英语写作教学方法推荐四篇 作文怎么写【精品20篇】

语文是高考的第一场，语文成绩的好坏，对后面的考试有着重要影响，而写作占的比例相对较大。下面是小编给大家整理的锻炼写作思路的方法的内容，欢迎大家查看。

(1)拓展法。目的是为了求广、求新、求异，使思维活跃而开阔。思路可作如下拓展：

一是平面拓展。平面拓展主要包括顺向、逆向、纵向和横向等。顺向是指沿着人们惯常的思维轨道来思考，反之则为逆向。纵向是指按时间顺序或事物发展过程来思考，横向则为将不同的事物加以比照联想。例如，一则手表广告词的写作，既可从“准确、耐用、美观”作正向构思，又可从“该公司在各地的维修人员闲得无聊”作反向思索;既可对其作发展、换代历史作纵向介绍，又可从它与其他牌子手表的比较中作横向说明。

二是立体拓展。立体拓展是将平面拓展重叠交叉起来，建构起立体交叉的文章框架。这种方法适用于调查报告、经济分析、专业论文一类较为大型的文章。

三是发散。发散是指由一点向四周辐射的开放式思维方式，即对一个问题从多个角度引出思路。既要从宏观上作全方位的考虑，又要从微观上找出各个零散的无系统的思考方向之间的有机联系。如写关于“如何扩大产品销路”的文章，就可围绕“如何”二字引出“运用科学管理”、“提高员工素质”、“加速品种更新”、“改善广告方式”、“做好售后服务”、“开辟国外市场”等多条辐射思路，然后再对各个思考方向之间的内在联系加以考察。这样就可以加大思维跨度，弥补单向思维没有涉及的空白，健全文章的结构，丰富文章的内容。

(2)挖掘法。

目的是为了求深，使文章有内涵、有深度。多向拓展思路之后，就应迅速将广思变为深思。深思指的是层层挖掘，寻根刨底，纵深推求，由外在到内在，由现象到本质，由具体到抽象;或由现实追溯过去，由结果探求原因，乃至更深层的缘由。例如，对“如何认识市场经济”这一问题进行思考，可以从市场经济与商品经济的关系，社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济的区别，计划经济与市场经济的关系，如何发展社会主义市场经济等几个方面加以论述，也可向深处挖掘。向深处挖掘的方法如下：

一是在探讨上述第一个问题时，先对两个概念分别加以解释，再进一步区别其特征，然后更进一步挖掘过去提商品经济、现在又提市场经济的原因。

二是探讨上述最后一个问题时，可先论述社会主义市场经济的提出是具有战略意义的理论突破，并分析其原因，然后深入思考如何发展社会主义市场经济。在论述“如何发展”的具体策略时，对每一个方面再进行纵深推求，在这些步步深入、层层递进的开掘中将问题论述明白，最后顺理成章地得出结论。

(3)控制法。目的是为了求得集中——对多向的、支离散乱的思维活动加以搜索，以形成一条清晰。严密、连贯的思路。控制法主要包括以下方面内容：

一是筛选。筛选是指对多种信息和大脑中闪现的种种想法进行重重筛选，然后加以归类，形成多层次的文章框架的思考方法。筛选的优点是便于先集中内容相似的材料，然后从中筛选出需用的东西并形成相应的观点。对总结、典型经验、调查报告等文书的写作构思较为适用。

二是综合。综合是指在多向思考中迅速挑出最切实际、应用性强的几项加以综合，然后从中提炼出最佳议项。综合的优点是使文章有新思想、新提议，同时又切实可行。它适用于可行性研究、决策、建议、计划等文书的写作。推测，是将盘根错节的各种信息、各类条件和多条“初步思路”按一定的规律进行多次清理和推论，从中导出由小到大的层层假说，并由此构成一幅明晰的“思路图”。三是推测。推测的优点是可直观地审视和比较有关条件及现象，推理过程一目了然。它较适用于可行性研究、市场预测、经济分析等文书的写作构思。

(4)梳理法。以拟写提纲的形式将思路理清。定型。这是锻炼思路的一种极为有效的方法，有助于快速成文。梳理法包括以下两方面内容：

一是标明主题，用“主题句”把构思时确定的主题列在提纲首位，以统领下面各项;二是安排层次，用概括的文字逐层排列，由小到大。由粗到细地展开思路。

三年级下册第一单元作文：家乡的美景

我的家乡在江西，这里十分的美，从景到人都有一种自然的美，我来说一下我的家乡吧。

江西这里，有着无边无际的田野和花海，金黄的油菜花，黑白相间的蚕豆花，雪白的荞麦和萝卜花，争奇斗艳，争先恐后的，想要第一个绽放出最美的花，带给人们一种质朴的美感。

不仅仅是田野里，就连乡下人家的院子里都有一种独特的美。

院子里，人们一般会种一些花花草草，凤仙花、白百合、茉莉花、薰衣草、夜来香，有些人家，还会插一根杆子，让牵牛花，金银花的藤缠绕上去，藤爬上了柱子，就像一条青龙缠绕在柱子上，当藤结出花时，柱子上就像绑上了一条彩带，真是美丽极了。

还有些人家，在屋顶上，种上一些喜欢阳光的植物，从远处看，房子就像一顶绿色的帽子，这些植物还起到了给房子降温的作用，就像一群战士，是房子不受太阳的袭击。这些植物既起到了美观效果，还可以给房子降温、防晒，真是一举两得。

去湖边里走走，常常会看见几棵苍天古树屹立在江边，就像哨兵一样，守卫着湖边的草地，这些树一年四季都站在这里，不惧春天停不下来的大雨，夏天骄阳似火的炎热，秋天的一片荒凉的寂寞，冬天北风凌冽的严寒，真是勇敢啊！

我爱我的家乡，爱这里无边无际的花海到极其普通的院子，更爱我在这里的美好回忆。

if we have a book ,we will not be felling of being longly.

When Im free or in trouble, I always take out a book and read quietly. In no time, Ive put my heart into it so that Ill forget all the troubles. Its in this way that Ive formed the habit of reading in any time.

Little boys as I was, I was interest in picture books and storybooks. I was struck by them. No sooner had I entered the middle school than I began to read novel, plays, essays and so on. I found I could get much from them. Little by little I took great interest in literature and last term I won the first prize in the composition contest among middle-school students in Zhe Jiang.

Reading “The Emperors New Clothes”, I had to let out a burst of laughter over his fool. “The Little Match Girl” couldnt keep me from crying for her misery. “ Robinson Crusoe” took me into a strange world full of danger. And I was also deeply impressed by Helen Kellers patience and perseverance… Besides these, books also tell me other thing -how to be a man and how to tell the difference between right and wrong.

In a word, good books can make me know what I didnt before. So I think of a good book as my best friend.Ill never forget this famous saying,“ Good books are best friends who never turn their backs upon us.

在申论的命题原理和作答思路中，解决问题能力成为了最基本也是最重要的能力。此能力在诸多题型中都有所体现，不管是提出对策、贯彻执行、还是综合分析，都有着很高的比重，对于文章写作亦意义重大。因此， 策论文是广大考生必须掌握的基本申论文章写作类型。

一、追根溯源——什么是策论文

所谓策论文，简言之即文章的正文部分以提对策为主。近几年的国考和省考文章命题中都有所涉猎，且题干或要求中已限定只能写策论文。例如：

[2013 年国考地市]

请以“让……大放异彩”为题，写一篇内容充实的文章。

要求：

1.用恰当的文字替换“让……大放异彩”中的省略号部分，是指构成一个完整具体的文章标题;

2.主题应与“给定资料”相关，但素材不必拘泥于“给定资料”要结合生活中的具体感受，切忌空谈政策;

3.观点鲜明，结构完整，语言流畅;4.字数800-1000 字。

[2010 年广东省考]

针对材料中所反应的问题(仅限所给材料)，以“进一步加强农民工工作”为题，写一篇800 字左右的策论文章。

要求：措施全面，结构完整，条理清晰，行文流畅，针对性强，具有可操作性。

二、明确规范——策论文的文章格式

作为申论的文章写作，行文规范是文章的基本要求，也是体现政府机关工作的基本特点。对于策论文写作理应体现以下之规范：

P1：开头概括材料，分析主题、提出总论点

P2：分论点一(段首为对策性分论点)

P3：分论点二(段首为对策性分论点)

P4：分论点三(段首为对策性分论点)

P5：结尾总结升华

从此规范可见，策论文的基本特点在于文章主体段落必须以对策加以呈现， 望考生能谨记。

三、避免误区——策论文的注意事项

当前很多考生在写策论文的过程中有以下两个误区:

误区一：策论文即文章只能写对策，不能有分析。这是很多考生在文章写作常犯的一个错误，申论文章的写作在于说理，说理势必有理有据，因此自当有分析有对策，分析愈透彻，方显对策之针对性。

误区二：文章主体段落有对策即为策论文。申论文章角度的区分不在于文章篇幅的大小，对策多即为策论文，这是常见的误解。而根本性的判定文章是否为策论文在于段旨句是否为对策。

四、学以致用——策论文分论点来源

古语有云“他山之石可以攻玉”，不管是作为考生平时的知识积累，或是来自于材料中主题所涉及的对策都可成为文章写作的分论点。以2013 年国考地市文章写作为例，材料中谈到了很多文化发展的对策，例： 发展文化人才、搭建文化阵地、扶持本国文化事业、重视传统文化教育，都可成为本文写作的分论点，考生可根据对策与主题之间的关系以及对策之间的密切程度酌情筛选，确定分论点。

同时，考生还可根据平时的积累，对于文化发展的对策也可以结合自身，从实际中出发，例如，扎根群众，提高文化自觉性;认真学习，提升文化自信;抵制西化，捍卫文化尊严等等，从这些方面进行论述，进而打造“人无我有，人有我优”的文章写作亮点。

[策论文写作方法技巧

常见作文写作方法:线索查找方法

以物为线索

【特点】

在叙事的过程中，让某一物品在事件的各个阶段重复出现，并通过各种手段加强它的形象。这种物件往往起过渡作用或象征和点明中心思想。

以人为线索

【特点】

以人为线索叙事，要注意不同时间、不同环境人物性格的统一，还要注意人物年龄特征、外貌、动作、地方和民族特征、生活习惯等方面的统一。否则，容易造成混乱。

以思想变化为线索

【特点】

这种写法，思想发展的主线要分明。思想变化的各个阶段贯要自然，对照要清楚。

以中心事件为线索

【特点】

主要事件记叙突出，次要事件交代清楚，主次搭配合理，叙述井然有序。这种写法，事件再复杂，也可繁而不乱。

导语：叙事作文有很多题材，那么写作重点是什么呢？下面是叙事作文写作方法，欢迎参考！

一、写自己事情的作文类型

1.写自己遇到的一件事，表现社会的新风尚；

2.写自己个人的一件事，写出自己从中所受到的教育；

3.写自己的一件事，表达自己的一种感情，表明自己的一种愿望；

4.写自己遇到的一次挫折，说明自己从中所得到的一种启示；

5.写自己的一件事，说明自己已经长大懂事了；6.写自己的爱好和追求；

7.写自己的业余生活；

8.回忆自己童年生活的一件事，写出童年的可爱与美好。

二、写自己事情的参考题目

1.《这件事给了我教育》

2.《我学会了____》

3.《我做了一件傻事》

4.《我从中得到了快乐》

5.《我为此而自豪》

6.《我养成了一个好习惯》

7.《我尝到了动脑筋的甜头》

8.《老师夸奖了我》

9.《当我被误解的时候》

10.《我的爱好》

11.《我第一次______》

12.《学习中的一次教训》

13.《我心中的一个小秘密》

14.《我在假日里》

15.《我的星期天》

16.《玩得最开心的一次》

17.《我的心事》

18.《我的烦恼》

19.《想起这件事就____》

20.《我爱_______》

21.《童年趣事》

22.《我长大了》

23.《关怀》

24.《留在照片上的记忆》

25.《雨中情》

26.《______见闻》

三、写自己事情的参考段落

1.“预备，跳！”一声令下，我立即摆开双臂快速摇动绳子，双脚轮换踩着。才跳了一会儿，真怪，平时跳惯的绳子，今天显得特别重，跳步也慢了。我瞄了一下对面王港队的选手，她跳得多快，多轻松呀！猛然间，耳畔响起教练常说的跳绳要领：“别慌，脚步要踩稳，速度要平均，作好呼吸。”我照着要领跳着，跳着。时间一分一分地过去了，我大口大口地喘着气，额角的汗珠向下滑，手也慢慢不听使唤，渐渐地向下垂。我暗暗地责怪自己：真没用，才这么一会儿就挺不住了，这样怎能为校争光？时间不多了，一定要作最后的冲刺！我咬紧牙关，又一次地加快了速度，心中只有一个念头：跳得快些，跳得再快些……“到！”突然一声令下，我停了下来，深深地吸了一口气，绳子也从手中滑了下去。这时我顾不得擦汗，忙转到裁判员身后，一瞧，啊，一分半钟我竟跳了340下！这是我有史以来最好的成绩呀！

（跳绳本来是应该全神贯注的事情，但小作者却写了好几处的心理活动。这些描写应该还是可信的。它放在文章中，能够使得内容丰富，把人物写活。划一划，哪些是描写人物心理活动的？）

2.轮到我跳了，我想，我也露一手给你们看看，让你们也知道我的厉害。也许太大意了，也许是太小心了，不知怎么的，我连第一局也没有跳下来就被罚了下来。过了一会儿，又轮到我了，这次我稳定了情绪，跳的时候稍微放松了一点儿。果然跳得顺利了，皮筋一个劲儿地上升，眼看就要超过孙丽了。我得意地看了孙丽一眼，谁想到就在这时，脚下误踩了皮筋，真倒霉！

