in it, too. In the bedroom, there is a bed; there is a sofa, a desk and a chair as well.

B: Its a flat of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair.

三、布局谋篇——独具匠心

在写作中，我们可按时间、空间或其它逻辑顺序来安排各要点，同时为使主题突出,结构严谨，我们应注意学习和使用交代句以及段落的主题句等。在布局谋篇上，NMET2002范文堪称典范。请看：

Opinions are divided on the question.

60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.

On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardens and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.

1)该文使用Opinions are divided...作交代句，开门见山，随后两个段落均使用了主题句(见黑体字部分)，使全文结构紧凑，表达严谨。

2)在表述要点时范文还对要点出场顺序作了调整，如“40%的同学认为应收门票，但不宜过高。”前部分作为主题句放在句首，而后部分另起一句放在句末：They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.这样就分清了轻重缓急，主题突出，条理清楚。

3)范文使用了and, what is more, however等连词，在段落之间使用了on the other hand(说明前后两个观点是相悖的)，这些连接手段的运用加强了句子之间、段落之间的联系，使文章表达连贯，浑然一体。

4)范文在第二段为说明不收门票的“原因”时增加了Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.等细节，这也是解决句与句之间缺少连贯性的常见方法。

写作技巧：

一、要善于模仿

对大多数学习英语的同学来说，英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限，远不能达到用英文流畅表达，挥洒自如的境地。在这一阶段进行创作是不合时宜的，如果非要创造，只能写出“long time no see”这样的文字来。因此，模仿是这一阶段的必经途径。

谈到模仿，一些同学的办法就是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，效果可想而知。这不是真正意义上的模仿，充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?

首先，模仿的目标要明确。模仿的重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。道理很简单：一个词，随着文章内容的变换，可能就不能用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西，适用的范围广，学来对写作的帮助也就明显。

其次，模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。盲目选择文章学习，记一些不中不洋的句子，以讹传讹，浪费时间。

最后，模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说，新概念第三册有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在大学英语考试中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行，表达为：“the bicycle is very popular in china for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学经常背了这些句式不用，一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”，等等。

二、要灵活变通

在批改英语作文的过程中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。由于中英文之间的差异和词汇量、表达法积累的不足，出现难于表达的情况是十分正常的。关键问题在于如何处理。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，套用在这个问题上就很合适。写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。

有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“what is it made of?”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“it is made of miss hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。

比如说，在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn"t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

再比如说，翻翻新概念第三册所有的课文，会发现凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时，转折词however都放在句子结构中的第二部分，以插入语的形式出现。分析原因，是因为段落一开始就用转折词，会时转折显得较生硬、突兀。

最后，许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

导语：关于中国民间故事你知道多少呢，下面是语文迷小编为大家整理的中国古代民间四大传说故事，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

中国古代民间四大传说故事：《牛郎织女》《孟姜女哭长城》《梁山伯与祝英台》《白蛇传》。

一、梁山伯与祝英台

从前有个姓祝的地主，人称祝员外，他的女儿祝英台不仅美丽大方，而且非常的聪明好学。但由于古时候女子不能进学堂读书，祝英台只好日日倚在窗栏上，望着大街上身背着书箱来来往往的读书人，心里羡慕极了!难道女子只能在家里绣花吗?为什么我不能去上学?她突然反问自己：对啊!我为什么就不能上学呢?

