小升初英语作文写作指导优秀20篇

表示顺序是第几，前面一般要有"the"。

序数词的写法

一句话语法：基数词变序数词，一二三变字体，"th"从四加起，八加"h"九减"e"， 五十二，用"f"替"ve"， 整十若是基变序，"ty"变成"tie"， 20以上两位数，十位基数各位序

first second third / fourth fifth sixth /

seventh eighth ninth / tenth eleventh twelfth /

thirteenth / fourteenth /fifteenth sixteenth /

eighteenth nineteenth twentieth / [ twentiiθ ]

从21到99，几十连线个位数。

twenty-one ninety-nine twenty-first ninety-ninth

100以上先读百，and加上几十几。

365读：three hundred and sixty-five。

712读：

序数词用数字表示时，需在数字后面加上书写形式的最后两个字母（表示日期时除外）：

first＝1st

second＝2nd

third=3rd

fourth=4th

twenty－first=21st

forty－second=42nd

sixty－third＝63rd

eightieth＝80th

75 th = 82 nd=

91 st= 54 th=

在复合序数词中，and的用法与在基数词中的用法相同：

101st=the hundred and first

序数词之前通常要用定冠词the：

the sixtieth day第60天

the fortieth visitor第40位来访者

第54节课

第9个房间

分数的表示法：

1/2读：a half / [ha：f] (还可表示半小时)，

1/4 读：a quarter / [ kw？：t？ ] (还可表示一刻钟)。

一句话语法：英语分数不费事，母序子基四个字．

分子若是大于１，分母还需加Ｓ

先读分子后读分母。分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母加s，

2/5读：

4/9读：

日期表达法 ： 汉语排序年月日，英语月日年：

1949年10月1日读：October the first ninety forty-nine.

1800读作eighteen hundred.

253读作 或 two fifty-three.

1902读作 或 nineteen o two .

表示在哪一年，一般在年数前加介词in，使用year时，year在数词之前。

In the year two fifty-three B.C在公元前253年。但是，通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯数字

B.月份，在哪个月用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份表示。

例如：in May 在五月；in July 在七月。为了简便起见，月份与日期连用时，月份常用缩写形式表示。缩写形式除May ，June，July外，其它的月份都由其前三个字母表示，但September除外

C．日期用定冠词the加序数词表示。在哪一天要添加介词on。

National Day is on Oct. 1.

国庆节是十月一日。（读作 October first）

此句也可以表示为 National Day is on the 1st of October．

May 5 五月五日（读作 ） 也可以表示为the fifth（5th）of May

Mar. 1（st） 三月一日（读作 或 the first of March）

九月十日

三月八日

第一节写熟悉的事，有话可说

每一道作文试题都给考生留下广阔的思考空间，让考生写身边的事，写熟悉的事，发表自己的意见和感想。"让每一个考生都有话可说"这一命题原则，在近年的中考作文命题中体现得更加明显。如"为了自己的梦想"，每一个人都可以说出自己的心里话，因为每一个人都有自己心里的梦想。"欢乐一家亲"和"美好一瞬间"，也是让考生写非常熟悉的事情，使考生们能够有话可说。"写给________的信"，考生们只要去写熟悉的人，写熟悉的事，写熟悉的情感，都可以写出一篇令人满意的作文来。"对我影响最大的一个人"和"________，让生活更美好"，考生们肯定有熟悉的人和熟悉的事可写。近年来的浙江省中考作文命题，都是建立在学生能言说，而且可以把话说好的基础之上。

名题精析

原题回放写作。(60分)

我们曾关切蚂蚁王国的命运，猜想浩瀚宇宙的奥秘，还有堆沙、玩水、痴想……纯粹而真实。少年的心里住着童心，不经意间，你会发现枝头的花儿在匿笑，墙角的蟋蟀在欢唱……

大人的心里藏着童心，不信你看，爷爷与你的忘年之交，严谨的老师天真的一笑……

让我们用眼睛去"听"，用耳朵去"看"，童心可以装下整个世界。

以"________童心"为题写一篇文章。

要求：(1)补全题目，可以填入"拥有""发现""久违了""美丽的""爸爸的""啊!"等;(2)文体自选;(3)不少于600字(诗歌不少于16行);(4)文中不得出现真实的地名、校名、人名。

考题解析

本作文题采用半命题形式，作文题目由漫画、导语、要求构成。从多方面引导考生理解童心，三幅漫画分别为"童心是一种向往""童心是一种想象""童心是一种创造"。导语里有用眼睛去"听"、用耳朵去"看"，童心可以装下整个世界等提示语，并且提示考生可以填入"拥有""发现""久违了""啊!""爸爸的""美丽的"等内容。从中可以看出，命题者可谓用心良苦，他在提醒考生，在人生的追求中，要保留一些人性中最美好的东西，而童心便是其中一个。他也在提醒老师，教育是一种呵护和唤醒，呵护人身上最美好的东西，唤醒学生对人生的美好向往。

"________童心"这个题目让每个考生都有话可说，毕竟从小到大，每个人都曾拥有一颗童心，只是有些人意识到了并保持下来，而有些人没有很好地关注到。题目也能让考生发挥自己的特点，让任何一种文体、文风都可能写成佳作。从这点而言，这个作文题目是不太难的。相信很多考生拿到题目之后，脑海里马上闪烁的是自己拥有的童年生活。童年一定有童心，但是童年生活并不等同于童心。文章可以写"某人的童心"，这类文章如果能用生动精彩而富有情趣的细节加以表现，会很鲜活。也可以写对童心的思考，社会在发展，童心渐逝，少年老成，"简单、自然、一致"的童心在慢慢消逝，如果能书写出美好童心在现代的遭遇，表达渴望，抒发感慨，或透过现象阐述个人见解，也是相当不错的。

当然，无论哪种文章，最关键的还是对童心的理解，童心是一种精神，需要自己的体悟和理解，考生对童心如果有自己的见解，便会有与众不同的切入角度，而对童心的理解程度，差不多决定着文章的立意高度和深度。

此外，教材中也有这类富有童心的文章，如鲁迅、丰子恺等名人记录的童年趣事等，相信这也能给学生不少写作上的启发与灵感。

佳作赏析

阳光·童心

温州一考生

我是躺在风的怀抱中静静沉睡的风筝，做着一个五彩斑斓的梦;我是简单的秋千，开心地和阳光一起舞蹈，承载着一个个对蓝天的向往;我是一块块大小不一的积木，每天都会有一双双小手将我组成各种形态，饰以笑容。我就是童心，阳光与快乐的孩子，带给每个人快乐。

这一天，我隐了身，背着妈妈偷偷从窗子里飞了出来，绕过长满牵牛花的篱笆墙，跃过飘满蒲公英的草地，向每一朵白云问好，开始了我的一段神奇而又梦幻的旅行。

晚上，我在灿烂的星空下，飞了很长时间，最终是累了，然后向远处眺望。蓦地，在长满鲜花的地方发现了一座漂亮的小房子，我以最快的速度来到了这座小房子。"哦!这真是一栋很可爱的小楼呢!"我不禁感叹，"住在里面的人一定很幸福。"我跃上了二楼的阳台，拿出从家里偷拿来的柠檬草小饼干，小口小口地吃着，不经意间，我看到了窗子里的情景。

柔和的灯光洒在房间的每个角落里，渲染出温馨的气氛。在米色沙发上，坐着一个神情严肃、认真的男人，茶几上的咖啡已经冷掉了，他的双眼正瞪着放在膝盖上的方盒子，用人们的话来说，就是电脑。他的手指飞速敲击着键盘，很长一段时间，都未曾挪动一下位置。在他旁边的软木地板上，正坐着一个小家伙!他很可爱，在灯光下，他的眼里显出的尽是快乐，还透着些期待。他每次用积木搭出一个新东西，就抬头向他的父亲看一下。可他总是显得有些失望，然后低头将原本搭好的积木全部打乱。"爸爸，陪我玩一会儿好不好?"他几乎用哀求的语气说。男人愣了一愣，看了看地上可爱的孩子，又看了看那个方盒子里的东西，抱歉而又无奈地说："宝贝儿，对不起，爸爸今天没时间，改天爸爸一定陪你玩，好不好?"结果，那个孩子哭了，哭得很大声。男人不知所措，喊着孩子的妈妈，然后抱着那个方盒子匆匆离开。

亲爱的朋友们，我是不是应该帮帮那个孩子呢?只见满天的星星都在向我点头。呵呵，做好事的时间到了。我用魔法杖轻轻点了点这座房屋，几千万束星光汇聚在一起，变成了一颗童心，我将它偷偷地装进了那个小盒子，这样童心的力量就能感染那个男人了。

果然不出所料，那个男人十分钟后又出现在了孩子的面前，他在孩子面前坐了下来，笑着摸了摸孩子的头："宝贝儿，爸爸陪你玩好不好?"孩子怔了怔，随即开心地大喊："好!"

灯光下，一父一子，一份积木，两颗童心，他们是多么快乐啊!

童心，带给人温暖。它如同阳光，只有洒在你身上，你才会发现它的美好。而我，安静地在阳台上睡去等待天亮。

精彩析评

本文最大的特点是想象力丰富，文章从一个愿意为生活带去快乐的"魔法师"的视角出发，折射出作者内心的善良与无私，这该是一种怎样的胸怀啊!家庭中温馨的场景和父子间的对话，真切感人，这一幕也许在每个家庭中都出现过，但孩子的内心，我们是否真正在乎过?而作者以一颗"救赎"之心，让父亲良心发现，给予孩子温暖与欢乐。这温馨的场面，最能体现作者的助人情怀，升华了主题。

文章如讲故事般娓娓道来，不急不躁，语言简洁，贴近现实，感觉故事就在身边。结尾一句，最能显现作者的美好情感，以及他的赤子之心。

真题精练

中考真题(2015·宁波)阅读材料，完成作文。(60分)

一个小男孩种下一颗胡萝卜种子。他的妈妈说："这颗种子恐怕不会发芽。"他的爸爸也说："它恐怕不会发芽。"他的哥哥也说："它恐怕不会发芽。"每天，小男孩都把种子周围的杂草拔掉，然后浇上水。可是，什么都没长出来。一天天过去，还是什么都没长出来。大家都不断地说：这颗种子不会发芽的。但是，每天小男孩仍然坚持拔掉种子周围的杂草，然后浇上水。终于，有一天，一棵胡萝卜长出来了，如同小男孩早就知道的那样。

(选自路斯·克劳斯《胡萝卜种子》)

根据上述材料，从以下题目中任选一题，写一篇文章。

题目一：我就是一颗会发芽的种子

题目二：种子发芽以后

题目三：由《胡萝卜种子》想到的

要求：(1)根据你的理解和感悟，联系自己的生活体验写作;(2)自选文体(诗歌除外)，文章不少于500字;(3)文中不要出现含有考生信息的人名、校名、地名等。

思路点拨

这是一则材料命题作文，材料讲述了一个小男孩在别人的怀疑声中坚持种胡萝卜种子，最终成功的故事。这种类似寓言的文字，给了我们一个深刻的哲理体验：一定要给孩子以希望，让他们相信一切皆有可能，只要辛勤付出便会有所收获。试题从三个角度给了三个题目，使学生的立意具有一定的可选择性。这样的题目要求尊重学生的个性差异与表达愿望。无论是细腻如水的描绘，质朴无华的讲述，还是天马行空的想象，精辟深刻的阐述，都适合这个作文题目要求，无文体上的偏向，无主题上的限定，使得考生都如那胡萝卜种子，有了发芽的空间，但至于能长得多大，考生的作文多精彩，就取决于学生的情感体验、语言表达和思维能力了。

从每年的考试情况来看，很多同学能完整地按照要求把文章写出来，但得分却较低。实际上，高考英语书面表达是一个分值颇高且易得分的题型，只是很多同学没有掌握得分技巧。下面我们一起看看怎样才能让高考作文拽起来。

一、几点重要原则

1.智者利用押题，傻子依赖押题!

