0

英语写作教学方法推荐四篇 作文怎么写【推荐20篇】

珍惜,是“珍重爱惜”的意思,人的一生中有许多值得珍惜的对象,小编收集了以“珍惜”为话题的作文写作指导,欢迎阅读。

浏览

7298

作文

1000

英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

全文共 45713 字

+ 加入清单

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言,考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章,然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分,特别建议你熟读,背诵,因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白,表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累,潜移默化。从某种意义上说,提高英语写作能力无捷径可走,你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关,没有任何人能代替你过。

因此,建议你下点苦功夫,把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况,并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心:你可以这个星期背,下个星期忘。这没有关系,相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后,你会惊讶的发现:I can think in English now!

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

展开阅读全文

更多相似作文

篇1:初中英语写作常用谚语

全文共 3032 字

+ 加入清单

Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.船到桥头自然直。下面是小编为你带来的初中英语写作常用谚语,欢迎阅读。

1. All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

2. Well begun is half done.

好的开端是成功的一半。

3. East, west, home is best.

金窝、银窝,不如自己的草窝。

4. First think, then act.

三思而后行。

5. It is never too late to mend.

亡羊补牢,犹为未晚。

6. Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真交。

8. Great hopes make great man.

远大的希望,造就伟大的人物。

9. Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者,事竟成。

10. Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.

只要人有恒,万事都能成。

11. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

早睡早起,富裕、聪明、身体好。

12. A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口。

13. It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.

前车之鉴。

14. Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.

船到桥头自然直。

15. No pains, no gains.

不劳则无获。

16. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事,只要肯登攀。

17. Where there is life, there is hope.

生命不息,希望常在。

18. An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

19. A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.

花有重开日,人无再少年。

20. God helps those who help themselves.

自助者,天助之。

21. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作,不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。

22. Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

23. Truth is the daughter of time.

时间见真理。

24. No man is wise at all times.

智者千虑,必有一失。

25. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

今天能做的事绝不要拖到明天。

26. Kill two birds with one stone.

一石双鸟。

27. Easier said than done.

说起来容易做起来难。

28. Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.

天才一分来自灵感,九十九分来自勤奋。

29. He who laughs last laughs best.

谁笑在最后,谁笑得最好。

30. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.

身体健壮就有希望,有了希望就有了一切。

31. No man is born wise or learned.

人非生而知之。

32. Action speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

33. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.

勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。

34. There is no smoke without fire.

无风不起浪。

35. Many hands make light work.

人多好办事。

36. Reading makes a full man.

读书长见识。

37. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识,胜于手中有金钱。

38. Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

39. Money is a good servant but a bad master.

要做金钱的主人,莫作金钱的奴隶。

40. It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.

无风难驶船。

41. The path to glory is always rugged.

通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。

42. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

43. Quality matters more than quantity.

质重于量。

44. The on-looker sees most of the game.

旁观者清。

45. Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.

与众同乐,其乐更乐。

46. Happiness takes no account of time.

欢乐不觉日子长。

47. Time and tide waits for no man.

岁月不等人。

48. If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.

若要求知,必须刻苦。

49. Learn to walk before you run.

循序渐进。

50. From words to deeds is a great space.

言行之间,大有距离。

51. Skill and confidence are an unconquered army.

技能和信心是无敌的军队。

52. Habit is a second nature.

习惯成自然。

53. Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。

54. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.

世上无难事,只怕有心人。

55. You can‘t make something out of nothing.

巧妇难为无米之炊。

56. Nothing for nothing.

不费力气,一无所得。

57. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

不犯错误者一事无成。

58. Nothing seek, nothing find.

无所求则无所获。

59. A little of every thing is nothing in the main.

每事浅尝辄止,事事都告无成。

60. A great ship asks deep waters.

大船要走深水。

展开阅读全文

篇2:关于小学作文开头方法集锦及写作指导

全文共 3210 字

+ 加入清单

俗话说:“万事开头难!”写作文也是,开头是在给造气氛、定调子,要给读者留下深刻的第一印象,因而十分重要。

作文开头如果能恰倒好处,常常能一下子抓住读者,也能增加的亮点。所以,能否灵活自如地、独特精当地写好作文开头往往关系到一篇的成败。开头方法有很多种,值得借鉴一下。

一、外貌描写式开头

即人或物的面部特征、体态形状、举止习惯、衣着打扮等作为开篇形式的写作内容。肖像刻画要生动逼真,使人或物的形象丰满,达到呼之欲出的效果。

如:我,一个贪吃懒惰的孩子,顺理成章地长成了一副猪八戒模样,日趋膨胀的肥脸,把本来就不大的眼睛挤得越来越小了,每次都要费劲睁开眼睛,才能看清这美好可爱的世界。(选自《懒的报应》)

二、性格特征式开头

即以人物的性格、习惯、品质等特征作为的开头,直接形象的表现人物的特点。语言要简练、准确、精彩。

如:我有一个怪妈妈,待我好时温柔似水,什么“宝贝儿”“乖乖”“娃娃儿”对我亲不够;可待我孬时,咬牙切齿胡吼乱骂,甚至拳打脚踢还嫌不解气。(选自《多面妈妈》)

三、开门见山式开头

即指开头不拐弯抹角,简洁明了地直接进入文题,干脆利落地交待出要写什么人、什么事、什么景、什么物或什么道理等。

如:王加丽是个勤奋好学,乐于助人,热爱集体的学生,老师和同学都喜欢她。(选自《我的好朋友》)

四、环境描写式开头

即开篇就描写与内容密切相关的场面背景,达到烘托人物心情,或表现人物形象,或突出主题思想的艺术效果。

如:傍晚,天忽然变得阴沉沉的,霎时间,狂风呼啸,黄沙伴着灰尘弥满了整个天空。每个车站点里都站了许多候车人。(选自《那天,我真后悔》)

五、巧设问题式开头

即作者开篇就巧妙地提出问题造成悬念,以提高读者的阅读兴趣。此开头形式通常分为三种:

1、反问式开头。

2、设问式开头。

3、疑问式开头。

不管用哪种形式开头,都要为主题思想服务的,要有神秘感、新奇感。如:奇怪!“母子上车处”怎么站了四个身强力壮的大男人,而一位抱着孩子的母亲却被挤在栏外?难道那些男人不识字?(选自《假文盲》)

六、心理描写式开头

即以人的思想、心情作开头,主人公的喜怒哀乐,都可以以准确的语言表现出来,创造出一种心理氛围,给读者以强烈的感受,增强的感染力。

如:第一次看到自已的变成铅字被刊登在报纸上,第一次握着凭着自已的本事挣来的稿费,激动、骄傲、自信等等一切幸福的感觉一涌而来。我真了不起,同学们一定会羡慕我,我要好好地祝贺祝贺自已。(选自《第一次登报》)

七、形象比喻式开头

即写在时不直接描写人物或叙述事物,而是先用形象的比喻描述有关的内容或人物,然后再逐步深入地写内容。大体分明喻、暗喻、借喻三种形式开篇。比喻力求生动、贴切。

如:老师,您是永不叫累的园丁;您是输送养料的树根;您是燃烧自已照亮我们的蜡烛;您是天下最伟大的人类灵魂的工程师。(选自《老师颂.》)

八、妙用排比式开篇

即把结构相同或相似的三个或三个以上句子或词组连用在一起,表达统一思想的修辞手法叫作“排比”。排比式开头对表现人物特点,叙述事情经历,表达思想感情,充分展示道理都有特殊的效果,强烈的语言气势,工整的词句韵律,情与美的完美结合,给读者以美的享受。

如:我即将告别生我养我的故乡,告别亲我昵我的亲人,告别亲切善良的乡亲,踏向南下的列车,去追求我的理想,我的信念,我的灿烂明天!(选自《走出家门》)

九、对比渲染式开头

即在开头把对立的人、事物或者同一人、同一事物的相反两个方面并列出来,形成鲜明的对照。对比手法开头,可以突出中心,加深读者对人物或事件的印象。

如:我有一个经常竖着大拇指夸我“精彩极了”的妈妈,还有一个经常皱着眉头训我“糟糕透了”的爸爸。正是有这两种极端的爱才让我常常在自信中明白自己努力的方向。(选自《两种爱》)

十、揭示中心式开头

即在开头就将人物的思想品质,或事件的意义,或景物的特点,或揭示的哲理等交待出来,以突出作文的中心。

如:我要将自己“嫁”给书。是书教给我许多知识,是书教会我怎样做人,是书给我了许多的喜怒哀乐……(选自《我要“嫁”给书》)

十一、直点文题式开头

即在的开头就点出了文题,让读者直奔问题所要说的内容,一目了然,不易跑题。

如:假如我会克隆,我一定要克隆几个我自已,帮我做各种事。(文题是《我要克隆几个自己》)

十二、名人名言式开头

即引用名人名言作为的开头引语,使的角度站得更高,中心提炼的更准确,显得更有文采。

如:记得程颐好像说过:“外物之味,久则可厌;读书之味,愈久愈深。”书读得越多,也就越能体会到其精妙之处。我从小爱看书,同书中的主人公同呼吸,共命运,时常达到废寝忘食的地步。(选自《书趣》)

十三、言语描写式开头

即直接从人物的语言或对话入手开篇,使读者刚一接触就如见其人,如闻其声,使人物形象更加鲜活。

如:“懒虫!快八点了!再不起床就要迟到了!听到了没有!我要掀被窝了!”妈妈河东狮吼般地叫声,逼得我极不情愿地钻出热乎乎地被窝。(选自《我眼中的妈妈》)

十四、引用歌词式开头

即直接引用某歌词作的开头,或引出人物,或揭示中心,或渲染气氛等。

如:“我是一只可怜的小小鸟,想飞却怎么也飞不高、、、、、、、”我伤心地唱着歌,背着沉重的书包无奈地走在回家的路上,想到回家后还要弹琴、听英语、做作业我就心烦。(选自《我是一只笼中鸟》)

十五、抒发感情式开头

即作者以优美精当的语言,艺术性表达自己的感受或看法,深刻地揭示的主题,增强的感染力,使读者产生共鸣。

如:静下来的时候总想起那条小巷,小巷幽幽,包含多少人间真情。多少年来,小巷的一草一木总萦绕心头,那石铺的街道,古旧的木门,挺拔的大树,还有那普通又普通的人们……(选自《幽幽小巷情》)

十六、倒叙描写式开头

即首先把事件的结局、结果在开篇写出来,制造悬念,然后再依照情节的发展进行叙述,这样不仅强调结果的重要性,增强的表达效果,而且引起读者的阅读兴趣,增加的魅力。

如:哈哈!我的《夏雨匆匆》又上报了!读着自己变成铅字的优美文句,不由自主地想起了一个星期前的那次观雨经过,真正领悟到好是用心和情描绘出来的。(选自《我爱用心去体验生活》)

十七、交待原因式开头

即先交待原因,再记人叙事,读者开始读就了解起因,以有利于增加对的阅读兴趣。

如:不知怎么的,从小就与音乐有缘,六岁起在文工团练了两年的舞蹈,差点儿进了北京芭蕾舞学院;八岁时,学了两年的钢琴,也能凑合伴奏。现在虽然课程紧张,我却迷上了唱歌。所以,在众多的科目中,我最喜欢的莫过于音乐课了。(选自《我是一个音乐迷》)

十八、梦幻遐想式开头

即作者在开始就采用美妙的语言描述自己奇妙的想象,或表达自己的心情,或抒发自己的感受,或对某种事物产生新奇的构思等。

如:我穿过时空隧道,来到了2035年。从美国留学归来,返回了我的家乡—襄阳。啊!这里的一切是那样的亲切温馨,但又是那样的新鲜美丽。天比以往更蓝了,水比以往更清了,栋栋高楼鳞次栉比,片片绿化带赏心悦目。人们改掉了一有时间就来麻将的赌风,走上了快节奏的文明的生活轨道上。我惊诧,这是我的家乡吗?(选自《未来的家乡》)