想到这儿，祝英台赶紧回到房间，鼓起勇气向父母要求：“爹，娘，我要到杭州去读书。我可以穿男人的衣服，扮成男人的样子，一定不让别人认出来，你们就答应我吧!”祝员外夫妇开始不同意，但经不住英台撒娇哀求，只好答应了。

第二天一清早，天刚蒙蒙亮，祝英台就和丫鬟扮成男装，辞别父母，带着书箱，兴高采烈地出发去杭州了。

到了学堂的第一天，祝英台遇见了一个叫梁山伯的男同学，学问出众，人品也十分优秀。她想：这么好的人，要是能天天在一起，一定会学到很多东西，也一定会很开心的。而梁山伯也觉得与她很投缘，有一种一见如故的感觉。于是，他们常常一起诗呀文呀谈得情投意合，冷呀热呀相互关心体贴，促膝并肩，两小无猜。后来，两人结拜为兄弟，更是时时刻刻，形影不离。

春去秋来，一晃三年过去了，学年期满，该是打点行装、拜别老师、返回家乡的时候了。同窗共烛整三载，祝英台已经深深爱上了她的梁兄，而梁山伯虽不知祝英台是女生，但也对她十分倾慕。他俩恋恋不舍地分了手，回到家后，都日夜思念着对方。几个月后，梁山伯前往祝家拜访，结果令他又惊又喜。原来这时，他见到的祝英台，已不再是那个清秀的小书生，而是一位年轻美貌的大姑娘。再见的那一刻，他们都明白了彼此之间的感情，早已是心心相印。

此后，梁山伯请人到祝家去求亲。可祝员外哪会看得上这穷书生呢，他早已把女儿许配给了有钱人家的少爷马公子。梁山伯顿觉万念俱灰，一病不起，没多久就死去了。

听到梁山伯去世的消息，一直在与父母抗争以反对包办婚姻的祝英台反而突然变得异常镇静。她套上红衣红裙，走进了迎亲的花轿。迎亲的队伍一路敲锣打鼓，好不热闹!路过梁山伯的坟前时，忽然间飞沙走石，花轿不得不停了下来。只见祝英台走出轿来，脱去红装，一身素服，缓缓地走到坟前，跪下来放声大哭，霎时间风雨飘摇，雷声大作，“轰”的一声，坟墓裂开了，祝英台似乎又见到了她的梁兄那温柔的面庞，她微笑着纵身跳了进去。接着又是一声巨响，坟墓合上了。这时风消云散，雨过天晴，各种野花在风中轻柔地摇曳，一对美丽的蝴蝶从坟头飞出来，在阳光下自由地翩翩起舞。

二、牛郎织女

牛郎只有一头老牛、一张犁，他每天刚亮就下地耕田，回家后还要自己做饭洗衣，日子过得十分辛苦。谁料有一天，奇迹发生了!牛郎干完活回到家，一进家门，就看见屋子里被打扫得干干净净，衣服被洗得清清爽爽，桌子上还摆着热腾腾、香喷喷的饭菜。牛郎吃惊得瞪大了眼睛，心想：这是怎么回事?神仙下凡了吗?不管了，先吃饭吧。

此后，一连几天，天天如此，牛郎耐不住性子了，他一定要弄个水落石出。这天，牛郎象往常一样，一大早就出了门，其实，他走了几步就转身回来了，没进家门，而是找了个隐蔽的地方躲了起来，偷偷地观察着。果然，没过多久，来了一位美若天仙的姑娘，一进门就忙着收拾屋子、做饭，甭提多勤劳了!牛郎实在忍不住了，站了出来道：“姑娘，请问你为什么要来帮我做家务呢?”那姑娘吃了一惊，脸红了，小声说道：“我叫织女，看你日子过得辛苦，就来帮帮你。”牛郎听得心花怒放，赶忙接着说：“那你就留下来吧，我们同甘共苦，一起用双手建设幸福的生活!”织女红着脸点了点头，他们就此结为夫妻，男耕女织，生活得很美满。

过了几年，他们生了一男一女两个孩子，一家人过得开心极了。一天，突然间天空乌云密布，狂风大作，雷电交加，织女不见了，两个孩子哭个不停，牛郎急得不知如何是好。正着急时，乌云又突然全散了，天气又变得风和日丽，织女也回到了家中，但她的脸上却满是愁云。只见她轻轻地拉住牛郎，又把两个孩子揽入怀中，说道：“其实我不是凡人，而是王母娘娘的外孙女，现在，天宫来人要把我接回去了，你们自己多多保重!”说罢，泪如雨下，腾云而去。

