小升初英语作文写作指导【推荐20篇】

语言通顺的基本要求：主要是指写作语言的规范、准确、连贯和得体。

1、言规范。在写作中，要符合语言规范的要求要注意三个方面：一是用词要体会词义的轻重、词语适用范围的大小、词语的感情色彩，不能随自己心意生造词语;二是句子不能有成分残缺、搭配不当和误用关联词语等毛病;三是除了在记叙性文章中为了描写风土人情的需要可以适当使用方言、俚语外，一般不使用方言俚语。

2、语言准确

要符合语言准确的要求就要注意有些问题有些看法要表达得十分准确才行。“我认为”“大家都这样看”“一部分或者说是一小部分人的不良行为”“从全局看是好的”“这只是一个人或少部分人的看法”“不是有不少人这样去干吗?”“我愿意这样”等等，是全称还是特称，一定要搞清楚，千万不要以偏概全，以个别人的不良行为加到全体人员身上。有些说法还需要婉转。如：“发牢骚，是人们将内心积压的意见、见解、看法说出来，虽然有时态度或形式有些不太合适，但终究是一些真实的意见，当然里面不免有些偏激的成分，但是我们干部一定要认真地对待啊!”这段文字，考生掌握的分寸就比较好，“有些不太合适”，“里面不免有些偏激的成分”，两个“有些”马上界定了牢骚的特点，使人们更清楚地认识到了“牢骚”的弊端。这正是语言“准确”的集中体现。

This morning, when I get up, go to the balcony, pull open curtain, wow! It was misty outside! Across the floor has been blurred, only a window of pale blue light. I cant see the sky, cant see the sun, cant see the ground, also cant see the ground of car, feel like living in wonderland. If there is no mom and dad in, saw such a wonderland I would be a little scared.

More than 9 o clock in the morning, uncle (father) to take us to play for the palace. We wear cotton-padded jacket, wearing masks, wu. We went out of the village south gate, very few people on the road, my eyes hazy, eyes are hard to open soon. The distant field was white fog, roadside trees and across the pedestrian, approached the ability to see. Im so frightened, thanks to uncle speed fast.

Said on TV, the fog weather, there are a large number of bacteria in the air, people are likely to get sick after breathing, youd better not go out.

In the afternoon, I sleep wake up and see the fog outside little a lot, can see across the floor. I hope the fog dispersed quickly.

今天早上,我起床后走到阳台上,拉开窗帘,哇!外面一片雾蒙蒙!对面的楼已经模糊不清,只有一扇窗户透出浅蓝的灯光。我看不见天空,看不见太阳,看不见地面,也看不见地面的车,感觉就像住在仙境中一样。如果没有爸爸妈妈在,看见这样的仙境我就有点害怕。

上午9点多,大叔(老爸)带我们去文化宫打球。我们穿着棉袄,戴着口罩,捂得严严实实。我们从小区南门出去,路上人很少,我眼前一片朦胧,眼都快睁不开了。远处的田野是白茫茫的大雾,路旁的树和对面过来的行人,走近了才能看清。我很害怕,幸亏大叔车速不快。

电视上说,这种雾霾天气,空气中有大量的细菌,人呼吸后很容易生病,大家最好不要出门。

下午,我睡觉醒来,看见外面的雾小了很多,对面的楼能看清了。我希望这些雾赶紧散去。

医学论文是推进医学科学发展的重要方面，是医学科学研研和临床工作总结;是促进医学科研成果的交流和提高医疗技术水平的重要工具，小编收集了医学论文的写作指导，欢迎阅读。

一、科学性：

一篇医学论文的首要条件是必须具有科学性。所谓科学性、是指论文所介绍的方法、论点，是否可以使用科学方法来证实，多次实验具有实验结果的重复性。这就要求： ⑴ 进行科研设计时具有周密的考虑，排除一切对实验结果可能干扰的不利因素; ⑵ 设立必要的对照组，甚至双盲对照研究; ⑶ 对实验和观察的数据，要进行统计学处理; ⑷ 无论理论研究和实验研究，对其结果的分析要从实际资料出发，得出正确的结论，切忌空谈假设。

二、先进性：

医学论文的先进性，实际上指这篇论文是否达到一定的科学水准，一篇论文尽管具备了科学性，但不一定具备先进性，对医学论文的先进性，我们可以从两个方面来衡量，一是医学理论水平，如原理探讨，疗效机制等是否有新的突破;二是实践水平，如诊断水平及治疗水平高于一般的医疗技术。

三、实用性：

与临床诊断及治疗的紧密联系，具有可重复性。最终目的解决临床上的疑难病症、如：对癌症发病机制、及对癌症的诊断治疗具有相当的指导作用。

四、医学论文的类型：一般医学刊物中刊用的文章，大致可分为以下几种类型：述评、论著、病例报告、临床病例讨论、学术交流、综述、专题笔谈、经验介绍、讲座、简讯等。

五、医学论文的基础结构：

医学论文的具体撰写，一般可分为题目、序言、材料与方法、结果、讨论、参考文献等项。题目：医学论文的题目必须符合内容而简明扼要、突出重点，能够明确表达论文的性质和目的。题目一般都采用主要由名词组成的词组来表达，且标题不宜过长、一般少于 20 字。摘要：全文必须描述通过什么方法，得到什么结果，资料及数据来源，提出的结论。具体按四要素来书写中、英文摘要：目的方法( Methods )、结果( Results )、结论( Results )、中英文内容要一致。字数控制在 200 字左右。关键词或主题词 3 ～ 5 条。 英文摘要应包括文题、作者姓名(汉语拼音)、单位名称、所在城市名及邮政编码。作者应列出前3位， 3 位以上加 "et al" 。序言：过去研究的情况、方法、目的和所获得的主要成果或特点。文字不宜超过 100 ～ 200 字。 材料和方法：这是执行科研的关键部分， 对于要进行的科学研究工作，必须按照实际情况，在事先： ⑴ 选择好合适的即合乎一定条件的、一定数量的研究对象; ⑵ 采用一定的实验、诊断或治疗方法(包括实验步骤、方法、器材试剂、药品); ⑶ 经过一定时期的观察，相同条件下的对照组，与他人结果比较并综合分析。这部分内容要求简明准确、材料完整及可信。 结果：把全部原始资料集中起来加以分析，在处理这些原始资料时，应是随机地，客观地加以分析。讨论：是一篇论文中十分重要的部分，其主要任务是探讨 “结果 ”的意义。讨论的主要内容包括： ⑴ 主要的原理和概念; ⑵ 实验条件的优缺点; ⑶ 本人结果与他人结果的异同，突出新的发现及新发明; ⑷ 解释因果关系，说明偶然性与必然性; ⑸ 尚未定论之处，相反的理论; ⑹ 急需研究的方向和存在的主要问题。“讨论”的内容也以精简为原则，要能讲清楚主要的论点，已经谈过的不宜在这一节里予以重复。在结论的问题中避免以假设来 “证明”假设，以未知来说明未知，并依次循环推论。参考文献：列出参考文献的目的，在于引证资料的来源，不可从别人的论文中转抄过来。内部资料，非经正式发表者，一般不作文献引用，为此一般要求引用文献者必须用阅读过的重要的、近年的文献为准。论著 10 条左右，论著摘要 3 ～ 5 条，综述 20 条左右。