（以第一人称为写作方式的作文，看起来描写心里的想法是很重要的。你看，这一段又有不少心理描写。）

3.第二天，我仍在校门口值日，左等右等不见陈老师来。我心里暗暗庆幸，也许陈老师早就进去了，用不着我再为难了。正当我关上校门时，一辆自行车飞驰而来。我定睛一看，正是陈老师。我有些慌乱，“放”还是“拦”？两个念头同时撞击着我的脑袋，我又犹豫了。我看见站在对面的严鹤正注视着我，好像在说：“班主任老师来了，你敢拦车吗？”但想到陈老师那爱蹙起的“川”字眉头，我又畏缩了。我头一低，看见了胸前的红领巾，想起了值日员的职责，便鼓起勇气，上前一步，叫了一声：“陈老师早！”接着便结结巴巴地说：“陈老师，请您下车，推车进校门。”我说得很轻，说完，又偷偷地看了他一眼。陈老师脸一红，点了下头，一句话也没说，下了车，推着车走进了校门。

（写作文一定要选择那些新鲜有趣的材料，很少有人写过的。这一段可以说是一个很好的例子。）

4.这天下午，一个难忘的时刻来到了！从主席台上传来了会议主持人的声音：“请三年级一班周瑜上台发表竞选演说！”我从座位上站了起来，心扑通扑通地跳着，走到台前，举起右手，行了个队礼。接着，大声地向大会发表竞选演说：“我叫周瑜，原来是三年级一班的大队委员，我平时学习成绩优良，一、二年级时分别获得语文和数学的年级第一名……”发言快要结束的时候，我不禁停了停，心里想，那句话是说还是不说呢？我脑子里闪过一个念头：“想什么就说什么吧！”最后，我给大家念了一首我发表在《中国儿童报》的小诗《望天空》。下台时还说了一句：“请大家投我一票！谢谢大家！”

（选材的确很重要，有了较好的材料，才能写出较高质量的文章。你看，这一段写我的一件难忘的事，是不是与众不同呢？）

5.中午，大家正在玩，胡光突然叫了起来：“俺岳元帅来了！”大家都笑了起来。他悄悄告诉我：“喂，我们想选你当演员。”“演谁？”我问。“我不告诉你，你看我做个动作，再猜一猜。”说完，他两手放在腰间，一扭一扭地学着老太太过马路的样子。我一下明白了，他要我演岳老夫人呀！徐一鸣见了，忙对我说：“啊，这下我们的胡光要叫你母亲大人了。演岳云的李宾要叫你奶奶了！”说完，他调皮地在我面前跪了下来，说：“拜见岳老夫人！”引起大家哈哈大笑。我却难为情地低下了头。

（文章中的谁写得最成功？是胡光还是徐一鸣？读读他们的对话和行动就知道了。）

6.在沉思的时候，我们不知不觉地进入了大森林。老师的坟墓到了。上面是新土，还挺湿的。我们围着坟墓席地而坐，摆上老师爱吃的水果，唱起老师生前喜爱的歌：“鸽子啊，在蓝天中飞翔……”一曲唱完，大家抱头痛哭。哭声是那么悲伤，连天上的小鸟，周围哗哗作响的树林，山中的小草，都静了下来。

（把老师喜爱的一首歌的歌词摘录在里面，是非常感人的。所以，在自己文章中，如果需要，适当地引用一些歌词呀，诗歌呀等等，能够增加你的文章的文采。）

7.我推开病房的弹簧门，他被惊动了。抬起头，他一眼便看见了我。只见他惊讶得嘴巴张得老大老大的，眼睛也瞪得滚圆滚圆的。我笑着走上前，说：“怎么，不欢迎我吗？”他半晌才醒悟过来，低着脑袋，用蚊子一样的低声说：“啊，欢迎，欢迎，请坐！”我在他床前坐下，笑着问了他的病情，告诉他学校里的一些新闻，让他告诉我病房里的一些新闻。我俩谈得还挺投机的。最后，我对他说：“你开始很惊奇，我怎么会来看你，对吗？我来的目的，就是要破破你们不理女同学的规矩。为什么我们男女同学之间的界线要划得那么清？你们那个封建的思想呀，得好好改改了！”他摸着脑袋瓜，不好意思地笑了。

（写男同学的羞涩非常传神，你看其中的描写：“低着脑袋，用蚊子一样的声音”等，让人读了以后就好像见到那位男同学一样。）

8.我看到这情景，马上对老奶奶说：“老奶奶，您受骗了，其实他称的时候做了手脚，您这里不足两斤。”老奶奶还没醒悟过来，那小贩可就急了，他看我是小孩子，以为可欺，就气势汹汹地对我说：“你小孩子家懂什么？不要管闲事！”我赶紧把我亲眼目睹的情形对老奶奶说了一遍，老奶奶半信半疑地走到那儿，让他再称称。小贩不肯称。我问他：“你刚才称时，为什么用小指头先压秤盘呢？”小贩一时不知怎么回答才好，他找了个可笑的理由，说他这把秤是从外地买来的，称东西时，一定要先压一下秤盘。我知道他在强词夺理，就叫他和老奶奶一起到公平秤上去称。到了公平秤那里，我亲自掌秤，那2斤草莓，在公平秤上只称出了1斤7两。老奶奶这时才知道自己上了当。这时市场管理处的同志也来了，叫小贩给老奶奶补上了三两草莓，还对小贩做了罚款处理。

（写事情的经过，写老奶奶的变化过程，都很清楚，一点也不乱。）

9.妈妈面带微笑，坐在我的对面讲我小时候的事，她说：“小时候的你特别可爱，稀稀的微微带黄的头发，有趣得很。每当妈妈下班，总会先看到你的头露出大门，一双大眼睛盯着远处，寻找妈妈的身影，当我走近，你便会跑过来，我就一把搂住你，亲你光滑的小脸。有一次，你错把一位妇女当成是妈妈，又跑过去。可当你看清不是妈妈时，你的小脸泛红了，一溜烟跑回家去了。”听了妈妈的讲述，我不好意思地把脸靠在了妈妈身上。

（妈妈讲述“我”小时候的事情，让“我”对妈妈生出无限的爱意。最后一句话写得很深情，也很含蓄。）

10.想到这里，我便踮着脚，小心翼翼地把奶粉罐头捧了下来，舀了几勺，放在了已经准备好的鞋子里，一本正经地拿了一把刷子，坐在一张小凳子上，放了一点水，便开始刷了起来，刷子和奶粉粘住了，刷起来很困难。我以为是水放得少了一点，于是我又放了满满一鞋子的水。正在准备刷的时候，妈妈回来了。看了我这个样子，她不解地问：“你在干什么呀？”我把前后的经过说了一下，妈妈笑得前俯后仰，把我弄得怪不好意思的。妈妈笑完后，对我说：“你呀，你呀！真是个小傻瓜！奶粉怎么能当肥皂粉洗鞋子呢！”听了妈妈的话，我难为情地低下了头。

（好笑好笑真好笑，奶粉洗鞋水中泡。童年的故事真是幼稚而又可笑。）

11.我一本正经地走到讲台前，拿出小卡片，带着他们朗读拼音，不一会儿，教室里响起了琅琅的读书声。听着悦耳的读书声，我真高兴啊！正当我暗暗得意的时候，情况却大有变化。自习课上我叫他们读书，他们硬是不听，来到教室以后，有的追追打打，有的大吵大闹。唉，怎么办呢？一抬头，我看到了教室里“比一比，赛一赛”的评比表，心里顿时豁然开朗。于是我拿起粉笔在黑板上写了“一、二、三、四、五、六、七”，代表七个小组，看看哪个小组纪律好，就在上面加一个五角星。我刚写完，咦？身后怎么一点声音也没有了？哦，原来是这些小家伙都想为小组争光呢！只见他们一个个拿出书本，坐得端端正正的，好像突然都变了一个人似的。看着这情景，我长长地吐了一口气。

（一个小小的招法，使班级的纪律安静了下来；一个小小的曲折，也使得这个小故事富有变化，增加了读者阅读的趣味。）

12.“各就各位，预备，跑！”我一听到口令，撒腿就跑。跑了不久，我就被抛在了最后。这时，我并不气馁。过了好一会儿，别的运动员可能是感到力气不够了，他们开始减速了，而我倒觉得浑身仿佛有无穷的力气。不知不觉，已经跑了七圈了，终点就在前面。我开始加速。我屏住了气，咬紧牙，直冲终点。在离终点还有几步路的时候，我和第二位同学肩擦着肩，几乎同时往终点冲。就在最后半步的时候，我猛地把身子往上一纵，腾空跃过了终点！哈，我得了第一名！

（最后一句话的几个词语用得很准确，比如，“往上一纵”、“腾空跃入”。）

13.我抓住菱桶的边缘，小心地侧着身子，看准一个大菱叶，伸手去抓，可是菱桶倾斜起来，吓得我倒在姐姐身上。姐姐看见我这狼狈样，不由得笑了起来。顿时，我脸涨得通红。姐姐鼓励我说：“不要紧，再试试看。”我暗暗为自己鼓劲，别怕，别怕！我小心翼翼地伸出了手，学着姐姐的样，抓起了菱叶，用力一折，几只红艳艳的水菱，落到了我的手里，我高兴极了，举起了菱，兴奋地说：“瞧，姐姐，我也采到菱了！”随手拿起一个，剥去壳，咬了一口，好清甜好爽口。

（由害怕到不害怕，由不会采摘到学会采摘，这个过程写得很具体完整。最后写菱的味道，实际上是在衬托“我”的喜悦之情。不过，采菱这种事还是由大人来干比较好，小孩子太危险了。）

14.看着眼前的这只生西瓜，我一下子泄了气。妈妈笑了笑说：“没关系，再开一只。”说着，她拿起第二只西瓜，“丝”的一声，瓜成了两半。“哈，太好了！”我高兴地喊道。看！那鲜红的爪瓤，黑黝黝的瓜子，还是薄皮的呢！妈妈绽开了笑脸，说：“怎么样？这下满意了吧！”接着，她把西瓜一块一块地切成了“小船儿”。我迫不及待地拿起一块最大的，尝了一口，哈，真是比蜜糖还甜！那鲜红的瓜瓤里不住地渗出汁水来，我一抹嘴角，说声“味道好极了”，又大口地吃了起来。

我正想拿起第二块的时候，忽然看到妈妈正在吃那只生的白瓤西瓜，我的脸唰地一下红了……

（小作者运用比喻的能力很强，通过“一块一块切成了‘小船儿’”这句话可以看出来；而且，他也很懂事，这在哪里可以看出来？）

15.我情不自禁地蹲下了身子，轻轻地抚摸着小麻雀零乱的羽毛，我正想把它抱起来，这时候我听见了“汪汪汪”的狗叫声。我倒退几步，抬头一看，一条强壮的大黑狗正对着我狂叫，吐出血红的舌头，好像要马上扑上来咬我一口似的。我吓坏了，扔下小麻雀，赶紧跑开了。当我跑得远远的，再转过身来看时，那可恶的大黑狗已经把小麻雀咬在了嘴里！我真想冲上去，可我又不敢。我好像看到了小麻雀的那双眼睛，似乎正向我发出求救！我“哇”地大哭起来，心里难受极了！我眼睁睁地看着大黑狗吃掉了小麻雀。

（在生活里，像文章中这样让人悔恨的事情是很多的。只要我们培养自己丰富的感情，经常地了解和接触生活，我们写起文章来，就不会有“没啥好写”的感觉。特别是自己的事情，那是最最熟悉的。只要在写作前加以回忆，就一定会把许多真实的事情和许多真切的想法都写出来。）

四、写自己事情的参考开头

1.《老师夸奖我》的两种开头

第一种开头：“张兵同学在这次全年级的体育比赛中，获得了跳高第一名的好成绩，在这里，我向他表示祝贺！”在班级晨会上，周老师用喜悦的语调对我进行了表扬。我当时心里真是高兴得像喝了蜜糖一样。第二种开头：周老师从来也没有夸奖过我，只因为我平时的表现太差劲了。可这次，她却在全班大声地表扬了我，这真是让我高兴坏了！

2.《我第一次_____》的两种开头

第一种开头：还记得我第一次学溜冰的情景，一下子我竟摔了八个跟头！

第二种开头：双休日，表弟来约我溜冰。“溜冰？”我又好奇又害怕，但最后还是禁不住表弟的“广告宣传”，来到了设在第一百货公司五楼的“奇妙溜冰场”。

3.《我心中的一个小秘密》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我心中，有一个谁也不知道的小秘密，这就是我想在妈妈生日的那一天，为妈妈买一双皮手套。

第二种开头：妈妈是我们家最辛苦的人，只要看看她手上的老茧就知道了。每次看到妈妈的手，我就悄悄地想：妈妈，等我有了钱，我一定要为你买上一副皮手套。

4.《当我被误解的时候》的两种开头

第一种开头：我怎么也没有想到王红会这样看我，把我的一片好心全理解错了！事情是这样的：

第二种开头：早晨，我一到学校，王红就走上来，指着我的鼻子说：“刘莹，我认识你了，以后再也不会睬你了！”我当时莫名其妙，等到我明白过来，气得怎么也说不出话来了。

5.《童年趣事》的两种开头

第一种开头：我记得在我三年级那阵子，我特别馋，只要看见人家吃东西，嘴里就忍不住要淌口水。

第二种开头：在我的童年中，有许多难忘的事情，但最让我好笑的还是小时候我把奶粉当作洗衣粉的那件傻事。

6.《我养成了一个好习惯》的两种开头

第一种开头：原来我在早晨起床之后，是从来也不叠被子的。自从学校里开展了“五自”活动之后，我终于养成了早晨起床叠被子的好习惯。

第二种开头：星期六，我照老规矩，睡了一个懒觉，起床后，又照老规矩把被子一掀，就去刷牙洗脸了。

7.《雨中情》的两种开头

第一种开头：春雨，淅淅沥沥地下着，我因为没有带伞，就只好在雨中淋着。

第二种开头：看了看外面越下越大的春雨，我犹豫了一下，最后还是走进了雨中。

8.《_____见闻》的两种开头

第一种开头：“来来来，芹菜五角钱一斤！”“便宜啦，便宜啦！毛豆一块！毛豆一块！”“新鲜啦，新鲜啦！刚上市的豌豆苗！又嫩又补，是绿色蔬菜啊！”一踏进小菜场，满耳朵就是这些叫卖的声音。