牛郎搂着两个年幼的孩子，欲哭无泪，呆呆地站了半天。不行，我不能让妻子就这样离我而去，我不能让孩子就这样失去母亲，我要去找她，我一定要把织女找回来!这时，那头老牛突然开口了：“别难过!你把我杀了，把我的皮披上，再编两个箩筐装着两个孩子，就可以上天宫去找织女了。”牛郎说什么也不愿意这样对待这个陪伴了自己数十年的伙伴，但拗不过它，又没有别的办法，只得忍着痛、含着泪照它的话去做了。

到了天宫，王母娘娘不愿认牛郎这个人间的外孙女婿，不让织女出来见他，而是找来七个蒙着面、高矮胖瘦一模一样的女子，对牛郎说：“你认吧，认对了就让你们见面。”牛郎一看傻了眼，怀中两个孩子却欢蹦乱跳地奔向自己的妈妈，原来，母子之间的血亲是什么也无法阻隔的!

王母娘娘没办法了，但她还是不甘心织女再回到人间，于是就下令把织女带走。牛郎急了，牵着两个孩子赶紧追上去。他们跑着跑着，累了也不肯停歇，跌倒了再爬起来，眼看着就快追上了，王母娘娘情急之下拔出头上的金簪一划，在他们中间划出了一道宽宽的银河。从此，牛郎和织女只能站在银河的两端，遥遥相望。而到了每年农历的七月初七，回有成千上万的喜鹊飞来，在银河上架起一座长长的鹊桥，让牛郎织女一家再次团聚。

三、白蛇传

清明时分，西湖岸边花红柳绿，断桥上面游人如梭，真是好一幅春光明媚的美丽画面。突然，从西湖底悄悄升上来两个如花似玉的姑娘，怎么回事?人怎么会从水里升出来呢?原来，她们是两条修炼成了人形的蛇精，虽然如此，但她们并无害人之心，只因羡慕世间的多彩人生，才一个化名叫白素贞，一个化名叫小青，来到西湖边游玩。

偏偏老天爷忽然发起脾气来，霎时间下起了倾盆大雨，白素贞和小青被淋得无处藏身，正发愁呢，突然只觉头顶多了一把伞，转身一看，只见一位温文尔雅、白净秀气的年轻书生撑着伞在为她们遮雨。白素贞和这小书生四目相交，都不约而同地红了红脸，相互产生了爱慕之情。小青看在眼里，忙说：“多谢!请问客官尊姓大名。”那小书生道：“我叫许仙，就住在这断桥边。”白素贞和小青也赶忙作了自我介绍。从此，他们三人常常见面，白素贞和许仙的感情越来越好，过了不久，他们就结为夫妻，并开了一间“保和堂”药店，小日子过得可美了!

由于“保和堂”治好了很多很多疑难病症，而且给穷人看病配药还分文不收，所以药店的生意越来越红火，远近来找白素贞治病的人越来越多，人们将白素贞亲切地称为白娘子。可是，“保和堂”的兴隆、许仙和白娘子的幸福生活却惹恼了一个人，谁呢?那就是金山寺的法海和尚。因为人们的病都被白娘子治好了，到金山寺烧香求菩萨的人就少多了，香火不旺，法海和尚自然就高兴不起来了。这天，他又来到“保和堂”前，看到白娘子正在给人治病，不禁心内妒火中烧，再定睛一瞧，哎呀!原来这白娘子不是凡人，而是条白蛇变的!