2.书面表达整篇背诵绝无必要，可以以看读为主，关键是从中汲取一些常用的词汇和表达，并能得体熟练地运用。考场上应变能力很重要!

3.英文写作模仿很重要。有时也很有效。但不能过于牵强，尤其是对一些长难句的刻意模仿使用。

4.文似看山不喜平，起承转合一定要有!

5.见微知著，一叶知秋，几个亮点足矣：有道是：浓妆淡抹总相宜，作文写得简洁到位要比长篇大论更显功力。

6.心不为形役。不要身陷逐字逐句英汉对号式的字面翻译，要把表达的主动权始终握在自己手里。

二、善用万能句以不变应万变

历届高考，书面表达考得最多是提示作文，即提供一定的情景内容，要求考生完成100词左右的短文。

从命题方式看，有短文提示、要点提示、图画提示、情景提示以及图表提示等；体裁以应用文为主，记叙文为辅：题材为广大中学生所熟悉的日常生活。从提供要点的情景方面看，历届高考书面表达题均属供料小作文，采用文字供料或文字说明加图画(图表)的方式供料。

备考时，同学们要利用有限的时间把以前背的范文整理一下，从中选出不同体裁、不同题材的范文各一篇(范文以高考真题的高分作文为佳)，把它们重新记忆，一定记牢。这样，高考时不管什么样的文章都可套用背诵好的格式。避免考场上因紧张而无章可循。

最后阶段，还要总结一下写作时常用且能出彩的固定句型、句式，比如强调句型、定语从句、名诃性从句等，牢记英语的五个基本句式，背诵平时老师总结的万能句。以不变应万变。

考场答题前，应仔细审题，研究所提供的文字和图画(图表)材料和作文要求。分析、提炼要点，理顺要点，确立基本的写作思路，不要忽略任何一个词。关键的词更不能遗漏，构思好写几个方面，缺一不可。

写作时，尽量用学过的英语句型和词组。少写长句和复杂句以免弄巧成拙、漏洞百出。但目前高考有关书面表达的评分标准要求作文中应有较多的语法结构和词汇，因此同学们在书面表达中不能都写小句、短句和单句，还要正确运用高级词汇和复杂结构。恰当运用过渡词，使写出来的文章含金量更高，更具可读性。

三、高分作文六大特性

1.条理性。指的是合理安排文章结构。首先，在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。其次。根据需要，安排好段落，各段之间要层次分明，也要重视每一段的开头和结尾，开头语往往是总起句，结尾语往往是总结句。

2.准确性。指要求写出语法正确的句子，包括时态、语态、用词和句法等，要准确、地道地表达。必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达，避免中式英语，在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异，养成用英语思维写作的习惯。

3.流畅性。指根据整篇文章思想的需要，有效采用不同的连接手段，使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。

4.简洁多样性。简洁性就是语言简洁，不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。这也是新课程标准对写作的评价标准。

5.思想性。新标准对写作的要求，增加了情感因素，在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时，适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。

6.美观性。指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。

四、怎样才能有拽的感觉

1.高考写作的实质变相考查句型与词汇的灵活应用

英语写作不同于语文作文的写作，如果说语文作文是一个自由发挥的舞蹈，那么高考英语写作就是带着枷锁在跳舞。我之所以这样来形容，是因为高考英语写作的内容都已经通过文字、表格、图片这三种形式给定，内容方面，不需要学生进行发挥，大家所需要发挥的就是不要老去给这个不变的内容穿毫无变化的校服(简单句)，而要去穿一些不一样的衣服，让它显得不那么单调，让阅卷老师能看到不同，而那些所谓的衣服也就是多变句型与词汇。

2.写作的评分标准怎么去迎合评卷老师的胃口

我了解到目前很大一部分学生的作文都处在15分左右，写作满分25分，15分也就是个及格分，那么15分和20多分的作文到底差在哪里?这个问题很容易回答。15分的作文中规中矩，该对的都对，包括内容要点的完整，语法与词形的正确，但是全都是简单句子的堆砌，没有任何亮点。而20多分的作文在句型词汇方面就做了很好的包装，它的句子穿的衣服已经不是校服，而是李宁、耐克，或者是阿迪，所以让人觉得很拽，而高考英语写作要的就是这种很拽的感觉。

3.写作提分的三要素句型。连词。高级词汇

句子是我们写作文最大的单位。有了漂亮的句子。用好的连词将其连句成段，再加上一些如星星般亮点词汇的点缀，一篇好的高考英语作文就诞生了。而这三个因素中最容易把握的是句子，最难的是高级词汇，限于大家的词汇还比较有限。一篇文章中出现那么一两个就够了。我们应该把重心放在句型上，因为这个最容易把握。

但是大家又有这样的困惑，学校里老师也给了我们很多的句型啊，动辄成五十上百句的，大家背得挺多，但是面对考试的时候，发现背的那些怎么也用不上。其实不是那些东西没有用，而是它们太干了，就好比一根干骨头，大家嚼起来很没有味。也不知道该把它们往哪里放。

在这里我给大家提供一种比较切实可行、迅速提高的练习方法，在接下来的时间里只要大家按照这个方法来，就一定会有收获。

找出历年真题，一周只需要写两篇。但是要这么来写。

1.把你要写的内容要点用九到十句的汉语表达出来。

2.逐一地进行翻译，不是用简单句。而是要刻意地去想：

(1)可以用什么样的复杂句；

(2)怎样去避开不会的表达，转义。

例如：

这本书是如此的有趣，以至于我读了一遍又一遍。

1.This book was so interest，ing that l read it again and again，

2.This was such an interest，ing book that l read it again andagain，

3.This was s0 jnteresting abook that l read it again and again

4.So interesting was thisbook that l read it again and again

这四句译文当中无疑评卷老师最欣赏的是第四句，因为它用了倒装。

4.如何备考

其实这种思维大家都有。但是没有成为一种思路，让它能在考试中起到作用，那是因为大家练得少。英语写作处在一种很尴尬的境地，一方面大家要分数。但另外一方面大家一个学期里写的作文也就是期中期末的两篇。毫不夸张地说，有的学生上了三年的高中可能只写了六篇作文，所以练习是很重要的，要是现在不练而把高考当练习。那么作文只拿14、15分也合情合理了，到那时你不要骂评卷老师不公平，而应该问问自己备考的时候为什么不多练几篇。时间都是挤出来的，希望大家可以挤出时间来练写作。

书面表达是英语写作的重要组成部分，有不少学生觉得用英语写作很难，不知从何练起。笔者教学实践发现，首先要具备扎实的基础知识，抓住课本教学来培养学生的写作能力，立足教材，由易到难，由浅入深，采取多种形式来加强书面表达训练，这样英语写作水平才能得到提高。

一是通过词汇教学训练写作能力。要写好文章不是一朝一夕就能达到的，必须从最基础的词汇入手。教学中，教师要注意加强词汇方面的训练，力求给学生交代清楚每一个词语的具体用法。对一些重点的、核心的词汇讲清，讲透每个词语的单独用法和搭配用法。为了更有效地与课本结合起来，每学完一个单元，根据本单元的单词、短语造句，举一反三，帮助学生扩大词汇量，使学生词不离句，强化写作训练。

二是通过一句多译练习训练写作能力。就七年级学生而言，他们虽然接触英语学习时间不长，但教师还是要注重引导学生多做一些一句多译练习，这样有助于启发学生的写作思路。考试时选择自己有把握的句子灵活地表达同一内容，减少失误，提高得分率。通过做汉译英练习，暴露出学生受母语影响的问题，对这些问题我及时进行讲评和纠正。这样，有利于培养和规范学生的英语表达能力。

三是结合课文进行各种体裁的写作训练。目前，信息来源的渠道多种多样，学生课文中有记叙、日记、通知、便条、书信、广告和说明等多种体裁，文中还有大量的插图，教师可利用图片让学生进行看图写作。要学好英语写作就必须从课文练起，从一些常见的文体练起，由短到长，由浅入深，循序渐进地进行。

四是通过背诵训练写作。培养学生的英语写作能力，以课文为中心训练写作能力非常重要，因为课文中的句子就是规范的英语范文。因此，每学完一篇课文或对话，教师就要要求学生背诵，然后默写。这样使学生把词语放在句型、段落、篇章中去理解、记忆和体味，以至于能够仿写、改写。

五是通过仿写和改写训练写作能力。仿写也是提高英语写作能力行之有效的方法，模仿写作中，格式、构思、表达方式等方面都可模仿。但要提醒学生注意灵活变通，语句要通顺，符合英语表达习惯。仿写前要从时态，句型，内容选材等方面对学生加以辅导，指导学生怎样模仿，特别提醒学生注意时态。

另外，改写也是一种很好的方法，改写就是对文章材料的文体、式样、句式等进行改编的一种训练方式。无论是改人称、改时态，还是改对话材料为叙述文字，这都有助于学生复习巩固所学知识，又能培养学生所学知识的迁移运用能力，还能起到提高学生的写作能力。

总之，要提高学生的英语写作能力，就要培养学生养成良好的学习习惯。即：重视词、短语、造句，优秀的对话和课文要背诵，多做翻译练习，练习改写和仿写，结合课文进行各种体裁的写作训练。只有坚持不懈，持之以恒，才能写出准确、地道、规范的英语文章。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。下面是小编整理的2017年小学生记叙文写作指导，欢迎阅读。

在记叙文写作中，叙述好一件简单的事，这是一项基本功。练好这个基本功，以后进行复杂的叙事，也就有了基础。德国大作家歌德曾经说过：“一个人只要能把一件事说得很清楚，他也就能把许多事都说得清楚了。”那么，怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢?

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么，怎样安排记叙顺序才能使文章条理清楚呢?

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

有些小朋友看见同学写出一些好文章来，便惊叹道：“这些内容，我也熟悉的，怎么我没能把它们写出来!”这个问题值得深思，说穿了，那是因为你缺乏从小事中写出深意的能力。生活中，惊天动地的事情是少见的，一般人所经历的大多是平凡的、细小的事情。自古以来，好文章数也数不尽，大多写的也是平凡的、细小的事。《红楼梦》写的是封建社会大官僚仕宦家族中的生活琐事，这些生活琐事在那样的门第中可以说是平常又平常的了，但它反映的思想意义却是深刻的，成为举世公认的巨著。

那么，怎样从小事中写出深意呢?