六：医学论文的产生过程：

选题阶段：论文的选题，也即是科研的选题，有时一项科研可产生多篇论文。选题过程一般可分为三步：初拟题目：在这项工作之前必须手中有资料和设想，当然可以是前瞻性研究或回顾性总结，大致可有以下几个方面： ⑴ 临床遇到的罕见病例和疑难病例;⑵ 危重病人的诊治经验; ⑶ 阅读国内外文献、参加学术会议受到的启发，进行技术和方法的移植研究; ⑷ 新药、新仪器的临床应用，新的诊断方法及治疗经验; ⑸ 上级布置或招标的题目。在初步考虑拟选题目之后，应进行全面的文献检索，避免题目类同、结论陈旧和不符合客观事实。在别人研究成果基础上寻找尚未解决的问题作为自己的研究题目。实验研究阶段：这包括应用国外或国内的先进手段、药物、手术方法、检测等进行临床试用、观察和随访调查，并用动物或正常人作对照试验，要求详细记录各种数据及资料，作为论证和评价成果的依据。整理、分析资料和总结阶段：对以上资料进行统计分析，绘制图表，临床分析和比较，得出显效、有效和生存率、死亡率、发病率等结论，并分析其相互关系，引证文献作对比。分析成功和失败的原因及制约因素，并对病因学、流行病学、发病机制进行论证，包括预后的估价。最后对论文作出自我评价，提出有待进一步探讨的问题。撰写论文阶段：该详则祥，该简则简，文字简练，用语准确，恰如其氛，切忌浮夸和虚构。当然，在产生论文以前，每位作者必须学会文献检索，统计学的基础知识的 X2 检验、 T 检验、 F 检验、相关分析、回归运算、如何选择样本大小等，努力阅读医学情报信息和文献积累，在实践中不断总结，逐步提高写作水平，这样才能水到渠成写出真正好的论文。

七：医学论文撰写中的常见问题：科研设计的选题与立题问题标题太长，主题不突出。标题与内容不符，或题目太大而内容贫乏。 标题单调，主题不明确。 关于题目要求： ⑴ 可检索性; ⑵ 特异; ⑶ 明确; ⑷ 简短。命题方法： ⑴ 方法; ⑵ 结论; ⑶ 探讨。关于把 " 构成比 " 当 " 率 " 的概念问题：在医学文献中，我们发现有些作者对患病率、发病率、死亡率、感染率等概念混淆不清。关于疗效的确切评价问题：只有观察组没有对照组，有比较才能有鉴别，医学研究结果如无适当的对照比较，就难结论。即使有了对照组，若两者之间没有可比性，同样不能得出确切的结论。以上可见，对照组与实验组一定在性别、年龄、病情、病期、病型、部位、疗程等条件大致相同的情况下，才有可比性，其结果才有科学价值。

病例资料经过有意无意的挑选：有些论文，对所谓 “资料不全”、 “疗程未满 ”、“未随访到”的病例剔除不计，这样所得的结果往往比实际疗效高，因为若如此剔除，其结果的科学性必然成问题。更有甚者，对一些数据，主观臆断地以某种原因为理由加以剔除，完全失去了这次研究的意义。考核方法和考核指标的科学性不够： ⑴ 无明确的客观指标、仅凭患者主诉进行考核;⑵ 观察、研究人员的主观偏面性; ⑶ 考核标准过低; ⑷ 数据未经统计学处理; ⑸ 考核方法不够科学。统计学分析的差错。 ⑴ 对照组的设立(随机同期对照、历史性对照、不同地区或医院的对照交叉对照); ⑵ 随机化分组(简单、区组、分层); ⑶ 盲法(非盲、双盲)。以上资料，说明了在考核疗效时一定要注意： ⑴ 病例资料的可比性; ⑵ 客观数据要经统计学处理; ⑶ 考核指标要有严格的科学性(可比性、指标不能过低，不能有主观偏面性等)。

图表的应用问题：图表是表达研究数据，使之一目了然的最简洁方法。一般来说 “图”是从 “表”来的，可以使读者从图中看出一个大概趋势和实验内容。在图表应用上，可用文字表达的就尽可能不用图表，必需用的也不宜过多，一般在 4 幅以内。

八：写作技巧问题：论文要使读者喜爱就必须求 “新”、 “精”、“全”。文字简练达到“量体裁衣”的水平，力争达到“少一句不够，多一句嫌罗嗦”的要求。一般论著字数在 2500 ～ 5000 字左右，摘要在 1500 ～ 2001 字左右，病例报告在 1000 字左右。字迹要端正。简化字要规范，不用自选字及自选简化字。各种符号亦要符合规范。其他当有医学名词、药物名词、数字、统计学符号、缩略语、基金资助、著作权法等问题，一切均按国家及中华医学会规定的标准执行。计量单位请按法定计量单位书写。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2.

Last but not the least, 论据3.

To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

一、什么是说明文？

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。

二、说明文分类

按照不同的标准，说明文可分不同的类别：

依据说明对象与说明目的的不同，把说明文分为事物说明文和事理说明文两大类。事物说明文的说明对象是具体事物。通过对具体事物的形状、构造、性质、特点、用途等作客观而准确的说明，使读者了解、认识这个或这类事物,例如：《中国石拱桥》、《苏州园林》等。事理说明文的说明对象是某个抽象事理。将抽象事理的成因、关系、原理等说清楚，使读者明白这个事理“为什么是这样”是其主要目的，例如《大自然的语言》、《奇妙的克隆》等。 根据说明语言的不同特色，把说明文分为平实的说明文和生动的说明文两种。

根据说明文的体系不同，还可以分为自然科学类和社会科学类。

三、说明文的特点

以说明为主的表达方式是说明文与其他文体的主要区别。在各种文章样式中，说明文体是一种客观的说明事物,阐明事理的一种文体。说明文的特点是“说”，而且具有一定的知识性。这种知识，或者来自有关科学研究资料，或者是亲身实践、调查、考察的所得，都具有严格的科学性。

说明文的语言特点

准确、简洁、平实是说明文语言的主要特点。当然，说明文的语言风格也是多种多样、各有特色的，有的以平实见长，有的以生动活泼见长。以此为据，可概括为平实说明和生动说明两种方式。一般来说，以说明事物为主的说明文，重在抓住事物的特点，用简明的语言平实地加以说明。而科学小品，讲究趣味性、文艺性，须要作必要的生动、形象的说明。

四、说明文的顺序

1.时间顺序。时间顺序是文章常见的记叙、说明顺序之一。 即按照事理发展过程的先后来介绍某一事物的说明顺序。凡是事物的发展变化都离不开时间，如说明生产技术、产品制作、工作方法、历史发展、文字演变、人物成长、动植物生长等等，都应以时间为序。 时间顺序在文章中使用恰当就可以起到画龙点睛的效果，说明清楚，使读者一目了然，所以在文章时间顺序也是一种独特技巧。 2.空间顺序。空间顺序。即是按事物空间结构的顺序来说明 ，或从外到内，或从上到下，或从整体到局部来加以介绍，这种说明顺序有利于全面说明事物各方面的特征。一般说明某一静态实体（如建筑物等），常用这种顺序。；《故宫博物馆》按照先总后分的顺序，先概括说明故宫建筑物的总体特征，然后再具体介绍太和门、太和殿、中和殿、保和殿、乾清宫……御花园，而在介绍每一座建筑物的时候，则又按照先外后内、先上后下的顺序。

3.逻辑顺序。逻辑顺序即按照事物、事理的内在逻辑关系，或由个别到一般，或由具体到抽象，或由主要到次要，或由现象到本质，或由原因到结果等等一一介绍说明。逻辑顺序主要分成12种——从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体、从现象到本质、从具体到一般、从结果到原因、从次要到主要、从部分到整体、从具体到概括、从本质到现象、从一般到具体。不管是实体的事物，如山川、江河、花草、树木、器物等，还是抽象的事理，如思想、观点、概念、原理、技术等，都适用于以逻辑顺序来说明凡是阐述事物、事理间的各种因果关系或其他逻辑关系，按逻辑顺序写作最为适宜。

五、说明文的结构

说明文的结构一般有两种：总分式，事物说明文常用的结构形式：（1）总——分，如《苏州园林》（先总体的概括，再分说。结尾没有总结性的语言），（2）总——分——总，如《故宫博物院》；递进式，各层之间的关系是由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质。各层之间的关系为递进关系。如《向沙漠进军》。

六、说明文常用的说明方法

(1)下定义。用简明的语言指出被说明对象的本质特征。从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。下定义能准确揭示事物的本质，是科技说明文常用的方法。

(2)分类别。把被说明对象按一定的标准分成不同的类别，一类一类地加以说明，叫分类别。如《食物从何处来》把生物获得食物的途径和方法划分为"自养"和"异养"两类，然后分别说明。