法海虽有点小法术，但他的心术却不正。看出了白娘子的身份后，他就整日想拆散许仙白娘子夫妇、搞垮“保和堂”。于是，他偷偷把许仙叫到寺中，对他说：“你娘子是蛇精变的，你快点和她分手吧，不然，她会吃掉你的!”许仙一听，非常气愤，他想：我娘子心地善良，对我的情意比海还深。就算她是蛇精，也不会害我，何况她如今已有了身孕，我怎能离弃她呢!法海见许仙不上他的当，恼羞成怒，便把许仙关在了寺里。

“保和堂”里，白娘子正焦急地等待许仙回来。一天、两天，左等、右等，白娘子心急如焚。终于打听到原来许仙被金山寺的法海和尚给“留”住了，白娘子赶紧带着小青来到金山寺，苦苦哀求，请法海放回许仙。法海见了白娘子，一阵冷笑，说道：“大胆妖蛇，我劝你还是快点离开人间，否则别怪我不客气了!”白娘子见法海拒不放人，无奈，只得拔下头上的金钗，迎风一摇，掀起滔滔大浪，向金山寺直逼过去。法海眼见水漫金山寺，连忙脱下袈裟，变成一道长堤，拦在寺门外。大水涨一尺，长堤就高一尺，大水涨一丈，长堤就高一丈，任凭波浪再大，也漫不过去。再加上白娘子有孕在身，实在斗不过法海，后来，法海使出欺诈的手法，将白娘子收进金钵，压在了雷峰塔下，把许仙和白娘子这对恩爱夫妻活生生地拆散了。

小青逃离金山寺后，数十载深山练功，最终打败了法海，将他逼进了螃蟹腹中，救出了白娘子，从此，她和许仙以及他们的孩子幸福地生活在一起，再也不分离了。

四、孟姜女

秦朝时候，有个善良美丽的女子，名叫孟姜女。一天，她正在自家的院子里做家务，突然发现葡萄架下藏了一个人，吓了她一大跳，正要叫喊，只见那个人连连摆手，恳求道：“别喊别喊，救救我吧!我叫范喜良，是来逃难的。”原来这时秦始皇为了造长城，正到处抓人做劳工，已经饿死、累死了不知多少人!孟姜女把范喜良救了下来，见他知书达理，眉清目秀，对他产生了爱慕之情，而范喜良也喜欢上了孟姜女。他俩儿心心相印，征得了父母的同意后，就准备结为夫妻。

成亲那天，孟家张灯结彩，宾客满堂，一派喜气洋洋的情景。眼看天快黑了，喝喜酒的人也都渐渐散了，新郎新娘正要入洞房，忽然只听见鸡飞狗叫，随后闯进来一队恶狠狠的官兵，不容分说，用铁链一锁，硬把范喜良抓到长城去做工了。好端端的喜事变成了一场空，孟姜女悲愤交加，日夜思念着丈夫。她想：我与其坐在家里干着急，还不如自己到长城去找他。对!就这么办!孟姜女立刻收拾收拾行装，上路了。

一路上，也不知经历了多少风霜雨雪，跋涉过多少险山恶水，孟姜女没有喊过一声苦，没有掉过一滴泪，终于，凭着顽强的毅力，凭着对丈夫深深的爱，她到达了长城。这时的长城已经是由一个个工地组成的一道很长很长的城墙了，孟姜女一个工地一个工地地找过来，却始终不见丈夫的踪影。最后，她鼓起勇气，向一队正要上工的民工询问：“你们这儿有个范喜良吗?”民工说：“有这么个人，新来的。”孟姜女一听，甭提多开心了!她连忙再问：“他在哪儿呢?”民工说：“已经死了，尸首都已经填了城脚了!”