一、提高思想水平，训练一副见微知著的好眼力。

照相机能摄像，人的双眼也能摄像。然而人和照相机毕竟不同，双眼是带着感情去选镜头的。观察的人本身要有一定的思想水平，只有这样，才可能看到事情的里层，发现其中蕴含的深意。

二、深入思考、分析、挖掘、寻找出事情所蕴含的深意。

在日常生活中，要做到凡事多加留意，尽可能深入地去想一想，不只注意到它的表象，还要去挖掘它的本质，弄清它的来龙去脉。这样，就能有敏感的头脑和锐利的好眼力，挖掘、寻找出事情中所蕴含的深意。

三、把事情放在一定的背景中去写。

背景就是时代环境，指的是社会变迁和政治动态等。一件小事，孤零零地看，是不起眼的，如果把它和事情发生的背景联系起来，那就不寻常了。

四、“事”与“意”的榫头要对得合适。

从小事中写出深意来，容易犯的毛病是“事”和“意”的榫头对得不准，往往是主观上(意)想“深”，客观上(事)显得内容单薄。因此，我们在具体写的时候，避免在提示事情所蕴含的意义时候犯任意“拔高”的毛病。

有一篇题目叫《节日的早晨》作文，叙的内容是一家人愉快地吃早点的情形，结尾是

吃完早点，我开了院门一看，只见人们穿着美丽的新衣服，三个一群五个一伙的，走向热闹的大街，走向光明的共产主义明天。

这段话的结尾处，犯有“拔高”文章思想意义的毛病。如果写好吃早点的情形，体现人民生活水平在共产党的领导下步步提高是可以的，可是将它和“走向光明的共产主义明天”联系在一起，那“事”和“意”的榫头就对得不合适了。

总之，我们只要提高自己的思想水平，对听到或看到的事深入地想一番，认识它的意义，鉴别它的价值，并把它放在特定的环境中去写，就能从小事中写出深意来。

不少同学的作文，不是写拾到皮夹子交公，就是写为抱小孩的妇女让座;不是写帮助同学补课，就是写送迷路的小孩回家……总之，尽是写一些人家写“烂”的材料。于是语文老师常常在他们的作文后面写上类似的评语：选材陈旧，希望今后选择新颖、独特的材料。

那么，怎样才能选择到新颖、独特的材料呢?

一、从自己的生活中去找

不少同学看到作文题目，不是到自己的生活中去找材料，而是道听途说，或者是从概念出发去记叙、描写。记好人好事，总是写“拾皮夹”、“让座”、“为人补课”，不管此事自巳是否经历过，是否有感触。这样的内容，怎么会给人耳目一新的感觉呢?

其实，我们每个人居住的环境不同，兴趣爱好不同，经历的事情必然不同。能把自己那些与众不同的经历作为选材的内容，那么，你所选择的材料一定是自己独有的，新鲜生动的。

二、做生活的有心人。

常听一些同学说，我们是学生，生活贫乏，看不出有什么新鲜、独特的事情值得记叙。同学们生活面不广是事实，要扩大作文选材的范围，就要求我们尽可能地广泛接触生活。那么是不是我们同学生活圈子小，就没有新鲜、独特的材料可以写呢?不是的。只要做生活的有心人，就会有独特的材料让你挑选。住在城里的人，恐怕都见过老年人跳迪斯科吧?可是有的同学熟视无睹，竟然让这样的材料从眼皮底下悄悄溜走了。

三、选择新角度，让常见的材料放出异彩。

一般来说，同学们的生活圈子小，家庭、教室、操场。接触的人少，家人、老师、同学。同学们在作文时，所叙述的事往往是常见的。常见的材料中就没有新鲜的东西吗?不是的。只要我们开动脑筋，对常见的材料改变一下叙述的角度，也会让它放出异彩。

四、打开思路，扩大视野。

有相当一部分同学，思路比较狭窄，他们的目光只注意好人好事，作文的材料老是不能扩大。如果我们同学把观察的目光投射到整个生活里，既看到那些好人好事，也看到那些坏人坏事，作文的材料一定会丰富多采起来。

法国巴黎艺术馆里，陈列了一座伟大的文学家巴尔扎克的雕像，奇怪的是：他的雕像却没有手。他的手呢?是被艺术家罗丹用斧头砍去了。罗丹为什么要砍掉巴尔扎克雕像的双手呢?原来，在一个深夜里，罗丹好不容易完成了巴尔扎克的雕像，非常满意，连夜叫醒了他的学生来欣赏雕像。他的学生把雕像反复地看了个够，后来，目光渐渐地集中在雕像的手上：巴尔扎克的那双手叠合起来，放在胸前，十分逼真。学生们不禁连声地说：“好极了，老师，我可从没见过这样一双奇妙的手啊!”罗丹的脸上笑容消失了。他突然走到工作室的一角，提起一把大

斧，直奔雕像，砍掉了那双“完美的手”。

罗丹的雕像是要表现巴尔扎克的精神、气质，现在那双手(次要部分)突出了，人们看了雕像，只欣赏手的完美，而忽略了主要的内容。所以，罗丹砍掉了雕像的双手，以突出雕像所要表现的意义。

雕塑是这样，写作文也是这样，只有围绕中心安排详写和略写，叙事的重点才能突出。

那么，在记叙的过程中，怎样妥当地安排详写和略写呢?

一、事情的发生和结果要略写，事情的发展过程要详写。事情的发生阶段，往往是交代时间、地点、人物，以及起因，事情的结果部分，往往是写出事情的结局或点明事情的中心。它们在整个事情中，或者说在整篇文章中，仅仅是枝节部分，所以要略写。事情的发展过程，是整个事情，或者整篇文章中的主体部分，它往往具体体现中心思想，因而要详写。

二、有点有面地叙事，“面”要略写，“点”要详写。有点有面地叙事，“面”上的内容往往是渲染气氛，交代背景，起烘托的作用。“点”上的内容往往是文章的重点。直接体现中心思想的，所以要详写。这里需要说明的一点是：在文章中，重点突出详写的部分时，不能忽视略写的部分。略写虽是寥寥几笔，但运用得好，可以对文章重点的突出、主题的表现，起到“绿叶映衬红花”的作用。

一篇文章，好比一架运转正常的机器，文章中的一个个段落就好比机器中那些大大小小的零件，这些零件不仅相互照应，而且那些大零件需要小零件把它们连接起来。文章里的段落也需要相互照应，也需要一些“小零件”，即过渡段和过渡句把它们自然、紧密地连接起来。不然，文章就会显得支离破碎。所以，写文章时，一定要注意段与段之间的过渡和照应。

一般说，记叙文在下面几种情况需要过渡

一、由这件事转到另一件事时需要过渡。

二、记叙的时间发生变化时需要过渡。

三、由倒叙转入顺叙时需要过渡。

四、运用插叙时的起止处需要过渡。

一般来说，插叙内容写完以后要注意与原来的叙事线索衔接。叙事中的照应有三种情况

一、文题照应。在叙事过程中，我们所写的内容务必切题，要和文章的标题相照应。二、首尾呼应。文章的开头和结尾遥相呼应，可以使文章结构紧凑。

三、前后照应。在一篇文章中，前面的内容和后面的内容要互相照应。

总之，过渡和照应，是叙事文章中必不可少的，我们在作

文时千万不能忽视。

写文章应该怎样开头?怎么结尾?谁也不会带着这个问题去问警察，因为警察不是教语文的，跟他关系不大。然而有一则外国幽默，却说有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，而这个警察终于谈出“门道”来了。全文摘抄

有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，警察说：“作报告时，首先要有信心，报告的开头要像逮捕犯人一样，富于戏剧性;报告中间要像审讯犯人一样有条不紊;报告的结尾要像宣判一样简洁明快。”

看了这则幽默，同学们可能会捧腹大笑，有的笑那个“向警察请教作报告”的人，是向聋子借听力，是向盲人问路;有的笑那个警察是：“不懂装懂，胡说八道。”其实，那位外国警察谈的作报告的诀窍也一样适用于写文章，所谓开头要“富于戏剧性”，就是说开头要漂亮;所谓结尾要“简洁明快”，就是说结尾要干脆有力。

到“开头漂亮”的主要途径是

一、叙述好事件的起因。如《边线》作文，开头这样写道：“大扫除刚结束，不知哪个‘缺德鬼’把一小团废纸扔在五年级的走廊上。”文章的开头便是军军和牛牛争吵这件事的起因，具有夺人眼目的力量。

二、描写环境，烘托气氛。如《风》作文，作者一开头就描写了风的猛烈：“走在路上，风要把我吹得飘起来。”甚至“前面路口的大杨树被风刮得东倒西歪，发出‘唰唰’的响声……”文章的开头交代了上学路上的恶劣环境，正是为了适应表达中心思想的需要，也增强了感染力。

三、激人兴趣，引人入胜。如《一堂有趣的自然课》，作者开头就写道：“清脆的上课铃声刚止住，马老师就抱着一大堆毛皮子、丝绸帕、玻璃棍和橡胶棒等东西，快步走进了教室。”马老师究竟要干什么?难道你不想看下去吗?

四、开门见山，点明题旨。如《“雷锋”来到运动场》作文，作者开头写道：“学校十三届田径运动会结束了。在总结会上，老师和同学们纷纷赞扬一位不知名的‘雷锋’。”这样直截了当，一下子把读者注意力吸引到中心思想上，起到总领全文的作用。

做到“结尾有力”的主要途径是

一、把事件的结局交代清楚。如《一堂有趣有自然课》，是这样结局的

下课铃声响了，当同学们恋恋不舍地放下手中的实验时，一个个不由自主地埋怨道：“怎么搞的，这节课时间这么短!”

这种顺着情节的发展，以事情的终结作全文的结尾，干净利落，不枝不蔓，事情结束，文章也就结束了。

二、语言含蓄，发人深思。在记叙文中，作者以独特的认识和理解，写下深刻含蓄的结语，力求意味深长，发人深思。

三、结尾同开头呼应。结尾照应开头，能使文章结构谨严，浑然一体。

四、篇末点题，突出中心。篇末点题，尤如画龙点睛，这“睛”点得好，会使全篇顿生光彩。画龙点睛式的结尾，能帮助读者悟出全文的深意，给人留下深刻的印象。

以往我们备战高考作文，多从文体和命题形式的角度考虑。其实，从高考作文可能的命题内容这一角度来备考，也不失为一个好办法。

本次介绍的“人与自然”类作文颇具现实意义，契合当今建设环境友好型社会的主题，同学们应引起足够的重视。

“人与自然”类作文的三个话题

依据笔者的认识，“人与自然”类作文主要涉及三个话题。

1、欣赏自然，表述自然之美

《普通高中语文课程标准(实验)》指出：“自然风光、文物古迹、风俗民情，国内外和地方的重要事件，学生的家庭生活以及日常生活话题等都可以成为语文课程的资源。”由此，我们不难理解为什么各种版本的语文教材中都有大量自然风光类的文章了。我们生活在神奇而美丽的大自然中，自然界蕴含着各种美：动态美和静态美互相补充，阳刚美和阴柔美兼而有之……我们不仅要将足迹留在山水里，还要用自己的彩笔描绘大自然的如画风光。

2、体悟自然，书写自然美景引发的人生感怀

着名诗人徐志摩在名篇《翡冷翠山居闲话》中写道“只要你自己性灵上不长疮瘢，眼不盲，耳不塞”，大自然“这无形迹的最高等教育便永远是你的名分，这不取费的最珍贵的补剂便永远供你受用。只要你认识了这一部书，你在这世界上寂寞时便不寂寞，穷困时不穷困，苦恼时有安慰，挫折时有鼓励，软弱时有督责……”。

3、敬畏自然，反思生态的恶化，呼吁人类善待万物

有个叫西雅图的印第安酋长，曾有一段发人深省的话：“人类属于大地。但大地不属于人类。世界上万物都是相互关联的，就像血液把我们身体的各个部分连接在一起。生命之网并非人类所编织。人类不过是这个网络中的一根线、一个结。但人类所做的一切，最终会影响到这个网络，也影响到人类本身。”的确，我们应把自己看成大自然生态链中的一个组成部分，思考人与自然的和谐相处方式。

习作欣赏

阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

地球诞生至今，已有46亿年。46亿年的漫长岁月。才造就了今天这么一个鸟语花香的美好世界——人类赖以生存的世界。

可是，作为万物之灵的人类竟愚蠢地毁坏赖以生存的环境：乱砍滥伐原始森林，乱捕滥杀野生动物，盲目开采地下矿藏，肆意排放工业废水……于是水土流失了，绿洲消失了，土地沙化了，气候恶劣了……环境污染与生态破坏已成为举世关注的重大问题。今天，人们才发现保护环境的重要意义。

要求选择一个角度构思作文，自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题;不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。

人，真的很聪明吗徐宗璐

人类从亘古的荒原走来。一直走到高楼林立的都市：人类从愚昧落后的部落走来，一直走到文明和开化的现代社会。这一路高歌猛进，无不说明人类是这个世界上最聪明的生物，不愧为“宇宙之精华，万物之灵长”。近几百年来，人类的聪明才智更是发挥到了极致：蒸汽机、电、核能……这一切的一切，不断显示着人类的智慧和力量。然而。仅凭这些。就能断言人类是最聪明的吗?就能判定现在的世界优于过去，并预测未来的世界一定更美好吗?