十九、心语诉说式开头

即作者在开头就把自己的心扉敞露给中的主人公,采用与第二人称交谈的方式,诉说心理话语。

如:妈妈老了,您的背驼了,如同那整天在黄土地上不停耕耘的犁;妈妈老了,您的身体那样单薄,就像一段被儿女吮尽水分的甘蔗。女儿长大了变美了,可妈妈额头上爬满了皱纹,头上长满了白发。妈妈呀,是您给了我生命,是您给了我智慧,是您陶冶了我的情操,是您引导我们踏上人生旅途。没有妈妈您,就没有我的一切。(选自《深深的爱》)

二十、与读者交谈式开头

即作者开篇就用亲切的语言与读者交谈,或发表自己的看法,或向读者提出问题,以拉近读者的心理,引起读者的阅读兴趣。

如:朋友,你是否见过没有手,没有脚而写出一手漂亮的毛笔字的人。如果你亲眼目睹他的写字经过,你一定会被他特殊的写法、超俗的笔迹和惊人的毅力所感动。(选自《没有四肢的书法家》)

展开阅读全文

篇3:开门见山写作方法

全文共 316 字

+ 加入清单

解释:这种方法是文章一开头就直入正题,把文章所要叙述的主要内容直截了当地交代出来,让读者一看知道这篇文章描述的是什么人,什么事,表达什么情感。

优点:对于考场作文来说,阅卷老师承担着繁重的阅卷任务,一个“开门见山”的开头容易博取阅卷老师的好感。对于信息时代的今天,时间弥足珍贵,看文章的人都希望尽快知道文章写的是什么,所以开门见山的开头更容易激发人们的阅读兴趣。

1、单刀直入 背影

2、引用歌词 “不经历风雨,怎能见彩虹,没有人能随随便便成功”,在成功的道路上,不会是一帆风的,磨难挫折必不可少。

3、引用诗 “离离原上草,一岁一枯荣”,小草的生命多么顽强啊。

4、引用俗语,引用名言 高尔基曾说“书籍是人类进步的阶梯”,所以我们要多看书。

展开阅读全文

篇4:作文开头写作方法

全文共 2685 字

+ 加入清单

导语:优秀的作文开头应该简明扼要,言简意丰,而且能集中地表达文章的主旨,下面是作文开头的写作方法,欢迎参考!

1、开门见山落笔扣题

所谓"开门见山",是一种比喻的说法,指的是直截了当地切入要旨。

如《白杨礼赞》一开头就触及题旨:"白杨树实在是不平凡的,我赞美白杨树!"这种写法干脆利落,入题快捷,不枝不蔓,所以受很多同学所青睐。

2、引用经典彰显底蕴

开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等,能增强开端的气势,使人感到峥嵘、高远,达到吸引读者、突出中心的效果。如下例几种常用的:

1)诗词开头

以诗句开头,气势磅礴,震撼人心。如:"莫等闲,白了少年头。"我的爸爸四十多了,白了头,可是依然很平凡……

2)俗语开头

俗语是孩子们所熟悉的,以此开头,倍感亲切,激发兴趣。如:中国有句俗语说:"三棒槌打不出一个屁来。"我的爸爸就是一个不爱说话的人……

3)名人名言开头

这种开头法不仅使你所要表达的意思简明扼要,言简意丰,而且能集中地表达文章的主旨,起到画龙点睛的作用,使文章增色不少。如一学生写《自信》:著名科学家爱迪生说:"自信是成功的第一秘诀。"是的,拥有自信,不断努力,就能获得成功。

4)故事导入

引用一则典故或现实生活中的小故事来开头的方法,可以增加文章的趣味性,能引起读者的兴趣。如一学生写《宽容》时,这样开头:"一位理发师正在给周恩来总理刮脸,由于周总理咳嗽了一声,理发师不小心将他的脸刮破了,这时理发师紧张不已,以为周总理会大发雷霆。想不到,周总理却很抱歉地说:这不关你的事,要是在咳嗽之前给你打个招呼,你就不会刮破我的脸了。’这样一句暖人的安慰,我们可以从周总理身上看到可贵的品质——宽容。"

5)声音开头

对话、琴声、风声、雷声等等,都可以用来开头,信手拈来,渲染氛围。如:"请把我的歌,带回你的家,请把你的微笑留下……"每当耳边响起这熟悉的旋律,自己就像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样,感觉格外亲切。

3、精辟修辞韵味悠长

用修辞手法开头,易抒写作者心灵的感悟,引发读者赏读的情趣。

1)比喻

开头设喻,以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头:"石拱桥的桥洞成弧形,就像虹。"

2)对比

用对比来开头的方法,可以加强文采,有力地突出主题。如:古今中外,凡是在事业上有所造就、取得成功的人,其成功没有不是用辛勤的汗水换来的;反之,那些懒惰昏庸的人,则无法成就事业,由此可见,勤则成事,惰则败业。

3)排比

用排比句开头,句式整齐,语势铿锵,促人赏读。如:假如我是小鸟,我会记住那出生时的巢穴;假如我是树苗,我无法忘记那滋养我的土地;假如我是江河,那雪域高原成为我记忆中的烙印……

4)设问

设问开头,铺排文气,先声夺人。如:为什么服装设计师总要千方百计地设计一套又一套的时装?为什么我们的祖国在前进的号角中总夹杂着这样一句话——提倡科技创新?为什么一座座拔地而起的高楼不沿用20世纪五六十年代建筑的风格?一切的一切,只因为时代在变化,人的思想也在变化。时装要迎合时代潮流,发展要与时俱进,生活赋予了我们创新的动力。

4、借物联想引发情趣

文章的开头或从远到近,或由此及彼,从别的事物写起,再联想到要写的事物上来,借以烘托要写的事物。

如一学生这样写《路》:日常行走的路有大路、小路之别,人生之路有正路、歧路之分。人,应该择路而行。

5、巧设悬念曲径通幽

开头设置一个悬而未决的问题,引起读者的关注,激发读者的兴趣,同时增加文章的曲折,显现布局之美。如一学生写《感受生活之美》:"我快要死了——我躺在病床上,四周黑漆漆的一片,十分寂静,偌大的房间里,只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。"

6、名人作答启人深思

采用名人作答的方式展开文章,有利增强开端气势,给人高远之感。如一学生如此写《幸福》的开篇:有人问:幸福是什么?答案是丰富多彩的。尼采认为:"能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚,却毫不恶心,这种人是最幸福的。"而思多葛派却认为:"拥有无穷的财富和威力,而且能够处事不惊,那才是真正的幸福。"

7、场景描写渲染气氛

描写法即借助某种修辞或某种描写技法,通过对景物的描写,渲染气氛,烘托氛围,为下文人物或事情的开端做好衬托铺垫。

请看《考试》一文的开端:教室外,呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上,"嚓、嚓"地响,教室内,一场全能竞赛考试进行到了白热化的阶段。

8、交代要素引人入胜

交代要素式也是写作文较为常见的一种开头形式,即交代记叙文的几要素:时间、地点、人物和事件。

如《捉鱼》一文的开头:"一个星期天的早晨,我和小辰拿着小盆,拎着小桶来到一条小溪边围坝捉鱼。"这样开头可以让读者清楚地了解到记叙文的几要素,为下文展开故事情节作准备。

9、介绍背景蓄势待发

以介绍情况、交代背景的方式开篇,可以让读者充分了解事情原委,有利于对整篇文章的正确、顺利解读。这种方法主要用于写一些事件或重要人物的文章。

如《火烧赤壁》一文的开头:"东汉末年,曹操率领大军南下,想夺取江南东吴的地方。东吴的周瑜调兵遣将,驻在赤壁,同曹操的兵隔江相对。曹操的兵在北岸,周瑜的兵在南岸。"这个开头,使读者看了以后,对两军相对峙的形势、所处的地理位置和即将发生的事一目了然。

10、概括内容凸显主旨

开头总领全文,下文则围绕着它进行“分述”,全文因此而比较有条理,而且可以让读者迅速了解文章梗概,一睹为快,为下文的阅读埋下情感基调。如作文《春花朵朵》一文的开头:“五讲文明的春风,吹开了学校这万紫千红的百花园中的朵朵春花。让我们从这万紫千红的百花园中摘取几朵,领略一下那满园春色吧!”

11、巧用倒叙暗渡陈仓

即文章开头先写出事情的结果,再写出事情的原因和经过,以造成悬念,增强文章的吸引力。

请看一学生如何写《异乡情怀》:独立小院,月光如水,静静地流泻在我的身边,我感到了心沉水底的清凉,引起了对你的不尽的思念!曾记得也是这样一个月色溶溶的夜晚,我把你送上了开往异乡的列车……

12、抒发感情先声夺人

即文章一开头就将作者的亲身感受和思想感情抒发出来,直抒胸臆,渲染气氛,达到以情感人。

如一学生在《诚信》开头写道:"如果人生是一趟奔驰的列车,那么诚信便是不可缺少的轮子;如果说人生是一条航行中的大船,那么诚信便是不可缺少的背囊,它将伴你永远前行。"

常言道:"文无定法"。是的,作文的开头往往是由作文的内容、体裁、读者对象、构思技巧和作者的写作功底等综合因素所决定,并无固定的格式。衡量好坏的标准只有一个,那就是看它是不是文章的有机组成部分,能否为文章的内容和中心服务,能否吸引读者读下去。我们学生朋友要善于结合实际,灵活变通,巧妙派生,才能写出好的开篇。

展开阅读全文

篇5:写作方法:怎么写人

全文共 1609 字

+ 加入清单

导语:写记叙文,不论是侧重记人,还是侧重叙事,都离不开写人。人物形象是文学作品的主体,在记叙中塑造感人的人物形象是写作的主要任务。下面我们来主要说说怎么写人。

在具体写作过程中,不少同学对作文望而生畏,在刻画人物时不是感到无从下笔,就是人物刻画苍白无力,毫无特点。造成这种现象的原因固然很多,而缺乏一定的写作方法与技巧也是很重要的原因之一。那么,怎样才能写好人物呢?写好人物有哪些方法和技巧可循呢?

要写好人物,首先就要在日常生活中注意观察各式各样的人,对人物的言谈举止,外貌心理,生活习惯,兴趣爱好等,都要细心观察。升入中学以后,社会生活更加丰富,接触人物更加广泛,除了亲朋好友外,我们还应该留心观察各种人,主动地去熟悉他们,了解他们。生活是创作的源泉,在实际生活中,通过广泛的观察、接触,积累起大量的生活素材,这就为自己的写作准备好了丰富的材料,一旦动起笔来,便不会感到无物可写。

其次,要写好人物,还要掌握描写人物的基本方法,这对写好人物很有帮助。人物描写包括肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写、细节描写等,下面分别谈一谈。

肖像描写:

肖像描写即描绘人物的面貌特征,它包括人物的身材、容貌、服饰、打扮以及表情、仪态、风度、习惯性特点等。准确而适当的肖像描写,可以突出人物的精神面貌,使人物形象更鲜明,从而有助于表达文章的中心思想。写外貌是为塑造人物、开掘人物的内心服务的,绘形以传神,外貌描写一定要突出人物的特征。

语言描写:

人物的语言是人物的独白或对话。“言为心声”,描写人物的语言,能够直接表现人物的思想感情和性格特点。不过我们运用语言描写时,一定要注意让人物的语言符合人物的身份,精选那些最能表现人物性格特点的话,反映出人物的个性来,用个性化的语言去塑造个性化的人物。

行动描写:

是对人物行为和动作的描写。任何作品中的人物,总是在一定的具体环境中活动的,要使笔下的人物活灵活现,就必须选择有代表性的具体行动来描写。成功的动作描写,可以交代人物的身份、地位,可以反映人物心理活动的进程,可以表现人物的性格特征,有时候还能推动情节的发展。

心理描写:

是指在文章中,对人物在一定的环境中的心理状态、精神面貌和内心活动进行的描写。心理描写能够直接说明人物在想什么,最直接地表现人物的精神面貌,揭示其思想。作家杨朔说:“看见一个人的外表容易,想看见一人的内心却是非常困难的。而看不见一个人的内心,我们不能说认识了这个人。”这段话不仅表明了心理描写的不容易,而且说明了它的重要性。因而我们要努力掌握心理描写的方法,使我们笔下的人物有血有肉,有灵魂。