猛地听到这个噩耗，真好似晴天霹雳一般，孟姜女只觉眼前一黑，一阵心酸，大哭起来。整整哭了三天三夜，哭得天昏地暗，连天地都感动了。天越来越阴沉，风越来越猛烈，只听“哗啦”一声，一段长城被哭倒了，露出来的正是范喜良的尸首，孟姜女的眼泪滴在了他血肉模糊的脸上。她终于见到了自己心爱的丈夫，但他却再也看不到她了，因为他已经被残暴的秦始皇害死了。

1.开好头

高尔基说过：“(开头)好像音乐里定调一样，全曲的音调都是它给予的，也是作者花功夫的所在。”议论文的开头要讲究“短、快、靓”。短，即要简捷，最好三两句成段，引入本论。开头短，可避免冗长之赘，而且短句成段，在空间上突出其内容的重要性。快，即入题要快，最好三言两语就点明文章的基本观点或议论的话题。因为评分标准中有“中心明确”的细则。开篇确定中心，有利于阅卷者按等计分，也有利于作者展开论述，不致出现主旨不清、中途转换论题等作文大忌。靓，即要精彩。这也是传统文论中所说的“凤头”。精彩的开头，最突出的效果是吸引阅卷者，给阅卷者留下好的印象。文章开头要精彩，多用比喻、类比、排比等修辞引入论点，还可引述名言，讲述寓言故事导入话题。

2.写好字

一篇内质不错的文章，字迹可憎，其分值往往不理想。为何?其一，字和卷面差，按评分要求要扣分，其二，试卷的“面目”在一定程度上控制着阅卷者打分的情绪。美观整洁的书写是文章最好的“外衣”，它对阅卷者评分印象的形成是直接有效的：首先，笔划要清楚。字迹笔划清楚，字体端正，就能给阅卷者留下好印象。相反，龙飞凤舞，一路狂草，但难以辨认，就算文章写得好，也难以让人欣赏。其次，字体要适中。字体过大，卷面有拥挤繁乱之感，观之不雅。字体过小，阅读起来如觉蚁行，极其费神。再次，尽量少涂改。要涂改也须规范地涂改，切忌乱涂乱画，在卷面留下醒目的墨点，造成凌乱之感。

3.拟好题

题目是文章的眼睛，是文章传递显要信息的重要部分。由于它位居文章结构之首，所以文章题目的优劣也会直接影响阅卷者对文章的第一印象。议论文拟题的基本要求是：在准确的基础上力求醒目、舒畅。具体而言，可鲜明，可形象，可简洁，可别致，可整齐，不一而足。总之，以能激发阅卷者阅读兴趣或使之有耳目一新之感为最佳。

议论文的题目要求符合文体特征，要求鲜明，使人见其题而知其旨。观点鲜明的文章最受阅卷者的欢迎，因为它具有清澈感和透明感，能够传达出文章内容之大概，便于阅卷者准确而快速地把握整篇文章的基本内容。

4.中间段写好首句和末句

议论文的结构是否严谨，条理是否清楚，论证是否严密，论据是否典型，关键在中间段的写作。而结构、条理、论证和论据等是议论文评分的重要细则，因此，写作议论文要尽量符合这些标准。

常见的论述模式是：首句为小论点或承上启下的过渡词句;中间围绕小论点，运用恰当的事实、理论论据，或针对现实生活中的某些现象，分析说理;最后结合论述内容写一两句小结的话语。其中首句和末句的写作最重要，它能直接勾勒文章的脉络，显示全文的论述思路。另外，文章的整体论证结构常用正反对比式。许多道理只要从正反两面说了，就基本上可做到论述严密。在考场中熟练地运用这种作文模式，可迅速地展开写作，减少失误，节省时间。同时，它可使阅卷者能便捷地依据评分标准，在中档以上分项计分，避免不利于考生的个人评分因素出现。

5.典型而鲜活的论据

论点是议论文的灵魂，分论点是支撑起这个灵魂的骨架，而论据是议论文的血肉。一个人要丰满多彩，光有灵魂和骨架，没有血肉是不可想象的。同样一篇议论文只有中心论点和分论点是不能称为文章的，它还必须有典型而鲜活的论据。

