英语写作教学方法推荐四篇 作文怎么写（优秀20篇）

英语写作和汉语写作一样，要写出好文章除了要有好的内容外还少不了好的结构，而句子的好坏又取决于选词造句。小编收集了关于英语作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、措辞

1、选择生动准确的词

词是语言的基本单位，人们要表达思想，就要选择适当的词语，这是写作的基本要求。

词可分为一般概念的词(general words)和具体概念的词(specific words)。表示一般概念的词含义模糊;表示具体概念的词含义明确，表达准确，生动形象。写作时合理地使用具体概念的词能够使句子表达的意思准确，内容生动，更富有感染力。试比较下面各组句子：

(l) A few houses were destroyed yesterday (general)

Five houses burnt down yesterday (specific)

(2)His relatives gave him two gifts(general)

His aunt and uncle gave hima watch and a Pen as the birthday gifts。(specific)

(3) Jack went to the window and looked at the crowd outside(general)

Jack tiptoed to the window and peeped into the room(specific)

上面各组句中，第一个句子抽象概括，给人以空泛的感觉：第二个句子用词具体，有个件，使人感到意思确切，生动逼真。

2、使用英语成语和习语

人们在长期使用语言的过程中，积累了大量的习惯表达法。这些成语、习语内涵丰富，语言生动活泼。文章中适当地使用这类短语，可避免语言的单调贫乏，使句子生动而富于内涵。如：

(l)George has lost his social position since his business failed.

可改为：George has come down in the world since his business failed

(2).Maybe you have time to go to the cinema,but I have more importavt businessto attend to.

可改为：Maybe you have time to go to the cinema,but I have other fish to fry.

3、用词的宽度

用词的宽度可以反映出写作者所掌握的词汇量。如果一个人掌握的词汇量大，那么当表达同一概念有不同的表达方法时，则可以换一种说法。如：

The teachers maintained that the students should give up love for the sake ofleaming Students,however,hold that fordidding love among college students is nogood.

这两句话里，谓语分别用了maintain和hold。如果将它们换为think，所表达的意思相同，但用词宽度则不如原文。这两句话中for the sake of，give uP,is no good等都是用词宽度的表现。

所以在英语写作中有意识地适当增加用词宽度既能体现学以致用的原则又能使文章取得良好效果。

二、句子的多样化

英语中，同一思想用不同句式表达，其效果会大不相同。要想写出好的文章，就要不断地变化句子的结构形式。

l、长短句交替使用

句子的长短是为表达思想服务的。英语短句结构简单，意思明白具有生动活泼而又干脆利索的表达效果，而长句结构复杂，信息丰富，能表达成熟的思想与复杂的概念。一味地使用长句或短句会使文章显得单调，乏味，从而影响文章的总体效果。科学地交替使用长短句使句子结构变化多样，不仅给文章带来顿挫起伏的语言美感，而且可以受到理想的修辞效果。请看下面的这段话：

She returned to her office.There was a note under the door. It was from Mr May.He said he was waiting for her in the coffee room.And he bad not found her sister.Hewas sorry to have missed her.

这段话用了一连串的短句，读起来单调呆板，平淡无味。为使文字更加生动，意思更加明确可改为：

When she returned to her office，the found a note from Mr May under the door.He said he was waiting for her in the coffee room and hadnt found her sister yet.Headded that he was sorry to have missed her.

修改后三个句子长短不一，读起来就给人以不同的感觉。

又如《大学英语》第一册第十课 Going Home，当汽车驶至 Brunsnick，车上的年轻人看见黄手帕时，出现了以下这两行文字：

Then，suddenly，all of the young people were up out of thelr seats，screamlng andshouting and cryin, doing small dances of joy.All except Vlngo.这两句话一长(23个词)一短(3个词)，彼此衬托互为凸现。第一句的两个and和四个-ing词，把热闹、喧哗的气氛喧染极至，长句之后，蜂回路转，一个仅三个词的短句扑入读者的双目几乎沸腾的场面顿时凝固但其余音未绝，此时外表虽冷漠，内心却炙热难当。

2、句子开头的多样化

“主-谓-宾”、“主-系-表”是英语的基本句型，主语领先句也是用得最多的句型。写作中为避免形式单一，当句子可以用主语开头，同时又可以其它结构开头时，不妨变换一下。如：

(1)Defeated in the minor exchanges,I now play my queen of trumps.(分词短语做状语开头)

(2)There are two ways in which one can own a book.( there be句型开头)

(3)Equally important is a good habit of reading(表语开头)

以上各句都可以用主语开句，但在篇章中通过改变句子开头，文章就会疏落有致，语言形式丰富多采。

3、句子结构的多样化

写作中可以通过句型结构的变化来增添文采，强化表现力。如：

(l) The love of the liberty is the love of the others;the love of power ls thelove of ourselves.

(平行结构.这类结构整齐、紧凑;句子生动、鲜明，语义贯通、语势强劲有力。)

(2)The days when we suffered from oppression and exploitation are gone.(这样表达文字通顺，但语意不很突出。)

改为：Gone are the days when we suffered fron oppression andexploitation.

(采用倒装句结构后，充分体现出受剥削受压迫的人民解放后扬眉吐气的心情。)

三、观点切题结构合理

这是写作中最重要的要求之一它要求写作开门见山直入主题。如写一篇谈“健康重要性”的文章，提示是1、健康的重要性;2、保持健康的方法;3、我的看法。按要求文章应按三个自然段来写，而每段开头都必须是提示的内容，因此，三段可以这么开头：

l.Good health is important to everyone of us.

2.There are many ways which can help build up our health.

3.As for me，I like running as well as playing basketball and football.

除了开门见山以外，论述的内容必须与提示保持一致，否则文章的语言再好，也只能算是失败之作。一般来说，这类文章的每个自然段都由三部分组成，即主题句，论述句和结论句。主题句由提示给出，论述句提供观点来论证主题句，结论句则是总结、归纳、概括主提句的观点。

总之，要写出一篇好的英语作文不是一朝一夕就能做到的。除了借助以上方法之外，还需从平时入手，勤写多练，以提高自己的写作水平和语言表达能力。

童话，讲述的是虚拟的故事，并不是真实的。以下是小编给大家整理的小学生童话作文写作方法的内容，欢迎大家查看。

一、我们在写之前要弄清什么是童话?

童话：是通过丰富的想象、幻想和夸张，来塑造形象、反映生活、对儿童进行思想、道德教育的一种文学样式。童话，讲述的是虚拟的故事，并不是真实的。其中的"人物"，也是假想形象，并非真有其人。但它所表现的人、事、关系、道理，却是现实生活的反映。

二、童话都有哪些特点呢?