(3)举例子。举出实例进行说明，使内容具体化，叫举例子。《中国石拱桥》通过介绍赵州桥和芦沟桥，使人们具体了解中国石拱桥的特点，用的就是举例子的说明方法。

(4)列数字。用准确的数据说明事物的某些方面，这种方法叫列数字。如"笔全长13.5厘米，笔身约占3/5，笔帽约占2/5。顶端的活动小枢纽能自由伸出和缩进，像个乌**，长0.7厘米，笔挂长3.9厘米。"(《我的圆珠笔》)

(5)作比较。就是通过比较说明事物和事理。例如《苏州园林》中，用苏州园林建筑的不对称与我国古代宫殿和近代的一般住房的对称进行比较，突出苏州园林的自然之美。

(6)打比方。说明某些抽象的或者是人们比较陌生的事物，可以用具体的或者大家已经熟悉的事物和它比较，使读者通过比较得到具体而鲜明的印象。"石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。"形象准确地说明了石拱桥的外形特征，这句话就用了打比方的说明方法。

(7)画图表。为了把复杂的事物说清楚，还可以采用图表法，来弥补单用文字表达的缺欠，对有些事物解说更直接、更具体。使读者直观，一目了然地了解事物的特征。

(8)引资料。资料的范围很广，可以是经典著作，名家名言，公式定律，典故谚语等。

(9)摹状貌。为了使被说明对象更形象、具体，可以进行状貌摹写，这种说明方法叫摹状貌。（和描写要区分开，两者虽一样，不过是在不同的文体中的。）

(10)作诠释。 从一个侧面，就事物的某一个特点做些解释，这种方法叫诠释法。

七、简单说明文的写作方法

1、必须抓住特征。所谓特征，就是指事物所具有的独特的地方。任何事物都有各自的特征，这也是它区别于其它事物的主要标志《活板》介绍我国古代的印刷术，就当时说："活板"这种印刷术的主要特征是"活"。因而文章在介绍中自始至终抓住了这个特征，把活板的印刷历史、制作方法和使用方法，介绍得十分清楚，使读者有了确切的了解。能不能抓住事物的特征，主要取决于作者对事物有没有细致的观察和深入的研究。

2、合理安排顺序。事物大多是具有复杂性的，必须从多方面去介绍，才能讲清楚它的特征。依据事物本身固有的条理，是将说明文写得条理清楚的根本保证。事物本身固有的条理顺序，一般说来，有以下几种：

(1)空间顺序。是指按照物品的空间方位进行说明。或由远及近，由近及远;或由内到外，由外到内;或由上到下，由下到上;或由前到后，由后到前等等。说明物品的形状、构造，一般采用这种顺序。

(2)时间顺序。是指按照时间发展的先后进行说明，先发生的先说，后发生的后说。说明事物发展变化的过程，往往采用这种顺序。如《看云识天气》中有一段描写天气的变化，由晴转阴，由阴转雨(雪)有时间先后的顺序，天空的云随着这个时间的推移，也变化着不同的形态：卷云--卷层云--雨层云。就是按时间先后的顺序写的。

(3)逻辑顺序。是指按照事物内部的联系和人们认识事物的规律来安排说明的顺序。由

整体到部分，由主要到次要，由浅入深，由简到繁，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质等，因此，说明文作者在考虑文章思路时也必须符合这些认识规律，才能使自己的文章正确地反映人们对客观世界的认识过程，同时又能适应读者的接受能力和欣赏习惯。如《大自然的语言》说明物候现象来临的因素，共写了三段：第一段说，"首先是纬度"，第二段指出，"经度的差异是影响物候第二个因素"，第三段指出，"影响物候的第三个因素是高下的差异"。这个层次顺序的安排，就是由主次决定的。

3、选择说明方法。说明事物的方法很多，我们选择什么样的说明方法要根据自己的文章而定，因为运用一些说明方法的目的，是为了更正确地说明事物。

4、语言描述准确。说明文的语言，和其它文体一样，都讲究用词准确，表述明白，这是写好各类文体章的基本要求。但是，说明文作为一种独立的文体，对文章的语言又有自己的特殊要求。说明文是以介绍知识为主的一种文体，无论是解说事物，还是阐明事理，都必须讲究科学性，按照客观事物的本来面目，老老实实地说清它们各自的特点和本质，既不允许虚构夸大，哗众取宠，也不允许艰深晦涩，佶屈聱牙。这样，说明文的语言就应该简洁明了，质朴无华，也就是语言要"平实"。

写作基础论部分从主题、材料、结构、语言等方面对文章的基本构成要素进行了全面的阐述；写作文体论部分选取中学语文教学中常用文体，结合具体例文进行点评、剖析，具有极强的针对性。下面小编为大家搜索整理了高一优秀作文写作指导，希望对大家有所帮助。

一、积累的习惯。

我国古代学者十分重视知识积累的作用。战国时期的学者荀子在《劝学》一文中告诫人们：“不积跬步，无以至千里，不积小流，无以成江河。”唐代的韩愈说：“俱收并蓄，待用无遗。”（《进学解》）。宋代的苏轼则主张：“博观约取，厚积薄发。”（《杂说》）可见积累对语文学习多么重要。从高考语文优胜者的实践来看，积累也确实重要。一位高考状元在谈到自己的语文学习经验时说：“语文学习是慢功，不可能一蹴而就，而是一个长期积累的过程，点点滴滴的语文知识，就如一粒粒的黄沙，今天积一粒，明天积一粒，就会聚沙成塔。”他的高分来自高中三年苦心经营的积累。积累也是高考应试的需要。一个高中生，必须首先做好知识积累。

积累的主要途径有四个：一是摘抄，二是背诵，三是记忆，四是训练。

积累的方法有三种：一是单元积累法，二是考点积累法，三是易混点积累法。

积累的内容主要包括下列几个方面：

（一）积累字音、字形、词语、成语的意义和用法。

一是要养成勤查字典、词典的习惯。一个高中生，从语文学习的角度来看，至少要有两本词典：一是中国社会科学院语言研究所的《现代汉语词典》；二上商务书馆的《古代汉语常用字字典》。最好能是同时拥有《同义词辨析词典》和《汉语成语词典》。经常翻检，培养对汉字的认读，正确书写和使用的能力。

二是善于对易混字音、字形和同义的词语、成语进行搜集整理：包括教材注释中提到的字、词；分考点训练的资料中的列举的字词；综合训练试卷中出现的字词等。

三是掌握词语搭配、感情色彩、语体色彩等辨析同义词的方法。

（二）积累文言实词

1．词的古今异义。着重掌握词语古今意义的变化，有的词义扩大了，有的词义缩小了，还有的词义转移了。如“人灾，绝食者千余家”句中，“绝食”作“断绝粮食”讲，与今天的“绝食”意义完全不同。

2．一词多义。文言中词的多义现象非常普遍，一个词往往少则有几个义项，多则有十几个义项，在学习时要随时总结，不断深化。

3．词类的活用。古汉语有些实词在特定的语言环境中，临时具有某种语法功能，并且临时改变了词性，有的还改变了读音。

4、偏义复词。偏义复词就是一个词由两个意义相近、相对或相反的语素构成，其中只有一个语素表示意义，另一个语素不表示意义，只作陪衬。

5、通假字。通假字是指应该用甲字，而使用时却借用与其意义毫不相干、只是音同或音近的乙字去代替它，乙字是甲字的通假字。

（三）积累古诗文名篇。

（四）积累名言、警句、典故、故事、精彩篇段。

二、阅读的习惯

（一）诵读。一个人语文能力的形成恰恰是在诵读的过程中完成的。因此，教材上选的那些优秀的作品，特别是要求背诵的文章，我们要认真的诵读，除些之外还要找一些文情并茂的文章，拿来反复的诵读，在潜移默化中提高自己的语文素养。