第二种开头：双休日，妈妈对我说：“走，跟妈妈去学买菜！也随便到小菜场看看。”我一听就高兴地跟妈妈去了。

五、写自己事情的参考词句

勤奋学习/专心致志/死记硬背/熟能生巧/七嘴八舌/新鲜空气/透过窗户/目送/恨不得/把我乐坏了/融洽/若无其事/无处倾诉/阵阵笑声/凉透了/羞愧/吓唬吓唬/津津有味/倒吸一口冷气/得意起来/灰溜溜/园溜溜/眼花缭乱/目不暇接/奇异风景/潺潺的流水声/呼噜呼噜/碧玉似的明镜/一辈子

1.我一时呆住了，真有点丈二和尚摸不着头脑。

2.我疑团大解，真想不到一两个字也有这么大的学问呢。

3.我心里像喝了蜜汁一样甜。

4.陈老师一把把王俊拖出了门外，我吓得大气也不敢出。

5.我这时有点害怕，举手吧，我还不太会背，不举吧，老师批评我怎么办？

6.谢老师望着我，眼睛里闪烁着鼓励和期待的光。

7.悔恨的泪水模糊了我的双眼，老师严厉的指责我没有听见，同学们小声的议论我也没有听见。

8.望着显示器上的程序，我兴奋得从座位上跳了起来。

9.我连忙把手藏到背后，身子直往后缩。

10.我万万没有想到郭老师竟会有这样严厉的举动，只觉得是针对我来的，脸上阵阵发烧，大滴大滴的泪水涌出了眼眶。

11.回到家，趁妈妈不注意，我赶紧把“皱”和“惹”写在小纸条上，沾上点水，握在左右两只手里，藏在背后，大模大样地走进厨房，用肩扛了扛忙着做饭的妈妈。

12.我有点不知所措地抓了一块抹布，大把大把地擦了起来，由于用力过猛，墨汁溅得到处都是。

13.尽管大雨浇湿了我的衣服，冷得我直哆嗦，可我心里却热乎乎的。

14.但是我的脚却像灌了铅一样的提不起来，速度比以前慢了许多。

15.我的两只脚站也站不稳，身子轻飘飘的，像是一只漂在水里的大皮球。

六、写自己事情的参考题材

1.自己原先学习不太认真，后来因为受到了一件事情的教育，终于改变了认识，提高了学习的自觉性；

2.晚上做题目，遇到了一个难题，心里想算了吧，但一想到这是考验自己的意志，就咬紧牙关，继续做了下去；

3.自己的一个同桌是个学习比较差的学生，自己在期中考试前，放弃休息时间，帮助他补课，终于使他的考试成绩有了较大的提高；

4.妈妈因为工作的需要，她决心学习英语，我便开始当上了她的小老师；

5.我拒绝了一位同学让我帮助他作弊的要求，虽然我失去了一位所谓的朋友，但我捍卫了自己的尊严；

6.我改变了原先上课从来也不举手发言的习惯，因为我开始认识到一个人具有口头表达能力的重要；

（以上可以作为写自己个人事情的参考题材。）

7.我开始认识到爸妈工作的辛苦，开始珍惜他们给我的爱；

8.在妈妈生日的这一天，我特地去买了一件小礼物送给她，还给她写上一段深情的话语；

9.在爸妈结婚纪念这一天，我在广播电台里点了一首歌，祝愿他们幸福快乐，白头到老，爸妈非常激动；

10.有个同学在班级里伤害了我，但当我知道她的妈妈不在了的时候，我就从内心里深深地同情她，当然也原谅了她；

11.我最近从一本书里看到一些做人的道理，我联系自己的生活，觉得很有道理；

（以上可以作为写自己感情经历的作文题材。）

12.我喜欢溜冰，还喜欢看足球，有时晚上也要起来看；

13.我有收藏游览门券的习惯，我觉得这是一个很好的爱好，能够增长知识，不出家门，就能游览到祖国的大好河山；

14.我喜欢散步，一边走走，一边看看，既能看到景色，又能得到休息；

15.我喜欢逛街，每次跟妈妈去逛街，我总能得到不少的商品信息，也更加能够感到我们国家的大好形势；

16.我喜欢养小鸟，每次我养小鸟的时候，我的心情就特别高兴，我养的小鸟都好像认识我，能跟我对话似的。

【提要】高考英语作文 : 2017年高考英语作文写作模板：图画类写作模板

图画类写作模板

1.开头

Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...

2.衔接句

As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

3.结尾句

In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...

应届毕业生们没有什么工作经验，对于自己想做从事什么、能从事什么，都还没有很明确的规划，在写求职意向时，职位写得少了，怕受到局限而失去一些应聘机会，写多了又太广泛，没有什么目的性，更加不行。求职意向就是简历的一个关键点所在，写好求职意向，让简历看起来更有针对性，也能在HR心里加分。

关于专业

如果你正准备考大学或者考研，那奉劝你选一个技术含量高的专业。什么是技术含量高呢，也就是说，你学了这个专业后，你会做的工作不是没学这个专业的人干得了的。如果你已经快毕业了，那就没办法了，自己默哀吧。我们单位招一个行政管理岗位的人，收到不计其数的简历，什么专业的都有，因为这个岗位似乎学什么的来干都能上手。看简历看到后来，我都不怎么看投这个岗位的简历了。但是，我们招技术岗位，收到的简历却不多，基本上每份简历我都下载保存了。

关于简历

一开始我每份简历都看，也看得比较仔细，后来我发现，这样看下去，我似乎永远都看不完。特别是应聘行政岗位的简历，我基本上只看看来信的标题，觉得感兴趣的再打开。我喜欢标题上写清楚应聘岗位和应聘者学校、专业以及一些重要基本信息的来信。不过，作为应聘者来说，如果你的学校专业很牛的话，建议一定在标题上写清楚；如果你来自非著名学校非竞争性专业的话，最好就别写了，否则很容易信还没打开就被了。当然了，你可以写一些你觉得优势的东西，如党员、n年工作经验、擅长**等诸如此类的简短语句。

在邮件里，一般应聘者都会写上一封自荐信。我看见有一些应聘者会在自荐信里列出自己的优势，这是一个比较聪明的做法。废话、套话就不必说了，没有招聘官愿意浪费时间去看那些东西。

有的应聘者喜欢把简历作为附件，有的喜欢直接在邮件正文里贴简历。而我作为招聘官，喜欢的是二者兼有，正文里贴着简历，便于我一目了然地了解应聘者，附件里贴简历，便于我立即下载。所以，建议应聘者不要怕麻烦，简历多贴两个地方没什么坏处。除非招聘单位有其他要求。

如果你长得够好看，可以把照片附上，如果不好看，最好不要贴了，免得给自己减分。简历里千万不要有废话，更不要有错别字。

有针对性地投简历，不要过分强调自己与所应聘岗位不相关的技能。比如，就想招个搞行政和人力资源的，你非得强调你英语过八级，翻译过多少多少东西，口语多牛等等，那可真是不幸，我这个岗位几乎用不到英语，你在这个岗位上真是太屈才了，为了不让你以后跳槽，还是现在先请你另行高就吧。也就是说，我们要招的不一定是最优秀的，而只要相对优秀并且合适的就可以了。

这些东西，我以前作为毕业生也很多不懂，费力在简历上添加很多东西，以为那样就可以表现自己的优秀。现在换了个对立的角度，才知道什么才是最抓眼球的，而什么是让招聘官一笑而过的。

拓展阅读：简历投递技巧

一、选好渠道

有人会问，到底是在网站上直接点击"申请该职位"还是另行将自己的简历发送至简历，而不会当做垃圾邮件删除，而且对你应聘的职位一目了然。

二、要用私人邮箱

首先，在给用人单位发送简历的时候，要用自己的私人邮箱，切勿用公司的信箱。

其次，选择稳定性、可靠性高的邮箱，尤其是免费邮箱的选择更要注意，如果不稳定，发送的简历对方没有收到，或者对方回邮的过程信件丢失，那太可惜了。

三、标题上注明应聘职位

关于邮件的标题问题，如果对方在招聘的时候已经声明了用哪种格式为主题，尽量照着做，因为这是它初步筛选的标准。

一个HR经理一天收到的简历可能有几百份甚至几千份。如果标题只写了"应聘"或是"求职"或是"简历"等等，这样可以想像一下您的简历的被关注程度。所以至少要写上应聘的职位这样才便于HR经理分门别类的去筛选。而且最好在标题中就写上自己的名字，这样便于HR经理再次审核您的简历。

四、申请的职位要准确

应聘职位的名称按公司在招聘中给出的写，不要自己随意发挥。

不要擅自发挥，就算其工作内容相似，但在职位名称方面一定要按照职位广告上所要求的来。比如招聘"渠道部总经理助理",不要写成"或总经理助理"是"渠道助理";招聘"副总裁秘书"不要写成"总裁秘书""文秘".

(一)绝妙开头示范

1.引用名言名句

①问世间情为何物，直教人生死相许。元好问的确好问，也很会问。他这一问可谓一问问千古。多少年来，有多少人在这个问题上徘徊，又有多少人在付出巨大代价后作出了人生最终的答案。但各家之言却如每个人的脸一样，各不相同。

西施说:“爱情是工具。……”(《问世间情为何物》)

②在中世纪的一个教堂里，一位圣者开始了他的演讲:“我之所以成为圣者，是因为我看破了钱财，我的就是大家的。”悠悠岁月，弹指一挥。在跨世纪时的一所监狱里，一个小偷开始了他的人生独白:“我之所以会成为小偷，是因为我看破了钱财，大家的就是我的。”(《圣者与小偷》)

③美学大师罗丹曾经说过:“美是到处都有的，对于我们的眼睛，不是缺少美，而是缺少发现。”今天，受这位富有创新精神的学者启发，我想说:“答案是普遍存在的，对于我们的脑袋，不是缺少思考，而是缺少角度。”许多时候，我们都迷惑于问题的不解或徘徊于多解的选择路口，怎样走便成了心中的疑团，往往举棋不定，左右乱倾，这时，就有换个角度考虑的必要，这样会给你带来更多成功的机会。(《旋转这只万花筒》)

2.巧用书信格式

①尊敬的孔子老爷爷:

你好!我是你的一个普通子孙，相隔数千年后斗胆写信打扰你，不仅为了向你致上崇敬的问候，而且怀着几个难解的问题急待你的指教。(《给孔子的一封信》)

②可恶的标准答案:

看到你，我实在是义愤填膺。所以，在愤怒火焰的驱使下，我写了这封信来声讨你。答案本是丰富多彩的，可是你却偏偏要戴上“标准”这顶帽子。要知道，就因为“标准”二字，发生了无数的悲剧。以下是你的三大罪状:(《给“标准答案”的一封信》)

3.借用章回小说笔法

①“话说天下大势分久必合，合久必分。”当初魏、蜀、吴三国鼎立的时代已不复存在，大江东去，浪花淘尽了往昔的英雄们。而曾经的蜀国的继承人阿斗也变得“乐不思蜀”了，天下已成为“司马氏”的天下。(《三国英雄开会》)

②梁山泊的聚义厅里，现在是灯火通明，人声鼎沸。一百单八位好汉都齐聚在这里，大伙儿都在争吵不休。他们在争吵什么呢?原来梁山泊最近要评选打虎英雄。这个荣誉称号评上就了不得，谁评上了就可以坐上梁山泊的第二把交椅。所以惹得众好汉齐聚在此，争论不休。(《谁是打虎英雄》)

4.巧用修辞

①“砰!”随着一声锤子的敲打声，问号先生清了清嗓子说，“时空讨论会现在正式开始，今天我们的主题是‘什么才是美’，请各位来自不同时代、不同国度的学者们积极发言。”(《什么才是美》)

5.巧用寓言故事

①愚公一家世世代代居住在这儿，门口王屋、太行两座大山挡住了去路，日子难过啊!这里好像与世隔绝，城里有什么新鲜事儿传到这儿早已变成旧闻了，这种生活真的需要改变了。愚公寻思着:得想法子把太行、王屋两座山给搬了。(《新愚公和智叟的故事》)

②喜鹊贴出了大型广告:“为适应时代需要，本校将推行全能素质教育，无一不学、无一不教，包你的孩子成为无所不能的通才，在竞争中立于不败之地。学费，每学期3000元;培养费， 2000元;赞助费， 15000元。”(《全能学校》)

6.巧用揭示主旨的题记

①没有树的伟岸，但你可以有草的翠绿;没有牡丹的娇艳，但你可以有小野菊的洒脱……生命，可以不灿烂，但必须伟大! 题记

蝶曾是个美丽善舞的女孩。她一头披肩的长发，她窈窕的舞姿，曾给她带来了如雷的掌声与无数的鲜花，她曾被别人赞为中国将来的邓肯……然而，一切结束了，命运之神永远将她按在了轮椅里。生命暗淡了，寂静了，“白天鹅”变为无人关心的丑小鸭。多少次，她梦见自己穿上了水晶鞋，继续她的追求，可醒来时只听见“凄凄惨惨戚戚”的冷漠秋风。(《星星夜话》)

②如果你失去了金钱，你只失去了一小部分; 如果你失去了健康，你只失去了一小半;

如果你失去了诚信，那你就几乎一贫如洗了。 题记

何为“诚信”，诚实、守信是也。综观历史，这“诚信”二字浸透了多少人的血泪啊。(《是谁在赞美皇帝的新装》)

7.巧用解题形式

曾经有一位朋友，别出心裁地给我出了这样一道题:

在下列美景中，你最喜欢哪一个?