细节描写:

是指抓住生活中的细微而又具体的典型情节,加以生动细致的描绘,它具体渗透在对人物、景物或场面描写之中。成功的细节描写往往蕴含着深刻的意义,如果在我们的文章中有一二处生动具体的细节描写,往往能给读者留下深刻的印象,产生巨大的艺术魅力。

以上几种描写人物的方法,在写作时要因文而异,综合运用,根据具体情况灵活掌握,更好地为表现人物的思想性格服务。

此外,环境描写对很好地塑造人物也非常重要。环境描写包括社会环境和自然环境的描写。社会环境描写,指的是对特定的时代背景及人物生活环境的描写。恰当的社会环境描写可以交代人物的生存环境、社会关系,还可以交代作品的时代背景,为下文人物性格描写做铺垫。

自然环境描写主要包括人物活动的时间、地点、季节、气候以及景物等,对表现人物身份、地位、行动,表达人物心情,渲染气氛都具有重要作用。

要写好人物,对中学生来讲,最好的方法是认真阅读好的作品。在课本中,有不少古今中外文学大师们写人的精品,在同学的作文里,也不乏写人的佳作,我们要精心阅读,用心揣摩,体会这些作品的写作方法、表现形式,在写作时有意识地学习运用,久而久之,就可以掌握写作技巧,提高写作能力。本书选取部分同学的优秀作文,结合课本中的教材,对一些写作知识进行讲解,相信会对同学们有所帮助。

展开阅读全文

篇6:《春酒》的写作方法说明

全文共 638 字

+ 加入清单

1、作者用小说的笔法去描写散文中的人物,个个生动形象,形神毕肖,对母亲的描写尤其出色。作者笔下的母亲是一位相当典型的贤妻良母,充满了“母心、佛心”。母亲没有文化、俭朴勤劳、灵性很强。她善良大度、充满美德、性格坚强。母亲的谆谆教诲、关爱呵护、劳心劳力以及一言一行,都是琦君写作的题材。有时,简单的几笔,人物就立起来了。例如:“到了喝春酒时,就开出来请大家尝尝。‘补气、健脾、明目的哟!’母亲总是得意地说。她又转向我说:‘但是你呀,就只能舔一指甲缝,小孩子喝多了会流鼻血,太补了。’其实我没等她说完,早已偷偷把手指头伸在杯子里好几回,已经不知舔了多少个指甲缝的八宝酒了。”在这里,母亲的慈爱温柔,孩子的活泼调皮,真是历历如在眼前。

2、琦君的散文不雕琢,不粉饰,文笔如行云流水,舒放自然,典雅隽永。她驾驭文字得心应手,善于营造隽永温馨的氛围。琦君的文字是经过千锤百炼之后成就出的精粹与平和,她写人物、抒情怀,就有了鲜明的宽厚从容和温柔蕴藉。

3、琦君认为:好的文章必须语语动人,字字珠玑。而要做到这一步,必须做到:

⑴ 平易;

⑵ 净化;

⑶ 蕴藉;

⑷ 真挚。

我们在《春酒》一文中即可以看到这些特征。琦君善于使用抒情与叙事并用的方式,在娓娓叙事的过程中让自己的感情自然流淌;琦君描绘人物鲜明细腻,亲友、长工、母亲都在她的笔下栩栩如生。尤其是母亲的宽容、善良、勤俭,在琦君温婉流畅款款细叙的笔下,得到了极为传神的刻画。

琦君就是用这样一种洗净铅华的笔调,絮絮地说着自己对童年、对故乡的无限眷恋。

展开阅读全文

篇7:实现作文教学的创新的方法

全文共 806 字

+ 加入清单

如何实现作文教学创新?在实际教学中,我有以下几点做法,作文要“新”。

改变过去的命题作文模式,代之以半命题、无命题的自由作文;取消对作文的种种限制,把作文的主动权还给学生。

改变过去教师用自己的思维方式去同化或影响学生的思维模式,作文时,字数、时间、文体、取材范围、技巧、表达方式都不作限制,让学生自由发挥,教师只需引导学生拓宽视野,打开思路,开发潜能,激励兴趣。

不失时机地让学生感受作文新颖之魅力。

品“新”析“异”。教科书中选文大多为名人名篇,新异独到之妙笔,俯拾皆是。因此,教读时我特别注意让其充分“亮相”,以供学生欣赏体味。如教读朱自清的《背影》,我首先从文题切入,让学生明白什么是“平中见奇”;接着,简析讨论课文铺排渲染写法的运用,懂得怎样做到陈中翻新;然后引导学生重点品析该文独特的叙述视角。

谋“新”写“异”。作文训练时,我特别注重创新能力训练的指导。如作文训练中,有个材料作文的选题:体育课,王勇没做活动就“跳山羊”,结果把脚给崴了。为了引导学生不落窠臼,写出新意,我设计了一系列问题:王勇是怎样一个人?难道仅是没有准备好吗?脚崴了之后有怎样的表现?旁人有何反应?结果怎样?且又展开了讨论,这样,学生写起来思路就比较开阔。

改变过去的评价体系和批改模式,教师应具备编辑的眼光与慈母的爱心。

教师在批改作文时不能只从语句、用词、文理等方面进行评改,而应发现学生在写作中出现的亮点,评价方式也不能只单纯地以分数高低来下结论,而应批注出文章“好”在哪里,“新”在何处。这就要老师不仅要有编辑的眼光,还应有慈母的爱心。对于学生的作文,不能单纯地以其结构是否完整、文理是否通顺、体裁是否与你的标准接近作为判定准则,而是看作文中是否有“新”的东西,如新词、新意、新内容、新形式等出现。评讲作文时要以保护学生的创作积极性为出发点,以尊重学生的人格为前提,对存在的问题宜个别交流,且宜用商榷的方式,以增强他们对作文的信心。

展开阅读全文

篇8:2024年小学英语写作方法指导

全文共 3972 字

+ 加入清单

在我们当前的小学英语教学中,教师往往只组织大量的听、说、读的活动,而忽视对写的有效训练;就是在训练“写”,也只是写写单词、写写句型和课文,并没有深入到培养学生“写”的综合技能。部分教师甚至还存在着一些错误的认识,认为写作教学和训练过于费时,影响教学进度;写作作业难批改;写作教学枯燥,易降低课堂的活力;英文写作对小学生而言太难了等等。但是,儿童语言能力的发展是综合的,听、说、读、写各项能力之间互相制约,互相促进,任何一项能力的滞后都会影响到其他能力的发展。我们应该更新教学观念,设计一些符合学生认知规律、实效性较高的写作活动,促进学生英语技能的全面发展。下面是我对小学英语写作教学一些浅显的看法。

一、 由易到难,培养学生的写作兴趣

对于小学生来说创造性地运用语言确实有一定的难度,所以在写作教学中,教师应针对儿童的年龄特点和语言水平,设计难易适中且充满童趣的写作任务。俗话说得好,兴趣是最好的老师。要培养学生对英语写作的兴趣,首先就要有对英语学习的兴趣。而且要将低、中年级学生的直接兴趣慢慢培养成高年级学生的间接兴趣。尤其是对于低年级的学生词汇量有限,教师更要根据教材的主题或语言内容设计学生易完成的写作任务。如对于中年级的学生,教师可能将阅读材料中的一些关键词或词组挖空,让学生联系上下文猜词填空。如通过填词练习让学生描述动物:

My pet

I have a _______. It is _______ and ________. It has got _____. It has got _______ and ________. It can ________. It can _______, too. It eats _______. My parents like _______ very much. We are ______ friends.

这种填词的练习,既能训练学生的阅读能力,又能培养学生初步的语篇意识,并为高年级的写作打下了基础。循序渐进的学习,既能让学生体验成功,也能让学生建立写作的信心和兴趣。

二、抓好课本教学,夯实英语基础

要想写好一遍好的英语作文,离不开单词的积累。单词是一篇作文最基础的部分,过分强调它是不妥,但却也不能忽略。强大的单词积累是写好一篇作文的后盾。所以,不管在课堂上,还是在课后,都要强调学生掌握好单词的拼写和单词的运用,夯实英语写作的基础。

在小学,学生的主要学习时间是课堂学习时间。学生的主要知识来源于课本,课本是学生学习的根本。课本给学生提供基本的句型,语法知识,词汇等。所以,对于课本中的内容,可适当要求学生背诵,小学生善于模仿,通过背诵课文,一些句子就会在学生心中生根发芽,学生就会有意无意地模仿这样的句子进行写作。课文中的句子一般来说是很规范的,学生的写作也会较规范。记忆中的课文也是学生写作时句子处理的依据。凭语感和课文结构,利用个人的智慧和对作文题目及要求的理解,学生会写出语法正确,句意通顺,结构严谨规范的作文。

三、 广泛阅读,拓展知识面

古人云“读书破万卷,下笔如有神” , 阅读是写作的基础,大量的、广泛的阅读,才能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力,有助于巩固和扩大学生词汇量,增强语感,丰富学生的语言知识,了解英语国家的文化背景。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越宽,语言实践量越大,运用英语表达自己的能力就越强。通过日积月累的积累,学生在自然的习得中学得大量了的英语单词、句子,形成较好的语感。为学生更好地写作打下了坚实的基础。但在选择课外阅读材料时,还要注意:文章太易,不利于知识的提高,文章太难会挫伤学生阅读英语的积极性。这就需要教师做好充分的阅读准备,选择好难易适中的文章

广泛的英语阅读还可以让学生尽可能地了解英汉差异。许多学生写英文短文,都习惯用汉语去思考。写出来的句子,读起来很拗口,句意生硬,令人费解。甚至有的学生将汉语句子逐一对照译成英语单词,拼凑成句子。如:上个星期天,我爸爸坐船去了上海。译文成了:Last Sunday ,I father sit ship go to Shanghai. 令人啼笑皆非。究其原因是学生不明白英汉两种语言表达上的差异。如,汉语中没有时态和语态的复杂变化,只借助于助词“着,了,过”。而英语则有复杂的时态和语态变化以及动词短语,介词短语等一些固定搭配,动词与其主语的一致,称谓的一致等等。让学生进行广泛的英语阅读可以降低这样尴尬的机率,在不断的阅读中拓展知识面。这样才能在实际运用中应用地恰到好处,英语写作才能更规范,更标准,更符合英美人的表达习惯。

四、培养学生的写作热情

众所周知,写作和口语都是语言输出的重要方面。写作是人们学习、运用英语的综合技能的表现,教授学生英语写作能够检验和巩固学生综合的语言知识,在写作过程中,学生有一定的时间去思考、组织、修改、判断,有利于培养和提高学生的语言综合能力;能让学生去辨别口语语体和书面语体的异同,尤其是不同的句型、表达方式和选词造句;能增强学生的自信心,哪怕正确地写出一句、两句话或一小段,一旦受到鼓励,学生都会欣喜若狂,学习英语的兴趣会更加强烈;有利于培养学生直接用英语思维的习惯,尤其是限时写作,学生必须在规定的时间内完成规定的内容,他们就不可能先用母语思考,再译成英语,而是直接用英语来思考;写作可给予学生发挥自己的想象力和创造力,作为老师应仔细观察并珍惜学生的每一次创举,并能及时地对该同学给予肯定和高度赞扬,鼓励他大胆地、尽情地去想象,那么学习英语就没那么枯燥了,写作的热情也会日渐高涨了。

积极带领学生参加教育在线,让他们把自己的作品放在网络上,一方面向别人学习的同时也可以感受到众人欣赏自己作品的那种欣喜;选择优秀的学生作品进行投稿,如《双语阅读》和《小学生英语报》等这些学生常见的刊物,对作品发表的同学进行奖励,这样更能够激发他们的写作欲望。