（二）精读。从形式上看，与诵读相比，精读是一种无声的读，即默读；从本质上看，他是一各伴随着思考、理解、概括、转化、吸收的研究性的、创造性的阅读，是更高层次的阅读。孔子讲“学而不思则罔”，对于精读来说，最关键的一条是在读中要思考，在思考中质疑，即发现问题，实际上有效的阅读，就是一个发现问题解决问题的过程，也是一个阅读水平不断提高的过程。

（三）多读。一要挑选《语文读本》是的一些篇目来读；二是读一点名著，一个高中生至少也得读20部以上的名著，这个数字对于面对高考的高中生来说，可能有点大。

（四）勤动笔。要养成不动笔墨不读书的习惯。一是要随时记下有用的知识，生字、新词、生动的语句，优美的语段，将读书与积累结合起来。二是点评阅读材料，对其内容、结构、语言、手法直至遣词造句等方面进行有针对性的，独到的点评。

三、写作的习惯。

1、积累素材。素材的积累宜从以下几个方面入手：一是自己的亲身经历和体验（含自身周围环境见闻），这是极为丰富而行动的材料来源；二是学过的课文内容，这也是一个可观的材料库；三是课外阅读（书籍、报刊、影视等）中发现的反映社会生活的典型材料、精彩片断、名言警句等。

2.要注意文体的选择。现在高考作文在文体上几乎对考生没有限制，但文体影响着评卷老师对一篇文章优劣的认定，所以考生千万不能掉以轻心。

3.要注意材料的运用。引用材料宜概括，不要原文照抄。

4.要注意文章的模仿。

5.要注意文章的主题不要偏离社会的主流价值观。

6.要注意在平时多观察、多思考，强化文句表达训练。

7.要注意追求独特的构思，但不为追求而追求。独特的构思吸引人，尤其在许多模式化、公式化的文章中。独特的构思必须用丰富的内容来支撑，丰富的内容必须紧扣中心。

常见的修辞方法有:比喻、比拟、借代、夸张、对偶、排比、设问、反问。

首先能在语言中辨识各修辞方法,继而理解其适用效果;同时要会用这些修辞方法,提高运用语言的能力。修辞方法又称修辞格。据专家研究,汉语修辞格可达70种之多,常见的有10多种。

(1)比喻。

它是用某一具体的、浅显、熟悉的事物或情境来说明另一种抽象的、深奥、生疏的事物或情境的一种修辞方法。比喻分明喻、暗喻、借喻三种形式。明喻的形式可简缩为:甲(本体)如(喻词:像、似、若、犹、好像、仿佛)乙(喻体)。暗喻的形式可简缩为:甲是(喻词:成、变成、成为、当作、化作)乙。明喻在形式上是相似关系,暗喻则是相合关系。借喻:只出现喻体,本体与比喻词都不出现。如:燕雀安知鸿鹄之志!

(2)借代。

不直接说出要说的人或事物,而是借用与这一人或事物有密切关系的名称来替代,如以部分代全体;用具体代抽象;用特征代本体;用专名代通称等。如:

①不拿群众一针一线。(一针一线代群众的一切财产)

②不要大锅饭。("大锅饭"代抽象的"平均主义")

③花白胡子坐在墙角里吸旱烟。(花白胡子是以特征代本体)

④千万个雷锋活跃在祖国大地上。("雷锋"以具体的形象代抽象的共产主义思想)

(3)比拟。

把人当物写或把物当人来写的一种修辞方法,前者称之为拟物,后者称之为拟人。如:

①做人既不可翘尾巴,也不可夹着尾巴。(拟物)

②蜡炬成灰泪始干。(拟人)

(4)夸张。

对事物的形象、特征、作用、程度等作扩大或缩小描绘的一种修辞方法。如:?

①白发三千丈,缘愁似个长。("三千丈"为扩大夸张)

②芝麻粒儿大的事,不必放在心上。("芝麻粒儿"是缩小夸张)

③太阳刚一出来,地上已经像下了火。(把前一事物"出来"与后一事物"下火"夸张到几乎是同时出现,有人称此种夸张方式为超前夸张)

(5)对比。

是把两种事物或同一事物的两个方面并举加以比较的方法。如:

①先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐。

②朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨。

(6)对偶。

用结构相同或相近,字数相等的一对短语或句子对称排列起来表达相对或相近的意思。如:

①满招损,谦受益。

②横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛。

③欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。(流水对)

④望长城内外,惟余莽莽,大河上下,顿失滔滔。(扇面对)

(7)排比。

把内容相关、结构相同或相似、语气一致的几个(一般要三个或三个以上)短语或句子连用的方法。如:

但这回却很有几点出于我的意外。一是当局者竟会这样地凶残,一是流言家竟至如此之下劣,一是中国的女性临难竟能如是之从容。

(8)反复。

根据表达需要,使同一个词语或句子一再出现的方法。反复可以是连续的,也可间隔出现。如:

①冒着敌人的炮火,前进!前进!前进!

②敌人从哪里进攻,我们就要它在哪里灭亡,敌人从哪里进攻,我们就要它在哪里灭亡。

(9)反语。

即通常所说的"说反话"--实际要表达的意思和字面意思是相反的。如:"友邦人士"从此可以不必"惊诧莫名",只请放心来瓜分就是了。

(10)顶真

用前文的末尾作下文的开头，首尾相连两次以上，使邻近接的语句或片断或章节传下接，首尾蝉联，这种修辞手法，叫做顶真，又叫顶针或联珠。

运用顶真修辞手法，不但能使句子结构整齐，语气贯通，而且能突出事物之间环环相扣的有机联系。

例如：

①楚山秦山皆〈白云〉，

〈白云〉处处〈长随君〉。

〈长随君〉，〈君〉入楚山里，

云亦随君渡〈湘水〉。

〈湘水〉上，女罗衣，

白云堪卧君早归。

(李白《白云歌》)

②他比先前并没有什么大改变，单是老了些，但也还未留胡子，一见面是〈寒暄〉，〈寒暄〉之后〈说我"胖了"〉，〈说我"胖了"〉之后即大骂其新党。(鲁迅《祝福》)

引 用：引用一些名人名句，主要为了突出主题，增加文章的说服力。同时也能展示作者的读书功底与阅历，给读者留下深刻的印象

引 用

写文章时，有意引用现成语 (成语、诗句、格言、典故等) 以表达自己的思想感情，说明自己对新问题、新道理的见解，这种修辞法叫引用。

引用的作用是使论据确凿充分，增犟说服力，富启发性，而且语言精炼，含蓄典雅。

明 引

例子(1)：

孔子曰：「三人行，必有我师。」是故弟子不必如师，师不必贤於弟子。

暗 引

例子(2)：

失败乃成功之母，你千万不要气馁。

例子(3)：

薄粥稀稀碗底沉，鼻风吹动浪千层，有时一粒浮汤面，野渡无人舟自横。 ( 沈石田《薄粥诗》)

1、紧扣主题，短文必须包括提纲中的全部要点;与主题无关或关系不大的字句必须一律删去。

2、文章通顺，前后贯通，语言流畅。

3、句子开头多样化，句型多样化。

4、无句型结构错误，无语法错误和用语造句等方面的错误。

5、短文字数不得少于150个字。

对考研英语短文的策略：

1.分配好短文各部分篇幅比例

根据在40分钟内写150词的《大纲》要求，合理分配各部分篇幅比例显得非常重要。篇幅比例安排大致如下：

(1)开头：可控制在4句话之内，以2——3句较为适宜。该部分约占全文篇幅的10%——15%。

(2)主体：约占全篇短文的70%——80%。

(3)结尾：这部分应控制在2——3句话之内，约占全文篇幅10——15%。

2.合理分配时间

应该切记短文写作时间仅为40分钟，在这较短的时间内考生需完成120——150词的短文。这就要求考生做到有条不紊、忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。从而稳操胜券，驾轻就熟，从容应对。建议考生在动笔之前，用5分钟的时间写个提纲理清思路，然后再动笔。此外，要留出5——6分钟来修改抄写。以避免不必要的笔误，给评卷老师留下良好的印象。