典型的论据是指能充分反映事物本质，具有代表性的事例与名言。它首先要求真实，切合题旨。其次，选用的论据要弃旧用新，要厚今薄古。有些同学作文，记住几个经典论据，如司马迁、居里夫人、张海迪，变换着角度使用，把它们当做万花油。其实，这些论据就算典型，也不能引人注目。相反，选取人无我有、人有我新的论据说理，使阅卷者在阅读时产生新鲜感，效果会更好。另外，有些同学习惯用古代事例阐述事理，整篇文章未能联系实际，无时代的活水，也不能达到充分说理的目的。最好能引述时尚言论和当前媒体普遍关注的事例辅助说理，加强说理的针对性、时代感，使文章更具说服力。

6.结好尾

结尾是全文内容发展的必然结果，是文章结构的重要组成部分。现代著名作家师陀曾说：“写文章不管长短，首先要考虑好结尾。有了结尾，如何开头，中间如何安排，便迎刃而解了。”好的结尾当如豹尾，响亮有力，令人警醒，催人奋进。如鲁迅的《论雷峰塔的倒掉》，结尾只有两个字：“活该!”短短两字，可谓简洁之至，力透纸背。

其实，文章的结尾有时比开头还重要。由于阅卷者看完结尾后即开始打分，因此，它的好坏还直接影响到阅卷者的评分心理。李渔曾说：“篇际之终当以媚语摄魂，使之执卷流连，若难遽别。”结尾如有此种效果，整篇文章将增色不少。议论文结尾的写作，要收束全文，突出中心论点;要体现全文结构的紧凑、完整，不能草率收兵，也不能画蛇添足;语言要干脆有力、清音留响，富有启发性和鼓舞性。

7.语言形象畅达

语言项是作文评分的重要标准。议论文的语言，要准确鲜明，生动形象。有些同学写议论文，常摆出说大道理的架式，将哲学原理和辩证法的术语一股脑搬出来，以求说理的充分、透彻，但效果适得其反。

一个道理有一千种说法，要尽量选用形象生动的说法。要显形象生动之效，除了采用比喻、类比、事例等论证方法外，形象畅达乃至华美的语言必不可少.修饰议论文的语言，注意运用比喻、排比、对偶和反复等修辞，使文章形成华美流畅感;注意运用假设句、反问句或整句，使文章增强不可辩驳之势。修饰语言之功，虽不是一朝一夕可成，但只要积久成习，自然会有长进。

导语：写英语作文是有规律可循的，你记住了一些英语句型，就可以直接套用。下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

1.welcometosp欢迎到某地

Eg.WelcometoChina。

2.What’sthematterwithsb./sth?

出什么毛病了?

Eg.What’sthematterwithyourwatch?

3.bedifferentfrom与---不同

Eg.TheweatherinBeijingisdifferentfromthatofNanjing。

4.bethesameas与……相同

Eg.Histrousersarethesameasmine。

5.befriendlytosb。对某人友好

Eg.Mr.Wangisveryfriendlytous。

6.wanttodosth。想做某事

Eg.Iwanttogotoschool。

7.wantsb.todosth。想让某人做某事

Eg.Iwantmysontogotoschool。

8.whattodo做什么

Eg.Wedon’tknowwhattodonext。

9.letsb.dosth。让某人做某事

Eg.Lethimentertheroom。

10.letsb.notdosth。让某人不做某人

Eg.Lethimnotstandintherain。

11.whydon’tyoudosth?

怎么不做某事呢?=

Eg.Whydon’tyouplayfootballwithus?

12.whynotdosth.?怎么不做某事呢?

Eg.Whynotplayfootballwithus?

13.makesb.sth。为某人制造某物=

Eg.Myfathermademeakite。

14.makesthforsb。为某人制造某物

Eg.Myfathermadeakiteforme。

15.What…meanby…?

做……是什么意思?

Eg.Whatdoyoumeanbydoingthat?