A.一片纯白的羽毛，在熠熠生辉的金色阳光中，悠然飘落。

B.一瓣落红，在清幽深邃的池水中回旋漂浮。

C.一颗流星，在黛蓝色的天幕中，一瞬而逝。

D.一滴晶莹剔透的露珠，在青嫩新绿的草叶尖，悄然滑落。

看完这道题，我顿时呆住了，万千变化的自然，日升日落、潮汐起伏，多少美景令人怦然心动，悠然神往。……(《无穷的可能无穷的美》)

8.巧用名人作问答

①有人问:幸福是什么?答案是丰富多彩的。

尼采认为:“能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚，但却毫不恶心，这种人是最幸福的。”

而思多葛派却认为:“拥有无穷的财富和威力，而且能够处事不惊，那才是真正的幸福。”(《答案是丰富多彩的》)

②阿基米德说:“给我一个支点，我能把地球撬起来!”

我说:“给我一个支点，我能把灵魂支撑起来!”(《给灵魂一个支点》)

9.巧用诗文显诗意

①翻开灿若银河的唐诗宋词，数不胜数的当算离别诗了，王勃壮怀高歌:无为在歧路，儿女共沾巾。柳永则声情哀怨:今宵酒醒何处？杨柳岸晓风残月。江淹却千帆过尽一言蔽之:黯然销魂者，惟别而已矣。还有人捶胸顿足:扬鞭哪忍匆匆！当今又有汪国真低吟:人生一瞬百年，哪堪去去还还。无论耳在何处，只祈如水如船。又来了席慕蓉温柔的警语:如果离别能够勾起我们因聚在一起而引起的疏忽的细节，离别真的不好吗？如此种种情思，真是美不胜收。涵咏不同时代不同人生的感悟，会让你有意外的收获。(《万象人生坚守自我》)

②美是什么?我知道，美是地平线上升起的第一道曙光，美是秋天里比火更炽热的枫叶，美是黄昏的沙滩上疾行的丹顶鹤，美是大草原上驰骋的梅花鹿……鲍姆嘉通同意我的说法，并补充道:“美是感性认识，研究美学即研究感性认识的科学。”可康德却愤怒地瞪着我说:“片面，美是人类纯形式的主观感受，与事物本身毫无关系。我劝你还是看一看我的《判断力批评》。”我很虚心，认真仔细地研究了他的关于情感的美学著作。我正在为我的玄虚而洋洋自得时，黑格尔却泼给我一盆冷水:“不对，美应该是人类本质的外化”。接着，他就洋洋自得地谈起了他的美学理论。正当我丈二和尚摸不着头脑的时候，马克思在我旁边耳语道:“别听他的，他乾坤颠倒，是非不分，你千万别掉进唯心主义的泥坑里。美其实应该是人类本质与自由形式的统一。”美究竟是什么?我决定离开莫衷一是的欧洲，去一趟东方文明的古国，寻找美的答案。(《美是什么》)

③当广袤的天宇被染成漆黑的底色，新月初升无垠的天幕上缀满星星时，依栏凭吊的我总禁不住思绪满怀，我遥问天际的月亮:寂寞是什么?曾几何时，有李白“举杯邀明月，对影成三人”，也许，寂寞便是皓月当空，好风如水，万籁俱寂时形影相吊的那种感觉吧!曾几何时，有李后主感慨“无言独上西楼，月如钩，寂寞梧桐深院锁清秋”，也许，寂寞正是深宫大院，国愁家愁人也愁的情丝纠缠吧!曾几何时，有陈子昂感叹“前不见古人，后不见来者，念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下”，也许，寂寞就是芳草依旧，天涯依旧，物是人非的空虚心境吧!于是，我问月亮，广寒宫的嫦娥告诉我，寂寞是“云母屏风烛影深，长河渐落晓星辰”的“碧海青天夜夜心”。寂寞到底是什么?我无法回答。(《寂寞的意韵》)

④是什么，来得悄无声息，走得不留痕迹，却激起所有色彩的轻舞飞扬? 是什么，走得不留痕迹，来得悄无声息，可留下穿越一季的倾情歌唱?

是什么，轻轻地来了，又悄悄地走了，在收获的季节留下飘垂的金黄?

是什么，悄悄地走了，又轻轻地来了，为沉寂的大地纺出洁白的梦想? 哲人对着蓝天微笑:“是时间。” 孩童握着风筝拍手:“是风。”

流浪者说:“什么都不是，只是一个梦。”(《拥有答案的幸福》)

10.借用病历好行文

①病人姓名:吴良心

身份:商人

临床印象:诚信缺乏综合症(晚期)

病史:二十年前初次缺斤少两坑害顾客，染上此病。此病伴随吴良心坑蒙拐骗、投机倒把，手段日渐高明，此病日益加重。三年前诚信医院曾诊断过此病人，吴良心拒绝本院药方，逃离病房，赴境外经商。经查，此人诚实信用指数已下降为零，社会威胁力+100。(《吴良心病历》)

②姓名:张大毛

性别:男

年龄: 18

病史:精神分裂症

病例:不胜枚举

Ι. 8岁，幼儿园时。老师要求画画，画自己的爸爸妈妈。张大毛画了一只瞪着绿眼睛的大灰狼和一只温柔的梅花鹿和一只在地上哭的小白兔。老师给了零分。

医生诊断:老师判得好，大毛画的是森林里的故事，偏题。(《诊断书》) 11.巧用听课笔记

听课时间: 2000年9月15日

听课目的:以小学二年级学生为示范，研究探讨“诚实做人”，以《诚实的孩子》为内容，教育孩子“诚实做人”。

听课内容:……(《听课记录》)

11.巧用产品说明书

①产品:纯天然诚信口服液

主治:“信用”分泌不足，诚实缺乏症，“谎言连篇病”等等，由人体内“诚信”合成量过少而引发的一系列病症。

用量:重度缺乏诚信者，一日三次，每次两瓶。

轻度缺乏诚信者，一日两次，每次一瓶。

妇女、儿童减半。

广告创意:……(《纯天然诚信口服液》)

(二)绝妙结尾示范

①年轻人，来生要记住，在迷津渡口千万别选错。诚信是人生幸福的源泉，不可丢。仅以此诗作结:

〖JZ〗迷津渡口诚信抛，

〖JZ〗一生苦恨悔难消。

〖JZ〗且将虚伪付江澜，

〖JZ〗斩闯红尘任逍遥。(《代抛弃诚信者拟墓志铭》)

②大会结束了，答案仍未有，世间事果真千变万化，难以预料，是非均留给后人评说吧。“滚滚长江东逝水……”(《三国英雄开会》)

③突然有人叫道:“大虫来了，快跑呀!”众人一听大惊失色，纷纷躲避，只听武松叫道:“老虎在哪?”李逵吼道:“虎在哪里?”待人们惊魂初定，回过神来，哪里有老虎?原来是鼓上蚤时迁干的好事。众人都吁了一口气，突然发现打虎将李忠早已不知去向。(《谁是打虎英雄》)

④忠信桥 信义里 诚信坊 …… 收笔处，不觉积习又起，以一首诗来抒我心志:

疏影不悔柳头风，

先贤诚信本相同。

欲借此言呈观众，

熟料笔底波澜重!(《诚信吴门》)

⑤陆游曾说:“谁能养气塞天地，吐出自足成虹霓。”即使你没有博大的思想，但你有意识，也就拥有了发言权，站起来吧，像王朔叫板金庸一样，舞出自我生命的亮点。(《吐出自足成虹霓》)

⑥“何处是归程?长亭更短亭。”不管我们以什么样的身份去诠释“家”的内涵，我们都应知道家中有等待，家中有爱。(《何处是归程?长亭更短亭》)

⑦可见，列夫·托尔斯泰的名言“幸福之家各个相同，不幸之家各有各的不幸”也不必完全奉为真理。关于幸福的答案，同样是丰富多彩的。(《答案是丰富多彩的》)

⑧话音刚落，全场响起了热烈的掌声。这时问号先生红着脸说:“刚才那位青年朋友讲得很对，但是我们这是时空讨论会，所以各位的意见也不尽相同。其实答案是丰富多彩的，并没有统一标准，愿各位都能发现美。今天就到这儿，散会。”(《什么才是美》)

写作是语文的半边江山，我们都很重视它，也在不断地探讨提升其水平的方法。但就具体操作和实际效果来看，可谓各具千秋、难分伯仲。我也曾想过：语文的写作教学能不能总结出一种实际可运用的模式呢？现实告诉我，那是可能的。写作教学，系统性与灵活性相结合，方能有持久的生命力。

曾经走过的困惑之路

一、不知该让学生写些什么，临阵随便定一个题目让学生写。

平时总是觉得没有话题可供学生写，因为选个学生感兴趣又能让学生有话可说的话题真的很难，即使选了一个觉得不错的话题给学生写，学生写出来的东西往往又不合己意。快到写作课了，对写作的内容，没有预想的系统的构思，“临上轿了现包脚”，匆忙找几个话题，上网查查，有没有例文范文，有的话就用，没有的话就放弃另找。因为自己也不知道怎么立意怎么写，所以就借助于网络，网络上怎么说的自己也跟着怎么立意、怎么讲评。

二、不知道作文该怎么指导。

大多数情况下是给学生一个话题接着就让学生写，而且因为按照课标要求，高中生45分钟要写600字，高考对作文的要求则是800字左右，所以学生每次正规作文练笔大约要60分钟。我上作文一般是两节连堂，这样带上课间一共是100分钟。全给学生觉得有些浪费，所以就在一开始的半个小时里进行点其他内容，然后再给学生六七十分钟的时间去写作，要求当堂上交。可想而知，当堂上交的往往只有少数。

这样的写作课，让我很疲惫，让学生很厌倦。我觉得对不起学生，也对不起自己。想一想，老师疲于应付的课，学生又怎么会感兴趣呢？我们又有什么资格去要求学生感兴趣呢？于是一直想改变这种写作的窘态。

实际总结出的方法

一、写作要有系统性。

临时才确定话题的方式，使得学生完全没有规律可循，老师在讲解时也缺少连贯性与层次性，效果可想而知。其实，写作是需要打好基础、逐步提高的。比如我们高一一般会先训练学生写记叙文，那我们不能一开始就让学生写“母亲”、“老师”、“同学”等等，分层次引导，学生水平才能逐步提高。我在实际教学时，在第一阶段会先让学生进行人物外貌的刻画，提前让学生细致全面地观察自己要写的人物，做好准备后再进行课堂限时练笔。这样学生课前有了一定的准备，课堂上也就不会再愁眉苦脸了，而且有了目标性，他们的作文写得也的确不错。接下来，我依次训练语言动作、神态心理等的刻画。学生逐步把握了刻画人物的方法与技巧后，我再统一确定话题，让他们运用学过的所有方法来全方位刻画一个人物。就实际效果来看，比随意给个话题就让学生写要好很多。

二、写作方式多样化，鼓励学生坚持写日记、周记。

新课改后我们语文一周才四节课，我们一般两周（有时还会更久）才上一次两节连堂的大作文课，仅仅依赖于此，作文是很难提高的，我们必须引导学生要坚持随时随地练笔。学生们每天的生活可谓大同小异，可人是一个有情感的主体，每天的所思所想是不同的，而且有些奇思妙想会稍纵即逝，所以我们要引导学生及时地把这些“灵感”写下来。写的多了，思的多了，写作水平必有提高。鉴于学生的时间是有限的，所以我要求他们每周的周记必须写，而日记则可灵活处理。而且我对他们的这些随笔不做统一要求，字数、体裁都不限。可能有些老师会质疑:字数不限，那学生岂不偷懒，能少写就少写吗？对于这个问题，我是这样想的：发自内心、经过精心润色的一句话，也胜似搜肠刮肚、硬生生地凑起来的一篇文章。在这方面，我要明确一点，那就是学生的日记、周记，老师要定期批阅，并给出贴切的评价与修改意见，这是对学生比较有效的认可鼓励措施。

三、巧借新闻大事，引导学生自由讨论。

语文的课堂是需要激情的，作文课尤其如此。虽然我们的训练是系统性的，但偶尔我们也不妨变换方式，吊吊学生的胃口。现实生活中有利于我们语文学习的媒介其实很多，我们不一定非要局限于课本上的固定内容与要求。学生们每天只能在校园内过着比较封闭单一的生活，他们还渴望了解外面的世界。而外界每天都在发生剧烈的变化，其中的一些有价值的新闻大事，其实是学生们非常感兴趣的。那我们就可以利用这一点，在课堂上拿出点时间组织学生自由讨论发言，学生只有有了说的冲动，才会诉诸笔端，写出更好的文章。记得前段时间日本发生事件时，我便搜集了一些资料，在课堂上展示给学生，让他们就这一事件发表自己的看法。一开始，有些学生还有所顾忌，在几个学生的带领下，大家都放开了胆量，畅所欲言。结果本来准备用时十分钟的，到了二十分钟，学生的情绪依然高涨。于是，我临时调整教学计划，趁热打铁，让学生把自己说过的话写成文字，进一步表达自己的观点，体裁不限，字数不限。大多数学生当堂就把文章写完了，而且写作水平都高于平常的一般练笔。在这方面，也必须明确一点，口头的表达必须与笔头的落实相结合，效果才能显现。