第一、写童话需要幻想和夸张

幻想和夸张，是童话的两只"翅膀"。 幻想，是我们对未来生活的想象。童话离不开幻想，幻想离不开夸张。夸张，是对所要表现的对象或某种特征，故意夸大或缩小的一种修辞手法。没有夸张，幻想的内容就会失去光彩;没有夸张童话中的形象就会暗淡无光;没有夸张，童话的讽刺性就会失去锋芒;没有夸张，童话的语言就会缺乏感染力。如《皇帝的新装》中，那个爱慕虚荣、愚蠢的赤裸裸的皇帝，在现实生活中可能是不存在的，但我们却相信这个故事，因为现实中就有大量爱慕虚荣、愚蠢的人存在，同时也就应运而产生了那种骗子，他们利用一些人的爱慕虚荣、愚蠢，导演着一幕幕荒延的闹剧。这种幻想，源于生活又高于生活，具有相当高的艺术价值。

第二、写童话需要有拟人化的形象

童话里的形象，大多是拟人化的。童话中，无论是动物、植物，其他东西，都可以像人一样会思考、会说话、会做事、会生活。列宁说过:"儿童的本性是爱听童话的。你给儿童讲故事时，如果其中的鸡儿、狗儿都不会说人话，儿童便没有兴趣。"

第三、写童话需要有奇妙、曲折丶动人丶完整的故事情节。

由于童话创作的主要手法是想象、幻想、夸张和拟人，因此，童话的情节都非常奇妙，洋溢着浓烈的浪漫主义色彩。如《神笔马良》的故事，说的是穷孩子马良，凭顽强刻苦的精神，得到了一支神笔。他拿着这支神笔帮助贫苦大众，智斗财主、皇帝，让人读后无不称快。

三、 童话的写作和要求。

优秀的童话都不是凭空产生的，都是作者细心观察现实生活中的人、事、物后，通过"幻想处理"，创作出来的。写童话不仅需要细心观察，还要经过一个"幻想处理"，也就是"生活幻想化"的过程。只有经过这个过程，生活才能成为童话。在创作童话时，还要注意五点要求：

第一、童话中的幻想是生活的反映，因此要植根于现实。

第二、童话中的夸张一定要突出事物的本质。脱离事物本质的夸张，只能让人感到荒诞、不可信，也就失去了童话的教育意义。

第三、童话中的拟人，一定要抓住事物的特征，符合动植物的特征。

第四、在一篇童话中，表现手法要多样，这样会使你的童话故事显得生动感人。

第五、语言简洁活泼，符合儿童的语言特点。

四、怎样创编童话故事?

1、利用"假设"进行想象

假设某一具体情况，让学生根据这种情况，结合自己的生活经验进行想象、联想。想象可以超越时空、超越自我，甚至想象出世界上不存在的事物。例如，阿凡提来到我们当中，会飞的猴子，鳄鱼拿着一支玫瑰花来敲我的门……这些都是合理的想象。这样坚持下来，久而久之，就会想、敢想，就能大胆创新。

2、利用"绘画"展示故事内容，发展想象能力

在"创编童话"过程中，不要以"写故事"的形式把故事内容展示出来，而是打开绘画纸，展开想象，自由作画，把想到的东西画出来。"画好故事"以后，再给画面配上文字，就成为一篇简单的童话故事了。

3、利用"表演"展现故事情节

例如《小红帽》，可以五人一组，分别扮演"小红帽"、"妈妈"、"外婆"、"猎人"、"狼"，将故事表演出来，表演时可以加以创造，不要完全按照原文表演。表演后，几个人凑在一起，研究一下怎样给故事欢歌结尾。

4、利用"续编"延续故事内容

如《狼和小羊》一文的结尾是："狼不想再争辩了，龇着牙，向小羊扑去……"可以大胆想象并续编故事：小羊最终的结局如何呢?如，小羊想了一个好办法战胜了狼，从此过着幸福的生活。这些与众不同的办法，就是你的想象力;把这些想象写下来，就是一篇很好的童话故事了。

童话里的形象，大多是拟人化的。童话中，无论是动物、植物，其他东西，都可以像人一样会思考、会说话、会做事、会生活。列宁说过:"儿童的本性是爱听童话的。你给儿童讲故事时，如果其中的鸡儿、狗儿都不会说人话，儿童便没有兴趣。"

记叙文是指记人、叙事、写景、状物的文章，它属于散文文体中的一类基本文体。由于应用广泛，写作形式灵活多样，在高考写作中受到考生的青睐。记叙文的叙述方式多种多样，有顺叙，倒叙，插叙，平叙和补叙。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于记叙文详细的写作方法，希望可以帮助到大家！

一 记事的文章

1   要把记叙六要素交代清楚，记事要完整。

2   要确立一个线索，或以时空为线索，或以人物为线索，或以某物为线索，或以情感的变化为线索。

3   要明确写这件事的目的是什么，你想通过这件事表达哪些情感，揭示什么意义。 中心要集中统一，不要出现多中心的毛病。

4   选材要新鲜真实，有时代气息，有生活气息，不要写别人都写烂了的事，也不要胡编乱造。最好写自己亲身经历过的事情，这样才能写出真情实感，才能感动自己，感动别人。

5   注意详略得当，与中心关系紧密的事要浓墨重彩的详写，与中心关系不紧的略写，与中心无关的事不写。

6   不要只有叙述性的语言，要有生动的描写，要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，要有点明主旨的抒情议论句， 要注意多次点题。

7   内容一定要饱满，不要太单薄。

8   叙事文章不要平铺直叙，故事情节要一波三折，有曲折之美。要会设置悬念，要出人意料，要会运用倒叙插叙，要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛，要会运用对比法、抑扬法等。

9    要结构完整，层次清晰。

10   可运用书信体、日记体、片断组合体、小小说等一些体裁。

11   用词贴切，句式灵活，善于运用修辞手法，文句有表现力。

12   学会运用小标题。小标题运用的主要方式有：

①.日记标题式，以日记连缀的方式成文；

②.字母标题式，以A、B、C、D等若干段连缀成文；

③.单词标题式，以诸如春、夏、秋、冬，喜、怒、哀、乐等单词统领的段连缀成文；

④.数码标题式，以(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)等数字标明段落；

⑤.引用语录式，以诗词或散文中的句子作为几个小故事的小标题；

⑥.概述情节式，在段首运用诸如“序幕”、“发展”、“高潮”、“尾声”之类的词语；

⑦.概括内容式，如“她来了”、“她哭了”、“她笑了”之类；

⑧.留出空行式，即各段之间自然空一行，若干段并列，显得格外醒目。

二 写人的文章

1  一定要写出人物的个性，不要千人一面，千人一腔。

2  写人的文章是为了表现人物的性格特点或品质。选择一些典型事例来表现人物特点，这是一个最重要的方法，这些典型事例一定要特别，有个性，与众不同。

3  人物形象一定要饱满，有血有肉，不要干瘪乏味，不要只见筋骨不见血肉。要想人物饱满有个性，就一定要有生动细致的细节描写，包括人物的动作、神情、外貌、服饰、心理等方面的细节描写，要学会描写人物的眼睛。这些描写一定要能突出人物的性格或品质。

4  要学会用侧面描写，通过他人的眼光或评论来写人物。

5  要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛。

6  要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，

7  用词要贴切生动，句式要灵活多样，要善于运用修辞手法，文句要有表现力。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的联系：记事记叙文一定会涉及到写人，写人记叙文中的人物的性格和品质一定会通过具体的事来体现。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的区别：记事记叙文以记事为主，写人不是目的，一般是把某一件事情写清楚写生动并揭示事情的意义；写人记叙文以描写人物为主，重在反映人物的性格品质，一般会通过多件事情来表现人物的性格品质。