3.审题——紧扣主题的关键

所谓审题，就是正确理解题意，所写短文要紧扣题目要求。从每年的英文短文考题可看出，除了题目外，还有开头第一句话和一个写作提纲。这个写作提纲就是短文的写作具体范围。考生必须以指定的句子开头，按写作提纲规定的要点和顺序(通常是3个要点)往下写。

通常3个要点就是写三段话，每段开头(除第一段已给了外)第一句话必须把该段写作提纲中的主要的词或主要意思包括进去，这就是段落中心句。每段其他句子必须紧扣该段的段落中心句，与段落中心句无关的句子或关系不大的句子必须坚决删去。由于写作提纲中所给的3个要点(即关键词)已包括在每段开头的段落中心句(即每段开头的第一句)中，而每段的其他句子又紧扣段落中心句，这就使每段的内容紧扣主题，而不至离开主题去谈别的问题，这就是抓住主题的关键。

导语：记叙文写作是中考作文的“主打”文体，也是平时写作训练最重要的任务，而且许多考生也习惯于写记叙文。下面我们来看看记叙文写作。

《语文课程标准》指出初中生应“能写记叙文、简单的说明文、议论文和一般的应用文”，又要求写作能“合理安排内容的先后和详略，条理清楚地表达自己的意思”。中考作文评分标准对一类文在内容上的要求一般表述为“思路通畅，结构严谨，层次清楚”，“文章切题，中心明确，感情真实，内容充实”。可见，打好坚实的记叙文写作基础，是写好说明文、议论文的前提。作文，600字—800字的考场记叙文，要写得出彩，至少应符合以下五美：立意美、充实美、情感美、结构美、语言美。

【中考兵法】

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主。其次，记叙文务必符合积极、健康、深刻、高远的立意要求。其三，要善于从日常小事中发现深刻、有时代气息的主题，善于从事件的表面向深处挖掘，使主题变得深刻起来。其四，运用对比可以让人物的形象更鲜明，事件的中心揭示得更深刻。如将美与丑、善与恶、强与弱、悲与喜对比，将人或事的前后变化对比，将不同的人对某人某事的态度对比等等。另外，你也可以用环境描写来渲染气氛，暗示事件发展，衬托人物心情等，从而彰显主旨。如一篇《责任重于泰山》的作文。作者先用“每个人都有着每个人的责任，责任重于泰山”作题记，然后分别用一、二、三作小标题，依次叙写了张老师出人意料地带病冒雪上课、检察长在战友(因救护自己而牺牲)儿子的判决书上签字前矛盾的思想斗争、县委书记为了泄洪抢险而顾大局舍小家决定炸除自己从小生活的村庄这三件事，说明了给学生上课是教师的责任、严格执法是领导者的责任、保护国家利益是所有公民的责任，从而使“不同的位置有不同的责任”的主旨得以凸显。

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心、最能展现时代风貌的典型事件，或者概括提炼，或者放大细节，或者定格镜头，必能写出具有、独特个性、深刻感悟和超级感染力的佳作来。情节通常包括事件的开端、发展、高潮、结局等几部分，如作文《一张贺卡》，作者以“贺卡”为线，围绕一个穷学生给老师“送贺卡”这件事展开生动描述，把“买贺卡”“送贺卡”“卖贺卡”三个场面一线串起，使文章曲折生动、感人至深;但在处理素材的详略时，却略写“送贺卡”，而把自己“买贺卡”前的思想斗争、老师“卖贺卡”后的感动心理浓墨重彩描述，这样就突出了一个正直、慈爱、善良的老师形象。

技巧三：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命。可以通过细节描写、选用情感鲜明的词语、打造抒情语句来流露真情。例如《懂你，懂你》中描写丰富细腻、真挚感人。作者将“我”的深切感受、心理活动和母亲的动作、神态和语言描写结合起来，一个，心思细密、宽厚温和、体贴女儿的母亲形象跃然纸上。

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折。叙事写人时可以使用前后对比法、设置悬念法、抑扬生变法、虚构科幻法等来使文章尺水兴波、妙趣横生。如一篇《我的这杯“苦咖啡”》的作文，作者分别以“麦田?烈日”“村边?夏夜”“小院?清早”“医院?黄昏”为小标题，按地点和时间变化为序依次描绘了四个生活场景，表现了作者和爷爷之间细腻深厚的祖孙情。这种以情为线的行文，立意、情感、事件以一贯之，极具结构美和情感美。

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征。例如通过不同人物的语言便能体现出各自文雅有礼、粗鲁低俗、豪爽干脆、优柔寡断、风趣幽默、干巴木讷等迥异的性格。你也可以随着事件的发展或观察角度的变化，对人物进行多层次描写，或将正面描写与侧面描写相结合，特别要注意细节描写和概括描写相结合。

【观剑识器】

难忘的那一幕

时光常常在我们不经意时溜走，但有时又把我们定格在那永恒的瞬间，或使我们彷徨，或使我们流连，或使我们感动，或使我们深思.……(开篇由一丝感慨入题，运用排比，干脆利落而又文采斐然。)

前不久，我就遇见过这么一幕。那是过端午节的前一天，正是我们镇逢集的日子。难得有假期，我带上平时积攒的零花钱，一大早就去逛街。大街上人来车往，十分热闹。两旁店铺里各种商品琳琅满目，商家争相销售的叫卖声不绝于耳，空气里弥漫着各色小吃、水果的香甜味道……整条大街到处洋溢着节日前热闹的气氛。(描述大街上的喜庆气氛，既为人物的出场提供了合理化背景，又反衬了人物的悲惨境遇。)

我买了自己喜欢的零食，边吃边四处闲看。老远看到一堆人围在路旁的一根线杆下不知道在干什么，好奇心驱使我快步跑过去，钻进了人群。眼前出现的情景和节日的氛围极不协调。一个蓬头垢面、浑身脏兮兮的男人匍匐在飞扬的尘土中，右边的裤管瘪瘪的压在身下，紧挨在他身边的是一辆破旧的三轮车，在一堆分不清颜色的破被上躺着两个黑乎乎的小孩。男人的面前摊着一张还算得上干净的白纸，上面满是歪歪扭扭的字，一个已经斑驳的瓷钵压在一个纸角上，里面零星地散落着不多的硬币。围观的人七嘴八舌地议论着。(只三两笔就把一个乞讨男人悲苦潦倒的形象呈现在眼前，实属传神。)

“啧啧，真是可怜，一条腿不算，还是个哑巴，拉扯着两个没娘的孩子，可咋活呀!”一个老太太一边摇头叹息一边往那瓷钵中放了几元硬币(简短一句话既交代子乞讨者的境况又体现出老太太的慈善;与下文众人的麻木形成对比。)

“可怜什么啊，都是装出来的，没准是—个骗子呢!”一个烫着大波浪的妇女鄙夷地说。

“是啊，是啊，现在装可怜骗钱的人可多了。”几个人也随声附和。(语言精炼，寥寥数语把旁观者的冷漠刻画入微。)

我伸手摸了摸兜中剩下的零钱，听到他们的话，又把手缩了回来。(“伸”“缩”两个字写出了我的矛盾心理。)

“让让，让让，有什么热闹好瞧啊?”两个油头粉面的年轻人拨开围观的人群，用锃亮的皮鞋拨弄了下摊在地上的纸。

其中一个皱着眉头道：“我当有什么好看的，原来是要饭的啊。像这样的人还不如早点死了算了，活着让人恶心!”(尖刻的语言背后站着一个丑陋的灵魂。)

“是啊，是啊，看着就让人倒胃口。”另一个随声附和。

纵观近年各地中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

1、以图表提供情景的作文要以读为主，首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精;在写作时目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。

2、以图画提供情景的作文应以看为主，通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。

3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，英文书信格式与中文有所不同，

(1)一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列;

(2)左边顶格写上收信人的姓名;

(3)正文部分;

(4)祝愿的话;

(5)写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写，不要漏写。

英语写作是语言综合运用能力的具体体现，也是很多高中学生学习中的弱项。如何提高自己的英语写作能力呢?