未尽的路

写作的提高，是语文教学的一个重点也是一个难点，我总结出的也只能算是不成熟的个例。语文各方面的教学都不能模式化、死板化，我们要根

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

消息即狭义的新闻，它是对新近发生的有社会意义并引起公众兴趣的事实的简短报道。小编收集了关于新闻消息的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

(一)采访是消息写作的基础 采访不仅是消息写作的基础、也是所有新闻体(尤指新闻报道体裁)写作的前题和基础。要写消息，要写出好的、有新闻价值的消息，首先要求记者深入细致地采访，占有丰富、典型而真实的材料。这就要求记者要有较强的新闻敏感，善于获取新闻线索，掌握基本的采访方式、方法，有熟练的采访技巧。要求记者全身心地投入到实践中去，眼观六路，耳听八方，“上天”有路，“入地”有门，巧问详听，勤记细想，在有限的时间地进行成功的采访，为消息写作做好准备、打下基础。

采访和写作的关系非常密切。看起来是先有采访、后有写作，前者是认识实际的过程，后者是反映实际的过程，而实际上，采访能力强自然有助于写作效率的提高，而写作能力强，则可做到在采访中心中有数、心里有底、针对性强，从而提高采访的效率。

(二)消息的结构

消息的结构通常指两个方面的意思。一是指消息的构成，即一篇消息稿内容上的结构成分，一般由标题、消息头、导语、主体、背景、结尾几部分组成。二是指消息的结构形式，即作者对已过滤的新闻材料进行总体性安排或布局的方式。

消息的结构形式主要有以下几种：

1、倒金字塔式结构

倒金字塔式结构是一种头重脚轻，虎头蛇尾式的结构，它把最重要的材料放在篇首，最不重要的材料放在篇末，从导语至结尾按重要性程度递减的顺序来组织安排新闻材料。它的主要特点是：

(1)打破了记叙事件的常规，在材料的时间特征上，往往呈现以下公式：

首先是“总体性倒叙”。即将最后结果或后发生的却富有吸引力的材料，置于篇首。

其次是“局部性倒叙”(即“倒叙中的顺叙”)。即在局部性倒叙中又用顺叙说明过去一段时间内，“开始如何，后来又如何”。

最后是“总体性顺叙”。即“现在正在如何，进一步又如何”。

(2)它按重要性程度来安排材料，决定段落层次的顺序。常呈现为“重要”、“次重要”、“次要”、“更次要”、“补充”、“进一步交待性材料”的顺序。

(3)它的导语常是直叙型的部分要素导语，它包含了最重要的事实，又往往具有相对独立性，可独立成章，变成“简明新闻”或“一句话新闻”。

(4)对事件过程的叙述往往较简略，每段文字都很简要。

倒金字塔式结构便于受众迅速掌握全篇之精华，满足受众尽快获取最新消息之需求;便于记者迅速报道新闻，将最重要的新闻事实，最先发出去;便于编辑选稿、分稿、组版、删节，如在版面不够时，可从后往前删，无须重新调整段落。但它也易于造成程式化、单一化的毛病，而且，它比较适宜写时效性强、事件单一的突发性新闻，而用它来写非事件性新闻、富有人情味、故事情强的新闻，就不太适合。

例如：

中新社北京九月五日电 中国中青年新闻工作者的最高奖“范长江新闻奖”从今年开始进行评奖，以后每两年评选一次。

记者从中国记协和范长江新闻奖基金会今天举行的新闻发布会上了解到，凡在评选年度不超过55岁的中青年专业新闻工作者均可参加评选。评选范围包括正式批准登记的报纸、通讯社、广播电台、新闻时事类刊物和新闻电影等单位的新闻编辑、记者、播音员(包括节目主持人)以及从事新闻理论研究、新闻教育的专业人员。

首届“范长江新闻奖”最多评选采编人员10名，是否设提名奖待定。评选结果将在明年第一季度公布。

据悉，海外新闻工作者参加评选的办法另行拟定。

范长江新闻奖基金会主席、新华社社长穆青任评选委员会主任。评选委员会由新闻界专家和知名人士组成。

2、时间顺序式结构

此结构形式又叫编年体结构。也有的称其为金字塔式结构，其实并不准确。时间顺序式结构通常不一定有单独的导语，往往按时间顺序来安排事实，先发生的放在前面，后发生的放在后面。这种结构叙事条理清晰，现场感强，且很适合写那些故事性强、以情节取胜的新闻，尤适合写现场目击记。其缺点是开头平淡，难以一下子吸引受众;消息的精华也可能淹没在长篇的叙述之中。

例如：冻死的孩子重新复活

美国威斯康星州一个名叫麦肯罗的孩子，今年只有二岁半。一月十九日，在家里人没有注意的情况下，他穿着一身睡衣，只身来到零下二十九度严寒的室外。家里人发觉后把他抱回屋里时，麦肯罗的一部分血液已经‘冻结’，手脚也都僵硬了。当他被送往医院时，体温已下降到十五点五度。但是，在经过了包括使用心肺泵等先进设备抢救以后，麦肯罗竟然奇迹般地复活了。像这样处于低温状态下的人能够死而复生，在世界上是没有先例的，就是参加抢救麦肯罗的医生也对此感到惊叹不已。

现在，除了他的左手可能会留下由于冻伤后遗症引起的轻度肌肉障碍以外，其它恢复都很正常，估计三、四周内，即可恢复健康。

3、对比式结构

此种结构重在通过对比，揭示差异，从而突出新闻主题。如《人民日报》1982年7月18日关于顺义啤酒厂和青岛啤酒厂的报道就用的这种结构。此则消息首先用的是对比性的标题。

两个厂为什么建设一快一慢?

权力下放争主动�d�d顺义啤酒厂一年建成投产

婆婆太多难办事�d�d青岛啤酒厂扩建扯皮两年

然后是对比性的导语，在对比性的导语下，又用了两个对比性的小标题：

“顺义厂：地方有主动权，领导重视，各方配合”。

“青岛厂：婆婆太多，公文旅行，相互掣肘”。

最后，又有一个对比性的结尾：

“两个厂情况如此悬殊，发人深省。”

4、提要式结构

此结构通常把新闻中最重要的事实概括到导语中，然后将多项需并列出示的内容以提要形式，用数字程序一一分列出来。有时也可不用数字标示，而用“�d�d”引出各个要点。

5、问答式结构

此结构多用于记者招待会的报道。记者应善于组织问题，报道内容应忠于原意，行文时，也应注意内容的连贯和层次的明晰。

6、积累兴趣式结构

此结构通常在开始设置悬念，使受众逐渐增加对事件的兴趣，最后形成高潮。因其材料的趣味性从导语至结尾递增，故名积累兴趣式。又因其要求设置悬念，故又有人称之为悬念式结构。它尤其强调将最精彩的、出人意料的材料置于消息结尾。如：

婚礼唁电 新娘寻死觅活

春节前夕，解放军某部三连战士肖建军，收到“父病故速归”加急电报，匆匆赶回山西省临汾老家。

跨进门，却见室内张灯结彩，墙上贴着大红“喜”字，小肖一下愣住了。母亲将他拉在一边说：为能使你参加大哥的婚礼，我瞒着家里人发了封假电报，你可要保密。母亲的一片“苦心”，使小肖只好撒谎骗父亲和家里人说自己出差顺路回家。

2月8日哥哥结婚。婚礼程序完毕。亲朋好友正在推杯换盏，频频敬酒时，邮递员送来一封电报，小肖父亲接过连忙展开，只见上写：“闻建军父不幸病故，三连全体官兵致电表示沉痛哀悼。”其父气得浑身颤抖，遂质问儿子。在坐的新娘弄清原委，“哇”的一声大哭冲出门去，头撞墙寻死，多亏众人相劝事态才未扩大。其母悔恨地说：“都怪我荒唐行事，闯下大祸”。

2、散文式结构

就是吸收散文在结构和表达等方面的特点，材料和层次安排自由、灵活，语言表达不拘一格。如郭玲春写的《金山同志追悼会在京举行》一文即是如此。

雅思写作考试是对考生的综合语言能力的考查，但有的考生在备考过程中，往往只是注重应试培养。那我们应该如何合理高效的备考雅思写作呢?

正如之前上面所说，许多考生备考过程中，往往会忽视了对语言知识和实际运用能力的锻炼，那么常见不可取的备考方法有哪些？考生们可以来看看自己有没有中枪

1. 话题准备，厚此薄彼：

教育类和科技类话题通常是雅思写作题库的主角，尤其是教育类话题，考试频率相对来说比较高，如剑9写作的4个话题中，就有两个是教育类。可是这就造成了一些考生在备考雅思写作时比较偏心，只是准备教育类和科技类话题，疯狂的背相关词汇，表达及素材观点，对其他话题却置之不理，这让其他话题情何以堪啊。其实，纵观近几年的雅思写作考试，社会类，环境类和媒体类等话题始终都是一线演员，拥有着和教育类及科技类话题一样比较高的出镜率，而其他话题也不断上位。因此，考生应了解近年雅思写作考试题库和出题规律，针对不同题型和话题，掌握写作方法和技巧，积累相关的词汇表达，句型结构和素材观点，确保万无一失。

另外，在准备雅思图表作文时，同学们不应该只练习曲线图，饼图，柱状图和表格的写作，还要重视流程图和地图题，熟悉表示时间次序和地理方位的相关短语及表达。尤其是地图题出现的频率在近两年的雅思考试中呈现了明显的上升态势，而其中以考察历史变迁的类型为主。所谓历史变迁，即某个地方在经历一段时间后发生了一些调整或改变，可能是地图上的建筑物从无到有，也可能是建筑的位置改变或是规模的扩大或缩小等等。需要同学们从给定的地图中挖掘相应的信息，按照时间和空间顺序，用恰当的语言有逻辑的呈现给读者。《剑九》Test 1就为我们呈现了一道变迁题。这种图表其实难度不大，但是有的童鞋在平时备考的过程中接触且准备的很少，所以在考场上根本无法动笔。事实上，如果我们在备考时，熟记表示方位的词汇和表达，仔细分析并经常练习此类题目，我们就能更好地把握这类题目的写作技巧与方法，在考场上遇到此类题目时不再迷茫。

在雅思考试中，写作部分要求考生在60分钟内完成两篇作文。第一篇是小作文，要求考生描述图表反映的内容和问题，字数为150个词以上：第二篇是大作文，要求考生根据题目要求写一篇议论文，字数为250个词以上。写作单项的满分为9分，采取半分制：写作部分的总分是小作文分数的1/3加上大作文分数的2/3。由于分值权重方面的原因，很多考生都高度重视大作文，却忽视了小作文的重要性。这主要表现为两种情况：一是考生平时很少练习小作文，导致其在20分钟内无法完成小作文，从而挤占了大作文的写作时间：二是由于比较看重大作文，一部分考生在考试的时候会选择先写大作文，并因过于谨慎仔细而占用了很多时间，最终导致没有时间完成小作文。这两种情况都会导致考生的写作成绩被拖后腿。

根据写作部分的计分权重来算，对于写作分数目标是5.5分的考生，一般来说有以下两种方案可选：

方案A：小作文5分，大作文6分，写作成绩=5.5分：方案B：小作文6分，大作文5分，写作成绩=5.5分。这两个方案殊途同归，但是因为大作文比小作文难拿到高分，因而方案B比较容易实现。这就意味着，写作分数目标是5.5分的考生应重点提高小作文的写作水平。

词汇写作的学习方法是怎样的呢？下面是小编整理的词汇写作的学习方法。

词汇写作的学习方法

第一步：学习关联词

1. 何谓关联词

关联词是指一些能够指明句与句之间逻辑关系的词。有些关联词可以连接从句与主句，有些关联词可以连接独立的两个句子。

2. 学习关联词的方法

对于关联词的学习，朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生按照其表示的逻辑关系来分类学习，具体逻辑关系如下：

①表示举例

a case in point， after all， as an proof， as an illustration， as an example， for example， for instance， in particular， just as， namely， specifically， to illustrate， to demonstrate

②表示增补

additionally， along with， also， as well as， besides， equally， even， furthermore， in addition， just as， moreover， not only…but also…， what‘s more

③表示强调

above all， as a matter of fact， indeed， in fact， most important， obviously， to be sure， truly， undoubtedly， without doubt

④表示比较

by comparison， equally， equally important， in comparison， in the same way， in the same manner， likewise， similarly

⑤表示让步

admittedly， after all， all the same， although， even so， in spite of， nevertheless

⑥表示结果

accordingly， as a result， consequently， for this reason， hence， in this way， so， therefore， thus.

⑦表示转折

although， but， despite， except for， though， however， in spite of， instead， nevertheless， on the other hand， otherwise， rather than， though， yet.

⑧表示结论

as has been noted(mentioned， stated)， at last， finally， in a word， all in all， in brief， in conclusion， in short， in sum， in summary， to conclude， to sum up ， to summarize.

3. 学习关联词的作用

①增强表达的地道性

英文是显性的语言，它完全不同于隐性的中文。因为英文中的逻辑几乎都是跃然纸上的，显露在外的。然而，中文几乎不要求逻辑，是隐晦的。所以，朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生在英文写作词汇的学习中，首先要积累的就是英文中能够直接说明句与句之间逻辑的关联词，同时摒弃中文表达不强调逻辑的习惯。

②增强论证的流畅度

议论文中最难写的部分往往是支持句。很多考生把作文架子搭起来之后，就一筹莫展了。而熟练使用关联词是很好的解决问题的方法。因为支持句实际上，就是通过一些论证方法将其表达出来，而常见的论证方法有举例论证、因果论证、对比论证等。那就不难发现，熟练使用关联词可以帮助考生更好的扩展支持句，做到文章有理有据而且流畅清晰。

第二步：学习题干核心词

1. 何谓题干核心词

雅思议论文题目虽多，但是可以按话题分为八大类：教育，科技，环境与动物，媒体与广告，政府，工作与生活，语言与文化，法律与犯罪。在每个话题的题目中，会有一些出现频率比较高的名词即为：题干核心词。

2. 学习题干核心词的方法

对于题干核心词的学习，建议考生从写作机经入手，可以选择朗阁出版的《最新雅思高分范文》，这本书按照话题将历年考题进行了分类整理。

第一步：找出写作机经的实意词

第二步：积累实意词的近义词

下面以教育话题为例，具体讲解一下学习题干核心词的方法。

「学习方式」

Students at schools and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers than from other sources (such as the Internet and television)。 To what extent do you agree or disagree?