我的回答是：不能!

仰望天空。候鸟凄厉的叫声，带来远方战火依然的消息：驰骋高原，再难见到藏羚羊奔跑的矫健身姿……这一切，又是谁造下的孽?

大量的事实告诉我们，有许多人只受到功利的影响。而没有接受智慧的启蒙。近代的战争多数已不单纯为了正义，更多的是为了物欲和私利。这充分暴露出人性中贪婪、自私和暴戾的一面。有些国家为了不可告人的目的，使用贫铀弹等杀人武器，丝毫不顾对环境的破坏，导致受难地区的无奉百姓患癌症等疾病的比例大幅度上升。这不仅仅是愚蠢，更是道德的沦丧，是彻头彻尾的

犯罪。还有，由于人类无节制地向大自然掠夺索取，致使环境日益恶化。生物种类大幅度减少。300亿年前地球上大约有25亿个物种，现在仅存1亿个左右。在已灭绝的约24亿个物种中，有60%是20世纪灭绝的。从17世纪起，动物的灭绝进入了加速时期。据联合国环境规划署统计，现在仅存的约1亿个物种中，鸟类每两年灭绝1种，兽类每一年就灭绝1种。今后的趋势是：植物可能以每小时1种的速度灭绝，动物可能每天减少1种。我不禁想问，仅有的这些物种在地球上还能支撑多久?大海雀、渡渡鸟、旅鸽、卡罗莱纳鹦鹉、高加索野牛……这些早已被人类灭绝的动物，如果能够复活的话，我们从它们眼中看到的将是平和、善意，还是愤怒与敌意?事实上，现在连看一看敌意的目光也成了一种无法实现的奢望。

人类只是地球生命之网上的一段绳索，人类施之于这“网”的，也是人类施之于自己的。人类的文明已经让这张“网”变得千疮百孔。人类用科技来防止小行星将地球“咬”出一个缺口，是聪明的，但自己将这张生命之“网”撕扯得破败不堪。那就不能不说是糊涂之极了。也许有时残缺是一种美，但对整个地球生态环境来说，残缺决不是美!我们需要一个完整而美好的地球。造物主给了人类一个美丽的星球，人类应该怀着感恩的心与地球和谐相处。

21世纪的钟声早已敲响。可我们是否应该将20世纪乃至前几个世纪人类的所作所为放在一架一头是聪明另一头是愚蠢的天平上称一下，看看哪一头会更重?或许，对于未来世界而言，这样做能使我们免生许多遗憾。

这则寓言故事中有两类对象，人和蛇。从两者的角度考虑，有两种立意。

从蛇的角度，有三种立意:

我们可以写“弱者要善于运用智慧，学会保护自己”。与人相比，蛇当然属于弱小者，但最终蛇让强大的人避而远之。就是运用智慧保护自我的典型。动物界的金龟子、狐狸在遇到天敌时装死来躲避，就是如此。办法总比困难

我们也可以写“各自独立行走，不如两两联合”。个体的力量智慧总是有限的，只有联合起来，才可能形成1+1﹥2的优势，取得意想不到的效果。现代社会，提倡合作,尤其倡导强强联合，就是为了是各自的优势最大化。比如，三井物产与宝钢联合、土豆优酷的合并等，长江城市群均属于强强联合实现双赢的例子。

我们还可以写“知彼知己，方能百战不殆。”小蛇之所以敢提出这样的建议，是因为它对人性有着充分的认识。“人以我为神君也”就是他对人性了然于心后的自信和判断，假如他不知道人盲目的敬畏怪异之物的特点，就不会提出这样有创意的主张。其实，战场、商场，莫不如此。

从人的角度，有一种立意:我们可以写“做人要有自己的识别能力和判断力”。人本是高等的智者，却对蛇的相衔负而行敬畏三分，人的盲目敬畏的缺点在这里暴露无遗。如果人能够明察、明辨，少些愚昧、迷信，就不会闹处被动物欺诈之类的低级笑话。人们要透过现象看本质，不要被事物的假象所蒙蔽。

【佳作示例】劝“借”

《韩非子》里有一则大蛇和小蛇的故事，耐人寻味。大蛇与小蛇相衔而行，人曰“神君”而避之。在这里，显然是小蛇利用了大蛇，得以迁徙;大蛇利用了小蛇得以安全逃生。作者告诉人们:只有巧借外物，方能助己成功!

小溪流没有磅礴的气势，却凭借着险峻的地势，一泻千里如银河落九天，将豪情洒满大地;蒲公英没有飞翔的动力，却凭借风的吹拂，将种子撒向山川大地;紫藤萝没有，挺拔的向躯干，却凭借枯树的攀依，问世人展示了自己的美丽。凭借阳光，露珠折射出了，一个美丽的世界;凭借蓝天，雄鹰展翅高飞;凭借着大地，大树直冲云天。大自然向我们演绎了一个变幻无穷，美妙多姿的世界。也向我们人类展示了一个自然规律：万物之美丽，都要借助他物的支持或衬托，万物之精华，无不是自己当他物精美绝伦的产物。

“江山代有才出，各领风骚数百年”。纵观历史，古代的文人之所以能名留青史，无不是他们能善于借助他物来完善自己。儒家创始人孔子，可谓圣人，他都能做到不耻相师向自己的弟子学习，提出“三人行，必有我师，择其善者而从之，其不善者改之。”来激励后世要善于学习。荀子也曾说：“假舆马者，非利足也，而至千里;借舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。”这就是要告诫我们应学会巧借外物。唐太宗高吟：“以铜为镜，可以正衣冠：以人为镜，可以明得失;以史为鉴，可以见兴替。”正因为他正确思想才得以出现“贞观之治”的盛世局面……正当世人用赞誉和信仰的光环，将他们环绕时，依然光亮的是古人们善于借鉴和学习的品质，在熠熠闪光。

对于自然对于人生借鉴思想犹为重要，对于一个国家又何尝不是呢?回顾历史，清朝因闭关锁国，与世隔着，拒人之精华于千里之外，看不到世界格局的变化，没有及时外借先进科学而遭受“八国联军侵华，中国人民饱受蹂躏”惨况。而自新中国成立以来，邓小平实行改革开放，引进外资，学习外国的先进科学技术和管理技能。极大的推动了中国经济的发展，人们的生活富裕起来，永远的告别了那个耻辱的时代，中国人民凭着自己的勤劳智慧，借助历史发展客观条件，建设具有中国特色的社会主义，祖国经济腾飞，人民安居乐业。

我们提倡借鉴，但是，借鉴也不是无原则的全盘肯定，应取其精华，弃其糟粕，变它山之石为我所用。对于那些有损民族、国家和集体利益的东西，还需要勇敢地站出来，与之作坚决的斗争，全部销毁!

人生于社会，在这样的社会里，没有谁是孤岛，只有懂得“借”，才能找到生路，发挥自己的主观因素，充分利用客观条件，只有这样的人才能取得成功。

于是，我不禁感叹道：人生应该“借”，善于“借”，懂得“借”。

【点评】《劝“借”》一文最大的特色是辨证、严密、说理性强。引论：援引寓言，旗帜鲜明提出中心论点“只有巧借外物，方能助己成功!”本论：先论述了“借”对于自然、对于人生、对于国家的重要作用，后论述了我们怎样“借”才能成功，最后强调了“借”是有原则的。

小学生入门写作主要有两大困难：一是“写什么”?（选取写作材料），二是“怎么写”?（写作方法与技巧）。作为入门应先解决第一个问题，然后才能讲究写作技巧，因为前者是基础，好比河水之源，如果没有源头，哪来涓涓细流乃至滔滔长河？三年级是小学生作文的“入门”阶段。由于刚刚开始学习写作文，往往出现这种情况：学生的组词、造句还讲得过去，但作文中的取材仅限于转抄和编造。这样发展下去是不妥的。其一，学不会观察生活、表现生活；其二，一旦养成习惯，会使思维懒惰，思路狭窄，材源枯竭，影响其思维品质、智力、心理等方面的健康发展。那么，如何引导学生写作入门解决材源问题呢？我们提出如下几点看法：

一、要引导学生写生活中的真人、真事、真情和真景。生活中的作文材料很多，但生活中的人、事、情和景，初写作文的学生往往缺少“抓”和“写”的意识，需要老师或家长的点拨、揭示加指导。如我校去年元旦前夕要召开文艺晚会，布置同学们自带小红花，可老师没教过花的做法，有一位家长教会了他的女儿做红花，当这位小学生带着红花上学时，同学们求她帮助，她帮同学们做红花。事后，有的同学表示送她小“礼物”.虽然她喜欢小“礼物”,但是没要。老师知道这件事后，就指导她把这件事写成作文《我帮同学做红花》。由于写的是自己亲身经历的事，她写成的作文，内容充实，还挺有思想的。

二、给孩子创造积累写作材料的条件。平时，学生只能天天重复着“家中——路上——学校——路上——家中”的过程，生活的范围有限，所以学校和家长应利用周末和节假日，领孩子去公园、野外等见世面，领略和感受积极的、丰富多采的社会和自然生活。但要有益于教育孩子，其中一项便是为写作文积累材料。例如，在今年暑假中，某家长带他的女儿去野外捉蝈蝈，临行前布置了写作要求，让她注意观察和记忆。回来后，她写了作文《捉蝈蝈》，较生动地写下了捉蝈蝈的过程和动作，很有情趣。

三、给学生讲些直接感受不到的作文材料。受生活的地点、环境等条件所限，有许多素材是学生直接看不到、得不到的，却是可写的。这类材料需老师及家长的讲述，指导课外阅读等进行积累。有一位学生家长在去某沿海城市出差回来时，给他的孩子带回来许多“礼物”,如：各种贝壳、小（海）石头、小纪念品等。女儿最喜欢那串珍珠项链，她认为很贵。其实仅几元钱，使她很惊奇。这位家长抓住时机，向她讲了珍珠的人工养殖以及我国海上育珠事业的过去和现在，鼓励她以此为材写成作文《爸爸送我的礼物》，既训练了写作，又进行了爱祖国、爱科学的教育。