同学们平时写记叙文时应重点关注的问题：

1  如何使记叙文立意高远；

2 如何在记叙文布局谋篇上创新；

3  如何使记叙文情节曲折；

4  如何使记叙文内容充实；

5 如何使记叙文文采飞扬。

三 记叙文写作的十种技巧

巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容，先在前面作一个提示，但不马上解答，以引起读者的好奇兴趣，产生急于看下去的迫切心情，这样文章的开头，我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。

一线串珠

记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串连起来的一条主线，它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将这些珍珠串连起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及以作者的思想感情等。无论采取哪种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

以小见大

以小见大，就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常，但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质，小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。

穿插流动

粗笔勾勒

粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

曲径通幽

杨朔的散文《荔枝蜜》意在由蜜蜂而赞颂劳动人民的崇高品质，并表达自己向劳动人民学习的意愿。但文章并没有直接道出这一主题，而是通过展示作者对蜜蜂思想感情的变化，曲折有致地表达了主题。作者开头写自己对蜜蜂在感情上“疙疙瘩瘩”，接着写自己因吃了荔枝蜜而“想去看蜜蜂”，然后又写了蜜蜂的辛勤劳动与养蜂人的介绍。文章结尾写作者做梦“变成一只小蜜蜂”。由此可见，“曲径通幽”是指一种不是开门见山，直抒胸臆，而是曲折委婉地逐步显现主题的谋篇手法。

运用“曲径通幽”法，要注意两点：（一）“曲径”是手段，“通幽”是目的，手段要为目的服务。（二）行文的曲折应适当有度，不要为曲折而曲折。

烘托艺术

烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称，是指渲染某一部分，衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来，就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物，又称“衬托法”。衬托，也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物，使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出，从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物，被陪衬的事物才会显得突出，才能得到更加充分的说明。

1、衬托，可分正衬和反衬。

正衬，就是用类似的事物，从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”，用蓝天衬雪峰，使雪峰更高大

反衬，就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝，来衬托雪峰的白，使雪峰更洁白。又如“蝉噪林愈静，鸟鸣山更幽”，以有声衬无声。

2、运用衬托要爱憎分明，要宾主分明，陪衬事物与被陪衬事物，要让人一看便清楚，不能喧宾夺主。

3、衬托和对比的区别：

对比，是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似，但不同。对比，意在比，突出的对象是双方的，对立两事物无主宾之分。

衬托，意在衬，两事物有主宾之分，突出的是主要一方。如：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰，犹有花枝俏”，前句是对比，后句是反衬。

画龙点睛

画龙点睛是指在适当的时候以一二句议论，点明事物、人物、景物的意义之所在，或揭示作品主题，醒人之耳目，给人以启迪。点睛之处可以是在篇中，也可在篇末。

铺垫蓄势

铺垫也称铺叙衬垫，它是为了突出主要的人物或事物而铺叙另外的人物或事物以作衬垫。运用铺垫写法是为了蓄积气势，是为了突出文章主旨。陶铸《松树的风格》前几段的大量文字浓墨重彩地描绘松树的形象，赞美它“要求于人的甚少，给予人的甚多”，又用杨柳、桃李同松树作对比，补充说明松树“给人以启发、以深思和勇气”，直到第九段作者才笔锋一转，点明题旨说：“我每次看到松树，想到它那种崇高的风格的时候，就联想到共产主义风格。”原来此篇前面对松树的描绘和赞美是铺垫蓄势，后面对共产主义风格的赞美才是全文的主旨。这篇文章正因为有了前面形象感人的铺垫，后面入题也才显得格外坚实有力。杜牧的《阿房宫赋》第一段极力描绘阿房宫规模的宏伟和建筑的壮丽；第二段极力渲染阿房宫中美女之多和珍宝之富；第三段夹叙夹议，论述秦王朝统治者穷奢极欲，大营宫室，招致国家迅速覆亡、宫室一旦毁灭的必然结果；最后第四段作者以“呜呼”领起，发出深沉的议论慨叹，指出秦统治者要能爱天下之民，国家就不会败亡，表明秦之灭亡乃是一个深刻的教训。这篇赋，前两段的描绘渲染，是为后两段的议论铺垫蓄势，描绘渲染是议论的基础，议论则揭示主题，突出文旨，这正是铺垫蓄势的用意所在。

运用铺垫手法须注意两点：一是要注意写好铺叙的那一部分，只有将这部分写充分了，才能有效地蓄积气势。二是运用铺垫要自然，如果为铺垫而铺垫，过多地堆砌，反会暴露出人为的痕迹，那效果就适得其反了。

前后照应

前后照应法可以使文章严谨连贯，浑然一体，又突出内容和结构上的内在联系。照应一般有以下几种：

1、内容和标题相照应。这种照应方法常常是内容安排多处和题目照应，或在恰当的地方直接、间接地点明题意。如《背影》，文中多次描写“背影”，既与标题“背影”相照应，又进一步点明题旨，充分表达了作者对父亲深深的思念之情。

2、行文中间照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事，后面行文交代前面所写事的结果，使内容相互补充，层层深入。

3、结尾与开头照应法。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及，使文章首尾一致，成为有机的整体。如《白杨礼赞》一文，开头和结尾照应，不但使文章结构显得非常完整，而且使作者的赞美之情得到了淋漓尽致的抒发。

镜头剪辑

镜头指影视所拍摄的一系列画面。镜头剪辑用于写作，指选取一组生动的画面来表现主题。此类文章是将所写的人物按照或故事、或画面、或片段、有序地写下来，其间的每一部分都可单独成文，组合起来又是一个完整的篇章。这种又被人们称为“冰糖葫芦式”结构，由于其形式新颖，巧妙精致而受到好评。

卒章显志

在文章结尾时，用一两句话点明中心、主题的手法就叫卒章显志，也叫“篇末点题”，“志”就是指文章的主题、中心。恰当运用这种手法可以增加文章的深刻性、感染力和结构美，有“画龙点睛”的艺术效果。

时空交织

在记叙一件较复杂的事情时，在同一时间段中，先叙甲地的情况，再叙乙地的情况，转而再写甲地的人事，这就是“时空交织”的文章构制方法。它有利于结构紧凑，文字简练。早年有一篇著名的通讯，题为《为了六十一个阶级弟兄》，说的是平陆县六十一个民工突然发生食物中毒事故。作者先写民工中毒后的场面，接着写卫生部接到紧急求援电报，再写平陆医院抢救经过，转而又写北京有关医药商店调运紧急药品的情况，如此轮流反复交织的叙说，构成了一曲动人心弦的凯歌。当然，采用这种方法有一定难度。

有时，在叙述一件事的过程中，作者运用插叙、补叙等手法，也可构成“时空交织”的感觉，我们把这种谋篇方法也纳入“时空交织”中。

一波三折

记叙性文章要避免平铺直叙，记流水账，如能写得波澜起伏，就能引人入胜，耐看。

俄国作家柯罗连科的写景小品《火光》通篇运用了象征手法，但从字面上看，数百字的短文，由作者的感受引发了一波三折的景物变化，黑夜泛舟，火光又明又亮，好像就在眼前，这是开头展示的基本景象；船夫不以为然，认为还远着呢，兴起一波；自己从不相信到信服，又兴起一波；由“非常遥远”到“毕竟就在前头”，重要的是“必须加劲划桨”再兴一波