「高等教育」

Some people think university education should prepare students for employment. Other people think university has other functions. Discuss both views and what do you think the function of university education.

「课程的安排」

Some people believe that teenagers should concentrate on all school subjects， while others claim that students should focus on the subject that they are best at or that they find interesting. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

以上黑体字部分为实意词。找到实意词之后，考生可以借助词典或其他工具积累近义词或同义词。

题干的核心词

1. 学生种类：

Teenager： Adolescent， Juvenile (formal or law)，

University students： Undergraduate， postgraduate

2. 教育层次：

Basic education： Grade school， elementary school， (6-12)， junior school， senior/high school

Post-school education， tertiary education， advanced education， higher education

3. 课程：

Curriculum， course， subject， programme

4. 网络学习：

Online learning， tele-education， virtual class， distance learning， e-learning

3. 学习题干核心词的作用

①增强审题的准确性

写作评分标准的第一项为task response，要求考生的作文要扣题去写。但是，有一部分考生由于词汇量不够题目都看不明白，那么作文必然走题。通过复习写作机经积累题干核心词可以大大降低走题的可能性，保证审题的准确性，因为写作题目题干的一些核心词往往不会改变。

②快速扩展开头段

万事开头难这句俗话在写作中也有体现—考生会在写作的开始不知道如何下笔。开头段的目的实际上最重要的就是引出主题，而题干就是在引题，但是考试有规定题干不能照抄。那么，题干核心词的近义词就有大用处了，它们可以帮助考生快速改写题干，完成开头段引出主题的任务。

People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2.

Last but not the least, 论据3.

To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

中学生作文尚处于模仿习作阶段，与作家创作有着根本的区别，因为唯有独创性才是创作，唯有形成独树一帜的风格才可称为作家。但这并不意味着，中学生的作文不需要创新。我们并不企望通过作文教学就能培养出一批作家，但在大力倡导培养学生的创新精神、实践能力的今天，在作文教学中培养学生的创新品质和创新精神，无疑具有特别的现实意义。既然是创新，那就没有现成的模式，我们只能根据自己的教学实情，包括教师的知识水平、学校的物质条件、学生的写作现状等诸多方面，来探索这一作文教学的新课题。但要想培养学生的创新精神，教师必须要有创新的教学思维和创新的教学手段，引导得法，自然会收到事半功倍之效。

一、积累遴选求创新

现在人们都提倡“大语文”教学的说法，就是要让学生走出课堂学语文，生活处处用语文。作文教学作为语文教学的一个重要组成部分，其教学活动也决不仅仅局限于每周的两节作文课。真正的作文教学功夫应该在课外，要指导学生用创新的眼光积累写作素材，精选写作题材。中学生的生活范围以学校、家庭为主，社会领域的接触相对较少，但从新课程标准对初中作文的教学要求和考查要求看，他们的生活积累是能够适应正常的写作要求的，因为初中生的作文范围也多以学校生活、家庭生活为背景，抒发亲情、友情、师生情，反映成长中的喜怒哀乐。但在作文教学实践中，为什么常会出现不少学生无“米”下锅的现象呢这就是因为他们不善于积累写作需要的素材，不善于发现生活中的问题。

学生积累素材要经历一个由量的积累到质的提高的过程。一开始要允许学生广种薄收，把生活中对自己有一点感触的事记下来，把书本中可能用得着的东西摘下来，做学习、生活的有心人。这样也不至于到写作时临事而迷，手足无措。例如初中生写议论文时最头痛的是找不到有力的论据，其实，我们初中语文教材和六本自读课本中就有大量的典型的理论和事例可以运用。如：要证明严谨治学的有竺可桢、伊林、藤野先生为例，要证明勤思善问的有哥白尼、戴震为例，要证明谦虚是美德的有牛顿为例，等等。在做了大量的积累的基础上，要引导学生对生活中的现象多提为什么，多想又如何。在不断的发问、求解、联想过程中，擦出创新的火花。例如见到大堤坍塌，探究其原因是蚁穴作祟，不禁会使人联想到“千里之堤，毁于蚁穴”的成语，联想到一个人良好品格的形成可能会因一时的意志不坚而前功尽弃，联想到****现象给社会主义事业带来的害……

二、命题立意求创新

我们曾做了一次半命题作文“××，我想对你说”，收到了很大的成功，原因就是这样的作文题给学生较广阔的思维空间，让学生有话可说，绝大多数同学在横线上填“老师”、“爸爸”、“妈妈”、“同桌”等谈自己成长的喜悦，生活的烦恼。但也有少部分同学大胆地填上了“日本首相”，和他谈侵华历史，谈日本右翼势力的无耻：填上了“克林顿”，和这位“****卫士”谈****，谈中国驻南联盟大使馆被炸；填上了“******”，和这位魔头谈科学，谈真理。如此等等。而其中不乏惊人之语，成功之作。

这件事启发了我们，只有我们以适当的形式，给学生一个恰当的话题，学生才会说真话，吐真情，才会说好话，作好文。题目会对学生具有很强的暗示性和诱导性，我们在作文教学时命题的形式要灵活多样，可全命题，可半命题，可自拟题。命题的范围既要不脱离学生生活，又要给学生广阔的思维空间，让每一类学生调动自己的生活积累都能写出作文来，不妨每次给学生２－３道深浅相当，体裁有变的题目，让学生自选。在思维训练的形式上，要努力打破传统的定向思维的模式，发散思维，收敛思维，逆向思维多种形式并举。要鼓励学生对传统的理论或说法大胆地提出质疑。例如从艺术美和生活美的区别的角度为“叶公好龙”中的叶公翻案；从遇险不慌、沉着机智、善于利用对方弱点保全自己的角度为“狐假虎威”中的狐狸翻案；从勇往直前、不怕牺牲的角度为“飞蛾扑火，自取灭亡”中的飞蛾翻案……当然，这一类的“反弹琵琶”式的作文，一定要引导学生用科学辨证的思想分析问题，要言之成理，切不可为了创新而钻“牛角尖”，那就成了诡辩了。

三、布局谋篇求创新

“文似看山喜不平”，作文贵在能尺水兴波，这就是布局谋篇上的功夫了。明代画家唐伯虎曾作诗戏弄一位向他索画为母祝寿的富翁，他画成了《蟠桃献寿》之后，在画上题诗，第一句：“这个妇人不是人”，举座皆惊，第二句“九天仙女下凡尘”，人们转惊为喜；第三句“儿孙个个都是贼”，富翁怒目圆睁，第四句“偷得蟠桃献大人”人们才长舒一口气，连连赞许。这就是打破一般的布局思维习惯，富有创意，别具一格。

再看范仲淹的《岳阳楼记》，当写到“前人之述备矣”时，文章似乎到了“山重水复疑无路”的绝境，高明的作家却从“览物”之“异”情，而独辟蹊径，使文章“柳暗花明又一村”。但当抒写“感极而悲者”和“喜洋洋者”两种不同的览物之情后，作者却以“或异二者之为”，引出了“不以物喜，不以已悲”这一高尚的生活情操，使文章别有洞天，再登胜境。对教材中这样巧妙布局以收尺水兴波之效的典范之作，教师要引导学生多揣摩，以便有写作时借鉴。对学生作文的结构布局，我们要坚持“抓两端，补中间”。即要认真推敲开头，以收先声夺人之效，对不同的文体，要研究不同的开头形式，如《谁是最可爱的人》、《石壕吏》等；结尾要干脆有力，以收余音不绝之效，充分地在读者面前展示一个广阔的艺术思维的空间；如《荔枝蜜》、《枣核》等；中间部分连贯自然，巧设悬念，引人入胜。如《驿路梨花》、《最后一课》等文无不如此。

四、语言表达求创新

语言表达的创新，实际早就为古代名家所重视，在文学史上，因炼一字而全篇生辉的例子屡见不鲜。“推敲”的典故就是一例；王安石的“春风又绿江南岸”，“两山排闼送青来”堪称语言创新的上乘之作；朱自清的《春》中“小草儿也青得逼你的眼”中的“逼”也颇有化静为动，变平淡为神奇之效。当然，初中学生作文语言表达的要求首先是连贯、流畅、简洁、得体。我们并不是要求学生象王安石那样去炼定，但作为我们语文教师来说，不仅要允许学生遣词造句有创新表现，而且要善于发现学生语言表述中的创新点，以鼓励激发学生的创新意识，新大纲就提出“鼓励有创意的表达”。当然，这种语言表述的创新是以符合基本的语言规范为前提的。创新，是一个新鲜的话题。培养学生的创新精神，是一个迫切而又艰巨的工程。作文教学作为语文教学的主页，是学生语文知识综合运用能力、创新能力的最集中体现，我们只有从课内到课外的各个环节中有意识的注重创新教育，才能适应新形势下的语文教学，才能完成新课程标准中“注重培养创新精神”这一教学目标。

我们身边生活着各色各样的人:熟悉的、陌生的、漂亮的、丑陋的、善良的、可恶的、顽皮可爱的、成熟稳重的、活力充沛的、慈祥和蔼的……怎样才能让这些人物在我们的笔下活起来呢?小编给大家介绍怎样写好写人作文的写作方法。

一、精选事例,以事写人

写人离不开写事,因为人物的特点总是在具体事例中表现出来的。比如,《西游记》中写猪八戒贪财的品质特点,就是通过他把银子藏在耳朵里这件事来表现的。故而,写人的文章应以写事为主,事例可以使人物个性更鲜明,形象更丰满,能突出人物的性格特点。选择事例时应做到以下两点:

1. 选择的事例要小。“一粒沙里看世界”,从自己有切身感受的小事入手常常是达到写作目的重要途径之一。许多深刻的立意都体现在一件小事中,取材越小,所阐述的道理越能撼动人心,就越能写出情深深、意切切的佳作。

2. 选择的事例要精。能突出人物性格特点的事例一般比较多,我们可不能一写就是十件八件,一定要注意筛选,求精不求多,应该选择其中最能鲜明表现个性特点的一两个典型事例具体写,让人物的性格特点在事例中显现出来。

二、抓住细节,写出特点

每个人物因其年龄、职业、性格的不同而各具特色,写人的文章一定要写出人物的特点来。人物的特点可以通过外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等细节来展现。

1. 人物的外貌描写。每个人的外貌都有着与别人不同的特点,善于抓住外貌特点进行描写,是写人作文最常用的方法。描写人物外貌不要面面俱到,要抓住最能表现人物的性格和内心世界的特点写,努力达到“以貌传神”的效果。

2. 人物的语言描写。“言为心声”,一个人的语言表达是其性格特征的镜子,正如鲁迅先生所说,能“使读者由说话看出人来”。所以,写人一定要重视语言描写,要选择最有代表性的语句,来表现人物的个性和思想。人物的语言描写要符合人物的年龄和身份,老人有老人的语言,小孩有小孩的语言,不同的人说话的语气也不同。另外,人物的语言描写还要符合人物的特点,有的人说话直率、干脆,有的人说话则幽默风趣。

3. 人物的动作描写。动作描写对刻画人物性格,表现人物品质有着非常重要的作用。要描写人的行为,就必须细心观察人物的动作,精心选择最准确、最恰当的词语进行描述,这样才能使人物立起来,才能写出生动、具体、血肉丰满的人物形象来。

4. 人物的心理活动描写。心理描写可以深刻揭示人物的精神世界,表达人物的思想感情,使人物形象特色鲜明。人物的心理活动描写可以通过人物直接倾吐内心世界的方式,也可以通过与语言、动作相结合的方法,共同透视人物内心深处的秘密。

托物言志就是通过对物品的描写和叙述，表现自己的志向和意愿。小编收集了托物言志的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、什么托物言志的作文?