四、要让学生学会剪辑原有的写作材料。固然生活中的真人、真事、真情和真景是小学生入门写作的主要材料，但不要因此束缚他们的自我发挥和想象，而是要让学生们学会将已有的材料进行合理的剪辑、必要的取舍。有一位学生游过秀水公园后，在写《我爱秀水公园的美丽风光》草稿中提到“在草丛中捡到一只死去的蜻蜓”,这是真实的，但对文中的“美丽风光”起了削弱作用。老师对此进行了指导，经过修改，学生的作文是：“我走上拱桥向东望去，湖面上是一片荷花和荷叶，交映相辉。叶面上的水珠儿在阳光照射下，如珍珠般闪闪发光。忽然一只红蜻蜓飞来，落在一支卷着的荷叶上，我想起了古诗‘小荷才露尖尖角，早有蜻蜓立上头’……”这一小小的剪辑，使作文增加了艺术性。总之，老师及家长应相互配合，共同创造条件，指导学生通过多种途径观察生活，获取并积累写作素材，让学生在入门写作时，感到“材”有源头滚滚来。

只有灵活、恰当地掌握创新构思的方法，才能写出有新意的考场佳作来。一般说来，话题作文的创新构思，可有下列切入角 度。

一、从话题的另一意义的角度切入

许多中考话题都具有多义性，若只盯住其本义或其常用义，则构思很难出新，写出的作文虽不跑题但也显得一般化，若撇开其本义或常见义，转而从其引申义或 其比喻义的角度切入，构思定能出新。如黑龙江省2001年的中考话题是"水"，若从自然界之"水"这个意思层面上去理解，把"水"当成名词，则构思很难出 新;若把"水"理解成形容词，如"这个人很水"，在这个层面上理解"水"的意思，则其拟题、行文都会很有新意。

二、从缩小话题内涵的角度切入

有许多中考话题的意思非常宽泛，若给话题加上一些限制语或修饰语，便缩小了话题的内涵，有利于考场作文出新出奇。如海南省中考话题是"第一次"，便应 缩小其内涵，才有利于构思选材，考场作文才能出新出奇。这里要强调的是：添加的限制语或修饰语，必须避开众生皆谈、人云亦云的误区，要从自己的材料库中那 许多不为人知的人、事、景、物着手。这样，新颖、独特的作文内容就会流于笔底，并能紧紧地抓住阅卷老师的眼和心。

三、从话题的逆向思维角度切入

围绕考试话题，自我多方设问，多方求答，用以开启思维，立意选材，这是众多考生的一般作法。然而，绝大多数考生只知沿着话题正向发问，而很少有逆向发问的。

四、从话题的另一时空的角度切入

围绕考试话题，写自己经历的事，写自己身边的事，从家庭时空、从社会时空、从学校时空范围去立意选材，这本无不可。但这都是从话题的"现实时空"去构 思的。若能启动联想、想象或幻想，从话题的"过去时空"或"未来时空"角度去构思，只要联想、想象或幻想的人、事、景、物合乎情理，不管写的是话题的"过 去时空"或"未来时空"，只要能含蓄、曲折地反映话题的"现实时空"，便能写出颇具新意的考场作文来。

屈原是战国时期楚国很有学问的人了，他协助楚王，把自己的国家日益壮大。可是大功臣屈原好景不长，昏庸无能的楚王听信了奸臣的谣言，把屈原流放了。在流放期间，屈原听说不务朝政的楚王，连大部分领土被敌人占领了也没有去管，就连他们的国都要被占领了，他还是无动于衷，害得百姓遭殃，战争把百姓弄得民不聊生，屈原悲痛之极。五月初五那天，屈原来到汨罗江边，抱紧一块沉甸甸的大石头，纵身跳入了汨罗江里。百姓们听到这个消息后悲痛万分，含着泪水，划着竹舟在江上四处打捞屈原的尸体，有些人把包好的粽子投到江中，希望鱼儿不要把屈原的尸体吃掉。为什么五月初五要吃粽子，就是这样来的。

Qu Yuan is the Chu state during the Warring States period is a learned man, he helped his country, his growing. But the hero Qu Yuan, good times dont last long, incompetent King listen to these rumors, sent Qu Yuan into exile. In exile, Qu Yuan heard that no state of Chu, and even most of the territory was occupied by the enemy also did not go to the tube, even their country to be captured, he was completely indifferent, and the people suffer for it, the people get The people are destitute., Qu Yuan very sad. On the fifth day of May, Qu Yuan came to the Miluo River, holding a heavy stone, jumped into the Miluo river. The people heard the news after the grief, tears, rowing boat in the river salvage bamboo around the body of Qu Yuan, some people put the package dumplings into the river, the fish dont want Qu Yuans body. Why May festival to eat dumplings, is the way to the.

再来跟你们讲一讲赛龙舟的来历吧，话说屈原投汨罗江后，人们纷纷下江划着竹舟去打捞屈原的尸体。同时，这也可以来驱散鱼群，不要众多的鱼来吃屈原的尸体。

Come back to tell you about the origin of the dragon boat race, said after Qu Yuan Miluo River, people Xiajiang paddled bamboo boat to salvage the corpse of Qu Yuan. At the same time, it also can dispel fish, not many fish to eat Qus body.

现在我们小孩子都挂香囊，是因为香囊里由朱砂、雄黄和香药组成，再用丝巾把朱砂、雄黄和香药给包起来，最后用五色线把丝巾缝好。香囊不但可以来驱邪，而且制作花形多种多样，形形色色，芳香四溢。

Now we kids hanging sachet, sachet by because of cinnabar and realgar and medicine composition, and scarves to cinnabar and realgar and sweet medicine to wrap the colored lines silk scarves sewn. Sachet can not only to evil, and make various kinds of flowers, fragrant.

1、教养指一般文化和品德的修养。这里教养应指一个人的良好道德或文化品质。芬芳即香气，这里是一种形象化的表述，“教养的芬芳”应当是要表现一种良好的道德或文化品质及其对人的影响。比如题中所说的拥有爱心，尊重他人，温文尔雅，心胸宽阔，正派真诚等良好品质，这里一个关键是要写出影响，写出一种美好品质对周围人的正面引导、激励作用，联系现在的社会现实，这个作文题确实很好，体现了引导学生关注社会，关注人的精神世界的命题思路。

2、这个题目虽然说文体不限，但文体的指向性却非常明显，即记叙文或记叙性散文，这样的文章容易写而且容易写得出彩。如写议论文很难做到观点新颖，容易落入俗套，从而被打入一般的平庸之作的行列，难以得高分。

一、LETTER(书信)

书信通常由信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、谦称和签名六个部分构成。

1.从信纸中偏右处向右写发信人的地址和写信日期。由小到大，分数行书写，同一行的两部分之间用逗号隔开。顺序为：门牌号→楼号→街名→城镇名→省名→邮政编码→国名(在寄往国外时)。美国人常采用左边开头式;英国人常采取每行逐渐向右缩进式。注意要把地址写在上面，日期写在下面，每个词的首字母要大写。日期的写法与日记中日期写法相同。

2.从信纸的左上方比信头(发信人的地址和写信日期)低1—2行处顶格写收信人姓名、地址，常采用齐头式，姓名在上，地址在下，写法同发信人地址。若是私人信函，这一部分可省略不写。

3.称呼要从信纸左边顶格写起，其位置低于信头和信内地址。对不熟悉的女性用Dear Madam，Dear Ladies，作称呼语;对不熟悉的男性用Dear Sir，Dear Sirs，作称呼语;对所熟悉的人用Dear Tom，Dear Mary，即：在Dear后直写其名作称呼语;对有地位头衔的人用“Dear+ 头衔+姓”作为称呼语，如：Dear Editor Kang，Dear Doctor Li，Dear Professor Zhao，对一般人用Dear Mr Lin，Dear Ms Li，Dear Miss Liu。即：在Dear后加尊称加姓氏作为称呼语。美国人在称呼语后用冒号，英国人用逗号。

4.正文是信的主体。一般在称呼下一行顶格写起，从第二段起，在起首处空4—6个字母的距离。书信可根据表达的需要，灵活选用时态。起首语常用：(1)Your letter came to me this afternoon.(2)Im very glad to receive your letter.(3)Your letter reached me yest erday.(4)I have the pleasure to tell you that…(5)Im glad to tell you that…(6) I was shocked to learn that…(7)Thank you for writing to me.(8)Thanks for your lett er .It was lovely to hear from you.结束语常用：(1)Please remember me to…(2)With be st wishes to your family.(3)I wish to inform you that…(4)Please write soon.(5)I m ust stop writing now，as I have rather a lot of work to do.(6)Wish you the best of s uccess.(7)Wish you the best of health.(8)Give my best wishes to …

5.结尾的谦称是在正文下面，信纸中间偏右所写的客套语。第一个字母要大写，末尾用逗号。北美洲的国家常把yours放在后边，欧洲国家常把yours放在前边。写给上级、长者、位尊者常用：Yours respectfully，Respectfully yours，Yours，Very respectfully，Yours sincerely，Sincerely yours;写给不认识的人时常用：Yours truly，Yours faithfully;写给朋友时常用：Yours lovely;Yours，Yours ever;写给亲属和挚友时常用：Your loving daughter，Your loving son，Yours，Yours affectionately.

6.签名一般写在谦称下一行偏右，使尾字母与谦称尾字母对齐。

7.范文请参阅：NMET1995书面表达;JEFCⅡ-Unit 16;SEFC1A-Unit 1。

8.书信除按以上格式书写之外，现在英美人士常把书信的六个部分，按照顺序一律从信纸左边顶格写完六个部分，且用的人越来越多。

二、DIARY(日记)

日记是用来记述一天生活中发生的重要事情及感受的文体。

1.在纸的左上角顶格写星期和日期。星期在左，常用Sunday，Monday，Tuesday，Wednesday，T hursday，Friday，Saturday。日期在右，美国人习惯上先写月，再写日，最后写年。如：October 20，1998。英国人习惯上先写日，再写月，最后写年;如：20 June 1998。

2.在纸的右上角写天气。表示天气情况时常用Bright，Clear，Sunny，Fine(晴);Cloudy(多云);Rainy(雨);Overcast(阴);Foggy(雾);Windy(风);Hot(热);Haily(冰雹);Sh ower(阵雨);Warm(暖和);Thundering(雷雨);Snowy(雪);Fog(雾)。

3.日记的小标题写在第二行，也可省略。

4.正文第一段常顶格书写，也可不顶格写。日记记述的是当天或前一天发生过的事情，所以，日记常用一般过去时写。

5.若要表达自己的感受、想法，针对某件事发表议论，进行说理，或者为了抒情、描景写人生动，则用一般现在时。

6.范文请参阅：JEFCⅡ-Unit 27;SEFC1A-Unit 14;SEFC1A《同步听力》p.49;NMET1992和N MET1998书面表达;JEFCⅢ-Unit 23。

三、CARDS OF CONGRATULATION(贺卡)

贺卡是逢年过节，向亲朋好友表示祝贺的最方便的方式。贺卡可分为圣诞卡、贺年卡、教师节贺卡及纪念日卡等等，写法格式通常有两种。一种由称呼、贺词、祝贺人签名三部分构成 ，另一种用短信代替卡片。

1.称呼是指祝贺人对受贺人的称呼，一般从卡片的左上方写起。常用：To dear+受贺人称谓，To+受贺人称谓，也可以省略前边的to，称呼后用逗号。如：To dear teacher，Mr and Mrs Mike

2.贺词是向受贺人表达良好祝愿的话。一般写在称呼下一行，句首可与称呼语齐头，也可以向右空出4—6个字母。写贺年片时常用：(1)May the New Year be a happy one for you all!(2)Best wishes to the four of you for a prosperous and Happy New Year!(3)Happy New Year to you!(4)A Happy New Year!(5)Wish to see more of you next year!(6)Best wishes for a bright New Year!(7)Youll have a very Happy New Year!(8)Let me wish you and your family a Happy and Healthy New Year!(9)I do hope this finds you well with a Happy New Year ahead!(10)I wish you the Happiest Possible New Year!写教师节贺卡时常用：(1)Happy Teachers Day!(2)Good Luck!(3)Best wishes!(4)We hope youll have a very happy year in our class.(5)Thank you for teaching us so well.(6)With our best wishes for TeachersDay.(7)Hope you are having a very Pleasant Day.(8)Hope it will bring you Good Health and Happiness.(9)I am thinking of you often.(10)All my family joins me in wishing you health and happiness.写圣诞卡时常用：(1)A Merry Christmas!(2)I wish you a Merry Christmas!(3)Hope you have a very Good Christmas!( 4)May this Christmas be your Merriest!(5)We send our love to all of you and the hope that youll have a Merry Christmas!(6)Hope youll have a very merry Christmas!( 7) Merry Christmas!(8)A merry Christmas to you.(9)A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!(10)Best wishes to you for a Prosperous and Merry Christmas!写生日贺卡时常用：(1)Happy birthday to you!(2)Happy birthday!(3)With Best Wishes for a Happy Brithday!