“一波三折”，“波折”要入情入理，让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉，方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活，故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者，还会适得其反。

欲扬先抑

“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法。杨朔写过一篇著名的散文《荔枝蜜》。他在文中说小时候因为被蜜蜂螫过，因此对它总有疙疙瘩瘩的厌恶之感，但后来在广东从化参观了养蜂场，尝到了荔枝蜜，又听了养蜂老人的一番介绍，对小生灵蜜蜂顿生敬仰之情，它那勤恳、无私的品质正体现了中国劳动人民的美德。这是典型的欲扬先抑写作手法。所谓欲扬先抑，是指本要大力颂扬的对象，而落笔开始却贬抑它，批评它。前文的“抑”，反衬了后文的“扬”。采用这种写作手法，要自然合理，切不可牵强生硬。

导语：在会写记叙文之前我们首先要学会怎么去记叙好一件简单的事情，下面我们来看看叙事文的写作方法。

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。

一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。

在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

在写记叙文的时候，我们要有条理性，先要想好先写什么，后写什么，安排好记叙的顺序，不然就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么我们要怎么写才能让文章条理清楚呢

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

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写事要求清楚、具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的“记叙文六要素”。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素傍边，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，“经过”部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，“经过”部分写得不具体是带有遍及性的问题。小学生的记叙文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。

(一)怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后根据先后挨次一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，必然要写具体。

(二)怎样写活动

活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动?为什么搞活动?则眼搞活动?活动的结果怎样?都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。 在整个活动傍边，不是写一个人，二是写一群人;不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来体现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必需有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把本身看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去;既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包罗两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是本身的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后挨次，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

What can I say about Pixar? Amazing?? Perfect?? Got to see this at the Cannes Film Festival in France (went>【扩展阅读篇】

所谓“感”

可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想，可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想，可以是因读书而激发的决心和理想，也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击、讽刺。读后感的表达方式灵活多样，基本属于议论范畴，但写法不同于一般议论文，因为它必须是在读后的基础上发感想。要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感，必须注意以下几点：

首先，要读好原文

“读后感[1]”的“感”是因“读”而引起的。“读”是“感”的基础。走马观花地读，可能连原作讲的什么都没有了解，哪能有“感”?读得肤浅，当然也感得不深。只有读得认真，才能有所感，并感得深刻。如果要读的是议论文，要弄清它的论点(见解和主张)，或者批判了什么错误观点，想一想你受到哪些启发，还要弄清论据和结论是什么。如果是记叙文，就要弄清它的主要情节，有几个人物，他们之间是什么关系，以及故事发生在哪年哪月。作品涉及的社会背景，还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事，揭示了人物什么样的精神品质，反映了什么样的社会现象，表达了作者什么思想感情，作品的哪些章节使人受感动，为什么这样感动等等。

其次，排好感点

只要认真读好原作，一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多。如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感，对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感，对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感。总之，只要是原作品的内容，只要你对它有感受，都可能写成读后感，你需要把你所知道的都表示出来，这样才能写好读后感。

第三、选准感点

一篇文章，可以排出许多感点，但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心，切不可面面俱到，所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较，找出自己感受最深、角度最新，现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点，作为读后感的中心，然后加以论证成文。

第四、叙述要简

既然读后感是由读产生感，那么在文章里就要叙述引起“感”的那些事实，有时还要叙述自己联想到的一些事例。一句话，读后感中少不了“叙”。但是它不同于记叙文中“叙”的要求。记叙文中的“叙”讲究具体、形象、生动，而读后感中的“叙”却讲究简单扼要，它不要求“感人”，只要求能引出事理。初学写读后感引述原文，一般毛病是叙述不简要，实际上变成复述了。这主要是因为作者还不能把握所要引述部分的精神、要点，所以才简明不了。简明，不是文字越少越好，简还要明。

第五，联想要注意形式

联想的形式有相同联想(联想的事物之间具有相同性)、相反联想(联想的事物之间具有相反性)、相关联想(联想的事物之间具有相关性)、相承联想(联想的事物之间具有相承性)、相似联想(联想的事物之间具有相似性)等多种。写读后感尤其要注意相同联想与相似联想这两种联想形式的运用。

编辑本段如何写读后感

格式

一、格式和写法

读后感通常有三种写法：一种是缩写内容提纲，一种是写阅读后的体会感想，一种是摘录好的句子和段落。题目可以用《读后感》;还可以用自己的感受(一两个词语)做题目，下一行是——《读有感》，第一行是主标题，第二行是副标题。

二、要选择自己感受最深的东西去写，这是写好读后感的关键。

三、要密切联系实际，这是读后感的重要内容。

四、要处理好“读”与“感”的关系，做到议论，叙述，抒情三结合。

五、叙原文不要过多，要体现出一个“简”字。

六、要审清题目。

在写作时，要分辨什么是主要的，什么是次要的，力求做到“读”能抓住重点，“感”能写出体会。

七、要选择材料。

读是写的基础，只有读得认真仔细，才能深入理解文章内容，从而抓住重点，把握文章的思想感情，才能有所感受，有所体会;只有认真读书才能找到读感之间的联系点来，这个点就是文章的中心思想，就是文中点明中心思想的句子。对一篇作品，写体会时不能面面俱到，应写自己读后在思想上、行动上的变化。

八、写读后感应以所读作品的内容简介开头，然后，再写体会。

原文内容往往用3～4句话概括为宜。结尾也大多再回到所读的作品上来。要把重点放在“感”字上，切记要联系自己的生活实际。

九、要符合情理、写出真情实感。

写读后感的注意事项

①写读后感绝不是对原文的抄录或简单地复述，不能脱离原文任意发挥，应以写“体会”为主。

②要写得有真情实感。应是发自内心深处的感受，绝非“检讨书”或“保证书”。

③要写出独特的新鲜感受，力求有新意的见解来吸引读者或感染读者。

④禁止写成流水账!

编辑本段要写关于学习的读后感应该读什么有感

(1)引——围绕感点 引述材料。简述原文有关内容。

(2)概——概括本文的主要内容 ,要简练,而且要把重点写出来。

(3)议——分析材料，提练感点。亮明基本观点。在引出“读”的内容后，要对“读”进行一番评析。既可就事论事对所“引”的内容作一番分析;也可以由现象到本质，由个别到一般的作一番挖掘;对寓意深的材料更要作一番分析，然后水到渠成地“亮”出自己的感点。要选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为"观点句"。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。"观点句"在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(4) 联——联系实际，纵横拓展。围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。写读后感最忌的是就事论事和泛泛而谈。就事论事撒不开，感不能深入，文章就过于肤浅。泛泛而谈，往往使读后感缺乏针对性，不能给人以震撼。联，就是要紧密联系实际，既可以由此及彼地联系现实生活中相类似的现象，也可以由古及今联系现实生活中的相反的种种问题。既可以从大处着眼，也可以从小处入手。当然在联系实际分析论证时，还要注意时时回扣或呼应“引”部，使“联”与“引””藕”断而“丝”连这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出，更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实，所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

命题作文，一般是指出题者给出一个既定的题目，要求应试者根据这个给定题目进行写作。下面是小编为你带来的小学生命题作文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

命题作文也就是全命题作文，它的标志是有一个完整的题目，学生必须以这个题目为作文的标题，一个字都不能改动。命题型作文可以由三个部分组成：一是题目;二是提示语，为考生打开写做思路做导引;三是要求，做字数和内容上的规定。那么怎样写好命题作文呢?