五、由浅入深,开展扎实的写作训练

写作和任何形式的知识一样都是可以通过训练加以提高的。基础知识和能力并重,听、说、读和写并举。在平时的教学中可应充分利用一切可以利用的机会启发、引导学生提高自己的写作水平。如遇到优秀的句、段或篇提示学生注意欣赏作者的表达法,把它们作为范例,在自己写作中加以模仿和运用。又如遇到英汉表达方法不同之处,提示学生注意英语的正确表达法,切忌出现汉语式的英语。要帮助学生养成正确运用标点符号的好习惯,切忌一点到底的错误方法。

1、坚持循序渐进的训练原则。

用学过的词、短语或句式,模仿课文中的表达法造句。换课文中的人物、时态、语态或体裁等改写课文。将打乱顺序的句子按事件发展的时间顺序或逻辑关系等整理成一篇完整的短文。总而言之,写作要先易后难,先短后长,先写好正确的句子逐步过渡到围绕一个人、一件事、一个观点去写有中心的文章,由不限定时间到限定时间,由限定字数少到多,由一句话日记到一段话日记,由看图作文到命题作文,经过日记,看图写作的训练,学生在写作能力上有了一定的提高,英语表达能力也有很大的进步。这时,可根据学生的教材,就每个单元不同的学习内容提供一个命题作文给学生练笔。这些题目紧扣他们学习的内容,书本上的内容给他们写作提供了模仿的对象,而且跟他们的生活也息息相关。

2、分层要求,注意讲评,鼓励优秀,耐心帮助差生。

对学生的要求不能一刀切,对学习好的要求要高,对学习差的要求要适当低一些。充分利用板报、专栏进行优秀作文展览,经常帮助差生树立信心,掌握写作方法和技巧。英语作文讲评过程中要经常指出优点,以利模仿,指出缺点,警示避免。在训练写作时,要少给学生完整的范文。因为如果经常给学生范文,很容易让学生产生依赖性,不愿意自己动手去写。而是等着老师念范文,自己去背。长此以往学生肯定会背烦的,背烦了就更不愿去写了。会造成一个恶性循环。不利于提高学生的写作水平,更不用说培养语言能力了。

3、小组合作,共同提高

对于一些难度较大、范围较广的写作内容,可以通过开展合作写作来完成。在合作写作的过程中,他们有机会互相交流,集思广益,取人之长,补已之短;他们可能学习写作,指导写作,分享作品。例如:在六年级教学My favourite festivals 这一主题时,让学生以小组形式搜集各节日的有关资料,然后集体讨论,一人执笔写作,最后交流。在合作中写作,既给学生留有独立思考的空间,又可促进他们互相帮助与学习。

4、适当指导

学生动笔写作前,教师要给予必要的指导,不是给个题目或者一幅图,就要求学生动笔写。为了使他们少犯错误。教师还要经常性地列举错误的表达法,提醒学生注意避免。在批阅作文时教师要随时标出学生错误之处,并要随时记录学生所犯错误,把学生的错误加以归类总结,把普遍性的错误提出来,让学生集体改错,使他们的语言表达尽可能的正确规范。

六、鼓励学生资源共享,共同进步

在平时的教学中,我鼓励学生大胆地阅读课外英语资料,鼓励学生搜索网上的英语资料,学生的作品通过不同的方式与读者交流,读者包括教师、同学和家长。让学生各自交流作品的方式有朗诵、出墙报、制作英语小卡片,制作手抄报,写好读书笔记等,将全班学生的手抄报装订成册,搜集全班学生的各种作品,本班学生的作品互相交流,同年级不同班的学生作品也互相交流阅读,集中群体的智慧,内容丰富多彩,五花八门,既适合他们的年龄特征又能供学生课余阅读,拓展视野,达到交流学习的目的,我还设想将学生的电子手抄报发送到我校校园网,以供更多的学生欣赏。除此之外,在评价学生的写作作品时,做到有的放矢,灵活有序,实施本人评价、小组评价,家长评价和老师评价,对学生的进步及时充分的肯定。

总之,英语写作需要平时一点一滴的积累,每一步都不能少,持之以恒的训练。作为英语教师,需要不断的探索和总结。

展开阅读全文

篇9:初中作文写作有什么方法

全文共 938 字

+ 加入清单

写作方法属于艺术表现方法(即:艺术手法和表现手法,也含表达手法(技巧)),常见的有:夸张,对比,比喻,拟人,悬念,照应,联想,想象,抑扬结合、点面结合、动静结合、叙议结合、情景交融、衬托对比、伏笔照应、托物言志、白描细描、铺垫悬念、正面侧面比喻象征、借古讽今、卒章显志、承上启下、开门见山,烘托、渲染、动静相衬、虚实相生,实写与虚写,托物寓意、咏物抒情等。表达方式就是常见的叙述、描写、抒情、议论和说明。(其实也属于艺术表现手法)。

1、第一人称叙事法

【特点】由于文章的内容是通过“我”传达给读者,表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见,亲耳所闻,或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历,使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。采用第一人称,由于叙述人是当事人,所以叙述的人与事,只能是“我”活动范围内的人物和事件。活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。

2、第三叙事法

【特点】用第三人称叙事,叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制,也不受生理、心理的限制,可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前,能自由灵活地反映社会生活。但第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。

3补叙法

【特点】补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明,一般是片断性的、简要的,不具备完整的事件,也可以把解释或说明的文字放有前面,以引起下文。补叙的作用,一般不发展情节、事件,只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。

4插叙法

【特点】插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙;有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要,做到不节外生枝,不喧宾夺主。在插入叙述的时候,还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接,不能有断裂的痕迹。

5倒叙法

【特点】倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述,而是除了把某个部分提前外,其他仍是顺叙的方法。采用倒叙的情况一般有三种:一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要,把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面,加以突出;二是为了使文章结构富于变化,避免平铺直叙;三是为了表现效果的需要,使文章曲折有致,造成悬念,引人入胜。倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处,要有明显的界限,还要有必要的文字过渡,做到自然衔接。特别要注意,不要无目的地颠来倒去,反反复复,使文章的眉目不清。

[初中作文写作有什么方法

展开阅读全文

篇10:命令的写作方法

全文共 1444 字

+ 加入清单

写作是运用语言文字符号反映客观事物、表达思想感情、传递知识信息的创造性脑力劳动过程。小编精心为你整理了命令的写作方法,希望对你有所借鉴作用哟。

1.命令(令)的概念

命令(令)是国家政权中特定机关发布的有强制性、领导性、指挥性的下行公文。主要适用于依照有关法律规定发布行政法规和规章,宣布施行重大强制性行政措施,奖惩有关人员,撤销下级机关不适当的决定等。

2.命令(令)的作用

命令(令)具有权威性和强制性,它是依照和根据有关法律规定,发布行政法规或规章,实施重大行政措施。例如:任免国家机关的高级领导干部;奖惩国家机关的高级干部;撤销下级政府机关不适当的决定的公文等。

3.命令的分类

命令(令)一般可分为:公布令、行政令、嘉奖令、惩戒令、撤销令、特赫令、通辑令等。

4.命令的结构

命令(令)的结构分标题、发文号、正文和落款四部分。行政令还带有附件。

第一部分标题。命令的标题有三种形式。

一是由发令机关名称、事由加文种构成。如《国务院关于贯彻保护侨汇的命令》。

二是文种前面冠以发令机关全称或领导人职务构成。如《四川某某人民政府令》等。

三是事由加文种构成。如《向全国进军的命令》。

第二部分发文号。命令(令)的发文号不同于一般公文的发文号,它不是由机关代字,年号,顺序号组成,而是只标顺序号。并且按某发令机关或某发令人在该届任期内所发的命令(令)流水编序号,直至换届再重新编号。

第三部分正文。命令(令)的类别不同,对正文的写法要求也有所不同。分述如下:

公布令适用于公布法律、重要行政法规。

包括三部分内容:①命令(令)公布的对象,即法律或行政法规的全称;②公布某项法律、法规的依据,即通过批准某项法律、法规的机关或会议;③通过批准某项法律、法规的时间和施行起始期。

5.命令(令)的实例

<公布令>实例

中华人民共和国主席令

第三十号

《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治侵犯著作权的犯罪的决定》已由中华人民共和国第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议于1994年7月5日通过,现予公布,自公布之日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席^xx

1994年7月5日

附件:

全国人大常委会

关于惩治侵犯著作权的犯罪的决定

(1994年7月5日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议通过)

为了惩治侵犯著作权和与著作权有关的权益的犯罪,对刑法作如下补充规定:

一、以营利为目的,有下列侵犯著作权情形之一,违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节的,处三年以下有期徒刑,拘役,单处或者并处罚金;违法所得数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的,处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金:

(一)未经著作权人许可,复制发行其文字作品、音乐、电影、电视、录像作品、计算机软件及其他作品的;

(二)出版他人享有专有出版权的图书的;

(三)未经录音录像制作者许可,复制发行其制作的录音录像的;

(四)制作、出售假冒他人署名的美术作品的。

二、以营利为目的,销售明知是第一条规定的侵权复制品,违法所得数额较大的,处二年以下有期徒刑、拘役,单处或并处罚金;违法所得数额巨大的,处二年以上五年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。

三、单位有本决定规定的犯罪行为的,对单位判处罚金,并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依照本决定的规定处罚。

四、查获的侵权复制品、违法所得和属本单位或者本人所有的主要用于侵犯著作权犯罪的材料、工具、设备或者其他财物,一律予以没收。

五、犯本决定规定之罪,造成被侵权人损失的,除依照本决定追究刑事责任外,并应当根据情况依法判处赔偿损失。

六、本决定自公布之日起施行。

展开阅读全文

篇11:三段式议论文的写作方法

全文共 1264 字

+ 加入清单

1)议论文常用的方法议论文的方法有:举例论证、分析论证、引证论证、对比论证和类比论证。还有反证法,证明对方论点是错误的,自己的观点是正确的,从而驳倒对方。

2)议论文的要求

(1) 论点要正确、鲜明。

在论证中,无论是对正面观点的阐述,还是对反面观点的反驳,自己的论点都必须正确,鲜明,赞成什么,反对什么,必须鲜明地表示出来,不能含糊不清。

(2) 论据要充实可靠。

这就要求作者选择论据要典型,要真实可靠。只有充实的论据,文章才有说明力。

(3) 论证要合乎逻辑。

这就要求论证时,说理要严谨,推理要合乎逻辑。最常见的议论文结构是纵贯式,就是按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次,即:开头(引论)→本论(正文)→结尾(结论),也就是我们常说的“三段式结构”。

Challenge (向…挑战)Old Beliefs(信念,信仰)

There are many things in the world which are accepted as certain when they are not certain, and what an expert(专家) says or thinks must not be accepted or rejected(抛弃) hastily(急忙地). The following example may help to make us less rigid in our beliefs.

When helium(氦) is cooled to very low temperature, it forms an astonishing liquid which does not appear to agree with the laws of gravity. It can go upwards.(向上) If it is put into a bottle which is open at the top, it empties itself out of the bottle; and if an open bottle is stood in this liquid, the liquid will move up the outer (外部的)side of the bottle and run down inside it until the levels outside and inside are the same.

So anyone who is determined(坚决的,有决心的) to advance science must have a capacity(能力,能量) for original thought and for action based on that thought.