3.祝贺人签名一般写在贺卡的右下方，把from常常加在姓名前，也可以省略from。如：From your student Liu Zhong，From Mr and Mrs White，Your loving son Lei，Your students，

4.贺卡也可以用短信形式书写，在逢年过节或者特别纪念日，把贺词连同你的近况等写成短信，寄给亲朋好友。

范文请参阅：JEFCⅠ-99;JEFCⅢ-Unit 1;JEFCⅢp.97。

四、NOTICE(通知)

通知又称通告或布告，是上级对下级、组织对成员部署工作、传达事情、召开会议所使用的一种文体。

1.通知的第一行正中写发出通知的单位名称，发出通知的单位名称还可以写在正文下方的右侧，也可以把单位省略不写。

2.把NOTICE写在正文上方正中的位置。

3.正文是通知的内容，是通知的主体。要简明扼要地把通知的对象、事由、时间、地点及内容写清楚，语言应简洁明了，条理清晰，要求明确，常用一般现在时和一般将来时写。

4.在正文下方的左侧写出通知的日期，日期也可省略不写。

5.广播通知和口头通知，在开头要用称呼语，常用的称呼语有：(1)Boys and Girls，(2)De ar friends，(3)Ladies，(4)Dear ladies，(5)Gentlmen，(6)Ladies and gentlmen，(7)Comrades，常把称呼语从左侧顶格书写，在后面用逗号或冒号。

6.常用的正文开头用语有：(1)May I have your attention，please?(2)Attention，please !I have something to tell you.(3)Attention，please!I have an announcement to make.(4)Attention，please!I have good news for you all.(5)Attention please，everyone!

7.常用的正文结尾用语有：(1)Thats all!Thank you!(2)Please be there on time.(3)E ver yone is welcome.(4)Dont be late，will you?(5)Thank you for your attention.(6)Don t be late!(7)Dont forget，will you?(8)We must get there on time.(9)I hope all of you will have a good time.

8.在正文中常用的句式有：(1)It has been decided that well visit…(2)We have dec ided that well pay a visit to…(3)Well have a talk from…to…(4)Professor Liu will give us a talk on…(5)The football star will give us a lecture on…(6)You are r equired to come on time.(7)A lecture will be given by….(8)There will be a visit to …(9)A talk will be given by…(10)I’m sure well learn a lot of things from it. (11)It will be given in…(12)Youd better take your valuables with you.

9.范文请参阅：SEFC1A-Unit 6;NMET1989高考书面表达答案;NMET1994高考书面表达答案。

五、MESSAGE(留言条)

留言条是转达事情所使用的一种便条。

1.若拿起电话听筒，对方要找的人未在场时，你可以签写一张留言条。正中上方写TELEPHONE MESSAGE，在左边的“From”：后签对方的姓名，在右边的“To”：后签要找的人的姓名，在左边的 “Date”：后写接电话的日期，在右边的“Time”：后写接电话的时间。在“Message”：后写所要通知的事情，这部分是主体，写清人物、时间、地点和事由。在右下边的Signature：后签写留言条人的姓名。

2.留言条也可以把“FROM：”、“TO：”、“DATE：”、“MESSAGE：”按顺序从上到下顶格齐头排列，把“TIME：”写在“DATE：”的后边，省略“SIGNATURE：”。

3.在MESSAGE：后常写的句式有：(1)He wants to see you as soon as possible.(2)He w ould like to meet you…(3)Be sure to call…(4)She wants to meet…

4.若要找某人安排工作、通知会议等，当要找的人不在时，写一张内容简短的书信，右上边写日期，第二行从左边顶格写称呼，第三行从左边起写正文，在正文右下方签名。

5.范文请参阅：JEFCⅢ-Unit 10。

六、WRITTEN REQUEST FOR LEAVE(请假条)

请假条是日常生活和工作中，临时遇到一些事情或因生病等需要请假，给主管部门的负责人所写的简便字据。格式与书信格式大致相同，在纸的第一行右边写请假日期，在第二行左边顶格写称呼语，称呼语后用逗号。在第三行左边起首处空4—6个字母的距离，开始写正文。内容、事由、时间写清就行。在正文下偏右处写谦称，在谦称下写姓名。

1.写请假条时常用语有：(1)Im sorry I cant come to school because…(2)My grandm ot her is seriously ill. There is no one at home…(3)I have got a high fever and cough badly…(4)Im writing to ask for sick leave of one day.(5)I cant go to school be cause I have got a cold.(6)Please give an extension of leave for two days.(7)I have to go to Xian tomorrow because…(8)I have got things to do this afternoon.Im writing to ask for leave…(9)I want to ask for…leave.

2.若请病假，常在假条后附医生建议书。

七、POSTAL TELEGRAM(电报)

电报是与外地进行紧急通讯交流的有效手段，是准确传递信息的有效途径，是一种对文字力求精炼、准确与简明的文体。

1.正上方的空白栏由邮局营业员填写。如：报费、流水号码、记账号码、原来号码、发出时间、营业员、值机员、报类、字数、发出局名和日期时间。

2.电文第一行在左边顶格写称呼，常直呼其名，一般要大写，不要标点符号。

3.电文第二行和第三行写收报人的地址。

4.从第四行左边顶格写正文，正文全文都用大写字母，有时也可以把各词的第一个字母大写。一般只写实词，虚词常常省略。电文控制在10个字以内最为节约。

5.电文中常用动词不定式表示要求对方行动，用现在分词表示自己的行为。

6.常用电文有：(1)Send Money Soon〈速汇款〉(2)Arriving Home Safely(3)Best Wishes on Your Birthday〈谨贺生日愉快〉(4)Mother Illness Critical Return Soonest〈母病危速归〉(5)Unable Return Sunday Giving Date Later(6)Urgent Business Return Immediately(7)Send if Found Bag(8)Why Unmoney(9)Arriving 9∶00 Morning Can You Meet(10)Express Sorrow For Your Mothers Death〈惊闻令堂仙逝不胜悲痛〉

7.在正文右下方署名。

八、CERTIFICATE OF MERIT(奖状)

奖状是给获胜者及取得显著成绩的工作者所颁发的荣誉证明。

1.在奖状正中上方用大写字母写CERTIFICATE OF MERIT。

2.在奖状左上方顶格写To及获奖者姓名，姓名后用逗号。

3.在姓名下右边空4—6个字母处开始写获奖原由。

4.把发奖单位写在原由下左边，注意要顶格写，各单词首字母要大写。

5.把发奖日期写在发奖单位下边，注意要从左边顶格写起。

6.范文：

CERTIFICATE OF MERIT

To Zhao Xin，

In the English competition of this year，you have won remarkable success. For enc ouragement this certificate is hereby given.

Guanshan Middle School

November 10，1999

九、WELCOMING SPEECH(欢迎词)

欢迎词是在接待客人等正式场合中使用的一种文体。一般由称呼语、正文和结束语构成。正文中对客人的来访表示欢迎，简介客人情况并向客人作自我介绍，概括叙述所要从事的活动。主题要写明确，感情真挚;条理要清;语言力求通俗、简洁、准确。

1.称呼语写在第一行左边，顶格书写。客人是人时常用：(1)Dear Miss…(2)Dear Mr…(3) Dea r Mrs…(4)Dear sir，(5)Dear Madame，(6)Dear…客人是多人时常用：(1)Dear comrades，( 2)Dear friends，(3)Dear ladies，(4)Dear gentlemen，(5)Ladies and gentlemen，(6)Boys and girls，(7)Dear comrades and friends，

2.写正文时常用句式有：(1)We thank you for your accepting our invitation to come here.(2)You are warmly welcome to our…(3)First of all，Ill introduce our…to you. (4)Now our friend is going to give us a talk on…(5)We hope you will have a nice time during your stay here.(6)I hope you will enjoy yourself.(7)Id like to express our thanks for your coming…(8)Now let me invite our friends to speak to us.(9) We feel very much honoured to have a chance to get together with…(10)First of all ， on behalf of all present here，allow me to give our warm welcome to our distingui shed guest.

3.结束语写在正文下，从左边空4—6个字母的距离处写起。常用语有：“Thank you!”“Le ts welcome…to speak to us.”;“I wish you have a good time.”;“Let us invite …to speak to us.”

十、FOUND(招领启事)

招领启事是一种公告性的应用文。由日期、启事正文、拾物人姓名构成。

1.在纸正上方中间写FOUND。

2.在右上方写日期。

3.在左边空4—6个字母的距离处起首写正文。常用句式有：(1)A wallet was left in the … (2)Will the owner pleasering…(3)I happened to find…(4)Loser is expect to come to…(5)I found…on…

4.拾物人姓名署在右下角。

5.范文请参阅：SEFC1B-Unit 18。

十一、LOST(寻物启事)

寻物启事一般由标题、正文、结束语及署名构成，是一种公告性的文体。

1.在纸的正中上方写标题LOST。

2.正文从左边写起，写清丢失物名、丢失时间、丢失地点，描述物品特征及联系方式。写正文时常用的句式有：(1)A bag with a wallet， left in…(2)I lost…(3)Will the finder please come to…(4)On…，I lost…with…(5)At…I left my…in…

3.在正文右下方用感谢语作结束语。

4.寻物人姓名署在左下角。

5.范文请参阅：SEFC1B-Unit 18。

十二、BILL(单据)

单据包括借条、收条和领条。是日常生活中向别人因手续上的需要而写的简短凭证。单据应写明事情和与事情相关的原因、人称、地点、时间和数量。

1.在单据左上方写日期。

2.在单据右顶格写“To+所借物主姓名”，另起一格写“I owe you+物品名称only”，常用 “I.O.U”代替“I owe you.”。

3.在左下角写借物人姓名。

4.领条和收条常在日期下一格右边空4—6个字母的距离处起首写Received from+姓名…。在右下方写收件人姓名及单位，在单位前常加For。

5.范文：

(1)借条

November 20，1999

To Zhang Ping

I.O.U.one hundred yuan(￥100)only.

Chang Ming

(2)收条

November 10，1999

Received from Li Hua 500 yuan for tuition.