首先，一个题目拿到手，我们需要明确它的体裁和人称。是记叙文?议论文?应用文?第一人称?第三人称?

如果是记叙文，在题目中经常出现“记……”、“……的事”、“……的人”等。如《记我的老师》、《一件有趣的事》。如果是说明文，题目中经常会出现“介绍……”、“……的自白”、“……的话”等。如《介绍我的书包》、《小风车的话》。

其次要审好题。不管遇到什么样的题目，都要咬文嚼字，仔细琢磨，找出题目的关键字眼在哪儿?找准它，根据它弄清题目的要求、重点和范围，确定文章的中心。确定好文章的中心之后，就需要围绕中心选取最能表达中心的材料。确定中心，选好材料以后，就需要列出一个简要的提纲，确定先写什么，再写什么，后写什么。哪些地方详写，哪些地方略写?

目前，在小学阶段的命题作文主要是记叙文，其中又以写人类记叙文和记事类记叙文为主。

如果是以写人为主的记叙文，就要把这个人最独特的、最与众不同的地方写出来，使其成为一个独特的人。一般来说，我们要描写一个人，要调动各种的描写手段，这些手段是要综合运用的，我们最常用的主要有四大类，就是神态描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写。

如果是以记事为主的记叙文，就要把时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过、结果写清楚。并且要安排文章的详略，重点地方要不惜笔墨，详细叙述。

一、简述所犯错误，并定性之。

这是对自己开的第一炮，一定要猛烈、响亮，不能不痛不痒。但切记，炮一定要往空中放，不可往实处打。聊天室里泡美眉是吧？那要这样检讨——“我单身时代养成的积习未改，不是一个好男人”，千万不能说——“我只不过想换换口味”。

二、描述犯错过程。

这部分内容一定要扎实、扎实、再扎实，新闻的五个W一个都不能少。但是一定不要漏掉一点，那就是在犯错过程中的心理活动。要凸现善与恶的搏斗，灵与肉的挣扎。搏斗得越惨烈，挣扎得越残酷，越能博得谅解和宽容。

三、剖析错误原因。

这是最见功力的部分，是决定一份检讨成败的关键。要彻底把自己打翻、砸烂、磨碎、煮熟，要揭开伤疤，触及灵魂，让杜鹃泣血，令岩石掉泪。这错误早期形成，长期发展，千里之堤毁于蚁穴，万里长城倒于自摸，百转千回不该这样走，千错万错不能这样错！当然千万不要批判、控诉周围的环境——多么强大，多么沉重，多么凶险，多么肮脏！我本出淤泥而不染，奈何淤泥高过头；我本纯洁又无辜，奈何大家都有辜。除非你想暗示自己没错。

四、分析错误的影响，假设继续犯的后果。

错误严重，辜负期望，影响很坏，教训深刻，若不是领导及时指出、老师及时发现、父母及时提醒、女友及时察觉、有关部门及时介入，后果简直不堪设想！“不堪设想”这个词用得好啊！不但省下了许多笔墨，而且推脱了不少责任。所谓不堪设想，说白了就是谁都没工夫去想。

1、审题：审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。

2、进行构思，列出简单的提纲，打造文章之骨架：审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。

3、扩展成文：根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。

在这一步骤中还需注意三方面问题：

1、确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样，才能保证所写段落不偏题、不跑题。

2、要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排，避免段落内容的交叉。

3、用好连接词，注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。要做到所写文章层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯，就需要在句与句之间、段与段之间架起一座座桥梁，而连接词起的正是桥梁作用。

在扩展的过程中也有些窍门，以下几点可供参考：

1、在整篇文章中，避免只是用一两个句式或重复用同一词语。英语中存在着极为丰富的同义词，准确地使用同义词可以给读者清新的感觉。同时要灵活运用各种句式，如倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句、对比句、分词短语、介词短语等，从而增加文章的可读性。

2、使用不同长度的句子。如果一个意思用一句话写不清楚的话，通过分句和合句或用两句、三句来表达，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

3、改变句子的开头方式，不要总是以主、谓、宾、状的次序。可以把状语至于句首，或用分词等。

4、学会使用过渡词。递进furthermore，moreover，besides，in addition，then，etc ;转折however，but，nevertheless，afterwards，etc ;总结finally，at last，in brief，to conclude，etc ;强调really，indeed，certainly，surely，above a11，etc ;对比in the same way，just as，on the other hand，etc。

5、确定文章用第几人称写，基本时态是什么。使用人称时人物不能张冠李戴或指代不明。时态要尽量保持一致。

检查修改：要检查复核，不要写完了事。

要留时间通读全文，修改可能出现的错误。检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅。检验的标准主要是句子是否通畅，该用连词的地方用了没有，所用的连词是否合适，是否有语法错误，主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯，是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误等，还有就是注意卷面整洁。

可归纳为：中心突出，主题明确;层次清楚，条理清晰;表达

说明文的中心鲜明突出，文章具有科学性，条理性，语言确切生动。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词等。说明文有的是以时间为序，有的是以空间为序；有的由现象写到本质，有的由主写到次；有的按工艺流程顺序来说明，有的按事物的性质、功用、原理等顺序来说明。

考试作文时语文科目的重中之重，如何让孩子平常的阅读习惯与语文作文写作衔接是每一个父母的心病。

我家孩子从小就喜欢读书，各种课外书都看，但我感觉他的作文水平并没因为读书的增多而成比例的提高。人都说读书独到一定的量作文自然就提高了，但这句话在我儿子身上好像不适用。

在上期末的时候，利用家长会的机会，我就这个问题请教了一下孩子的语文老师，他给总结了两点原因：1、孩子的阅读只是浅表性的阅读，像看动画片一样，只是关注了故事情节，而没深入进去。这样的话需要家长配合，让他帯着问题去阅读、多读几遍，情况会有所好转；2、作为男孩子，感情方面不如女孩子细腻，考虑细节就差一些，有些作文题材写起来就达不到那种深度-----当然，这只是说一部分现象，并表示所有的都是这个原因。总的来说阅读还是很重要的，俗话说熟读唐诗300首，不会作诗也会吟。

通过老师的解答，我感觉自己平时对孩子的阅读关注太少，只是觉得多给他买书，只要他多看自然就会有提高，这种观点显然行不通了。我们做家长的除了提供源源不断的书籍外，也得多引导孩子、多指点孩子该怎么看、怎么读才是有效地、可行的。

写人的记叙文，是以写人为主。当然，写人的记叙文中，也离不开叙事。因为人的思想品质是通过事来反映的，但对事的完整性没有过高的要求，不一定把前因后果，来龙去脉一五一十地写清楚。定人作文的基本能力方法就是用一个或几个典型事例来表现人物的性格及思想品质。