16.likedoingsth。喜爱做某事

Eg.Jimlikesswimming。

17.liketodosth。喜爱做某事

Eg.Hedoesn’tliketoswimnow。

18.feellikedoingsth。想做某事

Eg.Ifeellikeeatingbananas。

19.wouldliketodosth。愿意做某事

Eg.Wouldyouliketogorowingwithme?

20.wouldlikesb.todosth。愿意某人做某事

Eg.I’dlikeyoutostaywithmetonight。

21.makesb.dosth。逼使某人做某事

Eg.Hisbrotheroftenmakeshimstayinthesun。

22.letsb.dosth。让某人做某事

Eg.Letmesingasongforyou。

23.havesb.dosth。使某人做某事

Eg.Youshouldn’thavethestudentsworksohard。

24.befarfromsp离某地远

Eg.Hisschoolisfarfromhishome。

25.beneartosp离某地近

Eg.Thehospitalisneartothepostoffice。

26.begoodatsth./doingsth。

擅长某事/做某事

Eg.WearegoodatEnglish。

Theyaregoodatboating。

27.Ittakessb.sometimetodosth。

某人花多少时间做某事

Eg.Ittookmemorethanayeartolearntodrawabeautifulhorseinfiveminutes。

28.sb.spendssometime/money(in)doingsth。

某人花多少时间做某事

Eg.Ispenttwentyyearsinwritingthenovel。

29.sb.spendssometime/moneyonsth。

某事花了某人多少时间/金钱

Eg.Jimspent1000yuanonthebike。

30.sth.costssb.somemoney。

某物花了某人多少钱

Eg.ThebikecostJim1000yuan。

31.sb.payssomemoneyforsth。

某人为某物付了多少钱

Eg.Jimpaid1000yuanforthebike。

32.begin/startwithsth。开始做某事

Eg.Thestartedthemeetingwithasong。

33.begoingtodosth。打算做某事

Eg.WearegoingtostudyinJapan。

34.callAB叫AB

Eg.TheycalledthevillageGumtree。

35.thanksb.forsth./doingsth。

感谢某人做某事

Eg.Thankyouforyourhelp。

Thankyouforhelpingme。

36.What……for?为什么

Eg.WhatdoyoulearnEnglishfor?

37.How/whataboutdoingsth.?

做某事怎么样?

Eg.Howaboutgoingfishing?

38.S+be+the+最高级+of/in短语=

Eg.Lucyisthetallestinherclass。

39.S+be+比较级+thananyother+n。

Eg.Lucyistallerthananyotherstudentinherclass。

40.havetodosth。不得不做某事

Eg.Ihavetogohomenow。

41.hadbetterdosth。最好做某事

Eg.You’dbetterstudyhardatEnglish。

42.hadbetternotdosth。最好别做某事

Eg.You’dbetternotstayup。

43.helpsb.todosth。帮助某人做某事

Eg.LucyoftenhelpsLilytowashherclothes。

44.helpsb.dosth。帮助某人做某事

Eg.HeusuallyhelpsmelearnEnglish。

45.helpsb.withsth。帮助某人做某事

Eg.Isometimeshelpmymotherwiththehousework。

46.makeit+时间把时间定在几点

Eg.Let’smakeit8：30.

47.takesb.tosp带某人到某地

Eg.Mr.WangwilltakeustotheSummerPalacenextSunday。

49.havenothingtodo(withsb)

与某人没有关系

Eg.Thathasnothingtodowithme。

50.主语+don’tthink+从句

认为……不……

Eg.Idon’tthinkitwillraintomorrow。

(1)要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。

1.有一些人认为...

2.另一些人认为...

3.我的看法...

The topic of ①-(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-----理由二). Moreover, ④-------(理由三).

While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥--(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦--(理由三).

From my point of view, I think ⑧(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨----(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .

(2)给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点

Some people believe that ①(观点一). For example, they think ②-(举例说明).And it will bring them ③-(为他们带来的好处).

In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-----(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-(反对的理由之二).

Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥--(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).

明年的高考即将来临，众多考生也进入了最后的紧张复习阶段，如何高效地复习，最大化地提高成绩呢?作文的分数很重要!有什么写作技巧呢?下文是小编整理的相关内容，欢迎阅读参考!

清代诗人、画家郑板桥有一幅对联：删繁就简三秋树，领异标新二月花。十九世纪英国诗人王尔德说：第一个把美人比成鲜花的人是个天才，第二个把美人比成鲜花的人是个庸才，第三个把美人比成鲜花的人则是个蠢才。要激活自己的创新意识，做到“人无我有，人有我深。常中求变，变中求新。”黑格尔也说过：“内容之所以成为内容，即由于它包括成熟的形式在内。” 高考作文在发展等级中设立“有创新”的条目，目的正是想通过一个侧面鼓励学生培养创造性思维。或是见解新颖，或是材料新鲜，或是构思精巧，或是推理想象有独到之处，或是有个性特征。这些方面都是可能蕴涵“创新”因素的地方，在高考作文中凡是有利于培养学生创造精神和思路解析的地方，我们就必须给予重视和鼓励。

古代戏曲理论家李渔在《闲情偶寄》中这样说过：“变则新，不变则腐;变则活，不变则板。”高中阶段的作文训练也是如此。只有时时处处将创新意识贯彻到写作中，才有可能写出内容和形式俱佳的作文。

怎样才能做到创新呢?重要的就是你比一般人思考得深，琢磨得透，才能从普通的事物中洞见其本质意义。古人说得好：“凡作文发意，第一番来者，陈言也，扫去不用;第二番来者，正语也，停止不可用;第三番来者，精语也，方可用之。”这三番意思代表了认识逐步深化、文章渐次深刻的一个过程。具体可从以下几方面下工夫：

1.精心打造首尾。你精心设计的有个性的“亮点”，你的精彩之笔，要尽量在文章的前头展示出来，不可遮遮掩掩，直到文章的末尾才露出姿容。要一“亮相”便获“满堂彩”，不能搞“图穷匕现”。河南一考生的《一把生锈的锁》，文章层层递进，步步为营，终于找到了问题的根源：自信随岁月逝去。文章题目一语双关，一方面指实实在在的锁，另一方面指心灵上的锁，生动形象。重庆一考生的《菊花飘香的时节》文章一开始就展示了一幅旷远的画面，想象丰富，文情并茂，引人入胜。结尾两段升华主题，前后照应，行文自然流畅。

2.紧跟时代步伐。北京高职一考生的《时尚流行我心定》作者首先用“时尚”作为文章的开篇之语，继而用现实生活中的五花八门，形形色色的“时尚”来阐述所谓的时尚。然后，旁征博引，列举古今中外各行各业的时尚生活。与现代生活紧密相连，有时代特色。江西一考生的《把“意见”刻录成光盘》，好就好在不落窠臼，采取网络搜索的形式，从而似乎出现了一个个画面感，历史和现实的例子就自自然然地展示在读者面前，“搜索结果”就成了作者简短的点评，最后的结论也就水到渠成。本文的内容没有过人之处，出彩的就是它的形式。

3.敢于逆向思维。北京一考生的《包容(七)》中，大对小，厚对薄的包容容易理解，但微小对广博的包容，静止对流动的包容，沉默对喧嚣的包容，此种创意实在是独辟蹊径，非同一般。江苏一考生的《项王项王若奈何》，作者进行丰富而大胆的想象，将思维的触角延伸到了历史之中，以一种全新的眼光对历史人物 ——项王进行了入木三分的刻画与诠释，也更深刻地揭示了一个主题：灵动的水可保持一片蔚蓝，灵动的智慧，可以造就一个英雄。

[高考作文的写作方法