一、提高英语写作能力的原则

(一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序，由易到难，循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段，要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯，狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后，再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等，这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。

(二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言，可以用回答提问的口头作文，也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文，也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局，也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言，可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文，也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。

(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论，学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识，从而了解别人的思想，再通过说和写来表达自己的思想，让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此，写与听说读紧密结合，进行多元化的能力训练，可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。

(四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导，控制学生的汉语语言思维，发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿，而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导，可给出范文让学生模仿，以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维，尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维，以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。

(五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事，而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备，要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。

二、提高英语写作能力的方法。

(一)通过积累词汇量，提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样，词汇是说话写作的必需材料，也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象，如果要写一个句子，10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出，有2 个单词用法不当，又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此，在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词，记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多，各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯，可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程，要长期地坚持下去，才能不断积累大量的词汇，为英语写作打下坚实的基础。

(二)通过扩大阅读量，提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”，这是汉语的一种学习方法，同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径，同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法，有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中，教师要注意以下问题：一是指导阅读方法，分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等，帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合，通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量，扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广，才能不断扩大学生的知识面，使学生适应各种题材的写作。

(三)通过提高听说能力，提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的，提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课，多开展专门的听说训练，同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动，让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语，久而久之，学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。

(四)通过重视写作过程，提高英语写作能力。长期以来，英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位，教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败，重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等)，忽视写作过程的指导。

小学生记事作文应该怎么写?写作重点是什么?怎么写才能写出优秀的作文?

写事要求清楚、具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的“记叙文六要素”。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素当中，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，“经过”部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，“经过”部分写得不具体是带有普遍性的问题。小学生的记叙文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。

一、怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。

二、怎样写活动

活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动?为什么搞活动?怎样搞活动?活动的结果怎样?都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，而是写一群人;不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去;既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

下面是由语文迷网小编精心为大家整理提供的英语句子，供大家写作参考。

1、Time flies.

时光易逝。

2、Time is money.

一寸光阴一寸金。

3、Time and tide wait for no man.

岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。

4、Time tries all.

时间检验一切。

5、Time tries truth.

时间检验真理。

6、Time past cannot be called back again.

光阴一去不复返。

7、All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

8、No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again.

昨日不复来。

9、Business neglected is business lost.

忽视职业便是放弃职业。

10、One today is worth two tomorrows.

一个今天胜似两个明天。

11、The morning sun never lasts a day.

好景不常;朝阳不能光照全日。

12、Christmas comes but once a year.

圣诞一年只一度。

13、Pleasant hours fly past.

快乐时光去如飞。

14、Happiness takes no account of time.

欢娱不惜时光逝。

15、Time tames the strongest grief.

时间能缓和极度的悲痛。

16、The day is short but the work is much.

工作多，光阴迫。

17、Never deter till tomorrow that which you can do today.

今日事须今日毕，切勿拖延到明天。

18、Have you somewhat to do tomorrow,do it today.

明天如有事，今天就去做。

19、To him that does everything in its proper time,one day is worth three.

事事及时做，一日胜三日。

20、To save time is to lengthen life.

节省时间就是延长生命。

21、Everything has its time and that time must be watched.

万物皆有时，时来不可失。

22、Take time when time cometh,lest time steal away.

时来必须要趁时，不然时去无声息。

23、When an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you.

机不可失，时不再来;机会一过，永不再来。

24、Make hay while the sun shines.

晒草要趁太阳好。

25、Strike while the iron is hot.

趁热打铁。

26、Work today,for you know not how much you may be hindered tomrrow.

今朝有事今朝做，明朝可能阻碍多。

27、Punctuality is the soul of business.

守时为立业之要素。

28、Procrastination is the thief of time.

因循拖延是时间的大敌;拖延就是浪费时间。

29、Every tide hath ist ebb.

潮涨必有潮落时。

30、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

31、Wisdom is more to be envied than riches.

知识可羡，胜于财富。

32、Wisdom is better than gold or silver.

知识胜过金银。

33、Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有钱。

34、Wisdom is a good purchase though we pay dear for it.

为了求知识，代价虽高也值得。

35、Doubt is the key of knowledge.

怀疑是知识之钥。

36、If you want knowledge,you must toil for it.

若要求知识，须从勤苦得。

37、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

浅学误人。

38、A handful of common sense is worth a bushel of learning.

少量的常识，当得大量的学问。

39、Knowledge advances by steps and not by leaps.

知识只能循序渐进，不能跃进。

40、Learn wisdom by the follies of others.

从旁人的愚行中学到聪明。

41、It is good to learn at another man’s cost.

前车可鉴。

42、Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.

知识之于精神，一如健康之于肉体。

43、Experience is the best teacher.

经验是最好的教师。

44、Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.

经验是知识之父，记忆是知识之母。

45、Dexterity comes by experience.

熟练来自经验。

46、Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

47、Experience keeps a dear school,but fools learn in no other.

经验学校学费高，愚人旁处学不到。

48、Experience without learning is better than learning without experience.

有经验而无学问，胜于有学问而无经验。

49、Wit once bought is worth twice taught.

由经验而得的智慧，胜于学习而得的智慧;一次亲身的体会，胜过两次的教师教导。

50、Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

拓展阅读：段首万能句子

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?

When I read a grade a class, I was having fun with students, suddenly saw sitting on the seat Zhang Yuezheng absorbed in reading a book. Im surprised, ran to ask her: "Zhang Yue, why we are all in play, youre reading a book?" Zhang Yue no reply.

The second class, I once again see Zhang Yue sitting quietly reading position. I ran to repeat a sizable once had said, and this time Zhang Yue finally spoke, she said: "because reading can let us learn a lot of extra-curricular knowledge, can make our mind to move up, turn up." Zhang Yue words, I also think reading is a very good thing, since then I became like Zhang Yue love reading. In second grade, I and Zhang Yue were named as the "king" reading by the teacher!

Because Zhang Yue, I had the very big change, I now is becoming more and more love reading, book knowledge let me open horizon, enrich my mind, every day I swim in the ocean of knowledge. I must get to read this good habit to stick to it!

在我读一年级的一次下课的时候，我正在和同学们玩得开心，突然看见张越正坐在位子上专心致志地看书。我很奇怪，跑上前去问她：“张越，为什么我们都在玩，你却在看书呢?”张越没有吭声。

第二次下课时，我又一次看到张越一个人坐在位置上安安静静地看书。我跑上前去，重复了一次第一次说过的话，这一次张越终于开口说话了，她说：“因为看书可以让我们学到很多课外知识，可以让我们的脑子动起来、转起来啊。”听了张越的话，我也觉得看书是一件非常好的事情了，从那时起我就变得和张越一样爱看书了。二年级的时候，我和张越都被老师评为了“读书大王”了呢!

因为张越，我有了很大的改变，我现在变得越来越爱看书了，书本上的知识让我开阔了眼界，充实了我的大脑，我每天在知识的海洋中遨游。我一定要把读书这个好习惯坚持下去!