“托物言志”。即作者在对事物的进行描绘的过程中，非常巧妙地寄托作者个人的情感和理念。它与“借景抒情”不一样，“借景抒情”是通过景物的描写，来衬托作者或喜或悲的情感，而“托物言志”的作文中，事物本身已经具有备人的情感和理念。 “托物言志”作文的含蓄美，含蓄，即富有暗示性，朦胧性，意在言外，给读者留下丰富的想象的空间。

二、托物言志的作文写作注意事项：

1、托物言志类的文章，“物”是材料，是作者寄情托意的载体。体物是为了写志，描形是为了传神。写作中既要捕捉住“物”的外在的“形”，更要挖掘出“物”的内在的“神”。

2、托物言志类的文章，文中之物，不是作者的信手拈来，也非一味刻意搜寻的结果，而是作者的情思感悟与某种外物自身特性的自然契合与沟通。只要是令你心有所动，情有所钟的，都可以由你任意驱谴，把自己对生活的思索和领悟准确形象地揭示出来。

2、托物言志类文章，“言志”与“托物”不能割裂游离，二者在文中浑然天成，要力避人为附会的斧凿之痕。文中所言之志，应是所托之物固有特征给读者的自然启示，因而，决不能架空游离于物外，随意引申，牵强生发。

4、托物言志类的文章，“志”是作者的主观感受，是作者对生活的独特体验，受作者认识水平和审美情趣的制约，带有明显的时代特征和个性化的色彩。相同的“物”可以表达多样的“志”。

三、托物言志的作文写作范文：

《青松》

春天来了，蒙蒙的春雨像乳汁一样哺育着万物。松树以在春雨的哺育下开了花，一朵朵黄色的小花开在枝头，迎着温暖的春风笑着。笑着。夏天到了，雷雨交加，松树在风雨中挺立，那一片片绿得发亮的叶子还仍然在枝头欢笑着，那风雨中一声声清晰而动听的声音，像一股足以擎天撼地的生命力一样。令我肃然起敬。我爱青松，更爱它那种精神。秋天到了，白花凋零，绿草荣枯。有许多树的叶子都落光了，而松树却的秋天的风雨中舒展着它的枝叶，它的叶子像一根根，一束束细长的针，在瑟瑟的秋风中摆动着，好象在说“我不怕风”。寒冷的冬天，鹅毛般的大雪在空中飞舞着，凛冽的寒风吹着响亮的口哨，猛烈地摇着松树，一大片一大片的雪花往松树上压，它的枝杈上积满了厚厚的雪。风和雪都想征服松树，但是，松树却用它那顽强的意志，一次又一次地战胜了风和雪，等待春天的到来。你看，又一阵风过来，它们一棵接一棵，伴着风声连成一片，响成一片，大抵是在嚎唱。你听，这唱声多么悲壮，多么慷慨激昂。风雨中，青松依旧是一棵一棵雄壮的青松夜渐渐深了。

《仙人掌》

仙人掌，嘿，这真是一种生命力顽强、奇特的植物!仙人掌，是一种生命力十分顽强的奇特的热带植物。盆栽的仙人掌，它百折不挠的性格十分让人吃惊，有水、无水、天热、天冷它都不在乎。它翠绿的身体长着一块块长满硬刺的掌状茎，它么没不断向上生长，像叠罗汉似的。一片“绿色的手掌”里又长出一片“绿色的小手长”，使人产生不少遐思。它生长在什么地方都以这个姿势矫健地挺立着。在炎热久旱的夏天里，其它盆栽都已经垂下了头，而仙人掌像勇士一样抬着头，眺望那蓝蓝的天空;在寒风刺骨的冬天里，别的盆栽早已被主人捧回室内，可是仙人掌坏顶着风霜，不惧周围的环境。它从来不讲究，它一扎下根，就好像在说：“这地方真好，就在这里生长吧!”仙人长浑身是硬刺，什么野兽见到它都马上止步。害虫想啮食它，身子总被扎得千疮百孔。一快绿色的仙人掌折断到地面，大家都以为它枯死了，不，如果你这样任为就错了，它用身体的养份生出根，又培养出一棵青春焕发的小仙人掌，这是真正的“落地生根”。它的顽强生命力谁可比得上呢?这看起来很平凡的植物，谁料得到，它会长出美丽的小花，就像武士头盔上的彩缨。仙人掌是热带植物，它形状像手掌，故名仙人掌。它不畏酷暑，就是气温高达摄氏40度，它几天不喝水也能坚强地活下去。就这样它日日、月月、年年经受着烈日的考验，快活地生长着。人也要有这种不屈不挠的景神，不论顺境还是逆境，都要以坚强的意志生活着、工作着。仙人掌也是一味好药，人们有病，它可以帮忙，比如患了腮腺炎，只要用石头把它捣成酱，再用来敷在腮边，很快就可以痊愈。仙人掌没有使人一见就生羡慕之心的花朵，也没有多姿多彩的身躯。它浑身长满了针，使人一见觉得一股凉意涌来。它那默默无闻无私奉献的高贵品质多么令人钦佩。

《傲雪寒梅》

梅花，迎着寒风而绽放的花朵。它没有月季的娇艳绚丽，没有牡丹的国色天香，没有兰花的纯美，也没有荷花的高雅……但是，它拥有不畏寒冷，独步早春，傲立雪中的精神和崇高的品格。“墙角数枝梅，凌寒独自开。”就体现了梅花这种坚强不屈的精神与品质。

梅花属于蔷薇科，主干弯弯曲曲;树冠却是繁枝细杈;它的花蕾呈球形，花瓣则呈卵型，梅花有白色、黄|色、粉红等多种颜色。梅花的花朵不大，像一个个害羞的姑娘被那所剩无几的绿叶衬托着。梅花是在寒风中默默地开放，在寒风中悄悄地展示自己的风采。梅花的姿态优美，十分美丽，它的花瓣分五片，又分上下两层，花蕊是黄的。当梅花开的正旺时，你会闻到一股清淡的幽香，那香气既不平淡也不腻人。

据我所知，梅花的药用价值很高，不仅可以用梅花中提取的“芳香油”作为食品添加剂，而且医学界近来研究表明，梅的花蕾能开胃，生津化痰，活血解毒等。

“梅花香自苦寒来”，吹拂梅花的是凛冽的寒风;照耀梅花的是寒冬的残陽;滋润梅花的是残雪的雨露，但屹立在山顶的梅花依旧那样的雍容典雅。我们这一代的青少年儿童，就应像这傲雪的寒梅，在艰难困苦中磨炼，只有这样，将来步人社会，才能被社会所接受，为祖国的未来描绘光辉的一页!

我爱梅花，爱它的坚强和毅力。它在冰雪交加的冬天里不低头，迎着寒风绽放出美丽的花朵，使寒冷的冬季因为有它而增添了几分暖意和温馨。

1994.6

Directions:

For this part , you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: The Career I Pursue.

You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.

1994.1

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge.

You should write no less than 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1. 科学技术是社会发展所不可缺少的

2. 社会科学和自然科学相互渗透

3. 现代大学生需要广博的知识

1993.6

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View On Opportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions (give in Chinese):

有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？

写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。

Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.

1993.1

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Motorcycles And City Traffic. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).

1.近年来中国城市的摩托车

2.摩托车的优点和缺点

3.你对我国城市中摩托车发展的前景的看法

You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.

1992.6

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Looking Forward to the Twenty-First Century. Your composition should be based on your answer to the following question written in Chinese:

1.新世纪科技发展的前景如何？

2.新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？

3.新的科学技术会带来什么问题？

4.你怎样对待新世纪的挑战战？

Your composition should be no less 120 words.

1992.1

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following graph which shows the change in the number of film - goers and TV - watchers in a certain city. The title of the composition is: Film Is Giving Way to TV. You should write no less than 120 words for your composition and it must include the following ideas (given in Chinese):

1.电影观众越来越少

2.电视观众越来越多，因为……

3.然而，还是有人喜欢看电影,因为…….

Quote as few figures as possible. Remember to write your composition in readable handwriting.

1991.6

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graph below.

The suggested Title is: Car Accidents Declining in Walton City. Remember that your composition

must be written according to the following outline:

1.Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;

2.Possible reason(s) for the decline of car accidents in the city;

3.Your predictions of what will happen this year.

Your composition should be no less than 120 words and you should quote as few figures as

possible.

1991.1

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about Man Is to Survive. You should base your composition on the following outline:

1.人类面临的问题（如能源，疾病，污染，人口等）

2.悲观的看法（如人类将无法生存）

3.人类的智慧出路

Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Be sure to write your composition in readable handwriting.

1990.6

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. Four suggested solutions to this problem are listed below. You are supposed to write in favour of one suggestion (ONE only) and against another (ONE only). You should give your reasons in both cases. You should write no less than 120 words. Remember to give a short introduction and a brief conclusion. Write your composition clearly.

四种可能解决住房问题的方案：

1.多造高层建筑

2.向地下发展

3.建造卫星城市

4.疏散城市人口

1990.1

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic according to the following OUTLINE. Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember that the contents of the OUTLINE should ALL be included in your composition. But you are not supposed to translate the OUTLINE word for word.

OUTLINE

问题：城市交通拥挤

解决方案（solution）

1.建造(lay down)更多道路

优点：(1) 降低街道拥挤程度

(2) 加速车流（flow of traffic）

缺点：占地过多

2.开辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路

优点：减少自行车与小汽车

缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便

结论：两者结合

2016六级写作突破笔记(七)

题型分类 (Classification of every essay):

一、第一种题型（对比观点选择题；Essay I）:

(一)题型特点：

1、 大多为三点提纲，提纲模式一般为：有一些人……；还有人……；我的看法或观点；

2、少数时候也会出现两点提纲的情况，此时可以补充成三点提纲来写作。

(二) 历年真题：

2000.6； 1999.6； 1998.6； 1997.6； 1996.1；1995.6；1993.6； 1993.1

二、 第二种题型（社会热点话题；Essay II）:

(一)题型特点：

1、 应该为三点提纲，但是通常以两点提纲出现的题目居多，所涉及主题为当时社会热点；

2、如果是两点提纲，则补充成三点提纲写作。

3、通常模式为：现象概述--细节（原因、危害、方式等）--自我评论

(二)历年真题：

2002.12； 2000.12； 2000.1； 1999.1； 1997.12； 1995.1；

三、第三种题型（图标题；Report; Essay III）:

（一）题型特点：

1、 以图表作为信息来源的写作模式

2、通常模式为：描述图表--解释原因--自我评论

（二）历年真题：

2003.6; 2000.6； 1996.6； 1992.1； 1991.6

四、第四种题型（书信题； Essay IV）:

(一) 题型特点：

1、写书信

（二）历年真题：

2001.6； 2002.1；

五、第五种题型（谚语格言题； Essay V）:

(一) 题型特点：

1、文章题目为一句格言或谚语

2、通常模式为：解释谚语--举例论证--画龙点睛

(二) 历年真题：

1997.1；

1999.1

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic. Dont Hesitate to Say "No"

You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们说"不"。

2.为什么有些人在该说"不"的时候不说"不"。

3.该说"不"时不说"不"的坏处。

1998.6

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do "Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck?

You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。

2. 我认为数字和运气无关，……

1998.1

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Fake Commodities.

You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given on Chinese) below:

1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害。

2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品。

1997.6

Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Job-Hopping

You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1. 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为…

2. 有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为…

3. 我的看法。

1997.1

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1. 为什么说"欲速则不达"。

2. 试举例说明。

1996.6

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the grouphs below.

Heaalth Gains in Developing Countries

Life Expectancy Infant Mortality

1996.1

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Why I Take the College English Test Band 6, You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).

1.有人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试

2.我参加CET－6考试的理由

You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.

1995.6

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Should Firecrackers Be Banned? You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).

1.有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？

2.有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么？

3.我的看法

You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.

1995.1

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).

1.现在有些不良的商业广告

2.这些广告的副作用和危害性

3.我对这些广告的态度

You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.

2016六级写作突破笔记(三)

典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：四段比较好

（启）Paragraph I：（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点；可以用问句开头How should people ……

（2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。

（承）Paragraph II：（1）提出一种观点或优点；

（2）本段的支持性分论点；

（3）本段总结（可以省略）。

（转）Paragraph III：（1）承上启下的过渡句；

（2）提出另一种观点或缺点；

（3）本段的支持性分论点

（4）本段总（可以省略）。

（合）Paragraph IV：（1）平衡两种看法；

（2）给出自己的观点。

④14分

How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.（启）

注：1.第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解

Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. Whats more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldnt read them. Since we cant read all the books and we shouldnt read bad books, we must read selectively.（承）

注：1.本段总分总结构

2.they argue that = they think that

3.with the development of...

4.whats more 递进关系，moreover

But others may not agree, they emphasize that todays society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.（转）

注：1.But 转折词

2.they emphasize that = they think that

3.todays society is not what it was 现代社会今昔非比

4.许多知识 a wide range of/a large scope of/much；获取知识 acquire/get knowledge

5.knows nothing→little；he may be useless→he may not be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉

Whos right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.（合）

There is a lot to be said for both sides on the argument. But I hold the opinion that……

①11分

When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.

Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.

注：1."people, who"应去掉逗号，改为非限制定语从句。

2.they suggest that = they think that

3.touch 碰，闪光点词汇，如教材P7：shoulder the responsibility of doing sth. 肩负起责任

But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that "to know more, to read more". So they believe that reading extensively is better.

To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.

实例二 99年6月真题

Reading Selectively Or Extensively?

Outline: 1.有人认为读书要有选择

2.有人认为应当博览群书

3.我的想法

①11分

When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.

Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.

But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that "to know more, to read more". So they believe that reading extensively is better.

To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.

②5分

I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are not contradict. Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the world. However, we will not be interested in every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those books which we like. But those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kinds of knowledge, news and so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one hand reading selectively let ours not waste our time which it is limited. Moreover it can emphasis among all books that we can read. On the other hand reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in our life. They are all useful to ours.

失分原因：分段太少，语法错误太多

③2分

Most people thought that read books should have been selective. But others believed reading extensively was correction.

Selective books or reading extensively?

Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas,

on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we interested, and it would be helpful for us.

On another hand. Someones interesting was wide. Each book could bring you specific contain we couldnt reading at only one level.

I confirmed all of these ideas were good but werent wise.

As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held some which wonderful and helpful for us. Dont treat these books with reckless abandon.

The best technology of reading is connect.

失分原因：分段太多，语法错误太多

④14分

How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.

Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. Whats more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldnt read them. Since we cant read all the books and we shouldnt read bad books, we must read selectively.

But others may not agree, they emphasize that todays society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.

Whos right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.

⑤8分

Some people think reading shall be chosen. Because some books are good to human beings and some books are harmful to people.

Some people think that men should read books widely. Because wide reading can help man get much knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.

It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Some books can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It can be seen in the newspapers and watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more useful knowledge. It can make our life more beautiful. We must give up those unhelpful books. They are not good to us. Reading them is wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an important part in reading.