本文是三段式结构,用举例的方法进行论证。第一段提出论点,第二段举例加以论证,第三段得出令人信服的结论。本文论点明确,论据科学可靠,由此而得出的结论非常有说明力。

展开阅读全文

篇12:毕业论文致谢写作方法

全文共 497 字

+ 加入清单

我们正常看书或老师批阅论文首先看作者简介和致谢、后记之类的内容,然后再阅读正文。

毕业设计的老师从事多年的教育工作.李老师这样说到:看了一些毕业论文的致谢,不少还是人文学科的,不知是因为写作规范的限制,抑或是别的原因,有些论文的致谢很平淡,公式一样的套话,寥寥几句,少有真情实感,与论文正文的文笔很不相称。致谢不是写学术思想历程回忆。我看学生的论文也注意致谢,如果谢来谢去的人太多,我总疑心论文不是他自己写的。如果是感谢我,我会感到一身的不自在,不管是不是出于真情。学术论文是一件很庄严的事情,在里面洋洋洒洒磕头作揖恐怕有些不合适吧。钱钟书先生的《管锥编》中感谢责任编辑只有一句话,简短而得体:”命笔之时,数请益于周君振甫,小叩辄发大鸣,实归不负虚往,良朋嘉惠,并志简端。”我们不妨学学。先不管论文质量好坏,抒发自己的情感才是最重要的,致谢需要的真情实感的展现与流露。要在其中洋溢真情实感,体现了中国传统文化中所具的感恩心等,不要有空洞的套话。这样才能让毕业论文更加出彩,做学术和做人一样,最重要的一个字就是“真”,学术上要“真才实学”,不能“弄虚作假”;做人上要“真情实感”,不能“虚情假意”!

展开阅读全文

篇13:初中写作方法:如何写好作文

全文共 2459 字

+ 加入清单

审题是作文的关键,题目清楚了,就会写得切题,就可以不走或少走弯路。小编收集了如何写好一篇作文,欢迎阅读。

一、把握中心,审清题意对作文来说,第一步就是审题。

审题是作文的关键,题目清楚了,就会写得切题,就可以不走或少走弯路。否则,拿到题目草率动笔,急于写作,还没有搞清楚题意就信马由缰,一发而不可收拾,写跑了题还不知道原因呢。怎样审题呢?拿到题目后要仔细阅读,确定题目的重点和中心,把握题目的深层含义。所谓重点和中心,往往要求同学们认真分析题目的每一个字词,抓住重点词语,也就是“题眼”。申清题意,从而确定作文的内容和重点。审题时,还要搞清文章要写的范围和角度,不按规定的范围写就会跑题。总之,审题的关键是确定重点,把握范围角度,掌握了这两点,就能打开思路,迈出写作的第一步。

二、命题作文的定体每一篇作文是由内容和形式的结合,体裁是作文表现形式。

所谓定体,就是拿到试题后,弄清楚试题要求写成什么文体。小学生主要学习的是记叙文、说明文、议论文,文体表现主题的方式不同,写作的方法就有很大的差异。从题目的文字来定体,一般来说题目中有“记”字的多为记叙文,如《记一件有意义的活动》《记我的一位朋友》等,还有不太明显的,如“访”“观”等,题目中有“论”“说”“谈”“议”“驳”等字的是议论文,如《谈实事求是》《小议人生价值》等。说明文比较明显,如《水的用途》等,一看就是说明文。从题目的范围来定体。在题目中,对要求写某个时间里的人和事,那是记叙文,如《我的星期天》《劳动的一天》等。在题目中有地域空间范围,要求考生写中国范围内发生的事情和人物,那也是记叙文,如《我在北京的日子》《春到校园》等。从题目要求的对象和内容来定体。《我和我的老师》一看就明白,写作对象是“我”和“老师”,这是要求写人的;《实验成功》这是写事的;《故乡的山》这是写景的。这都是要求写成记叙文。而《树叶的作用》写作内容是事理;《我的钢笔》写作对象是实物,应当写成说明文。文体确定了,思考时就会有明确的目标了。如果题目是写记叙文,就立即从写人记事两方面思考,把主题表现出来。如果是说明文,就从说明事物特性状态、功能等方面思考,如何揭示事物的本质和特性。如果是议论文,就从建立论点、寻找论据上下手,思考论证的方法。只有确定了文体,就可以确定文章的写作方向,同学们一定不可轻视它啊!

三、命题作文的立意立意就是确定文章的主题,也就是我们平时说的确定文章的中心思想。

主题是文章的灵魂,是贯穿文章的主线,文章的选材、结构、语言表达都受主题的约束,围绕着主题,为主题服务。立意过程就是写作时经过审题来确定文章应表达的基本意思。主题并不是凭空而来的,也不是每个人头脑中固有的,它是学生对社会生活的提炼与概括,来自社会实践,是学生对客观事物的认识。因此,确定主题时,一定要从同学们的生活经验、社会实践出发,选择具有社会意义的角度去立意。立意不明确,不合题目要求,那就偏离了主题(跑题),或者写到中间发现不对,既浪费了时间,又由于慌乱,影响写作质量。所以,立意是写作前的总体设计,它是对作文成败起着关键作用。立意一般从这样两方面着手努力:

1.首先要新:要使文章立意新颖,就必须经过认真分析,找出事物的本质,抓住事物的特点。

2.立意要正确、鲜明、深刻。要做到立意深刻,就要把反映的对象所蕴藏的本质挖掘出来。

四、命题作文的选材作文最主要的内容就是题材,也就是一般同学们常说的写作材料。

文章的立意要以材料为依据,主题思想的表达也要靠每人材料来完成。一篇文章的主题确立后,要想写好,就必须认真选择材料。命题作文的选材应从以下几个角度着手:

1.要选自己熟悉的材料。只有自己熟悉才认识得清,也才最能说透。命题一般考虑到每个学生都有话可说,有时可叙,有理可议,有情可抒,有感而发,命题范围往往不会超越同学们的生活圈子。同学们在选材上一定要沉着、镇定,不要舍近求远。就从自己身边发生的事中找素材,只有自己最熟悉繁荣人和事,写起来才真实、亲切,能写出特色。

2.要选择具有典型意义的材料。典型意义的材料就是那些最有代表性、最能揭示事物本质的材料。这种材料最有说服力,在文章中起决定作用。

3.要选择新鲜的材料:一篇文章中有无新鲜材料就可以看出它的立意是否新颖。材料的选择,说到底只有一个准则,那就是一切为文章的中心服务,要选择那些最有代表性、说服力,最能突出中心的东西来写。切记要符合文章题目的要求,要紧扣文章所表达的中心。与中心关系紧密的多选,与中心关系不大的少选或不选。

五、命题作文的结构结构就是文章的内容构造。

文章的结构因体裁的不同而形式不同。记叙文以写人记事为主,常用事物发展的时间顺序、空间顺序、事物的逻辑顺序来结构文章;说明文一般要求把事物的形状、构造、特点和功用等方面说清楚,常采用按事物结构顺序、说明对象的逻辑顺序、事物发展进程来结构文章;议论文通常是按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的顺序结构文章。不管什么文体,也不管采用哪种方式来结构,都必须符合以下要求:

1.结构严谨:应根据文章主题的需要,把开头、结尾、层次段落、过渡、照应、详略安排好。还应该做到“意在笔先”,动笔之前,先要进行总体规划、全面设计、紧扣主题选好材料,安排好层次,打好腹稿。希望同学们养成打腹稿和列提纲的好习惯,以便能合理安排文章的结构。

2.结构自然:每一件事物都有前因后果,有它的发生、发展和结局的过程。文章应遵循这些客观事物的规律,正确反映客观事物的规律,顺理成章。

3.结构完整:文章要有头有尾有主体,每一部分都不可缺少,并且每部分要匀称,既不能虎头蛇尾,也不能头尾大,而主体小,要成比例。这就要同学们在布局谋篇时应当充分意识到文章的整体性。在立意后要考虑好怎样开头,如何结尾。文章主体部分划为几个层次,这些都在全文中占多大比例,搞清楚会再下笔。文章的结构对于写好作文至关重要。人们常说主题是文章的灵魂,材料是文章的血肉,而结构则是文章的骨架。文章有了匀称的骨架,才可以使内容充分体现,主题思想完美地表达。、

展开阅读全文

篇14:编导散文写作的技巧及方法

全文共 6509 字

+ 加入清单

在艺术考试编导专业考试中,笔试部分一般会有一项很重要的内容就是散文写作。可以说散文写作分数的高低直接影响考生录取的成绩。下面是小编为大家带来的编导散文写作的技巧方法,欢迎阅读。

散文的文体特点

较宽泛的文体定义是认为文体只有四类:散文、诗歌、戏剧、小说。散文是一种自由、灵活地抒写见闻受的文体,它形式精粹亲切。表达作者对人生或自然的感悟。

散文与记叙文的最大区别在于,散文中所写的人生、自然、事件、景物等,都是从自身感悟出发,是作者对事物特殊意义和美的发现。这种发现,是知觉、思维、感觉的综合思维结果,体现着作者的深思妙悟,是散文的情、理、意、味。而记叙文是记录生活中的人和事,并不从作者的感悟出发。

散文的取材十分广泛,不间万象、宇宙万物、各色人等、宏观微观无不涉及,而这些材料一旦出现在文章中,就立即刻上了作者的主观感悟,代表着作者的人生经验、观点感受。所以,同样的材料,不同的作者看到的内涵是不同的。这里,我们把散文的取材叫“形”,把作者的感叫“神”。散文的文体特点就是:形散神聚。 散文的写法较其他文体更活泼自由,不拘一格。常见的方式是抒情,即使是记叙,也是带有强烈感情色彩的。散文常把记叙、抒情、议论等融为一体,夹叙夹议。表现手法上能出奇制胜,让读者产生新鲜独特的阅读感受。散文的结构追求自然而然的境界。在材料选取上,般运用联想手法。

总体来看,抒情的散文有时气势磅礴,有时低吟浅唱;记叙的散文如诗如画,曲径通幽;议论的散文情真意切,精彩纷呈……但是,不管作者怎么样安排文字,怎样组织材料,归根结蒂还是为了表达他对人生或自然的特殊感受悟。

基础等级

一、 形散神聚

这里讲的是散文的取材。我们还以《人类,止步吧!》为例。

全文分为三部分 ,引的诗句所抒发的感情本与本文主旨毫无关系,但经过作者巧妙的联想,它双完全和本文要表达的中心契合了。它所引用的材料也是几个似乎没有关联的场景。这种形式很散,但它们都指向同一个主旨:保护环境。这就是散文形散神聚的好处,可以让文章活泼灵动,变化多端。

二、 立意独特

散文的立意其实就是散文的感悟,有感悟才有散文的写作。可是普通寻常的感悟是不得人心的,看见蜡烛想起老师,看见葵花想起小学生……这些“感悟”已经不再给我们产生美感,而是产生憎恶;这样写作已经不再是生产精神产品,而是谋杀我们的阅读欲望。散文的立意要求独特,就是说作者的感悟是体现作者独特情志、独特感受、独特体验的感悟,是他人所不能产生的精神产物。

如《人类,止步吧!》一文。把文章的立意放在对《天净沙·秋思》一词的全新诠释上。分为三个小标题:1、枯藤+才能树+昏鸦=优质的木材;2、小桥+流水+人家=人类的日用品;3、古道+西风+瘦马=桌上的美食。这一巧妙的构思,把散文的灵动、形散特点体现得淋漓尽致。当然,对于环境的问题不是什么独特的发现,可是作者不是简单地申明要保护环境,而是把目光定格在“人们在做什么、做了什么、有什么后果”,提醒人们应该反省。

三、 感情充沛

没有感情就不成其为散文。散文对作者主观感情的要求是所有文体中仅次于诗歌的。散文一般的写作规律是:对事物、人生、景观突然有了感悟,感悟深化升华,敷衍成文。这感悟就是散文的意味之本,是散文的中心立意。可是要表现这样的中心立意,就得抒情。所以好的散文、记叙、议论都带有强烈的感情,字里行间都有渗透着感情。

四、 感悟具体

散文以感悟为灵魂,但感悟是什么,得在文章中说明白。有些散文含蓄,不明说感悟,但文章的景致、人物、事件均可以反映向感悟。感悟的清楚明白如同记叙文的主题一样,要明白畅晓,让人觉得可喜,引人思考,同时要清楚地出现在文章中。

如《亲近你》一文,就把抽象的感悟“体验“通过大量具体的意象表现出来:“幼鸟第一次避开慈母的呵护,飞翔有蓝天白云下,他体验到了自由的博大;蓓蕾在一场春雨后,绽放笑脸,新奇地看着这个世界,他体验到了尘世的纷杂;海燕在暴风雨中长鸣,勇敢他宣传革命圣火的到来,他体验到了胜利的喜悦;蝴蝶第一次来到大花园,飞东飞西,万紫千红的花为她绽放,它体验到了人世的热情……”通过这些具体的意象,作者的感悟就很容易让读者感同身受了。

发展等级

一、 入笔精微,以小见大

上面说过,散文往往出奇制胜,以少胜多,说是有散文表现中心的方法。散文的这一用法是独特的。一般的散文写作,我们可以从细小的方面入笔,做到以少胜多,以小见大。实际上,生活中的一件小事、一涕一笑;事物中的一枚叶片、一粒沙土……都可体现出大的主题。《点滴真情令我感动》就是这样一篇佳作。它的着眼点都有是我们生活经常遇到的小事,但对一个有心人来说,它们同样可以写出好文章。

二、 夹叙夹议,感情真实

含蓄的感情也罢,激昂的感情也罢,都要真实地表现出作者的状况。散文因为有对生活或事物的感悟,就得采用夹叙夹议定书表达方式,引导读者理解,体味文章的意味。如《百合花的笑容》等文章,把记叙、议论有机结合起来,全文感情真实,浑然天成。

散文写作技巧

文体写作理论知识应由定义出发,定义中的要素可以衍生出写作的各种要求和方法。但是,不论诗歌,还是散文,传统认识集 中体现在一般写作教材上,对其定义的认识既不准确统一,又片面地强调社会属性。 不合乎文体本质属性的传统文学体裁定义在 本文中一概不提。需要的是最终表现作者个体生命本真的文体定义。 散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活精干的文学体裁。

作者在散文中的形象比较明显,常用第一人称叙述,个性鲜明,正象巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”,总之可以说 是表现自我。这就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈,无所顾忌”,他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。又如刘半农 所说, 散文要“赤裸裸地表达”。还如一些人所说,“我是怎样一个人, 就怎样写”,“心口相应,信口直说”, “反正我只 是这样一个我”。写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在。这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础,而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然,优美洗练。此外,还可以讲究一些语言技法,如句式长短相间,随物赋形,如多用修辞特别是比喻,如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。 必须明确一个散文写作观念, 这就是散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有教材都提出了散文要写感情,但却是作 为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出,感情不是片面的因素,也不仅仅是线索,而是散文的对象。散文写人写事都只是表面现象,从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”,而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。 朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事, 而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》, 重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者业绩, 而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。散文一开始就使自己沉浸在一种突如其来 的悲喜交集的感情体验中,由此生发联想——小时候跟着妈妈赶集差一点丢失,四十年代初一度离开部队,“文革”中被迫放下笔 等。 最后又面对横江截流的宏伟场面,激情满怀。感情体验,是散文的内在结构。有了它, 就可以天马行空地起草。这一点, 不能不明朗和确定。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验, 只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。

散文和小说一样, 建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上,但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说,小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”,而 散文则是“以线穿珠”。 小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面,具备冲突,各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显。 而细节只能在这样 的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”,就是感情体验,或多或少,随手拈来, 任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此,我 们说散文(应称艺术散文),是最自由的文体, 散漫如水,手法灵活。只要弄清以上四点,写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感 情体验和细节描写,就掌握了散文写作的要领,什么意、章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习,其它文体 理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。 散文可以主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出,供初学者和高等教育应 试者选择使用。

一、 记人散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述。我和该人,重点在后。 介绍该人,如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】▲一种情况:一件事。从开头、发展到结尾,细致叙述和描写。

▲另一种情况:几件事。每件事即每层次前,可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起。 以对该人的感情体验及整体议

二、论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质,照应开头。②深化感情关系,发出感慨。

三、抒情散文模式

【开头】1叙述自己与景物的关系。2议论景物和自己。

【中间】1描写景物,分出层次,细致动人。2联想发挥,更大意义。

【结尾】感慨

四、散文写作--构思、联想、语言

散文,往往通过生活中偶发的、片断的事象,去反映其复杂的背景和深广的内涵,做到“一粒沙里见世界,半瓣花上说人情 ”。要达到这种境界,构思是关键。

构思,是作者对一篇作品的整个认识过程,从他对外界事物的最初感受到成篇的全过程。就是进入下笔阶段,也仍然在思考, 在探索,在继续认识所要描写的对象,深入发掘其底蕴和内涵。这是一种复杂的、艰辛的、严肃的精神活动,是对作家人格、修养 功力的考验。由于事物间的联系是深邃而微妙的,作家要善于由表及里,从纷繁错综的联系里,发现其独特而奥妙的联系点,才 能够从“引心”到“会心”,由“迎意”到“立意”。 构思的奥妙,不同的作家有不同发现。于是就出现了种种不同的构思方法。秦牧的构思方法,有人叫做“滚雪球”。他写散文起初的感受只是一点点,如一片小雪花,随着题材的增加,体会的深入,联想的开展,那感觉一步步膨胀起来,就象滚雪球一样 。这里可贵的是最初的感觉,照秦牧的话说,它是事物的“尖端”部分,最富有“特征”的部分,一旦被作家抓住,就象一粒饱满 的种子,落到肥沃的土壤里,作家用思想、感情的阳光雨露恩泽它,使它萌发成丰富的果实。这是一个核心,越滚越大,形成统一 的构思。他的名篇《土地》、《社稷坛抒情》就是很好的例子。 徐迟的构思方法,叫“抓一刹那”。这“一刹那”他认为是事物的“精华”部分,最有“光彩”部分。抓住这“一刹那”,就 抓住了头绪,抓住了中心,零散杂乱的材料才得以集中,才有了归宿。如他的《在湍流的涡漩中》的创作,正反两方面的教训都可 以说明这个问题。

总之,一篇散文的谋篇、构思,不同的作家有不同的方法,因人而异,不可强求一律,更不能照猫画虎,每人应有每人的独特

方法,但讲究构思,则对每一个作家而言,都是极重要的。 一篇优秀的散文,几乎难以离开联想。所谓联想,是指对事物由此及彼、由表及里的想象活动。由一事物过渡到另一事物的心 理过程。当人们由当前事物回忆起有关的另一事物,或者由想起的一件事物又波及到另一件事物时,都离不开联想。在这种联想活动中,事物的特征和本质,更容易鲜明和突出,作者的思想认识也能不断提高和深化。一个作者的知识积累,储藏愈厚实,则对生 活的感受愈敏锐,易于触类旁通,浮想联翩,文思泉涌。

联想,在心理活动中占有重要地位。回忆常以联想的形式出现,联想还有 助于举一反三的推理过程。特别是在散文创作及其它样式的文艺创作中,联想有着增强作品艺术魅力的功效。 散文家的灵感,看似偶然,实则必然,迁思妙得,得自长期积累。积累愈厚,愈发敏感。散文不是贵在触发吗?由此及彼是触 发,对于目前所经历的事物,发现旁的意思,既是触发,也是联想。深厚的积累,有助于触发的深化。要将“诗魂”变为诗,要从 触发达到构思,还必须发挥联想和想象。要将许多旧经验溶化、抽象、加以重新组织,假若没有一定生活积累做凭依,想象、联想 的翅膀则是飞不起来的。客观事物总是相互联系的,具有各种不同联系的事物反映在作者的头脑中,便形成了各种不同的联想 ——有空间或时间上相接近的事物形成接近联想(如由水库想起水力发电机);有相似特点的事物形成的类似联想(如由鲁迅想起 高尔基);有对立关系的事物形成对比联想(如由光明想起黑暗); 有因果关系的事物形成因果联想(如由火想到热)。

散文的联想,总是同精细的观察、细微的描述相结合。散文的画面,首先力求真实、具体,使人读之如身临其境,同时也要做到含 蓄、深邃,使人读之能临境生情。作者给读者想象空间、回味余地愈大,则诗意的芬芳愈浓,这就离不开丰富而活跃的联想。 联想,实质上是观察的深化,是此时此地的观察,与彼时彼地观察的融会贯通。没有这种融会贯通,便没有感受的加深、思想的升华 、诗意的结晶。如果说,精细的观察,为作者采集了丰富的矿石,那活跃的联想,则是对这些矿石的冶炼和加工。 联想不是凭着个人的闪念所得,漫无边际地胡思乱想。一个作家要想让联想的翅膀飞起来,没有广博的学识,不掌握事物之间内在的联系和底蕴 没有个人的创造性和激情,没有个人爱好的广大空间,思想和幻想、形式和内容的广大空间,是高飞不起来的。只能象蓬间雀那样在草稍上徘徊,而不能象大鹏那样展翅万里,海阔天空自由飞翔。 散文笔调的魅力,固然来自作家的真知、真见、真性、真情。但要将其化作文学和谐的色彩、自然的节奏、隽永的韵味,还必 须依靠驾驭文字的娴熟,笔墨的高度净化。文采,不在于文字的花哨和刻意雕饰,而在于表情达意,朴实真挚。如堆砌词藻,就象爱美而又不善于打扮的女人一样,以为涂脂抹粉,越浓越好,花花绿绿,越艳越好,其实俗不可耐,令人见了皱眉。 散文作者,要有特别敏锐的眼光和洞察力,能看到和发现别人所没有看到的事物,还需有异常严密而深厚的文字功夫。创作时不能心浮气躁,要静下心来,挖空心思找到准确的词句,并把它们排列得能用很少的话表达较多的意思。这就是古人所说的“言 简意繁”。要使语言能表现出一幅生动的画面,简洁地描绘出人物的音容笑貌和主要特征,让读者一下子就牢牢记住被描写人物的动作、步态和语气。

散文的语言美,作家们有不少独到精辟的见解。秦牧说:“文采,同样产生艺术魅力和文笔情趣。丰富的词汇,生动的口语, 铿锵的音节,适当的偶句,色彩鲜明的描绘,精采的叠句……这些东西的配合,都会增加文笔的情趣。”佘树森说:“散文的语言 ,似乎比小说多几分浓密和雕饰,而又比诗歌多几分清淡和自然。它简洁而又潇洒,朴素而又优美,自然中透着情韵。可以说,它的美,恰恰就在这浓与淡、雕饰与自然之间。”

散文篇幅小,容量大,行文最忌拉拉杂杂,拖泥带水,容不得老王婆裹脚布,又长又臭。简洁,并不是简境,而是简笔;笔既 简,而境不简,是一种高度准确的概括力。杜牧《阿房宫赋》开头写道:“六王毕,四海一。蜀山兀,阿房出。”仅仅十二字,就写出了六国王朝的覆灭。秦始皇统一了天下,把蜀山的树木砍光了,山顶上光秃秃的,就在这里,修建起阿房宫。短短十二个字, 写出了这么丰富的历史内容,时空跨度又很大,真可谓“言简意繁”了。

潇洒,对人来说,是一种气质,一种风度。对散文来说 ,是语句变化多姿。短句,促而严;长句,舒而缓;偶句,匀称凝重;奇句,流美洒脱。这些句式的错落而谐调的配置,自然便构成散文语言特有的简洁而潇洒的美。散文语言的朴素美,并不排斥华丽美,两者是相对成立的。

在散文作品里,我们往往看到朴素和华丽两副笔墨并用。该浓墨重 彩的地方,尽意渲染,如天边锦缎般的晚霞;该朴素的地方,轻描淡写,似清澈小溪涓涓流淌。朴素有如美女的“淡扫蛾眉”,华 丽亦非丽词艳句的堆砌,而是精巧的艺术加工,不着斧凿的痕迹。但不论是朴素还是华丽,若不附属于真挚感情和崇高思想的美, 就易于像无限的浮萍,变得苍白无力,流于玩弄技巧的文字游戏。 像生活的海洋一样,语言的海洋也是辽阔无边的。行文潇洒,不拘一格,鲜活的文气,新颖的语言,巧妙的比喻,迷人的情韵 ,精采的叠句,智慧的警语,优美的排比,隽永的格言,风趣的谚语,机智的幽默,含蓄的寓意,多种多样艺术技巧的自如运用, 将使散文创作越发清新隽永,光彩照人。