一篇好的文章必须有头有尾，下面是小编整理的2017年小升初作文写注意事项，欢迎阅读。

一篇好的作文除了要具备健康鲜明的主题，优美生动的文字以外，还要有一个完整、连贯、流畅的结构，我们把它归结为八个字，那就是“上下贯通，首尾相援”。

文章结构必须上下贯通，首尾相援，这也是作者思路的连贯性在文章中的体现，这种形式的连贯同时也能够体现文意的连贯，即形式服务于内容。文章的各部分之间，段落之间，前后语句间都要紧密连接，通篇一贯，这样的结构才能严谨、完美。好的结构会使文章主题鲜明突出，内容清晰完整，过渡自然流畅，文章整体和谐统一。否则，如果信马由缰，文章结构势必混乱无章，主次不分，再典型生动的材料恐怕也难以吸收读者去阅读和欣赏。“思想是有一条路的，一句一句，一段一段都是有路的，好文章的作者是决不乱走的。”(叶圣陶《认真学习语文》)。

文章结构必须细密周严，层层衔接，无懈可击，任何一篇文章都应是一个有机完整的整体，因此，我们在写作文时要在选好材料的情况下精心安排语句段落间的过渡与衔接，开头与结尾的关照与呼应，做到前后勾联，相互顾及，防止脱节，顾此失彼。

二、严密紧凑，顺理成章。这就是说文章的布局应该注重衔接，注重段落语句之间的过渡，前后关联，这样才不会造成各部分内容的疏散与脱离。

1.谈谈过渡。过渡是文章内容连贯的一种重要方法。好的过渡能够使文章前后衔接，自然流畅，天衣无缝。如我们学过的《从百草园到三味书屋》一文第9段“我不知道为什么家里的人要将我送进书塾里去了------Ade,我的蟋蟀们!Ade,我的覆盆子们和木莲们!------”很明显这是一个过渡段，巧妙地将白草园与三味书屋两段生活联结起来。又如《感受幸福》一文开头一段，“现在我终于明白了，原来它就在我的身边”一句，既回答了上文关于“幸福在哪里”的疑问，又自然地振起下文，写“我”对幸福的体验过程。

2.谈谈照应。照应是指文章前后内容之间的关照响应。前面的内容要有呼应后面的情节，前面也要埋下伏笔。在形式上照应有三种方式，一是结尾和开头的照应;二是伏笔和关键语句的照应;三是正文和标题的照应。

首尾照应是写作中常见的照应形式。开头结尾是文章的有机组成部分，好的开头能够帮助读者抓住要领，感受全文，好的结尾能够使文章的主旨更加明确，主题得到升华。而首尾照应则体现了两者的有机结合，更能突出文章的主题。如《感受友谊的枫叶》一文，小作者从不经意间发现的藏在书中的半片枫叶凝神沉思写起，道出了这代表友谊的半片枫叶的来由，结尾处以“很久很久，我才回过神来，又将那半片枫叶放回了书里”收篇，很自然地照应了开头“我将它拿起，放在手中，默默地站在那儿想了很久”，文章首尾圆合，浑然一体。再看《感受团结的力量》一文，小作者以散文化的笔法描述了几个花须经历了风雨的洗礼，造就了脉脉的芳香，但并未注意到首尾的呼应。开头写道，茉莉花虽无艳丽的外表，但香气脉脉而高雅，结尾处写“盛开的花代表了友谊的结晶，花下的世界，永远存在着那几个根须”，让人联想到花开的艳丽，与“脉脉的香气”是不吻合的，这也正是此文的重要缺憾之一。

前伏后应的照应也是照应的基本方式之一。《感受友谊的枫叶》的小作者就注意到了这一点。文章的第三段“那是一个深秋的晚上”道出了故事发生的季节是深秋的时节，而此时也是枫叶正红的时候，为后文的“从高高的树上落下了一片火红的枫叶”伏下了很好的一笔，不得不赞叹小作者在构思上的精雕细琢。

正文与开头的照应能够使主题更加明确，中心更加突出。我们看一下《感受幸福》一文的结尾：“如果有来生，我还要感受一下这辈子的幸福生活”，这一句意在照应文章的标题，然而语言过于平淡，格调低落，使人产生一种消极的情绪，不符合新时期少年儿童所应该拥有的心态，因而降低了文章的格调，这是我们在写作时要十分注意的。

一篇好的作文是讲究构造艺术的，而这个艺术的核心正是使文章“上下贯通，首尾相援”的艺术，做到这一点，也就做到了文章的通篇连贯，和谐一致，我们在作文时千万不要忽视它。

爸爸常说多阅读，会有好多好处的，就连老师也说阅读好处多多，也就是所谓的开卷有益吧。可是我却不知道阅读究竟有什么好的，在生活中到底有什么作用。

My father often said to read more, there will be a lot of benefits, but also the teacher say that reading benefits, the so-called reading enriches the mind. But I do not know what a good read, what role in life.

可是不久就改变了我的看法。

But soon I changed my mind.

有一次学校组织课外知识竞赛。有一道题是这样的：树袋熊为什么浑身是香的?三个选择：A与生俱来的，B生活在清香中，C它吃了一种香的树叶，时间长了就香了。这道题我在哪见过，哦，想起来了，就是前天阅读的一篇科学论文。里面提到的，说是树袋熊爱吃桉树叶，这种树叶里有一种成分，吃多了时间长了就香了。我选了C。过了几天，试卷发下了一看，果然是C。还有好多题，我都见过，才把它们做对的。

Once the school organized extracurricular knowledge contest. One question is this: why all the koala is sweet? The three option: A innate, B live on the fragrance, C it ate a fragrant leaves, a long time is fragrant. The question is where do I know, oh, come to think of it, is the day before yesterday read a scientific paper. Mentioned inside, said to be the koalas eat eucalyptus leaves, there is a component of the leaves, eat much long time is fragrant. I choose C. After a few days, the papers find a look, really is C. There are a lot of questions, I have seen, just put them to do.

还有一次，上作文课。老师要我们写关于劝学的文章。我就引用了一些名言、古诗。好多人都没有想到，可是我想到了。作文点评时，老师把这篇文章读给大家听，让大家学习，还表扬我爱读书呢。这些都是我平时多阅读多积累的效果。

Another time, the composition class. The teacher asked us to write a story about encourage learning. I quoted some words, poetry. Many people dont think of it, I think. Writing reviews, the teacher read the article to listen to everybody, let everybody to learn, I also praised the love of reading. These are my usual to read more than the effect of the accumulation of.

我终于明白了，阅读能让我们多补充课外知识，写出好的文章。当然最重要的是阅读让生活变得更精彩。所以说阅读好处多多。

I finally understand that reading can let us add more extracurricular knowledge, to write a good article. Of course, the most important is to read make life more exciting. Read so many benefits.

有效的写作步骤，我认为离不开想、说、写、读、改。小编收集了指导学生写作的有效方法，欢迎阅读。

一、引导学生从生活中捕捉写作的素材

学生写作的源泉来源于生活。要想让学生喜欢写作文，首先要引导学生学会寻找写作文的源头。生活是实实在在的，又是丰富多彩的，学生留心观察生活，能把平凡生活反映出来，这对学生写作来说具有重要意义。叶圣陶老先生说过：“作文这件事离不开生活，生活充实到什么程度，才会写成什么文字。”因此，只有让学生平时多留心观察生活，多参加实践活动，才能积累学生对事物的认识和感受。为了让学生能够从日常生活中获得丰富的写作素材，我注意培养学生留心观察周围事物的习惯。经常安排一些联系学生生活实际的活动。如利用周末或妈妈的生日、母亲节、妇女节等时间，帮助妈妈做一些力所能及的家务活，亲身体验一下父母平时的辛苦，并把劳动的过程、父母的反应、自己劳动后的心情和感受写下来;观察自己喜欢的小动物，把它的样子特点、生活习性和自己之间发生的有趣事情，以及对它的喜爱之情表达出来。如果学生平时能够养成多看、多听、多思、多问的好习惯，日积月累，就丰富了自己的作文材料。

二、鼓励学生大量阅读，丰富语言的积累

常言道：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神，”多读多练是写好作文的“诀窍”。阅读是作文的基础，要提高学生的写作能力，就要指导学生做好读书笔记，要做好课内课文的读书笔记，但这远远不够，还要指导学生大量阅读课外读物，并做好读书笔记。我除了通过教学课文进行语言积累外，还鼓励学生大量阅读有益的，对身体发育成长有利的课外读物，并向学生推荐一些好的报刊读物，如《小龙人报》《小学生拼音报》《十万个为什么》《童话故事》《爱的教育》等。书读多了，就能把书中的营养吸收到自己的写作之中。平时阅读教学中指导学生体会、认识课文中语言表达的规律性知识，要求学生不能只是泛泛而读，要深入进去用心读，还训练学生逐步养成不动笔墨不读书的好习惯，引导学生把课文中的好词佳句、优美片段分类摘抄在采集本上，进行读、背、记在心中，加强体会，以便在习作中运用。