写人作文在小学记叙文中是比较难写的，文章内容多，结构也比较复杂。动笔之前，要对全篇文章的基本脉络，即先写什么，后写什么，分为几个段落以及采用什么方法开头，结尾等问题都要做到心中有数。因此，在作文前必须进行通盘考虑，搞好布局谋篇的总体设计，即需要编好写作提纲。

编好提纲之前要选择好材料，从题目入手根据中心思想，选取与中心思想密切相关的材料，有代表性的材料，新鲜的材料。新鲜是指平日观察到的，与别人写过的材料不同的材料。

选好了材料，写作时要运用多种方法来表现人物的特点。比如运用人物的肖像描写、语言描写、动作描写和心理描写来刻画人物，结合平时作文教学，下面分别说说几种描写人物的方法。

一、人物的外貌描写，几人物的外形特征描写。一般包括对一个人的服装、相貌、身材、神态、表情、年龄、性格等方面的描写。以人的外貌来说，即使是双胞胎，也总会有不同之处。可是一到作文中，一些学生写的那些人就差不多了，好像是一个模子倒出来的“泥娃娃”。给人一种似曾相见的感觉。写人不应单纯为写外貌而写外貌，写外貌的目的是为了揭示人物性格，从而表现主题。因此，肖像描写必须抓住人物的特征，与人物的身份、个性、思想相联系。这样肖像描写才有价值。

二、人物的行为描写，即通过人物的行为与动作的描写来刻画人物。在日常生活中，我们了解一个人，主要是看他的实际行动。写文章也是这样，要向读者介绍一个人，也要着重介绍他的行为。描写人物的行为包括两个方面，一是要写出“做什么”，二是要写出“怎样做”。

三、人物的语言描写，是指在文章中对人物的说话(包括个人讲话，两个人对话或几个人交谈)描写。言为心声，语言是人物内心世界的直露。所以，语言描写要防止众口一声，千人一腔的公式化。写人物语言，最重要的是注意符合人物身份，经历和处境，要体现人物的个性，如果写人物语言和人物行动合起来。这样写出的人物就更活了。

四、心理描写,心理活动是无声的语言。心理描写的作用，主要是揭示人物内心世界，表现人物的思想感情。心理描写也要符合人物的年龄、身份和个性特征，应是特定的人物在特定的环境里必然会产生的心理活动：要善于表现人物细微的感情变化和比较复杂的心理变化。

以上说的外貌、行为、语言、心理活动的描写，是刻画人物常用的方法。但在一篇文章中，不一定把几种方法都用到，要根据需要，灵活运用。不管哪能种方法，都要抓住人物特点，都要为表现中心服务，这样才能写好、写活人物，使读者爱看。

审题：议论文的基本要求是250个字，高分大多在300字左右。建议完成时间是40分钟，图标作文完成时间是20分钟。确定读者对象，应当选用正式文体，措辞礼貌，不必使用专业词汇。注意文字要求，部分作文题目有：you should use your own ideas,knowledge and experience and support your agreements with examples and relevant evidence 的字样，意思为必须用自己的想法、知识体系、经验来支持你的论点。

在题目中出现多个问号的情况一般多为报告类作文，只需要按照问号顺序依次解答问题即可。还有一些作文题目中出现多个问号连续发问式，要求辨别问句之间的主从关系。一般以后一个问题为主，前一个问题为辅。

构思：思路

第一步：在纸上记录能想起来的与作文有关主体和方向有关的所有具体信息。

第二步：根据短时间内得到的信息，决定自己的写作方向。

第三步：从已经罗列出的信息，即正反方论据中总结自己的论点，并且进行加工和排列。

第四步：在具体写作的时候，根据论点的需要，在草稿纸上挑选适当的论据。

生活化细节联想，逆向思维联想。

在拓展思路时，一定避免定向的，大而空的思维模式，尽量把作文题目大处化小，小处化细，细处才可见真情。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

员工提出辞职，一般情况下，是需要向单位递交正式的辞职信的。辞职信本身，作为员工的一种结束与单位之间劳动关系的意思表示，是具有法律效力，并且会对劳动关系结束的性质、双方责任的划分产生最有决定性的影响。因此，员工在写辞职信时，是需要慎重思考，绝对有必要三思而后行的。

为了使员工能够更好地保护自己的权利，我们从实践中碰到的员工因为提出辞职而利益受损的几个案例，总结出以下需要注意的方面，供想辞职的员工参考：

1、了解辞职权利的性质；

作为一名员工，在写辞职信之前，不要仓促行为，也不要意气用事。想辞职时，就先要想清楚，你想行使的是哪一种辞职的权利，这种性质的判断，是需要一定的法律基础的。

员工辞职的权利，共计有三种，其一是与单位协商，这是不需要员工单独拟写辞职信的；其二是员工提前三十日提出辞职，这种辞职的权利是一种预告解除劳动合同的权利，在现实中还是受到一些限制的，而且有可能会承担向单位支付违约金的责任，因此，在行使这种权利时，作为员工，应当深思一下；其三是即时辞职权利，这种辞职权利，员工是不需要向单位承担任何赔偿或者违约责任的，但是这种辞职需要法定的理由。

2、寻找合适的辞职理由；

在想清楚辞职权利的前提下，员工需要确定自己选择哪一种性质的辞职，并且在确定之后，寻找合适的辞职理由。协商解除，只需要双方同意即可，不需要特别的理由；预告解除，只需要提前三十日通知即可，也不需要特别的理由；即时辞职，需要特别的理由，其理由形式主要为单位不依法缴纳社保或者拖欠工资或者不付加班费等诸种情形。

3、措词温和，不可激化矛盾；

找到合适的理由之后，在具体行文时，不可语气过于生硬，不可因辞职信本身而与单位激化矛盾。但是更不可过于委曲求全，不敢宣告理由而使自己被动。

4、顺利取得相应的证据；

员工对于自己辞职的行为本身、辞职的理由负有举证责任。因此员工在辞职前、辞职时就应当有意识地保留相应的证据。比如领导签过字的辞职申请，自己写的辞职信，单位发的工资条等各种证据，需要切记的是，证据需要是原件。

5、作好仲裁或者诉讼的心理准备。

如果你与单位之间的劳动合同中约定了违约金的话，就要做好单位可能会向你索要的心理准备；如果你的档案存在单位的话，就要做好单位可能会扣留档案的心理准备；如果你的社保关系在单位的话，也要做好单位不给你办转的心理准备吧。

总之，辞职跳槽本身对于员工来说，是一个有风险的行为。在做出这个行为之前，需要深思并做好承担风险的心理准备，并且需要储备相应的法律常识来保存对自己有利的证据，必要时，也需要求助于专业律师为妥。