展开阅读全文

篇15:语文作文写作方法

全文共 2051 字

+ 加入清单

中年级孩子写作文时,总是不知该如何下笔,更不懂如何谋篇布局。小编收集了关于语文作文写作方法,欢迎阅读。

一、变难为易

我鼓励学生结合课本学习,总结课文的写作模式,让学生想想,要是换做你,你会怎么来写你这篇作文,课文中有哪些值得你学习的地方,这样以后学生写到同类的作文就有个参照性了。

二、及时讲评

每次收上学生作文,我总是及时批阅,来得及的学生就面批。等到下次作文课的时候,我会说说上次作文谁的最有新意,谁的内容写的具体,谁结合了生活实际,是真实的文章。同时每一篇被表扬的文章,我都在精彩作文每日展上面展出,作为他们辛勤劳作的收获。学生受到了表扬,内心充满了成就感,激情会持续下来,写作的欲望就越来越强。

优点不突出的孩子,我会找出来读一读,让全班同学帮他们想一想该怎么修改。这样,孩子们你一言,我一语说出来。集思广益,在听取别人意见的时候,每个人的思想也得到了提升。被帮助的孩子通常也会激动不已,跃跃欲试地想把自己的文章改好,让自己的作品更有竞争力。

三、展示多样性

1、请孩子的家长参与进来,一起欣赏孩子们的作品,一起点评,并让家长也写上自己的话。因为有家长、老师一起点评,他们的写作与欣赏水平提高就更快了。

2、针对学生的优秀作品要及时投稿。学生的作品一旦获奖我不但给予精神上的鼓励还要给予物质上的奖励。以便增强学生的写作信心。

总之,我认为做一位作文教师,就要做一位有思想、有头脑的教师。只有教师不断努力,发挥我们无穷的智慧,形式多样,孩子们才会乐于跟风,才能兴致勃勃地学,快快乐乐地写,并竭尽所能地写出精彩的文章来。

作文与开头

题目是文章的眼睛,而开头则是文章的脑袋。最先进入人们视线的,常常是脑袋。我深知作文开头对一篇文章的重要性,所以这次课,我在四、五年级都着重介绍了作文开头的方法。

作文开头一共有多少方法,我不大确定,但是我向学生介绍了五种常见的作文开头方法:一、开门见山,直接入题;二、写景状物,渲染气氛;三、抒情议论,确定基调;四、设置悬念,引出下文。

我向学生强调了这次习作一定要重视作文的开头,我在评分时会有所侧重。果然,交上来的习作中,我看到了学生反复思考后的作文开头,也为整篇文章增色不少。我发现,学生在平时的习作中,他们根本不重视作文的题目、开头、结尾,其实这三项对于一篇作文来说起到了至关重要的作用。

所以我决定,在以后的作文教学中,每一项我都要作具体的指导,让学生的作文做到豹头、猪肚、凤尾。

文与结尾

古人在谈到结尾时常以“豹尾”为标准,是指结尾时笔法要简洁、明快、干净利落,犹如豹尾劲扫,响亮有力,给读者以咀嚼回味的余地。

结尾在一篇文章中是非常重要的,有点题、首尾呼应和总结全文的作用,有了结尾,一篇文章才会完整。我在作文课上,也经常向学生强调作文结尾的重要性,但有些学生还是常常会忘了写结尾。

上星期三年级的作文课,作文题目是“假如我是小偷”,课上我重点讲了习作的开头和中间部分,结尾只是一句话带过,我想,经过这么长时间的习作训练,学生应该会自己写好作文的结尾了。然而,事与愿违,一个班中还是有个别学生没写结尾,大部分学生因为我没讲怎么写,所以结尾写得很差,这令我很诧然,三年级的学生居然还不会自己写个结尾。

课后,我认真思考了原因,我想,我们只是每节课都向学生强调,一定要写结尾,一定要写。这个“一定”,学生也没有意识到结尾的重要性,这个老师没强调是不是可以不写。所以,我觉得我们老师要举例说明,让学生明白作文结尾的重要性,让他们觉得结尾是一篇作文中不可缺少的一部分,这样他们每次习作才不会忘记写。

当然,还有一部分同学不会忘记写结尾,但是他们却写不好。小学生经常会在结尾处大呼口号、大表决心,殊不知这是最幼稚愚蠢的做法。这说明了,我们作文教学还没有让每一位同学都懂得:作文是艺术,作文不是决心书和检讨书。

所以,在接下来的课上,我要向学生介绍几种常用的结尾方法,让他们的结尾不会那么枯燥

作文与修改

佳作不厌百回改。好文章不是写出来的,而是改出来的。这句话是有道理的,写作当中尽管也非常当心,但差错仍然不会避免,特别是心情激动起来,手下的笔简直是快步如飞,连回头看一下的时间都没有,有时就会漏了个词语,句子差个一半等等,这些情况在学生的作文中也是经常出现的。

写完之后,至少看上一遍,也是对读者阅读的一种尊重。但是学生们往往做不到这点,他们写完后,扔下笔就往讲台上跑,根本没想过写完后要修改这回事。

在学生交上来的作文中,我发现,很多错误都是因为笔误,自己读一遍就能找出来,但是学生不愿意,同时也加重了老师批作文的负担。所以,我贯彻“自己做自己的第一个读者”这句口号,在最近的这几堂课上,我特别强调了修改,写完后至少要让学生把自己的作文读一遍再交上来。这样做之后,虽然起到了一定的效果,但是收效甚微,很多学生都是为了完成任务,老师说要读一遍就读一遍,根本没有带着修改作文的心思去读。

所以,我觉得让学生学会修改自己的作文也是作文教学中十分重要的一部分,如果学会了修改,我相信他们的作文成绩能得到质的提高。

展开阅读全文

篇16:英语日记的写作指导及例文

全文共 1516 字

+ 加入清单

导语:要学好写英语短文,就必须经常练习写作。记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文指导,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!

一、日记的格式

英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记三格式大致一样。英语日记的书端是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况,如:Sunny,Fine,Rainy,Windy,Snowy,Cloudy等。

1、日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时,通常以月、日、年为顺序,月份可以缩写,日和年用逗号隔开。例如:

A)September 1,2004或September 1st,2004也可省略写成Sept. 1,2004或Sept. 1st,2004;the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写)

B)只有月、日:September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写)

C)只有年、月:September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写)

以上的1或1st都应读作the first.

2、星期也可以省略不写,可将其放在日期前或后,星期和日期之间不用标点,但要空一格,星期也可缩写。如:

Saturday,October 22nd,2004;October 22nd,2004 Saturday

3.天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如:Sunny,Fine,Rainy,Snowy 等表示。写在日期之后,用逗号隔开,位于日记的右上角。如:

Saturday,March 4,2004,Windy;1st January,2004,Fine

二、日记的要求

日记的正文是日记的主要部分,写在星期和日期的正下方,可以顶格写,也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生,谓语动词多用一般过去时。但也可根据具体情况,用其它时态。如:记叙天气、描写景色,为了描写生动,可以使用现在时,以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或将来时态。记日记力求简单明了,有连贯性。若有文字提示,则应重视提示,把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句,以防繁杂,造成语法、句型错误。

三、日记的类型和训练

日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中,可按以下步骤进行:

①将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来,不附加任何感情色彩,这是最简单的记日记的方法;

②阅读别人的日记,并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。

「范文与点评」

March 12th,2003,Tuesday Sunny (Fine)

Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7∶30 in the morning,all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and other teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard,and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired,we still felt very happy.

这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨,中心突出,有选择地记录当天的见闻(人或事),并加以分析和评论。

展开阅读全文

篇17:小学状物作文的写作方法

全文共 1647 字

+ 加入清单

有序观察是写好状物类作文的基础。下面小编来给大家介绍小学状物作文的写作方法,希望对大家有帮助!

一、语言要有趣

如习作《蚂蚁》。作者在写蚂蚊的独特功能时,是这样写的:“除了四周的景物能帮助蚂蚁辨别方向外,它们还有一个自身的‘法宝’,这就是在蚂蚁走过的地方都会留下一种特殊的气味,掉队的蚂蚁根据这种气味就能确定方向。倘若用樟脑丸一类的怪气味弥散在蚂蚁走过的路径上,那么后来的蚂蚁就会因找不到那种特殊的气味而迷失方向。”这是作者知识的积累与生活的积累相互融合的结果。

又如,习作《姥姥家的小黑狗》。作者在介绍小黑狗的外形特点时如是说:“(它)一身乌黑发亮的皮毛,就像黑缎子一样油亮光滑;雪白的小爪儿,俨如四朵梅花;那条翘着的小尾巴总是不停地摇摆着;特别是那对黑白分明的小眼睛,总是四处张望,充满着兴奋和好奇。”这里,作者用了生动的比喻,写出了小黑狗皮毛的油亮和爪子的厚实;又用“不停地摇”写出了小黑狗对熟人的媚态;还用“四处张望”来写小黑狗的警觉与好奇。语言富有生活的情趣,突出了小黑狗的漂亮与可爱。

因此,语言的理趣是知识性的体现,情趣是情感性的体现。只有结合为一体,方能显示状物类作文语言的知识性与趣味性。

二、观察要有序

有序观察是写好状物类作文的基础。一要按顺序观察,二要抓住特点进行观察,只有进行有序观察,才能写出条理清晰的文章。

如,苏教版六年级(上册)《麋鹿》。在介绍其外形时这样写道:“它的外形很奇特:角似鹿,面似马,蹄似牛,尾似驴,所以又被称为‘四不像’。”这里的观察顺序是:由上而下,由前而后。作者抓住麋鹿角、面、蹄、尾的特点,寥寥数语,却勾画得栩栩如生。

又如,苏教版五年级(上)“练习册”上有一段对熊猫的描写,形象逼真,凸现熊猫的生活习性。“熊猫睡觉时,腹部朝天。有时,它用前爪轻轻地拍着肚子;有时,它两腿一蹬,便翻了个身。”“它睡醒了就翻身起来,用手揉了揉腥忪的眼睛,好奇地望望人们。然后迈着蹒跚的步子走到栏杆的另一边,坐了下来,好像想清醒一下头脑似的。”这里,作者抓住熊猫嗜睡的特点,写得饶有趣味。

三、结构要有“形”

根据表达的需要,文章有纵式结构与横式结构之别。初学状物类作文,以纵式结构为主,以纵横交错式结构为辅。如“总分”或“总分总”结构。

例,习作《银杏》。可以先介绍它的外形特征,再写出它的价值或用途,诸如营养价值和药有价值等。从总体上看,全文为纵式结构。而在介绍其价值或用途中,又采用横式(并列式)结构。这样,介绍的内容尽管较多,但由于结构清晰,也就显得有条不紊。

又如,习作《猪》。作者从对猪这种动物的偏爱入手,开篇破题:“其实,猪是一种聪明可爱的动物。”接着,文章分别从猪的智力、嗅觉、起居、饮食等方面展现它的聪明可爱。这种“总分式”结构条分缕析,学生容易模仿。有的同学为了进一步突出家养猪的可爱,还简约地将野猪与家养猪作对比。这样,不仅丰富了写作的内容,而且凸现了文章的中心。

四、方法要有变

状物类作文的写作方法也不是一成不变的。仅就叙述的人称而言,就有第一人称与第三人称之异。当然,各有各的妙处。例《钢笔和原珠笔》,叙述时采用第一人称,既显得亲切,又便于介绍。为了行文需要,人称也可以转换。如,《铺路石》。从整体上说,用的是第三人称,“它来自大山之中,它是大山的儿子。为了人类的需要,它离开了母亲的怀抱,来到了繁华的闹市,来到了宁静的村庄……”而在文章的结尾,为了礼赞的需要,转为第二人称。“铺路石,你是山的精灵,你是大山的忠实儿子!你默默无闻,但大地没有忘记你,高山没有忘记你。看,高山顶上的巨石,不正是大地母亲为你树立的丰碑吗?”这种第三人称与第二人称的交替作用,使知识性和情感性得以和谐统一,叙的是“铺路石”,颂的是“劳动者”。