Qiao Hongsheng

十三、INTRODUCTION OF CHARACTERS(人物介绍)

人物介绍是把某人的性格特征、工作业绩及爱憎感情通过报刊杂志进行宣传的文件。

1.把标题写在纸上方正中位置。

2.介绍人物的生平和事迹按照事情发生的先后顺序描写。一般按出生、童年、事业与兴趣、成绩等安排材料。

3.介绍人物时的常用句式有：(1)Charle Chaplin is considered one of the greatest and funniest actors in the history of the cinema.(2)He was born in London in 1889.(3)At the age of eight， he joined a group of child dancers.(4)As early as his second film， Chaplin had developed his own manner of acting， the one that was to become world?famous.(5)Mart in Luther King，Jr.， who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964，was an important political leader in the USA.(6)He had fair hair and blue eyes.(7)Joe Hill was a tall，thin，good?looking man.(8)She was a young woman who was studying art.(9)He became famous for his new theory.(10)We regard Ding Ding as our model.(11)People spoke highly of her and all respeced her.(12)She is fond of art. (13)He was interested in the theory.(14)One of the pioneers of farming was Jia Sixie.(15)When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas.

4.范文请参阅：JEFCⅢ-Unit 11;SEFC1A-Unit 13;SEFC1B-Unit 24;SEFC2A-Unit 5;SEFC2B -Unit 13;SEFC2B-Unit 19。

十四、INSTRUCTION(须知)或(说明)

须知是日常生活中，安排工作时要求工作人员应明确的事项及应注意的问题所应用的一种文体。

1.把标题一般写在纸的上方正中，每个字母均要大写，也可以把标题从上方左边顶格书写，字母大字。

2.正文常用数词标明，逐条写明应明确的事项和应注意的问题，条理要清楚，内容要准确，解释要科学、客观。

3.正文还可以从左边顶格起首分层次叙述。

4.正文常用句式是祈使句和简单句。

5.范文请参阅：JEFCⅢ-Unit 18;SEFC1B-Unit 16。

十五、RÉSUMÉ(履历表)

履历表是个人对自己的姓名、身份、学历和经历等情况作自我介绍时所填写的表格。

1.表格上方正中写有RÉSUMÉ。

2.表中项目从左边顶格依次向下排列。在“Name in Full：”后填姓名，在“Date of Birt h：”后填出生年月日，在“Place of Birth：”后填出生地点，在“Education：”后填学历，分时段填明，在“Permanent Address：”后填永久通讯地址，在“Health：”后填健康状况，在“Sex：”后填性别，在“Marital Status：”后填婚姻状况，在“Honours and Awards： ”后填受奖情况，在“Working Experience：”后填工作简历。

3.填写原则是客观、准确。

4.范文请参阅NMET1996书面表达答案。

十六、FAREWELL SPEECH(欢送词)

欢送词是欢送客人时的致辞。一般由称呼语、正文和结束语构成。

1.称呼语从纸上方第一行左边顶格起首。若欢送的是一个人，常用“Dear Mr…，”;“Dear Miss…，”;“Dear Doctor…，”;“Dear Mrs…”等等。若欢送的人多，常用“Dear friends，”;“Dear ladies and gentlemen，”;“Dear comrades and friends，”;“Dear boys and girls”等等。

2.正文在称呼语下，从左边空出4—6个字母的距离处起首。常用句式有(1)Today we gather here to have a send?off meeting.(2)Dr.Ge is going to leave his post and return to Xian.(3)He is loved and respected by us all.(4)We thank him very much for his wo nderful work.(5)We hope youll have a nice time.(6)Miss Di will leave for Beijing.(7)We wish her a pleasant journey and good health.(8)May the friendship between our two cities last for ever.(9)Well take this chance to ask Mr White to convey our friendship to the British people.(10)We are happily gathered here to give Professor Kang a warm send?off.(11)To our great joy， we are gathered here to give Mr Smith a warm seeing?off.(12)We will give a warm send?off to Miss Li going to visit Xian.(13)Dr Zhang is going to leave for home today.(14)Professor Lius visit to Xian is short but very successful.(15)In saying good?bye to him，we sincerely hope that hell have a good health.

3.结束语常另起一行，在正文下用“Thank you!”等表示谢意。

十七、POSTER(海报)

海报是向公众作广告宣传的文体。内容包括节目表、影讯、报告会、联欢会、球讯等。

1.节目表常在正上方用大写名称，在左边写Items， Items下方逐一列出节目名称，右边写P erformed by，并在下方逐一列出表演者。

2.节目表常用语有：(1)Solo：(独唱)(2)Chorus：(合唱)(3)Folk song：(民歌)(4)Comic dialogue：(相声)(5)Skit：(短剧)(6)Folk dance：(民间舞蹈)(7)Ballet：(芭蕾)(8)Peacock Dance：(孔雀舞)。

3.影讯常在正上方中间写Film Show;从左边写Name of the film：冒号右边写上上映的片名，如：Laugh Laugh Laugh;在左边另起一行写“Time”：冒号右边写映出时间，如：October 10，10∶00 PM;从左边另起一格写“Place：”冒号右边写上映地点，如：Peoples Cinema.在“Face：”后写票价;在“Ticket Office：”后写售票地点。

4.球讯常在正上方中间写“Basketball Match”;“Football Match”;“Friendly Basket ball Match”等，有时在上边写有“POSTER”。在第二行中间写比赛队名称，如：ClassⅡ vs .ClassⅢ(注：vs.=versus对);在第三行左边顶格写“Time：”，在后写比赛时间，如：6∶00 PM.Monday;在第四行左边写“Place：”在后写比赛地点。球讯也可以在醒目的标题下 ，用简炼文字叙述清比赛队名、时间、地点等，在右下方写明举办单位，在左下方顶格写出海报的日期。

5.报告会常在海报正上方中间写“Talk”，从第二行左边顶格起首写“Speaker：”在后边写报告人姓名;第三行顶格写“Subject：”在后边写报告的专题名称;第四行顶格写“Time ：”后边写清具体时间，第五行顶格写“Place：”后边写报告会地点。

6.联欢会、报告会、音乐会主持人常用语有：(1)The program is about to begin.(2)Att ention，please?(3)Ladies and gentlemen，may I have your attention，please?(4)Have your seat，everyone.(5)We heartly welcome…to join in our party.(6)We are very much honoured to have many teachers as our guests.Among them are…(7)Now the concert begins.(8)Now the talk begins.Take your seat，everyone.(9)No more talking，please.

十八、INVITATIONS(请柬)

请柬是正式社交场合采用的简短邀请信函。

1.第一行正中是邀请人的姓名;第二行常写request the pleasure of(恭请…光临);第三行写被邀请人姓名;第四行写活动内容;第五行写日期;第六行写时间;第七行写地点，第八行在左边顶格写R.S.V.P(请赐回音;请答复)在右下边可以写上电话号码。

2.请柬还可以用文字叙述清楚内容。复函时常在上方正中写“Accepting the above Invit ation”，在第二行右边写复函日期;在第三行左边顶格起首写称呼语，从第四行起写正文，格式与书信相同，右下角为谦称。

十九、PLACE OF INTRODUCTION(地点介绍)

地点介绍是对某一地方的自然环境、现在、过去及未来的情况进行描述，向大众展示该地区风貌的文体。

1.写地点介绍时，把标题写在正上方。

2.描写常按照空间位置，由近及远依次描写，也可以先总体描述后局部描述，描写时要抓住中心点和特色。叙述不同时间发生的事情要用不同的时态，用好被动语态和there be 句型。

3.地点介绍常用的句式有(1)Its to the north of England.(2)Its in the east of Shaanxi.(3)Its on the west of Shaanxi.(4)It lies south of France.(5)The city is separated by the river.(6)It is made up of four buildings.(7)It is famous for its beautiful countryside.(8)The city lies on the river.(9)It is divided into two parts.(10)The weather here is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer.(11)They lived mainly on potatoes.(12)The library was set up in 1997.(13)Our school has a library with books，newspapers and magazines.(14)The house used to be a temple.(15)Mountain Li is famous for its beauty.(16)It is a place where the famous men can spend their spare time.(17)In front of it is a garden.(18) In the middle of the city stands a bell tower.(19)It covers a n area 2578 square kilometers with a population of 1.26 million.(20)There are three famous parks in and around the city.

4.范文请参阅：SEFC1A-Unit 22，MET1990高考书面表达参考答案。

二十、SAFETY IN THE HOME(家庭安全公约)

家庭安全公约是家庭每个成员必须去做的成文规定。

1.在正中或从左边顶格写SAFETY IN THE HOME。

2.从第2行左边顶格起首向下依次写“POISONS：”、“FIRES：”、“ELECTRICITY：”、“GAS FIRES：”、“COOKING：”、“LADDERS：”、“WATER：”、“THINGS IN MOUTH： ”，在各栏目后用 祈使句写清务必要做到的事项。

3.范文请参阅：SEFC2A-Unit 8。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

写材料作文，对极多初三学生而言，估计最为棘手的一件事，便是面对一个作文题，你冲它瞪大眼，它冲你瞪小眼。瞪完之后，它很淡定，你来一句“这个作文题，出那么烂，没法写”。--于是，一个本应拿高分的作文题，就这么被浪费了。

你，甘心吗?难不成，数学题做得“刷刷刷”秒杀光速的你们，便合该面对一个作文题，死活想不到一个好素材?自然未必。

事实上，作为一个初三学生，经过三年的写作训练，手里所积累的作文素材，已经足够应付各类作文题了。为什么这么说呢?

各位必须明确两点，第一，每一作文题，扣题的立意方向和素材绝对不止一个。在一个作文题中，可写之材、可立之意，多如天上星辰，就看你能否睁大眼睛找到它。第二，一个素材，绝对不止一种写法，而可通过转换素材，让它百变出不同立意，适合不同作文题。

明确这两点后，我们大致也就知晓如何用你的神眼与巧手去藐视所有大考作文题了。如果你还不知道，请继续往下看文章。

为了让你别跟作文题大眼瞪小眼，你要做的第一件事，叫挖掘与拓宽作文题的立意点。既然某作文题可写之材、可立之意多如天上星辰，就让我们找到这些“星星”。任何一个作文题，审题时，都可尽量从情感、成长(品格)、历史文化三个角度立意。尚在看这篇文章的你，估计写第三种没戏，可着重从前两种去立意：

如“少年风采”，从情感角度立意，可写感恩父母、帮助朋友、关爱他人;从成长(品格)角度立意，正面的品格(坚持、拼搏、谦虚、团结等)都能成为立意方向。

聪慧如你，只要养成从“情感”和“成长(品格)”两个方向去拓展某作文题立意方向的思维习惯，会发现，原来，一个作文题，有那么多素材都能写。

拓宽立意点之后，你要做的第二件事，叫转换已有素材。一个作文素材，在通常情况下，其内涵肯定不止一个，这是由人做事的关联性决定的。--我们在做很多事的时候，都不是仅仅依靠自身力量独自完成的，其间会涉及到诸多人。在你做成这件事的过程中：别人会给予你各种物质上或精神上的帮助，于是这件事便有了情感内涵;而你自己也会以某种品格(或创新，或坚持，或拼搏，或团结等)推动自己完成它，于是这件事又有了成长内涵。--由此可见，任一素材，通过一定的转换，都可从情感和成长励志的角度挖掘立意点。

立意点挖掘完毕之后，先别急，素材转换的工作仍未完成。我们还需从不同角度去调整素材，让它与需要承载的立意相配。调整时，可重点从细节片段和议论抒情句两个角度进行。

所谓调整细节片段，即根据文章主题的不同，在一个素材中搜寻最能表现主题的细节片段，将其加以延长--综合运用各类描写来描摹此处的细节片段。而所谓调整议论抒情句，即根据文章主题和细节片段的不同，在叙事完毕之后，及时对其进行情感或道理的升华点评，以对文章主题进行升华。

如同样是“跑步”这一素材，从“坚持”这一品格的角度立意，可将细节放在“跑步受挫，坚持练习”上，重点刻画在操场上跑步的场景--对神态(脸色、眉头、嘴角等)，外貌(汗水、衣服等)、心理(心中呐喊、感觉等)、动作(手脚摆动、身体姿势等)各方面展开描摹;同理，若用在“情感类”主题，则可写通过亲人/朋友的帮助，让“我”坚持下去，重点刻画别人关爱自己的细节。议论抒情句的调整同理。

当你认真做好拓宽某作文题的所有立意方向及通过转换素材拓宽某素材所有立意点这两个工作后，你会发现，作文，也就那点事。

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

一、写提示议论文应考虑的几点

1、文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。

2、会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。

3、归纳总结，首尾呼应。

二、看图作文应考虑的几点

1、看懂图片，把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯的句子。

2、确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。

3、确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文)，接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。

4、根据图片或图表大意议论。

My hometown is located in western hubei province, is a good place for beautiful scenery. Today Ill give you introduce the scenic spots in my hometown.