求职最关键的一环就是投自己的个人简历，简历写得漂亮可以给HR一个比较亮眼的前期展现，也有助于获得HR的好感。下面是小编收集的个人简历写作技巧，希望大家认真阅读！

自荐自评

1、说明个人情况，介绍自己的基本情况和基本信息。

2、说明应聘原因，主要表达你有何能力，能胜任何工作，有何经验，有何专业技能，有何性格特点等。

3、突出优势，在哪些领域获得过专利或者奖励，在哪些方面有过研究等。

4、附上材料和文件，一般为学位、学历证书，获奖证书，如果有学校推荐信或者其他推荐信也附上。

5、表达希望得到回应。

教育背景

简单来讲，就是写你的教育程度和所学的专业，最好与你的工作挂钩，如果不挂钩，也写比较突出的。

工作经历

包括获得过哪些奖，在公司或者学校做过哪些贡献，有怎样的工作经历；

个人特色

有怎样的性格特点，拥有怎样的自我定位，在领导力和配合度上有怎样的优势，有何种工作技能与专长，获得过哪些方面的证书，有怎样的人脉资源；

在工作中拥有怎样的风格，擅长在工作中处理什么，具备怎样的工作条件；

证书及相关资料

可以证明自己工作能力的各种证书和各种资料。

自荐范文（简历一部分）

本人经过三年多扎实的工作实践，现已能够独立操作整个外贸流程.工作踏实、细致、认真。具有较好的文字组织能力，有一定的英语听说读写能力，能都熟练操作windows 平台上的个类应用软件，动手能力较

强。本人具有较强的责任心和工作主动性，较好的组织协调能力和应变能力，可以和各个部门的同事相处融洽，配合顺利地完成工作任务。为人诚实并得到领导的认可！ 曾去广州、上海等地参加国际性展会，有翻译和外贸经验及出国参展经验！ 本人性格 开朗，善于沟通，谦虚，自信。虽然新的工作和环境与以往的有所不同，但我相信通过自己的努力和已有的工作基础可以很快胜任，对此我很有信心！

开业庆贺送什么好，大部分人首先想到的应该是开业花篮。没错，送开业花篮，开业贺词开业祝福语是免不了的。

开业贺词、开业祝福语写些什么好呢？贝蕾丝作为开业花篮速递的专业公司，特别提供了下面一些开业贺词和开业祝福语。

祝愿你的生意红红火火，如日中天！

祝愿你的店在新年的一里红红火火，日进斗金。

祝新年开业大吉大利，财源滚滚，事业蒸蒸日上！

祝开业吉祥，大富启源！

祝贺你开业兴隆，财兴旺。财源茂盛，达八方。事业顺利，福高照。日进斗金，门庭闹。

祝贺你：开业兴隆，财兴旺。财源茂盛，达八方。事业顺利，福高照。日进斗金，门庭闹。嘿嘿！！

祝福贵店开业大吉。生意红红火火！

祝你2010事业大成就，生意更长久。

这年头流行喝个晚茶，看个晚会，结个晚婚，道个晚安，但对你的祝贺不能晚，晚了就抓不住机会了，祝你开业大吉！！嘿嘿！！

在贵公司乔迁开业喜庆之际，我们向贵公司表示最热烈的祝贺！我们衷心地希望贵公司生意兴隆，生意长久！:

愿今年财神爷帮您招财进宝。

友以义交情可久，财从道取利方长。

幽香拂面，紫气兆祥，庆开业典礼，祝生意如春浓，财源似水来！

永隆大业，昌裕后人。

一束鲜花，一份真情，一份信念，祝开业吉祥，大富启源！

一纸信笺，一份真情，一份信念，祝开业吉祥，大富启源！

一马百符，商人爱福；七厅六耦，君手维新。

一点公心平似水，十分生意稳如山。

新家好生活，真心老朋友

考研英语应用文写作范文之感谢信感谢信

结构要点感谢信是就某事向收信人表示感谢的信件，分为三个部分：

1． 指出对方帮助自己的事情，表示感谢；

2． 展开叙述这件事；

3． 再次感谢，并可表示希望回报对方。

Suppose your were recommended by Professor Sun to get further education in Yale University last June and now you have been admitted by that university. Write a letter to Professor Sun to express your gratitude in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Professor Sun,

I am writing to extend my gratitude to you—without your help I would not have been a postgraduate student of Applied Mechanics Department of Yale University.

Last June, you helped me with no reservation when I applied for Yale University. You wrote a recommendation letter for me to Professor W, the dean of the department. You gave me instructions on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters. Whats more, you also taught me how to take care of myself and get along with others, which I believe are lifes great lessons.

Your help enabled me to fulfill my dream to pursue my studies in a great university. In the following days I will remember what you have told me and work and study hard to be a capable, conscientious and responsible person.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

感谢信

语言注意点感谢信应充分表达自己的谢意，切不可给对方草率的印象。可借助谈对方的帮助来进一步表达感激之情。言辞应真挚、得体。

Suppose you were taken good care of by Aunt Sun when you pursued your studies in Los Angels where Sun lived. Write a letter in about 100 words to extend your appreciation. Do not

sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Aunt Sun,

It is a great pleasure to extend my sincere gratitude to you for your hospitality and consideration while I pursue my bachelors degree at University of California.

As soon as I arrived in Los Angeles, you found me an apartment near my university. When I met with difficulties you often sent your daughter to help me and when I felt homesick you often talked to me patiently. You told me how to improve my efficiency in both work and study and how to get on well with teachers and schoolmates. Furthermore, you invited me to dinner on nearly every weekend.

Without your help, I would not have graduated with honors and found a satisfactory job back here in China. I know I can never repay you for everything you have done for me in the past four years, but you can be sure that I

Best regards.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming ll never forget it.

在写求职简历的时候，最让大家头痛的就是自我评价这部分了。有些人这部分不敢填写，怕写不好反而弄巧成拙。其实，自我评价如果简洁得当，也是很能够帮助自己从众多简历中胜出的。

简历书写的"自我评价"部分遵循以下3条原则：

实事求是简历的真实性是人事经理一致的要求。在求职者书写"自我评价"时，千万不要有虚假成分，例如夸大自己的能力，优点或工作经验等。经验丰富的HR很容易通过求职者的措辞判断求职者是否中肯而踏实。一旦语句让人感觉到浮夸，HR往往会不露声色地把求职者的简历淘汰出局。

找到真正的闪光点很多人的自我评价中没有重点，或者过于大众化，难以让自己出挑。人事经理往往希望看到你是否有闪光之处，并且这些闪光之处到底和这份工作有无联系。因此，建议在写自我描述之前，仔细罗列自己的工作经历，回忆自己在以前的工作中到底积累了什么样的优势，挑选出自己与其他人的不同之处，以突出自我的优势。

以此次刊登的简历为例，该求职者应聘公关关系的职位，从人事经理的角度来看，他希望看到你是否有极强的沟通能力，项目协调能力，以及是否有创意等。但是，这位应聘者只侧重于一个方面，这就比较可惜。

同时，如果求职者积累了一定的行业资源，也可以在自我评价中提到这一点，起到画龙点睛的作用。

在自我评价中语言需要简练职业自我描述的语言风格也是一个值得求职者考虑的问题。"

有些人喜欢用极感性的话来吸引人事经理的注意，这种做法很可能出奇制胜，但多数情况下是一种冒险。

通常来说，语言尽量不要过于口语化，在评价自己的学习能力，团队合作精神等方面用语应严谨，平实，让人事经理在阅读简历时候能够充分感觉你对这份工作的诚恳态度。

1、对教师的状况

(1)在作文教学中，教师过于强调作文技巧、方法的传授，不重视对学生想象力的培养，学生作文枯燥、乏味，缺乏应有的童趣，小学生作文技法指导。

(2)教师自身的创造性不够强。只照本宣科，不注重自身想象力的发挥。

(3)教师作文教学单一的模式框死了学生，严重阻碍了学生想象力的发展。

2、对学生的状况

(1)学生不会仔细观察、善于想象、过分依赖教师。

(2)学生没有生活积淀，缺乏生动的想象力。

在上述情况中，我们不难感觉到现今作文教学的弊端：教师一味地强调了写作的结果，而忽略了写作的过程。只有善于培养学生写作综合能力,包括观察力、思维分析能力、想象力等，才能真正提高作文水平。