现代写作学认为,写作是一种观念形态的活动,是客观外界事物在头脑中加工制作的过程。从这一意义上来说,状物类作文的指导要以有序观察为基础,情趣表达为载体,有形结构为借鉴,行文有变为方法,经典引路,以读促写。实践证明,这是一条行之有效的写作途径。

展开阅读全文

篇18:让孩子喜欢上写作的方法

全文共 795 字

+ 加入清单

对于“现在小学生作文不如民国小学生作文好”这种观点,既是游府西街小学6年级语文老师,又是3年级小学生家长的李万青也不赞同。“这两篇作文并没有可比性,首先是因为两个时期的文字系统并不同,不能用文言文眼光去审视现在的白话文;其次是没有横向比较,那篇‘民国时期小学生作文’有没有套用固定模式,是不是真情真景,我们不得而知,而且那篇‘现在小学生作文’,也并不能代表现在小学生作文的整体水平。”

李万青拿自己儿子的作文来“反驳”:“他的春游作文就选取春天的典型画面来展现自己对春的观察,比如‘远处,那金灿灿的迎春花一串一串地盛开了,每一根枝条都像是一条金色的腰带,在春风中摇曳。我不禁想起了赵师侠写迎春花的一首词:乞于黄金腰带,压持红紫纷纷。站在这一丛迎春花旁,我也被它那热烈的气氛感染了,赶紧跟它合影留念。春天,就带着灿烂的阳光,映在了我的眼睛里。路边,这儿一丛,那儿一簇,盛开着二月兰。那紫色的花朵就像一个个小喇叭,点缀在绿叶丛中。一只只白色的蝴蝶被吸引过来了,在花丛中翩翩起舞。我也忍不住把鼻子凑到它的跟前,使劲儿吸了一下。春天,就带着淡淡的香味,钻进了我的鼻子里’。”

以他多年的教学经验和辅导自家孩子作文的经历来看,培养孩子的习作兴趣至关重要。“没有切身感受,这时又强迫孩子必须写作文,孩子不乐意写、不知道写什么,为了完成任务,只好去套用模式,写假大空的话。”李万青说,“为了让儿子喜欢写作文,我创造了很多机会。每逢周末天气好的时候,我和儿子就骑上自行车去郊游,欣赏玄武湖风景,触摸明城墙文化,我们一边骑,一边聊,回家后分别写骑行日记,然后交流。为了让孩子描写花,我们一起种了一盆郁金香;为了让他描述人的外貌,我们先从看图说话开始,一起读‘小猪闹闹’绘本,描写小猪闹闹的外貌;为了让他写班上的同学,我就拿了一张空白奖状给他,说如果评‘热爱劳动’奖,你会把这个奖发给你们班上的谁,他就有话说了。”

展开阅读全文

篇19:2024年高考散文写作方法收藏

全文共 2097 字

+ 加入清单

考试前,建议考生翻阅大量的范文,积累一些考试作文的结构。下面是小编为你带来的2017年高考散文写作方法收藏】,欢迎阅读。

一:作文成绩看字迹,得分要素是第一

任何形式的作文考试,阅卷老师打分时,第一眼,看的是字迹。因此,写作文必须要把字写好。记住,考作文考的是内容,而不是书法,切忌字迹潦草。

二:考试作文五六段,干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中,要注意及时分段,三四个段落显得少了,八九个段落,显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况,段落以五六个段落为好。此外,卷面一定要整洁,不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是,考试作文每段最好别超过5行,顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行,写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳,影响他的心理,分数就受影响。如果有必要,死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三:色彩对比也关键,建议用笔选择蓝

考试作文的卷子上,都是用黑颜色印刷的方格。如果你用非常粗而且黑的钢笔答题,墨水容易“泄一滩”,影响卷面的干净。建议学生用不浅不深、笔画不粗不细的蓝色中性笔写作文。这样的作文写出来,与黑色的方格形成一定的视觉对比,阅卷老师在视觉上有眼前一亮的感觉,分数上可能就会占便宜。在用蓝色中性笔写作文的时候,注意不要用字把方格填满,建议占字格下面或者左下面的四分之三,这样,显得作文每行的层次感比较强。卷面显得也相对美观。

四:开头结尾要简练,最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外,“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候,开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看,一个开头就占太多的空间,阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳,也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

五:动笔之前要拟题,漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中,一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目,题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生,应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个,一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目,可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生,赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本,根据题材,选择几十个比较精彩的标题,背下来,考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。合订本在大洋百货东边胡同里的书摊上有卖。

六:作文首尾要打眼,丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多:六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法,合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法,解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言,到时候就用得上。至少,你看到作文的时候,脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说,结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文,要注意抒情。如果是议论文,则要注意归纳。无论如何,最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准,就在结尾段的第一句,把题目说一下,然后归纳全文观点就是了。建议百度一下结尾方法,汲取有用成分。

七:动笔之前不要慌,想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧,其实在具体操作的时候,列提纲很关键。譬如,写记叙文要设计好开头结尾,同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次,一个层次是一段,中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候,一定要把开头结尾写详细写,中间各段,穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故,要写准。一个合格的学生,列提纲,大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好,如果时间紧张,提纲就要简练些。

八:想好主题和文体,非驴非马不可取

写作文,要么是记叙文,要么是议论文。一般来说,多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理,议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构,中间的3或4,是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意,千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题,千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此,写考试作文,事先要想好了,我写的是什么文体,就按相应文体的写法来写。

九:适当克隆和“抄袭”,考前备料攒信息

考试前,建议考生翻阅大量的范文,积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文,最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》,其中的一些散文,结构是很好的,可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候,你采用别人的“筐”,把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言,可以分别背个三五句,到时候直接抄上去就行了,这不算抄袭。关于国家大事,时事政治和要闻什么的,也要注意搜集一下。譬如,去年有奥运,今年是建国60周年,还有汶川地震的感人事迹等,都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法,譬如别家的感人事迹,可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

十:篇幅争取要写满,多写一点是一点

一般来说,中考高考作文要求都不低于600—800字。如果要求是600字左右,那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字,建议考生,争取合理安排卷面,把给的卷面写满到95%左右。譬如中考作文不低于600字,那么试卷给的卷面多是800字左右,那么,你争取写到780字,留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多,肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练,作文打分就趋高不趋低。

展开阅读全文

篇20:反思四:英语作文教学反思

全文共 2202 字

+ 加入清单

写作是一种语言输出的过程,这种语言输出的能力不是一天就练出来的,而是要经过长期不懈的训练才能获得。然而在实际写作过程中,有的学生感到无从下笔,即使能写,也仅仅是简简单单的句子;有的学生甚至对英语写作望而生畏,消极应付;总体上学生存在严重的英语表述上的困难。写作能力不高主要表现在:母语影响、词汇量少;单词造句、搭配不当;不懂句型、语法不通;信息不全、条理紊乱;语言连贯性差,缺少锻炼;缺少整体的谋篇布局和前后呼应。因此,如何有效地改进英语写作教学,结合自己的教学心得,我认为,培养学生的写作能力可从以下三方面入手。

一.扩展语言输入,奠定写作基础

英语作为一门语言,它具有一定的工具性和人文性,它的结构应是:词—句—篇。“词”是基础,“句”是过渡,“篇”是则是目的。整个训练遵循“词不离句,句不离篇”的原则,由浅入深,循序渐进,不断提高。为了提高学生的写作能力,我在日常教学中,尝试了“词、句、篇”三步曲的写作教学。在教学中做到 “教、学、用”三者的统一。

(一)巧记单词

书面表达需要一定的词汇量,学生书面表达时容易忘记单词或把汉英词汇等同起来。因此,要求学生坚持每天听写、默写、循环记忆单词,掌握巩固词汇。还要求学生给出与单词有关的同义、近义、反义和词形相似的词,使词汇量得到最大限度的复现。

(二)用词造句、连词成句

造句是英语写作中极其重要的一环。可以说,会造句就会写作。要学会造句,需要注意以下几方面。

1、熟练记忆词汇和短语

这个环节是最基本、最重要的。记忆单词和短语时,可以从五个方面入手:词性、拼写读音、意思、用法。抓住了这一点,就像打好了万丈高楼的地基。否则,写作就无从谈起。

2、熟练记忆各种句型和结构

在牢记词汇和短语的基础上,还要记忆各种句型和结构,为造句进一步打下坚实的基础。像There be / How many / How much / be+adj / be+V-ing / make sb. do sth /plan/wish/hope/want to do sth.等句型和结构。在表达某个意思时,注意让学生尽量使用学过的结构造句,不可随心所欲地造出汉语式的英语句子。

3、掌握各种时态及语态的含义和用法

要写出一个英语句子,就要明白时态和语态。也就是说,谓语动词使用什么形式。这就要求学生对八种常用时态和两种语态非常清楚。因此,熟练地使用各种时态语态对于造句尤为重要。

4、掌握句子类型和成分

简单句的五种基本句型是句子类型中最基本的型式,每个英语句子都是以它们为模型写成的。掌握了它们,适时引导学生扩大句式,鼓励学生利用课文中的句型造句。另外还要训练学生“一句多译”的能力。有时候,拿到一个中文句子,可能不会译,这时,就要想办法,换成其他的表达方法,迂回曲折,达到目的。通过这样的训练,可以增加学生的多渠道的语言思维,提高应变能力,从而避免“中国式”的英语。

(三)连句成篇

此项训练的主要目的是培养学生把语法项目、教材内容和文章体裁有机结合起来的能力。

1.要求学生仿写。掌握在英语学习中所学到的连词。只有连词才能把句子连成语篇。

八年级所学课文都有一定的篇幅,老师在引导学生理解课文的基础上,可要求学生用所学过的短语和句型,用自己的话把课文的基本内容简要的表达出来。如在教授八年级第二单元阅读理解,说明篮球的发明者是谁?是在说明情况下发明的。在老师的帮助下,学生可以吧短文改编为对话的形式展现出来。这样既吧学生的读、说的能力和写的能力同时训练了。也大大的提高了学生的兴趣

2.列出提纲,引导学生写作。

引导学生书面表达有许多形式,教师要从学生“学”的角度来设计教学活动,使学生的学习活动具有明确目标,并构成一个有梯度的连续活动。我首先采用给出文中的关键词或短语,整理素材和文章要用到的信息和关键词。帮学生做好铺垫和理清思路,让学生的大脑里有东西,这样学生才有可能写出东西来,帮学生树立信心,克服心理恐惧,从写作中获得了成功的快乐,树立了写作的信心。

3.注重平时的词句积累

鼓励学生收集好词好句,以便于在写作时能信手拈来。

二.进行有效指导,扎实写作训练

1.巧设课堂,限时作文

训练时当场发题,促使学生瞬间接受信息,快速理解信息,迅速表达信息,提高实际应用和应试能力。这一步是关键,也是学生的难关。首先必须使学生明白书面表达题既不是汉译英,也不是作文,不可任意发挥,要求的是将所规定的材料内容经整理后,展开思维,目的在于考查学生运用所学英语知识准确地表达意思的能力。必须要求学生在写作过程中牢牢记住以下口诀:“先读提示,弄清要点与格式;时态语态要当心,前后呼应要一致;句子结构和搭配,语言习惯莫违背;文章写好细检查,点滴小错别忽视。”学生明确目的并掌握要领后,要严格在规定时间内完成作业。训练的初级阶段,每次时间可放宽一点。随着学生写作能力增强,时间相应缩短,逐步做到20分钟内完成任务,决不能养成拖拉的坏习惯。

2.优化习作批改,及时讲评

作文的批改与讲评是写作教学的最后一个环节,也是其重要的一个环节。由于班级人数多,批改的工作量很大。因此,教师可以让学生动手参与,互相评改。由于学生之间的了解更深刻,他们之间的相互交流往往能收到很好的效果。而当学生意识到教师并不是他文章的唯一读者时,他们会更认真地写好作文。因此,让学生相互传阅和批改作文不仅增加了写作时的真实感,更重要的是,能训练学生的语言意识和语境。

展开阅读全文