First of all I want to introduce is "shennong xi". It is a beautiful river, the river clear, on both sides of the picturesque, like a beautiful little girl between the mountains.

My hometown has a mysterious "passive hole". It is located in the mountains between, very long and narrow hole, the hole of the water is warm in winter and cool in summer, strange stalactites cave there are a lot of image, and bats, for passive hole was always full of suspense adds a layer of mysterious color.

Finally, I give you introduce "autumn pavilion". The connections that it is very big, because KouZhun young was once 3 years in our badong county magistrate, KouZhun county government is located in the autumn wind pavilion. The autumn wind pavilion modelling beautiful generous, majestic, when people see it will think of great feats of KouZhun was set in padang.

Friends! Our hometown is beautiful? You are welcome to our home a guest!

我的家乡位于湖北省西部，是一个风景秀丽的好地方。今天我就给大家介绍一下我家乡的风景名胜。

首先我要介绍的是“神农溪”。它是一条美丽的河流，河水清澈，两岸风景如画，犹如一个美丽的少女生在大山之间。

我的家乡还有神秘的“无源洞”。它位于大山之间，洞非常狭长，洞里的水冬暖夏凉，洞中有很多形象怪异石钟乳，还有蝙蝠，给本来就充满悬念的无源洞添上一层神秘的色彩。

最后我给大家介绍一下“秋风亭”。它的来头就很大了，因为寇准年轻的时候曾经在我们巴东县当过3年的县令，寇准的县衙就设在了秋风亭。秋风亭造型美观大方，气势磅礴，每当人们看到它就会想起寇准当年在巴东立下的丰功伟绩。

朋友们!我们家乡是不是很美?欢迎大家来我们家乡做客!

导语：写作一直是语文中重要的一项，是对学生综合能力，语言应用的考察，也在考试分数中占有较大比例，但是如何才能写好作文，在考试中取得高分，对同学们来讲却一直是个难题。下面我们一起来看看如何提高作文写作能力。

专家指出老师们应该教学思路灵活，关注学生个体发展，注重学生语文能力的培养，注重从根本上改变学生对语文的认识：

分数固然非常重要，但同时应当也是能力的提高，靠一次、两次的押题或许一时能取得一个好成绩，但学习成绩的决定因素：学习习惯、思维习惯的培养及形成是需要一定的时间。一个老师辅导一个学生，老师根据学生的情况进行教学，或补差，或提优，进行个性化教学，实现真正意义上的因材施教。为此，老师教你用独特的方法学好初高中语文。

学生作文时最头疼的问题是无话可说。为了解决这一难题，专家告诉大家不妨用刘勰的话说“流连万象之际，沉吟视听之间”启发他们：要想写好作文，必须谈如何生活，体察入微。生活，是写作的“源头活水”。叶圣陶先生曾说过，“作文这件事离不开生活……必须寻到源头才有清的水喝”，可见观察是中学生认识生活的重要途径。因此，专家指出老师们应该帮助学生明确观察的重要性，结合课本中的名篇交给他们观察生活，表现生活的方法。“授之以鱼”，不如“授之以渔”。例如学了《我的老师》后，可以引导学生观察自己所尊敬的老师，让他们明白老师的高风亮节，除了表现在批改作业到深夜，或带病上课，累倒在讲台上等外，还有许多值得挖掘的素材。以前，同样的材料上代人用来赞颂老师，下一代“涛声依旧”。似乎老师永远是身穿中山装，口袋里插一支钢笔，不苟言笑;老的，少的，农村的，城市的，一个样。通过观察，让其明白不同时代，不同环境，不同科目的老师穿着打扮、兴趣爱好、精神面貌、教学方式等都有差异。当今教师不但追求内在美，还注重外在美;他们不仅仅追求脚踏实地，还注重巧干。课上，他们“激扬文字”“指点江山”，评估论今，妙语连珠;课外，他们驰骋球场，泼洒丹青，舞文弄墨，雅趣如流。罗丹曾说，世界上不是缺少美，而是缺少发现美的眼睛。实践证明，丰富的写作素材，都是靠仔细观察周围事物的来的。

要关注生活，博采众长。古人云：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会写诗也会吟。”可见广泛阅读的重要性。老师应当有计划地引导学生进行课外阅读。例如，在教学中，鼓励学生每天写日记，可写身边的人或事，也可摘录一些名言警句、优美的段落，或介绍一部生动的有趣的影视剧作;规定每月读一本优秀期刊;每个假期读两本名著，如学了《美猴王》《鲁提辖拳打镇关西》后，建议学生读吴承恩的《西游记》和施耐庵的《水浒传》，让他们领略作者刻画人物的手法，反映社会生活的方法。

我们只有“行万里路”——广泛深入生活，只有“读完卷书”——博采众长，才能文思泉涌，“下笔如有神”。

一、注意审题

小作文的审题(即审读材料)很重要，决定着文章的成败。因为一个小作文的材料中，往往隐含了若干个写作要求，如不细心审读，抓不到这些隐含的要求，就很容易出现错误。例如：

一个孩子乘母亲不在，将家里的小闹钟拆了，母亲见后……

要求;根据上面的材料，展开想象，如果你是母亲，如何处置这个事情。请写出一个200字左右的处置过程。

这个小作文便隐含四个要求：(1)〝母亲见后〞，时间上必须要从母亲看见闹钟被拆之后写起;(2)〝如果你是母亲〞，行文中写作者必须是小孩的 母亲，必须以小孩子母亲的身份出现，不能这样写：〝如果我是这位母亲，我会这样处置……〞;(3)〝200字左右〞，字数限定在200字左右;(4)〝处 置过程〞，内容只能写处置的过程，而不能写结果和其他。

二、注意语言的简洁

这一点体现在两方面。其一，小作文字数一般是100┄300字，受篇幅限制，语言要求简洁明了。其二，如果是写应用文，则语言也一定要简洁，因为语言简洁是应用文写作的最基本要求。

三、力求结构完整

小作文是片断性作文，而非篇章。虽如此，但不能一味忽略结构的完整性。一篇小作文如果能够做到结构完整，则效果会更好。例如：

在你的身边有许多可亲可爱的事物，请你任选其中一种，以《我眼里的___________》为题写一篇200字左右的短文。

有位学生在叙写完一只小猫的伶俐乖巧后，篇末一句〝我非常喜爱我家的小猫〞独句成段，这样，既抒发了情感，又收束了全文，使短文结构完整，比那些一味描写小猫的文章要好得多了。

要做到结构完整，可运用以下的结构方式：前后照应式、篇末点题式、总分总式(包括总分式和分总式)等。

四、注意表达方式的运用

受文体的制约，一篇文章总以某种表达方式为主，同时兼用其他表达方式为主。小作文也应注意这一点。如江西省2002年中考语文小作文题为二选 一，(1)通过某一情景或场面，描写你最喜欢的色彩。(2)就你最喜欢的色彩，发表议论。无论选哪一题，或描写、或议论，总得以一种表达方式为主。但如果 能兼用其他表达方式，如兼用议论和抒情，表达自己对某种色彩的某中看法和喜爱之情，则能使短文大为增色。

Hello!My name is ZhouXichuan.I’m ten.i study in RongTai primary school.I’m in class One,Grade Five.Welcome to our classroom.This is my classroom.There is a big sign on the door,It says:Welcome to our classroom!There are forty-six desks and chairs in my classroom.This is my desk.My name is on it.This is my teacher’s desk.There are many interesting things.There is a fish bowl on the cabinet.His name is Goldy.Her name is Swimmy.There is a big blackboard on the front wall.My teacher writes our homework on it.There is a round clock near the door.It tells us what time it is.There are our pictures on the side wall.This is my picture.This is Lily’s.There is a reading couch in the corner.This is my favourite place,what is your favoueite palce?

写景，就是用语言文字把人们看到的、听到的和接触到的各种自然景物具体地、生动的描绘出来，以此来烘托环境气氛，突出文章的中心或衬托人物的心情，抒发作者的思想感情。对于来说，写景作文是接触得比较多的。

一、抓住景物的特征，全面细致地观察。

观察和感受景物还需要发动各种感觉器官。从不同感觉、有动有静地写景，让人读来身临其境。如：老舍先生笔下的大兴安岭的山势是“横着的，顺着的，高点儿的，矮点儿的，长点儿的，短点儿的……”绵延起伏，温柔可亲。他写林海，工于调色，在他的调色板上，绿色是那样变化无穷：宛如一位技艺精湛的丹青妙手，在他的“深的，浅的，明的，暗的，绿得难以形容。”特别是“在阳光下，大片青松的边沿闪动着白桦的银裙，不是像海边的浪花吗?”这一囊括比喻、拟人、反问三重修辞格的句式，简直给我们描绘出一幅立体、绚丽的画卷，使人感到一种说不出来的美。他写花更具特色，你看：“青松作衫，白桦为裙，还穿着绣花鞋。”恰当的比拟，敏锐的观察，绘声绘色的描绘，美不胜收，妙不可言，怎不令人折服?

二、把握写景顺序，写出层次。

我们描写景物时，可以由高到低，由远到近，由整体到局部，由物到人，由动到静等。总之，把握住写景的顺序，描写出的景物才能层次分明，清晰自然。描写景物的顺序通常有两种：第一是时间顺序，比如写一棵树，我们可以按春、夏、秋、冬的时间顺序，写出它在各个季节是什么样子的;还有一种是空间顺序，例如我们描写一座山峰，就可以写远处看它是什么样子，近处看它是什么样子，或者从上看是什么样子，从下看是什么样子等。

三、展开合理的想象。

在对景物进行仔细观察的基础上，张开想象的翅膀，根据所见所感展开合理的想象，再把景物状态、颜色、声音、气味描写出来，会给人留下深刻的印象。比如：“一只黄鹂站在树枝上欢快地唱歌。”就用拟人手法形象地写出了黄鹂的活泼可爱;再如：《桂林山水》中，作者在观察的基础上展开联想和想象，作者从桂林山的“奇”，想象出像老人、像巨象、像骆驼，奇峰罗列，形态万千，使景物内容更加丰富，充分表达了作者的思想感情;

四、注意情景交融。

写景的目的，不应为写景而写景，重要的是反映作者的思想感情。只有这样，才能为文章注入活力，才能写出生动形象的文章。