我们没有去过桂林，那么我们读完《桂林山水》的课文后，脑海里会出现一幅幅桂林山水的图画。漓江的水是那样的静，那样的清，那样的绿;桂林的山是那样的奇，那样的秀，那样的险，仿佛身临其境，这就是想象的作用。大科学家爱因斯坦曾说过：“想象力比知识更重要，因为知识是有限的，而想象力概括着世界的一切，推进着进步，并且是知识进步的源泉。”由此可见，培养和发展学生的想象力是何等的重要。

小学生作文，虽不是什么艺术创作，但同样需要比较丰富的想象。例如：要形象地描绘客观事物，就需要生动的比喻、拟人和夸张的手法;要完整地刻画某个人的形象，就需要对他的内心活动作某些合理的推测;要比较深刻地揭示某一事物的象征意义，就更需要展开丰富的想象。

基于对想象作文教学的浓厚兴趣，故以“小学想象作文教学”的研究为切入口，有意识地在小学阶段培养好学生的想象力，让学生“敢想象、会想象、善想象”。在全新的作文教学中体现“求新、求趣、求美”。

二、研究目标

1、本课题旨在构建想象作文教学的行之有效的方法、过程。主要是依据心理学中有关想象力的培养发展策略，以“想象手法教学”和“想象篇章练习”为着重点，分层教学，激发学生写作的兴趣，以充实文章的内容，突出文章的中心，增强文章的感染力。

2、通过想象作文的教学，有意识地培养学生的想象力，丰富学生的想象力，发展学生的想象力，并由此丰富学生写作的题材。

三、研究过程

(一) 在丰富学生的表象中发挥学生的想象力

小学生作文是一种创造性的认识活动和书面表达练习活动。在我们指导孩子写想象作文时，我们通常强调内容的独创性，鼓励学生凭借生活经验的积淀，大胆展开想象，尤其是创造性想象，来表达自己的体验和意愿，写出充分显露个人创造力的习作。可这一切并不是孩子们与生俱来的，在发挥他们的想象力，指导他们写出好的想象作文之前，必须丰富他们的表象，增加表象的贮备。为接下来的一系列写作打下基础。

1、在实践活动中发挥想象力。

(1) 创造性观看电影、电视节目。

在每周一次的观看电影、电视节目中，充分利用学校红领巾影库，播放一些生动、活泼，孩子们感兴趣的、喜闻乐见的节目，比如《猫和老鼠》、《白雪公主和七个小矮人》、《米老鼠和唐老鸭》等，在看完一遍后，选取学生最感兴趣的一个片段，消去声音后，让学生观看，据画面中一些小动物的动作、神情，想象它们的语言，并能把它比较逼真的模仿或者在创造，作文指导《小学生作文技法指导》。最后，再和原画面的声音和故事情节进行比较。

(2) 从参观、访问中寻找灵感。

每月一次的参观或访问是孩子们特别喜欢的。如何恰好地利用机会，发挥学生的想象力，最为重要。在历次的参观中，做到参观前有要求、有目的、有计划。春秋游的活动中，教师要求学生自己分组活动，明确本次活动的主要项目，要求学生写好参观笔记，把印象最深刻的详细记录下来，在班中进行交流，以备在今后的想象作文练习中积累生活实际。在访问军营基地时，鼓励学生积极参与，除了观看军队训练，更应深入军营，多看看、多摸摸、多走走，回校后能模仿解放军叔叔的队列练习，回家去试着折折被子、摆摆生活用品，在体验中激发学生写作的灵感。

(3) 在劳动、活动中进行创造。

每周一次的劳动，我们的安排颇为独具匠心，它不同于一般意义上的劳动，它要能使学生在劳动中进行创造。比如：为娃娃添眼睛——钉纽扣。在为卡纸娃娃美化的同时，学会了钉纽扣，并且使学生在劳动中，体会到了纽扣的妙用，感受到了原来可爱娃娃的眼睛像黑黑的纽扣，产生了比喻的想象。再有就是拆装玩具。学生生活中喜欢的玩具人人都有几件，他们的想象也是随着这些玩具的刺激而引发的，因此，我们让学生几人一组，分配给他们一些可搭筑的条条块块，如何有创意性地搭建，成了这次活动的评分标准。

(4) 利用十分钟队会，发挥想象，激发真情。

在队会中，能结合课题，有机地发挥学生的想象力。一次以《爱》的主题队会中，设计了这样一个场景：

情境一：你在国外工作的爸爸已有三年没回家了，如今中秋节临近，许多在外的游子都已回来。看到这些，你想到了什么,说一说。

情境二：正当你准备把写好这些话作为一封信投寄给你父亲时，他却突然出现在你的家门口。这时，父子(女)相见会是一个什么样的场景呢?请说说。

情境三：正当你们相见时，爸爸从包中掏出了你梦寐以求的笔记本电脑，这时你又是怎么想的?说说。

这种连续性的情境，用一条线索贯穿始终，步步深入地进行想象训练,在无意识中让学生体验情感，刺激想象，为今后“为情而造文”铺设道路。

2、阅读文学作品，积累素材。

文艺作品的特点是用生动的语言、典型的人物形象，具体的故事情节来反映社会生活的。它的突出特点是形象性。通过阅读文学作品，学生可以获得丰富的具体形象，同时还可以获得大量词汇，这些形象的词汇在想象中有着不可忽视的作用。鼓励学生借阅书籍，有计划地、持之以恒地学习，做好记录，切实指导学生读好书，多读书，巧读书。

记事作文以叙事为主，表现发生在活动场地、竞赛等事情的某种意义，反映作者对这些事情的态度和看法。

写谁(作文对象)：发生在活动场地、竞赛等事情。

写什么(作文目的)：反映作者对这些事情的态度和看法。

怎样写：通过一件事或几件事说明作文的目的。

写法：叙述事件，还可以在事件中进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、动作、细节描写。

注意事项：作文过程中，必须坚持始终要与所写这些事情的态度和看法相联系。

一、交代清楚事件发生的时间、地点、人物、起因、经过和结果，即六要素。一件事总离不开这六要素，把这方面写清楚了，才能使读者了解事件的来龙去脉。

二、要围绕作文的中心选择事件，要选择最能表现作文中心思想的事件做为材料，生活中有不少新鲜有趣和激动人心的事。因此，我们平日要多观察，多想生活中遇到的事。选材要新颖，在别人的作文中常出现的事要少写或不写，这样写出来的作文才有吸引力，有新鲜感。

三、事件的主要部分要写具体。每件事都有起因、经过和结果这样一个过程，只有把这个过程写清楚，给读者的印象才能完整而深刻。在事件中要进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、动作、细节描写，这一点很重要，这样写出来的作文才生动。要突出中心，详略得当，与主题无关的事不写。