失分原因：结构失调，表述方式单一

写作原则

内容简单化

结构模式化（主题句-分论点-总结）

语言要包装

错误要回避

万能理由 (Omnipotence)：

1、方便：convenient/convenience

2、效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency

3、节省和浪费：save time/money/space; economical, thrift

waste time/money/space; costly, lavish

4：人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,

considerate, confident, creative, sociable,

perseverance; selfish, isolated, conservative

5、人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic

6、娱乐：colorful, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relax

tired, boring, lonely

7、环境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty

8、安全和危险：safe, danger, risk

9、经验：experience, social experience, enter the society

10、人际：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely

基本表达(Basic Elements of English Writing)：

越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of

人们认为：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that

许多问题：a host of/a number of problems

引起人们注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.

意识到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb. to the fact/danger

适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change

接触各种思想/经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems

接触社会：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society

获得成功：achieve/accomplish success

提出观点/建议：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions

作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)

影响学习/工作：interfere with studies/work

产生影响：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on

较好地驾驭生活：be a better pilot of ones life

剥夺机会/权力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity

取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way

采取措施：take effective steps/measures to

控制我们的环境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment

躲避危险/挑战：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge

满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of

补偿损失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage

解释某现象：account for/explain the phenomenon

对……很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective on. provide/gain an insight into

把某因素考虑进去：take sth. Into account(consideration), give much thought to

品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth

培养对……的信心：develop/foster ones interest/confidence in

经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience

表现出自信心等：project ones confidence/feeling/image

生活充满不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice

追求学习/职业：pursue ones academic interest/professional career

学习知识/技术：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill

被看作学习的……榜样：be held up as a good example

交流经验/知识：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge

发挥/起到重要作用：play an (important/active/great) role/part

逃学/缺课：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture

知识/经验丰富：rich in knowledge/experience

确立/追求目标：set/pursue a goal/higher standard

到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective

克服困难：overcome obstacles/difficulty

面临危险/困难：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty

阻碍了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth

阻碍了发展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of

持传统的看法：hold conventional wisdom

发表看法：voice/express ones opinion

持相反/合理的观点：take the opposite/fresh view

揭穿某种一贯的说法：shatter the myth of

求得帮助：enlist ones support/help

缩小差别：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf (between city and country)

把成功/错误归咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to

对……重要：be indispensable/important/vital to

施加压力：put/exert a academic pressure on

重视：assign/attach much importance/significance to

强调：place/put much emphasis/stress/value on

把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate ones attention/efforts/thoughts upon

提供机会/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb.

抓住机会：grab/seize/take the opportunity

得到机会：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information

有可能：there is (little/much) possibility/likelihood that, chances/the odds are that

展开竞争：compete against/with sb. for the prize/position/control/the mastery of

开展运动：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage) a (vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising) campaign (for/against)

对我很有/没有什么意义：make much/little sense to me

带来无穷的幸福/满足：be a source of happiness satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint

献身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career

大不（没什么）两样：make much(little/no) difference

真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is …

改变生活旅程：change/alter the course of life

建立在大量的学习/实践上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice

进行调查/执行任务：conduct/carry out an study/task/experiment

辞去工作/学习：leave/quit ones job/work/school

参加考试/竞赛等：enter (for) the examination/contest, race

参加活动/讨论：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion

影响思想/态度/事件的形成：shape ones thinking/attitude

进入大学/社会/家庭/劳力市场/职业：enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals

实现自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieve ones dream(hops/wish/desire)

减轻压力/紧张：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension

提高社会地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the position of leadership

提高技术/能力：sharpen (increase/improve/enhance/boost) ones skill/ability

加快/促进发展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of

随着生活节奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society

开阔眼界/兴趣：broaden ones interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge) ones mental horizons

有助于了解/发展/宣传/解决：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the growth of/the solution of

有助于解决问题：go a long way to(towards) solving the problem

迷恋名利/分数：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune

把时间花/浪费在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.

利用机会/技术：make (full/better) use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness technology potential/skills/talent

把知识/经验运用到…：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience… to practice/daily life/good use

取得进步：make much progress/strides/gains in

充分发挥潜力/能力：develop ones ability/potential to the full, give full play to ones ability

充满激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for

导语：命题作文，一般是指出题者给出一个既定的题目，要求应试者根据这个给定题目进行写作。以下是小编为大家精心整理的高考命题作文的写作方法，欢迎大家参考！

(一)命题作文的出题形式

通常情况下，命题作文所给出的既定题目，可以是一个完整的题目，也可以是一个不够完整、缺少部分词语的题目，因此，我们可以把命题作文分为全命题与半命题两大类。

1、全命题。

是指出题者给出一个完整的题目，让应试者按照题目要求写作。这种命题是一种传统的作文考查方式。如《比金钱更宝贵的》、《学然后知不足》等。这类命题作文在写作时，关键之处在于如何审题，抓住题眼。一般说来，只要理解了题目的涵义及出题者的意图就比较容易写作，就议论文而言，全命题作文的立意一般都会在题目中有所提示（或暗示），有的题目实际就是直接点明了主题，如《开卷有益》，这样，作文选材的范围也就相对比较明确，不会无从下笔。

2、半命题。

是指出题者给出一个不够完整的题目，应试者自己必须先补全题目才能写作。这种半命题作文，是一种比较灵活的考查方式，应试者有较大的自由。应试者在考场上可以根据自己占有材料的情况确定选材的范围，根据自己的思考所得确立主题，以保证选取自己比较熟悉的内容来写。如《难忘》、《在我心中》、《论文凭与》等。这类命题在写作时，首先必须补全题目，然后才能根据所补题目文字的涵义进行审题、立意，关键之处在于如何补全题目。由于这种命题给了应试者选材、立意方面很大的自由性，因而应试者应该尽量利用这一自由，选取自我最熟悉、最有话可说的内容来补题，这样，作文的立意与选材就会相对比较容易了。

(二)命题作文的写作过程

应试作文是一种在特殊情境下进行的写作活动，这决定了它不同于通常意义上的写作，因此，应试作文的具体写作过程也与一般的自由写作有所不同。应试作文中的命题作文的具体写作过程，主要包括审题、立意、选材、布局、行文、修改等环节；而对于半命题作文还必须有一个“补题”的环节，半命题作文在审题之前必须先补全题目。

1、审题。

所谓“审题”，就是对所给题目中文字所蕴涵的有效写作信息进行分析研究，从而把握出题者的出题动机，抓住作文的中心问题。审题的关键是寻找“题眼”，也即寻找题目中的关键词语。如《比金钱更宝贵的》一文的写作，在审题时，应试者应该首先寻找题目文字中的关键词语“宝贵”，抓住了这一题眼，然后就可以选择作文写作的范畴了。你认为比金钱更宝贵的究竟是什么呢？是生命，还是友情？是人格，还是享受？一旦你选定了其中一方面，接下来的立意、选材就会非常轻松了。

2、立意。

“意”，即文意、主题，是写作主体在文章写作中通过各种具体材料所表达出来的中心意思，就议论文而言就是文章的中心论点。主题是文章的灵魂，主题决定着文章写作的构思、行文及修改活动，文章材料的选择、结构的安排、表达方式的选用及语言的遣用等，都必须围绕主题的表现进行，都要服从、服务于主题表现的需要。

文章的主题决定着文章价值的高低，因此，一篇优秀文章的主题应该尽量做到明确、正确、深刻、新颖，这是文章主题的四个基本要求。

所谓明确，就是要求文章的主题应该清楚明白，使读者通过阅读能够准确地理解并把握，不至于产生歧义，甚至不知所云。普通写作者在一篇文章之中常常什么都想说，写出的东西却什么也没说清楚，含糊不清。清人刘熙载认为：“凡作一篇文，其用意俱可以一言蔽之。”说的就是这个道理。明确，是与集中分不开的。主题集中才能保证其明确。

所谓正确，就是要正确地反映客观事物的本质及其发展规律。主题是写作者对客观事物的主观看法，这种看法只有是符合事物发展规律的认识才是正确的，不能是对事物本质及其规律的错认或歪曲。主题正确，还要求写作者必须站在代表先进生产力的阶级的立场上，以正确的人生观、世界观、价值观看待事物，保持先进的认识和高尚的思想情怀。

所谓深刻，就是指文章的主题要有一定的思想深度，不能仅仅停留在一般意义的正确上，而应该进一步开掘，力争深入地反映事物的本质及其内在规律，让读者从中得到启迪，受到教益，从而深化对事物的了解和认识，给读者留下永难忘记的印象。深刻的主题不是靠作者空洞的说教或人为的拔高实现的，而是通过具体材料揭示出来的，主题的深刻性应该寓于真实、典型的材料之中。鲁迅作品中深刻的反对封建礼教的主题正是这样体现的。

所谓新颖，就是文章的观点见解要有新意，要“见人所未见，发人所未发”，而不是人人皆知的道理。新颖，并不是标新立异，只要善于抓住客观事物的特征、避免一般化，善于发现新问题、提出新问题并能联系实际进行分析，就能写出主题新颖的文章来。新颖的主题，一是可以通过选择新鲜的现实材料来实现。现实生活中新近发生的事件，本身就是“人所未见”的，很容易“发人所未发”。选择现实生活中发生的新鲜感人的材料，不仅可以发掘新颖的主题，还可以加强文章的时代感。二是可以通过变换立意的角度来实现。对于为人熟知的材料，变换一个角度去思考问题、分析问题，会有新的发现，会得到新的启示。

立意，就是确立主题。就议论文的写作而言，文章的主题（中心论点）一般都会在作文题目中有所提示，如《谁说“班门”不能“弄斧”》，这类文章在写作时，立意这一环节一般不需要再多做思考；但并非所有的题目都是如此，如《论文凭与学识》、《学与思》等。关于《论文凭与学识》，一般的应试者在立意时容易简单化，把论点确立为“学识比文凭重要”这一层面，这实际是审题不严的结果；比较好的立意应该是学识与文凭双重：有文凭没有学识不行，在当前有学识没有文凭也不行。这样的立意在写作时，关键是如何论证后者，如能结合当前职场招聘的现实加以具体阐释，文章会达到一定的深度。

一般意义上的文章写作，在立意时应该尽量遵循以下原则：

A符合材料事实。一篇文章的主题是通过具体材料提炼出来的，而不是写作者随意臆想的，它首先要求符合材料本身的事实，应该是具体材料的本质的真实体现。这样确立的主题也才是可信的，文章也才能具有真实感人的力量。

B反映事物本质。符合事实的主题不一定能够反映事物的本质，一个正确的立意，应该既真实又能揭示事件的本质。普通写作者易于对生活中的事实现象的表象所左右，而不能透过现象反映其本质，因而在写作时常常做出客观的描述，然而往往是简单的罗列，流于表象，不能挖掘到事物本质的真实，这样的立意是不好的。

C体现时代精神。文章的内容是随着时代的变化而变化的，文章的立意也应该体现出鲜明的时代特征。时代性是文章主题的一个重要特性。白居易曾说：“文章合为时而着，歌诗合为事而作。”文章的立意就应该紧扣时代脉搏，把握时代的律动，力争写出具有强烈时代气息、反映时代生活本质的优秀之作。《红楼梦》、《祝福》等作的立意无不如此。在公务员考试的应试作文中，更有必要紧密联系实际，着眼于社会现实，加强文章的时代性。

3、选材。

“材”，即材料，是写作主体从生活和学习中积聚到的供写作之用的一系列事实现象、理论依据和主观感受方面的信息。在议论文中，就是指用来证明论点的各种论据。

在文章写作中，一方面，材料是形成观点、提炼主题的基础。任何文章写作都有一定的主题，主题无论大小，都是在具体材料的基础上形成的，是对一定的客观材料进行提炼的结果；另一方面，材料又是说明观点、表现主题的支柱。一定的主题必须通过一定的材料加以表现和支持。有了充足翔实而又典型的材料，才能使文章血肉丰满，表现力强；反之，文章就会空洞无物，缺乏感染力。

材料是文章的血肉，一篇文章的内容充实与否，就是文章写作选材成败的具体显现。因此，在文章写作过程中，选材就显得尤为重要。那么究竟该如何选择材料呢？

其次，选材必须遵循一定的原则与要求。文章写作中，选材的总原则是要围绕主题选材。这也是选材的最基本要求，文章如何写作都必须遵循这一原则。从这种意义上说，议论文写作中的选择材料实际上就是为了证明论点选择论据，只有论据确凿、充分，才能很好地证明论点。而要做到这样，选材还必须符合以下几方面的要求：

（1）真实。所谓真实，即要求所选取的材料（论据）要确实可信，而不能有半分虚假。这是选材的最基本要求。一般文章要求的材料真实，也就是要选取生活中发生、存在的实实在在的事件、现象或确凿可信的理论依据。前者应该和客观事物的本来面貌、实际情况相符，后者应该是科学、合理，经得起推敲和论证的。议论文的写作，更应该注意所选事实论据或理论论据的真实可信程度，只有这样才能以无可辩驳的力量说服人。

(2)典型。所谓典型，即要求所选的材料（论据）具有代表性，而不是单纯的个别事例。典型材料是既有共性又有鲜明个性的事例或理论，能够深刻地揭示事物的本质及其发展规律，有力地表现主题。只有这样的材料，才能以一当十，具有很强的说服力。

(3)新颖。所谓新颖，就是新鲜别致，即要求所选材料应尽量新鲜或角度独特，能够使读者耳目一新，获得全新的体验与感受，而不要人云亦云，拾人牙慧。应试者在写作议论文时，应该尽量从自我的观察与阅读中选择那些人所未云的论据。要发现新鲜的材料，首先必须时时关注现实生活中发生的新生事物，其次是寻找别人没有用过或不常使用的材料，再次还可以变换选择的角度使旧材料出新貌。