三、有效仿写练习，促进学生写作能力

对于初学写作的小学生来说，虽然是写自己身边发生的事，也知道是将自己看到的、听到的、做过的、所想的写下来，可是一动起笔就不知道该怎么写，写出来的作文总是不具体。这需要为他们提供一些范文，学习范文的写作思路、特点、方法，根据范文的语句以及表达方式进行具体的模仿，习作起来就有了兴趣，写出的作文也就比较具体。

首先，仿写文中的一段话或句群的表达方式。如教《有趣的作业》一课，有这样一段话“展示作业的时间到了。嗬!同学们的课桌上可热闹啦!有小小的野花，有嫩嫩的桑叶，还有青青的小草。”在说话写话时就指导他们用上“……有……有……还有……”这样的句式，学生写到“我家冰箱里存放的东西可丰富啦!有又嫩又绿的黄瓜;有鲜红的西红柿;还有白嫩的豆腐”。学生学会了仿写段，也就为写篇打下了基础。

其次，指导仿写课文的写作方法，进行篇的训练。语文教材中安排的课文都是佳作，无论是语言文字，还是篇章结构都是学生学习的典范。从语文教学实践看，学生从读学写，由仿照写到创写效果明显。学生读一篇好文章既可以学到作者的观察方法、思维方法、还可以学到表达方法，经过由仿照写到创写，走一条写好作文的捷径。如学习了《假如》这篇课文，让学生模仿这一课的写法写了想象作文《假如我有一支马良的神笔》，学生写出的作文用词恰当，表达清晰，写出了自己内心的愿望，充满了一片纯洁的爱心。这样就可以把课内学到的知识巧妙地运用到了作文教学当中，达到了学以致用的目的。

四、学生良好的写作习惯，离不开有效的写作步骤指导

有效的写作步骤，我认为离不开想、说、写、读、改。

想：写作之前先想清楚要写什么内容，作文要求是什么。这时，教师对学生写作选材做及时地指导，引导他们打开记忆，选取记忆中印象最深刻的部分。这样既可以紧扣作文要求，又可以表达出自己的真情实感。

说：想好后，同桌先练习说一说，在互相说的过程中，指出对方用词不当之处，交代不清楚、不具体的地方等等，都可以进行再思考调整。这样做，既避免了写作时前言不搭后语的现象，又锻炼了学生的口头表达能力。

写：觉得自己思路清楚，说得通顺连贯，比较满意了，就可以进行写作了。

读：写完后，还要读一读，找出错别字及用得不当的词句等，养成边读边想的好习惯。

改：在认真读的基础上，修改自己找出有毛病的地方，学会修改自己作文的能力。然而许多小学生有这样的问题：若要他把自己写的东西进行修改，那他就找不出毛病来，但如果让他去修改同学的作文，去挑别人作文中的毛病，他倒真能找出许多不当的地方，有的甚至连老师也想不到。根据小学生的这种心理特点，我因势利导地让他们通过作文的“互改”去发现问题，提高自己的作文能力。

只要培养学生留心观察生活和阅读积累的习惯，再加上教师的善于启发、巧于点拨、及时激励，我相信学生的写作能力一定会提高。

一、写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌?孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。”

如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了?

二、写说不出现“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。

张三说：“……”;

张三无可奈何地说：“……”;

张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……”

显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

三、写想不出现“想”

遇到描写心理活动时，这样的句子已经被孩子们写滥：“我脑子里跳出两个小人，一个小人……另一个小人……”不用这个句子又该怎么写?最常用的就是“我心想”。如某学生写：“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。我心想：天哪!这该怎么办呢?”

按照蒋老师“写想不用想”的技巧，去掉：“我心想”三个字如何?“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。天哪!这该怎么办呢?”是不是更简洁精练?别忘了提醒孩子要给心理描写加上适当感叹词。

四、就是不用成语

作文为什么写不长?都是成语惹的祸!蒋老师此言一出震惊四座。不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗?其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，蒋老师指出：当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。

比如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

五、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想

对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，蒋老师发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼?

比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

六、环境里面有“真”“情”

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。”

孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗?为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢?云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

七、要动连着动

文章要一波三折才好看，但现在的孩子生活都很平淡，你不能强求他们写出一波三折的内容，那就让他们学会一波三折地使用动词，就这是要动连着动——学会连续使用动词，某学生写一场乒乓球球赛：“他发了一个旋转球，让人看得眼花缭乱。”(一句话把文章就给写完了)

学会动词技巧后将修改成：“只见他高高地将球抛起，眼睛死死盯着，球接触球板的一瞬间，他手腕轻轻一抖，脚一跺，球高速旋转着，向这边飞来，让人看得眼花缭乱。”一个动词转瞬变成六七个，文字即刻灵动丰富起来。

八、一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了!

怎么变成三百字?可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地;加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等;还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗?

九、一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。?!……：“”

这些标点你的作文中都有吗?没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

十、字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。事实上很多作家也是以写短句见长的，像沈从文、汪曾祺。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。

如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感?

蒋老师认为，孩子学习写作一般要走过4个阶段：1、写作并不神秘;2、写作需要技巧;3、写作强调个性;4、写作就是生活。一些孩子在大量读写中，在老师的帮助下会顺利走到第三阶段，甚至第四阶段;但是也有很大一批孩子无法跨越第二阶段。传授的技巧就是针对这些部分孩子。家长完全可以在家里运用以上技巧对孩子进行有针对性的训练。而对于那些已经走到第三、第四阶段的孩子，爸爸妈妈需要做的就是保证他们大量的阅读，鼓励他们。

My teacher - tan teacher. The stone set in a pair of handsome eyebrows, a pair of big eyes, a head of black hair, in the sunshine is so beautiful and so kind.

It is often said that we are the flowers of the motherland, the teacher is hard gardener, if it were not for the gardener cultivating, which we have these flowers blooming moment?

Tan teacher for our preview will learn knowledge, not every day is a day and night corrects students papers, there is no time to rest.

I love cry, every time I cry, tan teachers would comfort me: "dont cry, was originally a beautiful little girl, a cry is not good-looking." Tan at the same time, the teacher will be meaningful to speak the truth of life (I think) it to me: "man is iron, the meal is steel, every time you cry once, before the meal is free. Children, you have to understand that the way of life is not plain sailing, maybe you are a little difficulties to cry? No, crying is not solve the problem, so youre not about you, he still had his, how can again?"

Tan those simple language teacher always deeply imprinted in my mind, make me unforgettable.

我的老师——谭老师。一对清秀的眉毛，一双宝石般的大眼睛，一头乌黑的长发，在阳光下显得是那么的美丽，那么的和蔼可亲。

人们常说，我们是祖国的花朵，老师是辛勤的园丁，如果没有这些园丁的精心培养，哪有我们这些花朵绽放的时刻呢?

谭老师每天不是给我们预习将要学习的知识，就是日夜不停地批改作业，根本没有休息的时间。

我很爱哭，每次一哭，谭老师就会安慰我道：”别哭了，原本一个漂漂亮亮的小姑娘，一哭就不好看了。”同时，谭老师还会意味深长地讲一些人生的道理(我觉得的)给我听：“人是铁，饭是钢，你每哭一次，之前的饭就等于白吃了。孩子，你得明白这人生的道路并不是一帆风顺，难道说你遇到一点儿困难就哭吗?不，哭是解决不了问题的，你还不是照样过你的，他照样过他的，又能怎样呢?“

谭老师那些淳朴的语言总是深深地印在我的脑海里，使我终生难忘。

1. In general, I don’t agree with

2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water。

3. The chief reason why… is that…

4.There is no true that…

5. It is not true that…

6. It can be easily denied than…

7. We have no reason to believe that…

8. What is more serious is that…

9. But it is pity that…

10. Besides, we should not neglect that…

11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…

12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…

13. Perhaps I was question why…

14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…

15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but

16. What seems to be the trouble is…

17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…

18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…

19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…

20. What these people fail to consider is that…

21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …

22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too。

23. The advantages of B are much greater than A。

24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration。