小升初英语写作技巧(优秀20篇)

(一)素质训练，也叫基础训练

任何一种技能技巧的形成，并使之达到熟练程度，都必须经过干锤百炼，所谓熟能生巧、巧能生华就是这个意思。竞走、赛跑运动员的速度是练出来的，游泳、自行车运动员的速度也是练出来的。快速作文也一样，要提高写作成文速度，主要靠练。快速作文没有秘诀，没有魔图，只要通过严格训练，就能出成果，问题是要有科学的训练方法和步骤。

快速作文训练的中心是“快”，这种训练是在学生具有一定的写作基础和掌握了一定的写作技巧的基础上求“快”、求“好”的训练，如果写作素质太差，就没法进行快速训练。达到下列目的：

1、提高写作兴趣，培养写作情感

心理学告诉我们，兴趣是获得知识、形成技能技巧、开发智力的动力。因此，任何形式的教学都必须严格遵循兴趣性原则。只有当学生对写作文产生了浓厚的兴趣时，快速作司文训练才会有成效。心理学同时告诉我们，兴趣与当前的需要有关，因此提高学生写作兴趣的办法虽然是多种多样的，但是其中重要的一条便是向学生进行快速写作目的教育，如果学生认识了快速作文的必要性，他就会对作文产生浓厚的兴习趣。另外，出作文题要紧跟形势，与时代同步，要切合学生的生活实际，命题要尽量新，能激发学生的写作兴趣，使学学生有话可写。

2.积累写作材料

这一点要贯穿到整个快速作文训练的始终，但在基础训练阶段要重点抓。“巧妇难为无米之炊”，没有写作材料，再好的写作高手也难以完篇。因此，一定要求学生分专题记住;一些典型材料，譬如有关爱国主义，党的领导，尊重知识，改革开放，廉政建设，学雷锋等等，每个方面都要记住一两个典型材料。材料的积累，教师只能做指导，要让学生自己去找，不要全班统一，全班统一了，写作的论据就会雷同。所积累的材料要注意三点：一要典型，二要准确，三要记牢。要强调用脑记，要背，不能光靠笔记本。材料越充足，写作速度就越快。

3.丰富写作语言

如果学生语言贫乏，写作时搜索枯肠也找不到一句恰当的话来表达自己的意思，往往写了涂，涂了又写，就无法提高写作速度。如果词汇不丰富，写到中途某个字不会写或者没有一个恰当的词来表达自己的意思，这样写作就会“卡壳”，当然也就达不到快速作文的目的。因此，写作语言的训练和词汇的积累是十分重要的。丰富写作语言的方法之一是，背书和加强课外阅读，书读得越多，背得越熟，作文就会越通顺，语言就会有文采，不会老说口水话。再就是指导学生学习群众生动活泼的语言，克服学生腔。另外，要指导学生积累词汇，词汇丰富，写起作文来就能得心应手，速度也就快了。

4.训练书写能力

书写能力的高低直接影响写作速度。因此进行快速作文教学，必须强化书写能力训练。作文不是书法竞赛，并不要求铁画银钩，但也不能龙飞凤舞，我们要求学生养成良好的书写习惯，把字写得清楚、规范、工整。具体做法主要是临摩字帖，每个学生应备有两本字帖，一本正楷，一本行书，先练正楷，后学行书，逐日临摩，坚持不懈，定能收到良好的效果。总之，通过素质训练，要使学生想写作文，爱写作文，并且有东西可写，话写得通顺。

(二)思维训练

快速作文的关键是快速思维训练。思维是人脑对客观事物本质特征和规律性的认识。快速思维则要求学生在分析、综合，比较、抽象、概括和具体化的整个思维过程中，思维活动应具有广泛性、独立性、敏捷性和创造性。一见到作文题能立即做出反应，要求审题、立意、谋篇、布局的全过程不超过五分钟。抓好快速作文思维训练主要从三个方面入手：

1、树立正确的世界观

思维是人脑对客观事物的概括的、间接的反映。要正确反映客观世界，首先必须具有正确的世界观。因此，要和政治课相配合，组织学生学习马列主义、毛泽东思想，掌握辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基本原理，要了解当前党的各项方针政策。正确的政治观点、思维观点是快速思维的定向器和指示灯。因此，必须教育学生关心国家大事，树立远大理想，加强政治修养，提高政治觉悟。

2.加强抽象思维训练

议论文的构思过程，实际上就是抽象思维的过程，因此，必须教给学生分析、概括、综合、判断等基本逻辑方法和纵向思维、逆向思维、反向思维、辐射思维等思维方法。训练抽象思维的方法是多种多样的，我认为最有效的方法是组织学生进行讨论和辩论。课堂讨论应允许学生和老师唱“对台戏”，要鼓励学生在课外争论问题，学生争得面红耳赤的时侯，也就是思维最活跃、最敏捷的时候。

3.进行形象思维训练

写记叙文离不开想象、联想、幻想等形象思维活动。要求学生在很短的时间内写好一篇记叙文，没有扎实的形象思维训练是不行的。训练形象思维的方法之一是有目的地指导学生观察事物的基本形象，牢记心头，并组织学生参观、访问。要重视写回忆录，回忆录的写作过程实际就是训练形象思维的过程。

总之，通过这一步训练，要达到开拓学生思维的目的，使学生变得思维敏捷，对作文题反应迅速，想象力丰富，要改变学生中普遍存在的思维迟钝、思想涣散的不良习惯。

(三)写作速度训练

第一步素质训练是基础，第二步思维训练是关键，这第三步的速度训练则是目的。整个快速作文训练的最终目的就是要求学生能够快速写作。如果第一、二步训练都抓得扎实，速度训练就会见效。基本做法是严格要求，限时作文。为了提高速度，每次作文都只能安排一个课时，一定要严格要求，当堂完卷。要求学生做到快速审题，快速立意，快速布局谋篇，快速写作，快速修改。总之，一切都要立足于一个“快"字。40分钟的时间分配大致是这样的：审题、立意(确定中心思想)和谋篇布局(编写作提纲)不超过5分钟，写作30分钟，修改5分钟。通过训练，这个要求一般学生都能做到。另外，在班内开展快速作文竞赛也是个提高写作速度的好办法，一搞竞赛，学生的兴趣就来了。刚开始进行速度训练时，有些学生是跟不上的，40分钟怎么也写不完。怎么办呢?二是多加鼓励，切忌指责;二是暂时迁就，但绝不放松要求。时间一到，一律收卷，没写完也要收卷。这样，学生下次写作文就有一种紧迫感和时间观念。有些学生，一讲快速作文，字就乱涂乱画。碰到这样的学生怎么办呢?不能操之过急，分两步走，先要求写完800字，再要求字迹清楚。作文不是书法竞赛，不要求铁画银钩，只要字体工整，文字规范就行。个别字迹潦草的学生，要加强教育和书写指导。

(四)技巧训练

第三步训练要求解决写作速度问题，这一步训练便是"快”中求巧，同时，也是对速度训练成果的巩固和提高。基本方法是专题指导，讲练结合。如果前三步抓得扎实，这一步训练往往水到渠成。通过这一阶段的训练，不但要使学生熟练地掌握各种文体的写法和技巧，更重要的是要掌握快速写作的技巧。比如快速审题、快速立意、快速谋篇布局、快速写作、快速修改等技巧，都要分专题进行归纳，总结和指导，还要能快速应付写作中随时出现的“卡壳”现象，诸如走题、空洞、松散、结构混乱、词不达意、字不会写等毛病的纠正和意外情况的应付办法。至于这些快速写作的具体技巧和方法，我在下面将作专门介绍，在这里就不一一赘述。

(五)综合训练

通过以上四步训练，学生基本掌握了快速写作的方式与技巧，具备了快速写作的基础。为了全面提高快速作文的能力，必须进行综合训练。

作文是广州小升初语文考卷中的分数大户，分值占比约为40%，因此写的一手好作文，一定可以占据很大的优势。但是很多学生在写作文这一模块存在着大大小小的问题。如何在小升初语文作文中取得高分?以下9大技巧或许可以帮你的忙。

小升初考试作文技巧一：首先作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

小升初考试作文技巧二：考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成大肚子作文。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

小升初考试作文技巧三：开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，大头作文也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

小升初考试作文技巧四：动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

小升初考试作文技巧五：作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。建议百度一下结尾方法，汲取有用成分。

小升初考试作文技巧六：动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

小升初考试作文技巧七：想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是总分总结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是131或者 141结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

小升初考试作文技巧八：适当克隆和抄袭，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的筐，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

小升初考试作文技巧九：篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

导语：中考作文要取得高分，努力积累是必不可少，一些小技巧也很重要，小编带来中考高分作文写作小技巧。

我们常规学到的比喻的修辞手法无非两种使用。

一是考察你在阅读理解中对比喻的应用，具体的格式就不加以详述了，这个应该是每个初中生必须掌握的。

而在作文中，最长用的手法有明喻，暗喻，借喻。

举一个最简单的，例如：“沉默的价值像金子一样珍贵。”

这便是明喻，有本体有喻体也有比喻词。而我换一个用法，“沉默是金。”则为暗语。这种用法可以大量放在开头的排比句中，既有分量，又很厚重。

如古诗“山是眉黛聚，水是眼波横”就是很好的代表。

借喻相对于其它两种手法来说更能说明一个人的文笔。借喻是本体比喻词都不出现，只参考喻体。比如，“皓月当空，我们每个人身上仿佛有一层薄薄的珠纱。”珠纱是银白色月光的喻体。常用借喻，使得文章更有韵味。

今天小编就想与大家一起分享一些特殊的比喻。

一是巧用“想”字。

古诗有云“云想衣裳花想容”，什么意思呢?看到云我们想到了飘逸的纱衣，看到花，我们想到了娇美的容颜。这句诗的本质其实就是一个比喻。所以很多时候我们学古诗，被古诗，更多的要从写作的角度去揣摩他。

所以这样的用法可以是“离家在外的我看着天上的圆月，却想起了出发那天早起的母亲给我煮的汤圆。”

当然我们要注意，比喻句中本体和喻体不可以是相同的一种物品。

而“想”字句又会在不知不觉中帮你完成“虚实结合”这样一个重要的作文结构的搭建。

二是“成”字句。

“每天奔波劳累的爸爸把自己忙成了一个陀螺。”

“哥哥早已经把他的心炼成钢铁。”

诸如此类。其实“成”字句和我们暗喻手法中的“是”字句是一样的模式，只不过“成”字句更侧重选择具有强烈情感特点表述的对象，并要求我们善于把共同的特点放出来。

我的学生曾给我写过这样的句子，“你是风一样的走了，却又风一样的在左在右。”“相思成树，连虬成空。”这就是对这个技巧综合运用比较好的表现。

在节假日，小学生在父母和老的在节假日，小学生在父母和老师的带领下，到公园和游览区欣赏景物、陶冶性情。这是一篇很好的游记题材，小编收集了小学生游记作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、 按游览的顺序描写景物。

写作时，要在认真观察和记忆游览的景物的基础上，按照见到景物的次序，来写所看到的景物。这样才能做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不致于杂乱。观察景物，通常有两种方法。一种就是定点观察。如站在公园某一角，对公园进行由远及近的观察。又如我们登上塔顶，从东南西北四个方向对塔下景物进行观察。二就是移动观察，它又叫移步换位法。就是随着脚步的移动变换位置，一处一处地进行观察。选好了观察点，就是确定好了写作的顺序。

二、 抓住游览重点，详写过程。

一次参观游览活动，看到的景物很多，我们不能记流水帐。要把看到的景物中印象较深的写下来，其余地可以写得简略些。我们要一边参观游览，一边要抓住景物的特点，进行仔细观察。比方说，我们要写游览看到的景物为主的记叙文，写作的重点就是把看到的景物重点写下来。对于我们看到的特别好的景物，我们要进行具体地描写，突出重点。对于重点的景物，要注意详细描写出它们的位置、大小、动态、静态、颜色等。如我们写菊花，颜色就有红的如枫叶、白的如冰霜、黄的如麦穗等等，菊花的形状就有像小姑娘的卷发，毛茸茸的小鸡，绣球等等。我们要把过程写详细、具体，做到主次分明，详略得当，写出来的文章才能突出重点，清楚明白，才能写出游览的意义，才有教育意义。

三、略写前后，情、理、景相结合。

我们在写游记时，应把开头和结尾写得简略些，作文指导《小学生游记作文范文写作技巧》。开头要交待清楚时间、地点和人物。如《游善卷洞》的开头我的故乡江苏宜兴有一处著名的游览胜地——善卷洞。结尾应用议论或抒情的方式写下自己的感受。如《天然动物园漫游记》的结尾写道‘哈哈……’我们在欢笑声中结束了这次愉快的野游。朱库米天然动物园行的乐趣是无穷的，无怪乎世界各地前去游览的人络绎不绝。这样，写的文章有头有尾，读起来给人一个完整的印象。我们要把感情融化于景物中，写出真意。写作时，我们要倾注自己的思想感情。还有，我们在写景的同时，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题，治学精神，使读者在领略自然风景的同时，受到启迪和教育。

切忌：

一、游记作文不要写成旅游路线图;

二、针对你游览的某一地留下深刻印象的景点来作文;

三、必须考虑游记的顺序，空间，时间，角度(远到近);

四、描写不必面面俱到，要懂得删减枝叶;

五、选着留有深刻印象的点来做发挥，其中一定要有详略，那几个略写哪几个详写要想清楚;

六、注意历史事物和历史事件，传说的巧妙结合，更能凸显出游览的意义和文章的深度;

七、借景抒情的手法应该运用;

八、人文景观的描写中，环境烘托是必要的，选着恰当的景色进行烘托;

九、自然景观的描写中，修辞手法应该运用，但是不要落俗套，好好自己去用心感受，最好有些贴切的修辞创新。

导语：小编提醒大家，要想把作文写好，要想在考研写作中得高分，平时一定得多阅读优秀的范文，特别是一些漂亮精彩的句型。同时也有必要掌握一些写作模式和技巧，不断地模仿练习，最后才能真正打造出高分作文。

一、命题依据

考研话题牵涉面广，包罗万象，变幻莫测。但从历年考研真题研究中可以发现写作基本上可粗略地划分为两大类话题：永恒话题(everlastingtopic)和热点话题(hotissue)。所谓永恒话题，是指那些不以时间和空间的转移为转移的话题。这类话题一般都是一些宏观的大话题，没有明显的时代印痕。如有关社会道德范畴的话题。另一大类是热点话题，即近几年或某一年特殊的社会现象， 媒体普遍报道过或公众普遍谈论的话题。如AdvertisementonTV(93)，温室的花朵经不起风雨(2003)等，所以，平时在生活和学习中留意类似话题的英文素材预以备战不妨是个好的办法。

二、写作技巧

1.精心构造全文的引言段

考研作文阅卷老师每天工作量很大，工作时间也较长，因此长时间批改水平参差不齐、质量高下不一的作文难免感到疲劳，厌倦，甚至气恼。据测试统计，一口气读完12 篇后才走神的人极少，定力惊人。因此，在考研写作三段制中，第一段最能吸引他们的目光和注意力，因为考研作文采用的是总体评分法(GlobalScoring)，作文评卷老师往往主要凭借第一段的总体印象打分。有人把文章的第一段说成是黄金段落，说老师就是在这一段中不断地“淘金”。这一说法是很有道理的，因此，作文要想得高分，一定要精心构造全文的第一段，最大限度地满足阅卷老师的期待心理，力争给他留下良好的第一印象。经验告诉我们，阅卷老师在看完文章的第一段后就已基本上给文章定了分数档次，即使在第二，第三段中发现文章中的其他一些美中不足之处，他也只是微调几分，总体分数还是比先定的档次低的文章要好得多。总之，引言段在全文三段中的重要性再怎么强调也不过分。如果要按重要性依次递减的顺序来排的话，那么应是引言在先，其次是结尾段，再次是拓展段。

2.制造语言的闪光点

“言之无文，行而不远”，同理语言干瘪平淡，让人看之面目可憎，读后味如嚼蜡。要想攫住阅卷老师匆匆的一瞥，留住他们的兴奋点，就非得在语言上猛下功夫，多制造些表达上的闪光点。语言是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响到实际作文分数的高低。语言表达的亮点体现在小到一个词，短语大到一个句子中。高分作文往往是“锱铢必较”，几乎字字计较。很多人作文分数很低往往是因为用词面太窄。当然，词汇的积累是有个过程的。可惜的是，很多同学只能认词，却不能再现，更不用说写作时运用了。

3.避免中国式英语

母语为非英语的人学习英语时往往会将母语的思维和表达方式直接迁移到英语表达当中。中国人学英语时往往会受母语根深蒂固的影响，最易造出中国腔的英语。有人把“价格便宜”直接写成“The price is cheap”，把“这件事小菜一碟”说成“This is a small dish”，让人看后苦笑不得。因此要尽量摆脱中国试英语，方法看来只有一条：多看外国人写的文章，多多阅读。不难想象，阅卷老师如果在短短的二百字文章中到处看到Chinglish，他无法使自己对你文章的印象好起来。

4.尽量有路标词

路标词(signalword)又称衔接词(connectives)就像灯塔为在茫茫大海中航行的船只指引方向一样，它能突出文章的层次性和逻辑性。英语文章讲究启承转合。“启”就是开启观点：“承”就是接着话茬进一步发展论证或补充：“转”就是讲相反或对立的观点：“合”就是总结概括。一篇文章若没有路标词便会杂乱无章的乱堆在一起，给人凌乱没有条理的感觉。标志词或衔接词的作用绝对不可小觑。

此外，多种句型的交替使用，文章脉络层次的分明，论据的合理充分等在写作中都应引起足够的重视。

1．词语选择的重要性

在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：

it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."

显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。

成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。

2．词语选择的可能性

实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。

从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话：

小学阶段不同年级的作文有不同要求和写作技巧小学英语写作指导小学英语写作指导。

对于小学3年级的学生，在他们已经掌握好了如颜色(colour)、衣服(clothes)、数字(number)、星期(day of the week)、月份(month)、宠物(pet)、情感(feeling)、身体部位(body)、文具(school things)的基础上进行文章的填空，如果学生能够按照文章的要求写进相关的信息，那就已经很不错了。下面是一个自我介绍的简单例子：

Myself

Hello，my name is_____. I am_____years old.My favourite colour is_____，_____， and_____.My favourite pet is______，_____ and______. My favourite food is_____，______and______.My favourite day is______. My favourite school thing is______and______.My favourite number is and______.I am______today.

上面的这个例子，如果学生能够依次能吧自己的姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色、喜欢的宠物、喜欢的食物、喜欢的日子、喜欢的文具、喜欢的数字和今天的心情准确无误地写出来，那么就已经能够完成了3年级阶段的作文要求。

对于4年级的学生，可以写一篇介绍自己课室或者自己卧室的文章。下面是一篇4年级学生的介绍课室范文。

My classroom

I am studying at Tongji primary school.I am in Class Two, Grade Four. (介绍自己所在的学校和所在的年级) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom. There are twenty-five desks in our classroom, they are brown. There are many books on the desk. There are fifty students, thirty boys and twenty girls. There is a picture on the wall. There are two fans on the wall. (用there+be句型把班里和摆设和班上的人数都表达出来了) It is tidy and clean.I like my classroom very much.(最后是作者的总结)

对于5年级的学生，作文的要求也提高了很多，很多学生在介绍别人或者是写自己喜欢的小动物的时候很容易忘了第三人称单数动词要加ses，如：He get up at 7 o’clock(get忘了加s)，在用到现在进行的时候动词很容易忘了加ing(如I am play the piano，play就忘记了加ing)，介词和介词短语也占了很重要的位置如介词in，on，at，of。介词短语如dream of(区分dream that)和be afraid of都是很重要的介词短语，很多学生忘记了介词后面要加动词小学英语写作指导少儿基础英语。

对于6年级的学生，作文考查的是英语的综合应用能力，而且出的题目大部分都是看图作文，这就在一定程度上增加了写作的难度，它也是综合了3年级的分类词汇，4年级的句型，方位介词，5年级的重点介词短语和时态，不过我相信只要平时多点积累单词和句型、多点动笔、多注意语法上的问题、多看作文书，那么就能写出流畅、有深度的文章。

说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。下面是小编整理了说明文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

说明文，即用来解释或说明事物、理论、方法、过程或某种抽象概念的文章。说明文的基本目的就是说清楚。也就是说，要让人看了文章后对文章中解释或说明的对象有清晰明确的认识。这就决定了说明文的基本特征是客观和科学。

说明文首要的一点是明确说明的 对象，然后用准确的语言，结合多种说明手法对之进行介绍和描述。常用的说明手法有下定义、分类别、作比较、引资料、举例子、列数字、画图表等。下定义，即给要说明的对象下一个明确的定义。如博物馆的定义就是征集、保藏、陈列和研究代表自然和人类的实物,并为公众提供知识、教育和欣赏的文化教育机构。分类别是将要说明的对象按照某种标准划分类别，以帮助读者对事物的理解。如电视机，可以分为彩色电视机和黑白电视机。作比较，即将这种事物与那种事物比较异同，从而更清楚地说明事物的特点。如将城市和乡村作比较，将大学和幼儿园作比较等。作比较的时候一定要注意比较的事物之间应当具有可比性，不能生拉硬扯，也不能不尊重客观事实，胡乱比较。为了说明某种事物的特点，有时候需要介绍它的背景、原理、历史等，这时就要用到引资料这种手法。比如我们要对长城进行说明，适当地引用一些历史文献，就更有助于今天的人们了解长城的历史，从而加深对长城中所蕴含的民族精神的认识。在复杂说明文中，列图表具有不可替代的优势。大量的数据、冗长的叙述、复杂的相互关系等，都可以通过图表得到直观的表达。

按说明的对象不同，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。前者着重在于说明的成因、构造、形状、用途等，后者则重在说明事理。这两类说明文常用的写作手法也有一定的区别。比如事物说明文重在说明事物的物理特征，常用的是下定义、分类别等说明手法，事理说明文重在说明事物的逻辑特征，地要用到引资料、作比较等说明手法。但时候，在同一篇文章中，几种说明手法都要用到，相辅相成，互为补充。

如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：

观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。

观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。

观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。

写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。 逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。

当然，大多数说明文会综合使用多种说明顺序。因此，在写作时，我们要合理地安排好说明顺序，理清说明文的结构层次。常用的结构层次有并列式、层进式和总分式三种。比如我们以“水”为题目进行写作，可以先写水的外形特征，再写水的分类，然后写水的用途，这是并列式的写作层次。我们也可以先写水的外形，再写水的成因，最后写水给人类带来的利与害，这是层进式的结构层次。先概括水的用途和特征，再一一细述，就是总分式。结构层次能力需发们在长期的写作过程中培养，现在就不一一细说了。

1、写字好了人待见，高分首先看卷面。要想得高分，必须卷面干净、卷面整洁、字迹工整。如果你写的字不好，那就横平竖直，写端正点。如果你日常习惯了草书，抱歉，你倒霉的时刻就要到来了。

2、主题立意开头见，花样技巧是捣乱。开门见山，别弄噱头。不要弄什么题记、后记，除非你的语言很精美，或者有十足的必要。题记那玩意，都是哄弄人，玩花样的，不要试图蒙蔽阅卷老师。还有，结构“总分总”最好，开门见山，结尾点题。开头不要显摆优美辞藻，直接告诉老师你想说什么就中。

3、做好备考准备战，备考作文做铺垫。不打无准备之战。中考考场上，时间紧，任务重，若非深厚的底蕴，写一篇优美的作文很不容易。此时，你无形中在搬用以前积攒的技巧。如果作文题目，与你备考作文，有一定的相似和接近，你只需转换抒情方式即可。因此，中考高考作文，其实拼的是备考作文。

4、无论题目多么神，作文体裁记叙文。中考基本就是记叙文，讲事例，归纳道理，最后一段抒情加点题。没必要准备议论文。不过，适当准备叙事比较淡化的，抒情式散文，并列段逐段递进的结构，还是有必要的。

5、不管作文你咋写，最后抒情和总结。考试作文，最好不要写成“总分”结构，我个人倡导“总分总”和“分总”。因为，阅卷老师在浏览你的作文时，总归要看看你的结尾。而判断你的作文是不是扣题，也要看结尾是不是归纳主题。因此，结尾一定是用来抒情的，语言优美点，多用点排比句什么的。如果你不知道怎么抒情，那就把作文题目重复一下，解释一下。

6、作文结构要简练，一定杜绝大肚段。开头点题，顶多三行半，几十字就说明立意。结尾抒情，也是三四行，归纳抒情。千万别出现一段超过七八行的大肚子作文、大头作文、大尾巴作文。到时候，阅卷老师的神经会崩溃的。

7、语言优美要简练，注意句子尽量短。假如你的语言不够优美，那么，你就尽量用短句子。譬如：今天上午我们全班同学集合在操场上举行了一场别开生面的演讲比赛。这个句子就有点长，你可以改成短句子：今天上午，我们全部同学汇聚在操场，举行了别开生面的演讲比赛。化长句子为短句子，能使阅读者更能方便地领会你的意思。

说明文首要的一点是明确说明的 对象，然后用准确的语言，结合多种说明手法对之进行介绍和描述。常用的说明手法有下定义、分类别、作比较、引资料、举例子、列数字、画图表等。下定义，即给要说明的对象下一个明确的定义。如博物馆的定义就是征集、保藏、陈列和研究代表自然和人类的实物,并为公众提供知识、教育和欣赏的文化教育机构。分类别是将要说明的对象按照某种标准划分类别，以帮助读者对事物的理解。如电视机，可以分为彩色电视机和黑白电视机。作比较，即将这种事物与那种事物比较异同，从而更清楚地说明事物的特点。如将城市和乡村作比较，将大学和幼儿园作比较等。作比较的时候一定要注意比较的事物之间应当具有可比性，不能生拉硬扯，也不能不尊重客观事实，胡乱比较。为了说明某种事物的特点，有时候需要介绍它的背景、原理、历史等，这时就要用到引资料这种手法。比如我们要对长城进行说明，适当地引用一些历史文献，就更有助于今天的人们了解长城的历史，从而加深对长城中所蕴含的民族精神的认识。在复杂说明文中，列图表具有不可替代的优势。大量的数据、冗长的叙述、复杂的相互关系等，都可以通过图表得到直观的表达。

按说明的对象不同，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。前者着重在于说明的成因、构造、形状、用途等，后者则重在说明事理。这两类说明文常用的写作手法也有一定的区别。比如事物说明文重在说明事物的物理特征，常用的是下定义、分类别等说明手法，事理说明文重在说明事物的逻辑特征，地要用到引资料、作比较等说明手法。但时候，在同一篇文章中，几种说明手法都要用到，相辅相成，互为补充。

如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：

观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。

观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。

观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。

写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。 逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。

从每年的考试情况来看，很多同学能完整地按照要求把文章写出来，但得分却较低。实际上，高考英语书面表达是一个分值颇高且易得分的题型，只是很多同学没有掌握得分技巧。下面我们一起看看怎样才能让高考作文拽起来。

一、几点重要原则

1.智者利用押题，傻子依赖押题!

2.书面表达整篇背诵绝无必要，可以以看读为主，关键是从中汲取一些常用的词汇和表达，并能得体熟练地运用。考场上应变能力很重要!

3.英文写作模仿很重要。有时也很有效。但不能过于牵强，尤其是对一些长难句的刻意模仿使用。

4.文似看山不喜平，起承转合一定要有!

5.见微知著，一叶知秋，几个亮点足矣：有道是：浓妆淡抹总相宜，作文写得简洁到位要比长篇大论更显功力。

6.心不为形役。不要身陷逐字逐句英汉对号式的字面翻译，要把表达的主动权始终握在自己手里。

二、善用万能句以不变应万变

历届高考，书面表达考得最多是提示作文，即提供一定的情景内容，要求考生完成100词左右的短文。

从命题方式看，有短文提示、要点提示、图画提示、情景提示以及图表提示等；体裁以应用文为主，记叙文为辅：题材为广大中学生所熟悉的日常生活。从提供要点的情景方面看，历届高考书面表达题均属供料小作文，采用文字供料或文字说明加图画(图表)的方式供料。

备考时，同学们要利用有限的时间把以前背的范文整理一下，从中选出不同体裁、不同题材的范文各一篇(范文以高考真题的高分作文为佳)，把它们重新记忆，一定记牢。这样，高考时不管什么样的文章都可套用背诵好的格式。避免考场上因紧张而无章可循。

最后阶段，还要总结一下写作时常用且能出彩的固定句型、句式，比如强调句型、定语从句、名诃性从句等，牢记英语的五个基本句式，背诵平时老师总结的万能句。以不变应万变。

考场答题前，应仔细审题，研究所提供的文字和图画(图表)材料和作文要求。分析、提炼要点，理顺要点，确立基本的写作思路，不要忽略任何一个词。关键的词更不能遗漏，构思好写几个方面，缺一不可。

写作时，尽量用学过的英语句型和词组。少写长句和复杂句以免弄巧成拙、漏洞百出。但目前高考有关书面表达的评分标准要求作文中应有较多的语法结构和词汇，因此同学们在书面表达中不能都写小句、短句和单句，还要正确运用高级词汇和复杂结构。恰当运用过渡词，使写出来的文章含金量更高，更具可读性。

三、高分作文六大特性

1.条理性。指的是合理安排文章结构。首先，在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。其次。根据需要，安排好段落，各段之间要层次分明，也要重视每一段的开头和结尾，开头语往往是总起句，结尾语往往是总结句。

2.准确性。指要求写出语法正确的句子，包括时态、语态、用词和句法等，要准确、地道地表达。必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达，避免中式英语，在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异，养成用英语思维写作的习惯。

3.流畅性。指根据整篇文章思想的需要，有效采用不同的连接手段，使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。

4.简洁多样性。简洁性就是语言简洁，不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。这也是新课程标准对写作的评价标准。

5.思想性。新标准对写作的要求，增加了情感因素，在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时，适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。

6.美观性。指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。

四、怎样才能有拽的感觉

1.高考写作的实质变相考查句型与词汇的灵活应用

英语写作不同于语文作文的写作，如果说语文作文是一个自由发挥的舞蹈，那么高考英语写作就是带着枷锁在跳舞。我之所以这样来形容，是因为高考英语写作的内容都已经通过文字、表格、图片这三种形式给定，内容方面，不需要学生进行发挥，大家所需要发挥的就是不要老去给这个不变的内容穿毫无变化的校服(简单句)，而要去穿一些不一样的衣服，让它显得不那么单调，让阅卷老师能看到不同，而那些所谓的衣服也就是多变句型与词汇。

2.写作的评分标准怎么去迎合评卷老师的胃口

我了解到目前很大一部分学生的作文都处在15分左右，写作满分25分，15分也就是个及格分，那么15分和20多分的作文到底差在哪里?这个问题很容易回答。15分的作文中规中矩，该对的都对，包括内容要点的完整，语法与词形的正确，但是全都是简单句子的堆砌，没有任何亮点。而20多分的作文在句型词汇方面就做了很好的包装，它的句子穿的衣服已经不是校服，而是李宁、耐克，或者是阿迪，所以让人觉得很拽，而高考英语写作要的就是这种很拽的感觉。

3.写作提分的三要素句型。连词。高级词汇

句子是我们写作文最大的单位。有了漂亮的句子。用好的连词将其连句成段，再加上一些如星星般亮点词汇的点缀，一篇好的高考英语作文就诞生了。而这三个因素中最容易把握的是句子，最难的是高级词汇，限于大家的词汇还比较有限。一篇文章中出现那么一两个就够了。我们应该把重心放在句型上，因为这个最容易把握。

但是大家又有这样的困惑，学校里老师也给了我们很多的句型啊，动辄成五十上百句的，大家背得挺多，但是面对考试的时候，发现背的那些怎么也用不上。其实不是那些东西没有用，而是它们太干了，就好比一根干骨头，大家嚼起来很没有味。也不知道该把它们往哪里放。

在这里我给大家提供一种比较切实可行、迅速提高的练习方法，在接下来的时间里只要大家按照这个方法来，就一定会有收获。

找出历年真题，一周只需要写两篇。但是要这么来写。

1.把你要写的内容要点用九到十句的汉语表达出来。

2.逐一地进行翻译，不是用简单句。而是要刻意地去想：

(1)可以用什么样的复杂句；

(2)怎样去避开不会的表达，转义。

例如：

这本书是如此的有趣，以至于我读了一遍又一遍。

1.This book was so interest，ing that l read it again and again，

2.This was such an interest，ing book that l read it again andagain，

3.This was s0 jnteresting abook that l read it again and again

4.So interesting was thisbook that l read it again and again

这四句译文当中无疑评卷老师最欣赏的是第四句，因为它用了倒装。

4.如何备考

其实这种思维大家都有。但是没有成为一种思路，让它能在考试中起到作用，那是因为大家练得少。英语写作处在一种很尴尬的境地，一方面大家要分数。但另外一方面大家一个学期里写的作文也就是期中期末的两篇。毫不夸张地说，有的学生上了三年的高中可能只写了六篇作文，所以练习是很重要的，要是现在不练而把高考当练习。那么作文只拿14、15分也合情合理了，到那时你不要骂评卷老师不公平，而应该问问自己备考的时候为什么不多练几篇。时间都是挤出来的，希望大家可以挤出时间来练写作。

导语：考场作文与平时作文有很大的不同，主要是考场作文是在气氛紧张、情绪紧张、心情紧张的情况下进行的，而考试作文的阅卷老师也是极为紧张的(时间紧张)。以下是小编为大家精心整理的小升初作文应考技巧，欢迎大家参考！

1.审题要仔细

由于时间较紧张，有些同学往往萆草地一看题目就自以为是，匆匆动笔。这是考场作文的大忌。老师要告诉学生，毕业考试作文的命题都是由命题者反复推敲、字斟句酌才拟定的，每个字都有它的作用，切不可粗枝大叶，造成“一着不慎，满盘皆输”的惨局。如作文训练题：《我学会了关心》，重点应抓住怎样“学会了”来写，结果就有几个学生写自己怎样被人关心的、自己是怎样关心别人的，就是忽略了“学会了”这个词，造成了审题发生偏差。

2.开头要夺目

常言道：“好的开头就等于成功了一半”。考试作文的开头十分重要，它要求语句要优美亮丽、引人入胜，要达到古人所说的“开卷之初，当以奇句夺目，使之不敢弃去”的效果。开头一段一定要细心经营，锤炼词句，获取阅卷老师的好感。

3、模仿范文和使用“多用文”。

作文要得高分，除了掌握以上的作文形式技巧外，更要调动平时对生活自我体验的积累，唤醒记忆，学会快速构思，把自己平时熟悉的作文从内容上进行包装。考场上尽可能使用“多用文”和摹仿作文。多用文就是一个基本作文，可以适合多个作文题目。如：写事的作文：《这件事-------》、《一件难忘的事》、《记亲身经历的一件事》、《童年趣事》等，写人的作文：《我熟悉的人》、《一个--------的人》、《我尊敬的人》、《我的-------》等等。这些作文的材料就是相通的，还有就是平时课外积累的作文素材和范文，在审题、立意、构思、选材的定位上根据作文题意作一番“随机应变”，从而切合文题要求，这样更容易得到评卷老师的高分。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

论文的框架可以简明扼要地画出框图，看起来逻辑清楚，在一个表达的系统中，小编收集了称职的论文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

什么是好的论文呢?怎么写论文?介绍一点点，供您参考哦。

一、好论文的感觉

1、 您的论文可以用一句话来表达，这一句话可以长一点，但是表达很清楚;我们可以把这话叫做中心句。

2、 论文的框架(纲要)可以很快地表达出来，框架就是中心句的展开;

3、 论文的框架可以简明扼要地画出框图，看起来逻辑清楚，在一个表达的系统中;

4、 根据论文的框架(纲要);可以展开成整篇文章;

5、 好象你在画画，一开始就考虑好整篇文章的意旨、布局、重点、点睛处，这样争取一次性就把文章写好;

6、 写的文章是有价值的，能给读者带来受用;文章写起来感觉是在介绍经验;一边写文章一边有自豪感;

7、 科技技术类的选题有特别的角度，一般能套在“新、难、重、特”里面;

8、 写之前用至少看过3篇相近选题的文献;最好是5至10篇;

9、 行文格式标准，(只要去看文献就知道自己有哪些差距)。

二、怎么写好论文

1、写论文的准备工作

考虑自己评职称时的方向;

自己的工作领域;

可以取材的工程项目、论文相关的案例、工作经验、经历;

初步选几个题目;

根据初选的题目查询文献;

对比看哪个论文方向写起来在价值、表达方便、与自己结合上更合适。

2、确定题目

前面所说的在于选择大的选题方向，到这里的时候，要具体考虑细的题目、重点、聚焦点，题目能不能用一句话表达出来，这时候就要考虑清楚，这一句话可以很长，但是一句话出来的东西一定是逻辑很清晰的。往往的结构是“XX的XX的XX”这样表达的时候，文章的领域、着眼点、新颖点往往就被表达出来了。

3、快速撰写论文

因为能够用一句话一表达题目或者中心，所以写论文的时候就会比较快。

快速的写法是：

先根据那一句话，展开纲要，大概是二级目录就差不多了，就是1.1这样的级别;

之后，根据二级目录，可以很快地组织内容。

4、要点突出

这个时候再来比较内容与题目是对应性怎么样?是一致吗?要对题目做出轻微的调整，还是对内容做出轻微的调整?

哪一个部分是重点，哪个部分是重点的重点?文章的篇幅够了没有，是太多了，还是太少了?要不要修，修哪里?

这里的原则就是突出要点，如同画家画树，冬天时，有枝干而无叶，仍然是树，反过来就不行的。

5、整理

根据突出重点的原则，在保证主干清楚的情况下，进行增减。

根据国际单位制，对单位进行修改;

根据行文格式，对字体、大小、图片、参考文献等进行修改;

对摘要和关键词进行设定。

6、润色

对文章的创新点、系统性表述、逻辑清晰、文章的实用价值、可信度再行润色;

对语句的流利进行润色，最简单的办法，就是从头到尾出声地读一遍下来，边读边改，一定会好很多。

三、重点强调

1、选题

至关重要。

职称论文是要评职称用的，要和自己的所学专业、所从事工作有相关性，特别是与你所将要评的职称专业有较大的相关性。这点对于学历专业、工作经历多、跨专业评职称的人要特别注意。

2、表达系统性和逻辑性

系统性的表达。就是说一个东西的时候，你要把它说清楚，说全面。比如，你跟人家介绍自家的房子，你就要把厅、主卧、客户、书房、饭厅、、卫生间、阳台都说到，这样就叫系统。如果觉得内容太大，就光说客厅，那就要把客厅的四面、上下、中间都有什么说清楚;如果还嫌太大，光说吊顶，就把凡是光于吊项的风格、材料、做工、等等全部说清楚。这就叫做系统性。系统性的反面就是缺漏。

逻辑性的表达。就是说一个东西的时候，要先主后次，先上后下，等等，有一个符合那个东西的规律的表达。比如说家庭的成员，从老的到少的，从男的到女的，从直系的说到旁系的，一代说完再说一代，必要时配要图表来辅助，这就是逻辑性的表达。逻辑性的反面就是乱。

3、规范性

论文只是一种体裁，一种风格，一种方式，有着它区别于其它体裁的规定套路，这就是规范性。比如：摘要要怎么写、关键词要怎么设，参考文献是怎么来表达，标点、格式、单位等要怎么做，这是规范性。

想要想好的作文，就要有好的技巧，小编收集了2017年小升初写作指导：作文的九大技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种文体。记叙文以写实为主，但也可以虚拟。如人物传记、历史故事或新闻报导这类非虚拟的故事是记叙文，神话故事、寓言、幽默故事等也属记叙文。记叙文通常分为三类：

1. 以记人为主的记叙文。即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物来写一、两件事。

2. 以事件为主的记叙文。即以事件为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件，可以写一个人或几个人。

3. 以写景状物为主的记叙文。但应注意的是，在一篇记叙文中，写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的，不可截然分开，但各有侧重。

【写作注意】

写作中应遵循以下几点：

1. 交待要素，即人、时、地、事。

2. 按事件发生的先后顺序叙述, 完整、具体。

3. 要重点突出，目的明确。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，原则上通常用过去时态写。

【写作实例】

假如你是武汉大学附中高三(1)的李华，今年即将高中毕业。请根据以下要点给某英文报写一篇英语短文，谈谈你对高三生活的看法。

(1)对获得的帮助表示感谢;

(2)消除与 同学之间的误会;

(3)努力学习，实现人生梦想;

(4)对学弟、学妹的建议。

注意：

(1)可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯;

(2)词数：100左右(开头已给出，不计入总词数) 。

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior 3 student, it wont take lon g before I graduate._____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

【猜题理由】本篇书面表达能比较真实地反映学生的生活实际，话题内容关注学生的社交生活和树立健康的人生观，具有考查的现实意义和指导意义;在语言表达上，能够让学生充分运用所学知识，毫无词汇障碍地表达自己的思想;此外，在语言表达的设置上也有一定的伸展性，能有效地激发学生个 性观点的创建。

【构思点拨】本篇书面表达是常见 的提纲类型的写作，要点明确清楚，便于学生组织文章，理清脉络。行文时要注意处理好语言表达的控制性和伸展性之间的关系。

【参考范文】

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior three student, it wont take long before I graduate. Now, I have much to share with my fellow students.

Firstly, I would like to show my appreciation to those standing by me all the way, teachers, pare nts and friends included. Without their help and advice, my life would be different. Secondly, its high time to say sorry to classmates whom I hurt or misunderstood. Communication and smiles act as bridges to friendship. Above all, Ive made up my mind to make every effo rt to study, for I believe hard work is the key to success. Just as the old saying goes, "no pains, no gains."

Finally I hope that all the younger fellows can make full use of time, because time and tide wait for no men.

每个人都拥有自己的房间，下面是语文迷为大家整理的写My bedroom的英语作文范文，欢迎阅读。

My bedroom英语作文一：

My bedroom is not big but it is bright. Because everyday the sunshine will come in. my bedroom is very simple. There just is a bed, a desk and a wardrobe. But I never feel my bedroom is empty, because it is the place belongs to myself and full of my passion. When I feel happy, I can laugh in my bedroom. When I am sad, I can cry in it. I know that no one will bother me, as it is my private place. And every morning the sunshine comes in, I feel warm in my heart just seems that I see my promising future. I like my bedroom.

我的卧室不大但是很明亮。因为每天的阳光会照射进来。我的卧室很简单。这只有一张床，一张桌子和一个衣柜。但我从不觉得我的卧室是空的，因为它是属于我自己的地方，充满了我的喜怒哀乐。当我感到高兴，我可以在我的卧室大笑。当我感到伤心时，我可以在我的卧室里面哭。我知道没有人会来打扰我，因为这是我的私人地带。每天清晨的阳光照射进来时，我感到我的心都暖起来了，就像看到了我充满了希望的未来。我喜欢我的卧室。

My bedroom英语作文二：

I have a bedroom .It is not big, but it is nice .There is a bed in my bedroom. A yellow toy dog is on the bed .Every night I sleep with it . Next to the bed, there is a desk. There is a bear lamp on the desk .I like the bear lamp because it’s cute. I like to do homework under the lamp every evening. I have a new computer in my bedroom .It is my best friend . Because I study with it, and play games with it . There are also several beautiful pictures on the wall.

I like my bedroom. Do you like it?

My bedroom英语作文三：

I have a nice and small bedroom. There is a beautiful bed and two small chair. I also have a big and tall closet because I have many books. There is a big desk next to the window. I always do my homework at the desk. There is a family photo on the wall. I like my bedroom.

我有一个虽小但是漂亮的卧室。有一张漂亮的床和两把小椅子。我也有一个又大又高的柜子，因为我有许多书。有一张大桌长在窗户的旁边。我总是做我的家庭作业在桌子上。有一张全家福在墙上。我喜欢我的卧室。

如果平时学习侧重吸收，那么写论文则是贵在创新。如同蜜蜂采花，最终是为了酿蜜。小编收集了社会科学论文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、选好题目

科学研究工作的首要一步是选题。选定题目并不难，选好题目则不易。有人说，选好题目是论著成功的一半，这是有一定道理的。因为只有选好题目，才能明确主攻方向，确定主要内容，体现出论文的特点和优点，反映出论文在学术研究中的地位和适应社会需求的程度。

有人认为选题很容易，随便选定本专业的任何一个题目，下一番功夫就能出成果;有人则把选题看得很神秘，左顾右盼下不了决心。这是两种偏向：前者带有盲目性，后者显出动摇性。选择题目一定要避免盲目性，克服动摇性;提高自觉性，明确目的性。

选题要考虑客观的需要。有的是教学中遇到的问题，只有经过一番研究才能满足教学需要，提高教学质量。有的是现实斗争和社会实践存在的问题，要求我们下功夫研究，从理论高度和深度提出解决问题的方案和对策。有的是科学发展的需要，在专业研究中有不少问题要求进行新的探索，或者对别人的研究成果有不同的看法需要开展争鸣。

选题要心中有数。不论选定什么题目，都得先熟悉前人研究的情况。通过查阅书目、报刊资料索引或请教老师和同行，了解前人对这个问题有哪些研究成果，达到什么程度，存在什么争论，还有什么空白或薄弱环节，以便继承前人成果，继续向前开拓。如果自己有不同看法，可提出商榷;如果是空白或薄弱环节，只要有条件就可以想法填补或加强。如果自己无力向前推进，那就不要选这个题目。

选题要考虑自己的条件。诸如个人的兴趣、爱好、基础、长处、掌握的外文语种和熟练程度、搜集资料的可能性等等。

选题时还有几个问题要具体分析：

选大题还是选小题?如果材料来源丰富，可以大题大做，写成大部头专著，或者把大题分成若干小题，各个小题分别逐步去做，集小成大，大部头专著也就出来了。或者小题大做。我手边至今还保存一本20世纪50年代翻译出版的苏联一位学者的博士论文《为苏维埃政权而斗争的水兵》，该文只写从1917年10月至1918年3月这半年时间内，海军士兵在建立和巩固苏维埃政权中的作用。由于作者运用了大量档案和报刊材料，所以全书竟达20.5万字。如果着重从发展规律上进行概括和分析，那么也可以大题小做，做到高屋建瓴、高瞻远瞩、纲举目张、鞭辟入里，这样有助于人们提高并加深认识。例如列宁写的《马克思学说的历史命运》就是大题小做的范文。全文只有两千余字，把马克思主义诞生以来近七十年间的历史划分为革命风暴、和平发展和新的世界风暴三个时期，概述了马克思主义在这三个时期中遇到的问题、经历的斗争和取得的成就。文中很多精辟的论点和精彩的论述至今还常为人们所引用。这类大题小做的题目，如果立意不新、立论不深、立足不高，就容易流为空泛或肤浅。在通常情况下，最好是中题中做或者小题小做，这样容易深入进去，见效较快。

选理论的题好还是选历史的题好?如果史料不多，前人理论分析较少，自己又能够深入进行理论分析，那就可以选理论方面的题目。如果史料较多，前人挖掘整理不够，那就可以选历史方面的题目。一般说来，最好是史论结合，有的可以偏论，有的可以偏史，但是不要写成纯理论或纯历史。纯理论不免抽象枯燥;纯历史是史料堆砌，难以成为论文。既是论文，总要就大量史料进行梳理和分析，提出自己的独立见解。

选热门题目还是冷门题目?热门题目一般都是现实意义较大的，应该注意研究;但是热门题目一般又是研究者较多的，一定要多下功夫研究，以求突破和进展。无论是哪类题目，都应从需要和可能出发，不要单纯“赶浪头”或“钻冷门”。还有一些不冷不热的题目可能更为合适，不要轻易放过。

选新题好还是选老题好?新题一般是前人研究较少的，甚至是空白点，容易出成果;当然新题可能材料少、难度大，要选就要多下功夫，那还是能写出新意的。一般说来，最好是选较新的题目，新题新做或老题新做，而不要老题老做或新题老做。

是先看了材料再选题还是选定了题再找材料?这两者不是截然对立的。选任何题目都要先看一定的材料，这样才能避免盲目性;可以在确定选题范围之后再继续搜集并阅读材料，进而把题目具体化、精确化。最后，选定的题目，文字表述要求尽量简短、鲜明，不要拖泥带水一长串。

二、深入研究

选好题目之后的第二步，就是花大量时间狠下苦功、深入研究。往往在深入研究的过程中还要对选题作局部调整，或者使选题更加具体化、精确化。

深入研究从何入手呢?也就是如何寻找突破口的问题。有人从阅读有关的理论著作入手，有人从阅读原始文献和资料入手，这样做难免会事倍功半，读了大量书籍还是发现不了多少问题。事半功倍的捷径是从阅读前人对这一问题的有关研究成果入手。即通过导师指点和查阅各种工具书———如历年来出版的《全国图书总目》《全国主要报刊索引》、中国人民大学书报资料中心编印的《复印报刊资料》有关专题、图书馆资料室收藏的专题索引、几种专业刊物以及外文书目和报刊资料索引等等，现在通过网络能更快地选编出书目，然后择要阅读。在阅读中要注意：前人已取得哪些成果?还有哪些薄弱环节或者空白点?在哪些问题上有待深入和提高?有哪些值得商榷之处或者能提出自己的新见解?在史料或者史实的运用上还存在哪些问题?

在吸收前人研究成果的过程中，也能发现前人引用过的资料及经典著作和原始文献，并编出更详尽的书目。

在阅读各种材料过程中，要开动脑筋、反复思考，大体形成一个研究提纲，把自己选好的题目分解为若干问题。各个问题再分为若干层次;然后按问题先后再细读各种有关材料。在研究过程中，要先从中文材料着手，详细地没有遗漏地熟悉掌握各种中文材料，再去查阅外文书刊，以求新信息、新看法和新资料。要特别注意挖掘第一手材料，同时也要留心第二手材料。

在研究材料的过程中，要用心、专心、细心，才能发现问题，稍微疏忽就会一纵而过，结果还要重花时间和精力去再查。好记性不如烂笔头，对各种有用或备用的材料都要手勤，用卡片或本子摘要记下或写索引，每条材料都要注明具体出处，以便日后引用和核对。材料积累多了还要分类排列，既便于检索，又能从中发现还缺少什么，以便进一步广为搜集。有的材料在研究过程中要反复读好几遍，有的还要相互参照比较。

研究过程就是从感性认识提高到理性认识的过程。在这个过程中，对材料要进行“去粗取精、去伪存真”的处理，对问题的认识要进行“由此及彼、由表及里”的思考。材料要广泛搜集，宽打窄用，在论文中最后精选最有典型性、最切题的材料。要善于发现互相矛盾的材料，下一番功夫辨别、考证清楚。“由此及彼”即考察事物上下左右以及内部与外部的各方面联系，开阔思路，进行比较研究。既要纵向比较，又要横向比较，还要正反面比较。“由表及里”即通过表面现象深入本质，把各个事物作为一个系统来考察，探索系统之内和各系统之间各种因素的错综复杂的关系，总结出规律性。要善于展开、深入分析事物的必要性和可能性、可能性和现实性、必然性和偶然性、绝对性和相对性、普遍性和特殊性、统一性和多样性、共性和个性、原因和结果、内容和形式、整体和局部、联系和区别、定性和定量、动态和静态、回顾和展望，等等。在研究过程中，最重要的是要思考自己对这一问题能从什么角度加深，能从哪些方面提高，如何进行新概括，做出新分析，运用新语言，补充新材料，提出新见解，得出新结论;不能只是利用别人的成果，改头换面，单炒冷饭。即便是炒冷饭也要添油加料，辅以鸡蛋、葱花、味精，如此才能做出一道别具特色的新食品。但是创新一定要在研究大量材料中解放思想、实事求是地形成，决不能靠零星材料、凭一知半解而轻率地标新立异;更不能胡乱提出新观点，片面进行论证。

三.精心写作

论文的最后一步是精心写作。动笔写作前，应该通盘整理一下研究成果，对研究提纲进行调整和补充，进一步衍化为写作提纲，对全文的布局、观点的体系、分析的层次、材料的使用作统一的安排。写作过程不是单纯记录研究成果的过程，而是继续深入研究的过程，是把研究成果精确化和完善化的过程。在写作过程中发现对哪些问题研究还不够深透、论证还不够充分，就要记下来继续攻关。

写社会科学论文要明确其性质和特点。论说文不同于记叙文、应用文和文艺作品，而是以议论为主的文体。但是，在论说文中，社会科学论文又具有独特之处：它不同于讲义材料、资料性文章、宣传性文章、通俗性读物。社会科学论文专业性很强，应有自己的研究心得，以表述自己的见解为主，应对学科建设起推动作用，至少也要在综合别人成果的基础上有所加深。更高的要求是填补学科的空白，一般要求超过前人已达到的成就，要有新的创见。写论文要力求删繁就简、突出重点，主要写自己的观点。在研究过程中所掌握的各种珍贵资料，则可以系统整理为若干专题，编入附件，留供答辩时用，或供别人参考。文前要概述前人的研究成果，并作出简要评价;文中引用别人观点或不同意别人某个观点，都要求注明出处;文末要求附中外参考书目，表明自己视野有多大，参照并吸收了哪些人的研究成果。

有人认为一篇论文包括观点和材料两个要素，我认为这样概括是不全面的，应该说论文含有论点、论据、论证、论述四个要素。论点即观点，论据即材料，论证指立论证明的方法和层次，论述指文字表述的要领和技巧。同样的观点和材料，有的人更善于归纳和演绎、概括和分析，有的人更善于表达和铺陈、炼句和修辞，结果写出来的文章就很不一样。可见，论证和论述这两者对于一篇论文的成功而言，应该说是不可缺少的有独立意义的要素。对这四个写作要素的基本要求，我想大体上可以编成四句顺口溜：论点方面，观点鲜明、有破有立;论据方面，材料充实、用心搜集;论证方面，分析细致、逻辑严密;论述方面，文字简炼、明确有力。

一篇论文总要提出问题、解决问题，总要主张什么、反对什么，提出并阐发自己的新见解应是论文的主干，同时还要批驳自己所不同意的其他观点，这样两相对照才更显得鲜明。文中除了突出自己的中心观点之外，还要展开写一系列派生观点，评论一系列别人的观点。

观点是从研究大量材料中形成的，所以各个观点都要以充实的材料加以佐证。在运用材料时，要注意目的性、典型性和真实性。如果目的性不明确，材料和观点就统一不起来，对不上号;如果使用的材料不具有典型性，就缺少说服力，从局部材料、个别情况就不能做出全局性、普遍性的结论;如果粗心大意，照抄别人搞错的材料，就会以讹传讹。总之，各种材料要用心搜集、细心筛选、精心辨别、耐心考证。

论证是在论点和论据统一的基础上层层展开，由此及彼、由表及里、由点到面、由简到繁，由因到果、由量到质、由浅入深、由始至终。对各个问题细加分析，其中要蕴含一些深邃的哲理，不仅令人折服，而且还能使人读后余味犹存，反复思索。全文从开头、主体到收尾，各个部分、各个段落、各个句子之间，结构、布局和叙述都要逻辑十分严密，一环扣一环，不能有漏洞，不能自相矛盾，或者相互抵消。写好一篇论文不能只着眼于主体，还要注重开头和收尾。古人评判佳作有所谓“豹头、熊腰、凤尾”之说。例如，著名的《共产党宣言》，不仅其主体具有深刻的说服力，而且开头就有很强的吸引力———“一个幽灵，共产主义的幽灵，在欧洲徘徊”，收尾提出“全世界无产者，联合起来”的口号，有何等强烈的号召力!

论述用词要简炼、鲜明、准确，还要生动活泼。用词要反复斟酌锤炼。用词还要多样化，尽量减少简单重复，这样才能使文章不单调乏味。尽量运用我国历史上流传下来的成语典故能使文章言简意赅。运用形象比喻能把道理说得更加透彻，并给人以深刻印象，又增添文采。例如马克思把暴力比喻为社会变革的助产婆，把分散的小农比喻为一麻袋土豆，列宁把帝国主义比喻为“泥足巨人”，斯大林把社会主义与工人运动的结合比喻为罗盘与大船，毛泽东把资产阶级的腐蚀比喻为“糖衣炮弹”等等。除用词外还要注意句式。老用陈述句未免单调呆板，间以疑问句、感叹句等，就显得丰富多彩。排比句、对偶句，能表达得更鲜明，又增加语言文字的美感，还便于记诵。如能适当引用一些古诗词和先哲的名言警句，则更能使文章光彩夺目。

写作至少要三遍定稿。第一稿先把自己的看法和该用的材料都汇总一起;第二稿主要在分析提高上下功夫，力求精炼，逻辑严密，富于哲理;第三稿主要在文字上推敲、加工，并核对引文和材料，力求准确而又有文采。这只是大体而言，实际上一篇论文往往要修改十多次，应该不厌其烦，精益求精。要使文章富于哲理又有文采，需要长期日积月累的理论素养和语言文字素养。平时要多读中外古今名篇佳作，从中领会写作方法和技巧。清朝名儒郑板桥在《楹联》中留下警言妙语：“删繁就简三秋树，领异标新二月花。”写出好文章正是要不断删繁就简、反复琢磨，如何突出自己的创新。

在完成社会科学论文之前，还可以把它分解为若干小题，然后加以汇总并进一步提高，这也不失为聚少成多、化零为整的捷径。在完成论文之后，还要求把它浓缩为几百字或千把字的提要，“纳须弥于芥子”(这是佛家语，意为把偌大的一座须弥山藏纳于细小的芥子中)，列于文首，便于别人掌握要点。

学士论文、硕士论文和博士论文，这是学位论文的三级，在题目大小、内容深浅和份量多少等方面体现出区别。层次越高，要求也越高。一般说来，学士论文万字左右，硕士论文约二三万字，博士论文可以写成十几万字。总的说来，质量比数量更重要，能有真知灼见，未必都要洋洋大观。

做实际工作的党政干部，如果掌握了写论文的要领，遵循写论文的三部曲，狠下功夫，也是能够把对实际工作的调查研究和自己的工作总结写成有份量的社会科学论文。毛泽东1927年的《湖南农民运动考察报告》和1928年的《井冈山的斗争》就是不朽的历史名篇。

需要格外强调的一点是：文章是写给别人读的，是写给并非研究这个专题的读者读的。因此一定要写得深入浅出，对事件、人物、时间、地点、专有名词等等都要交代清楚，这样才能使读者看得明白，而且有可读性和吸引力。有人论及活学与著述的关系时，把它区分为四种类型、四个等级：深入浅出好学问，深入深出深学问，浅入浅出没学问，浅入深出假学问。我们要力求写出深入浅出的好文章。

当人们读到一则材料，一篇文章或一本书，往往会由此及彼地联想到生活中的许多人和事，而产生一些感触、联想和体会，把这些感受行之于文，便是读后感。以下是小编给大家整理的读后感的具体写作技巧的内容，欢迎大家查看。

读后感写作训练是把范文讲读和写作训练两个环节结合起来，对学生进行阅读和写作综合训练的一个重要途径。

首先，读是基础。读后感包括“读和感”两个部分。“读”是“感”的基础，“感”因“读”而触发，没有“读”也就无所谓“感”，所以读和感要求首先要精读原作，准确全面地把握原作写作意图和文章所蕴含的思想意义，然后在此基础上对原作恰当的引述。为下面的“感”酝酿情感，使“感”有坚定的基础，这样不但有助于立论的确立，而且本身就是为立论服务的一个有力的论据。离开了对原文思想核心的理解和掌握，读后感就成了空中楼阁，而缺乏高度的语言组织和概括能力，写作时往往陷入对原文冗长的复述而喧宾夺主，对原文照抄照搬，面面俱到，则是学生写读后感的通病

其次，感是核心。这里的感，既不是离开原文的空发议论，也不是对原作内容的简单重复，而是作者在原作思想观念的启迪下产生的新的观念，是心灵的闪光，是认识的飞跃。一般地说，读后感的“感”有两种情况。一种情况是通过对原文思想的进一步阐发，来表现作者认识的深化。例如第四册课本中的练习，对何其芳《我为少男少女们歌唱》这首诗写读后感，就只要引原作要旨并加以阐发。另一种情况是作者在原作思想内容的基础上生发出来的新的观点。例如《多好的草地也会有瘦马》一文反映的是实际生活中哲理性的现象。从本文体现的普遍原理出发，可以获得关于人才问题的新的认识。即优越的条件能为人们创造更多的成才机会，良好的环境也必将对一个人的成才产生不可忽视的影响。但是如果不努力，对良好的环境不加以利用，客观条件再好，又有什么用呢?因此，不论是对原作思想内容的进一步阐释，还是在原作思想内容的基础上产生新的观念，都必须体现作者认识的进一步提高和深化，力求新颖别致，切忌蜻蜓点水，不深不透，这样才算真有所感，感到了实处。

再次，联系实际是关键。读后感既要从原文出发，但又不能局限于原文就事论事，而要联系自己、他人、社会的实际，有的放矢，展开联想，深入挖掘，写出“感受”的普遍意义来。因为读后感的生命在于“联系实际，有感而发”。所谓联系实际，一般包含两方面内容，一是联系现实生活中与材料有内在联系的人和事，以此来作比较、对照。二是要结合自身生活经历中一些有代表意义并所供材料联系紧密的生动事例。通过丰富的联想，引用古今中外能证明论点的事例或富有哲理的理论论据，既可充实文章内容，也可深化中心论点，加强文章的说服力。所以从本质上讲，读后感的写作过程，就是作者以原作的主题为指导，分析研究实际问题后，将获得的新的观念用文字表达出来的思维过程。

为了进一步说明读后感的特征，将读后感与一般议论文加以比较。读后感是议论文的一种。和一般议论文一样，它们都是表达作者对于客观事物的认识的。它们都是作者以已往的知识积累为前提，来分析和解决实际问题，从而得出对于客观事物的一般性结论的。对于一般议论文来说，作者认识某一客观对象时的知识前提，在作者大脑中是浑然一体的，缺乏专一性和单指性，而读后感的作者在认识某一客观对象时，离不开知识和生活经验的积累，但知识和生活材料之间似乎还缺少一个契机，还没有形成一个凝聚点，原作则对于作者起了一种启迪作用，是作者认识深化的动因，由于这种启迪，才使作者以往的知识聚集在一个焦点上，使某一客观对象的本质为作者所把握，从而产生新的飞跃。

那么，读后感的结构应是怎样的呢?它可用“引——议——联——结”四个字加以概括。

“引”就是用叙述的方法转引材料：或引观点。或引有关内容。但“引”不是照抄。而应该用概括的语言把所需材料简明扼要地引述出来。

“议”就是以所引原作的思想观念为基点生发开去发表议论。在叙述结束时，用一两句话点明原作所包含的中心，使文章中心明确，观点鲜明，为统率下文所展开的丰富联想。

“联”就是在原文基础上，结合社会生活的实际来谈，或者把有内在联系的人和事作比较，使发表的感想有较强的针对性和现实感。

“结”就是对全文的题旨有所归纳或总结，或强调中心，或提出希望，或表明态度等。

除“结”之外，其余部分的次序可根据具体情况灵活变动。

读后感写作其实并不难，只要坚持经常练笔，积极思考，认真积累写作材料;关心生活，观察生活;同时学一些写作理论，掌的一些程式，肯定会使自己的文章异彩纷呈。

一、开门见山亮观点

这种开头方法，单刀直入，起笔直奔题意，能很快把阅卷老师的注意力引入主题。给人干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓的感觉。应为考场作文开头的首选方法。其形式有：引用题目，直奔中心;揭示主旨，确定基调;概括内容，总领全文;提出论点，表明立场;等等。

例：挥手自兹去，一半是洒脱，一半是留念。(2015年四川省成都市中考满分作文《挥手自兹去》开头)

文章直接用命题作文《挥手自兹去》的题目“挥手自兹去”来开头，将十五岁分为两种情境：一半是洒脱，即成熟;一半是青涩，即留念，干脆利落，不拖泥带水，直接点明中心。然后以“青涩一半”、“激情满怀”两个小标题分层展开正文。结尾以“嗨，挥手十五岁，伴着火焰燃烧的季节自兹而去!”照应开头，使文章结构紧凑而又圆润。

二、形象描绘抓特征

这种开头方法，通过生动形象的描写，把要写的主要人物或事物的特征先呈现在读者面前，能感染人，引起阅读兴趣。

例：照片上臭美的丫头是谁?瞧瞧，本小姐。一个挺有个性的女孩。每天都用蓝头绳扎着马尾辫，辫子长得都快碰到屁股了，穿着随意但又不凌乱，白白胖胖的瓜子脸上嵌着一双不大但炯炯有神的眼睛，弯弯的眉毛又宽又淡，不怎么好看，小巧玲珑的嘴巴能说会道，难怪外婆说我可以去当律师，脸颊两侧的小耳朵可灵了，一有什么动静，便马上汇报。左邻右舍都夸我聪明。(2015年湖北省武汉市中考满分文《我呀，属猴的》开头)

小作者开头抓住自己独特的外貌进行描写，生动形象，给人留下印象，引发读者浓浓的阅读兴趣。且采用第一人称，娓娓道来，使人感到亲切。

三、巧引妙改凸主题

由于诗词、名言、警句等语言精粹、众所周知的特点，能揭示某种人生哲理，给人启示，还可帮助突出中心，增添文章丰富性和文化底蕴。因此巧引妙改能使文章的开头妙趣横生。“巧引”，即在文章开头引用与文章所写内容有关的诗篇、名言、警句等，这样，能够产生先声夺人的效果，增加文章的趣味性和文学性，加强文章论述的权威性。“妙改”，即在文章的起笔处，对古语、俗谚、对联、行业术语、流行语、歌词、名言、诗文等进行引用，改写进入自己的文章。

例：“为什么我的眼里常含泪水，因为我对这土地爱得深沉。”那是一方美丽的土地，一方让人无法割舍的土地。我把生命的根留在那里，那里，有一种声音，如微风，清清凉凉，滋润心田;有一种声音，如阳光，飘飘洒洒，洒满温情。那是海的洗礼浪的张扬，时时触碰着我瓢忽不定的心扉。(2015 年山东省济南市中考满分作文《那声音，常在我心田》开头)

四、设置悬疑激兴趣

就是在开头就陈述要点，提出问题;或把事件的结尾放在开头，吸引人寻根问底;或是让某关键环节藏头露尾，给人“雾里看花”之感;或用求异思维，反向立意，别出心裁，激起读者的阅读兴趣。

例： 这天，汤姆从本市晚报上看到一则广告：“人体配件更换厂——还你一个崭新的自己!”汤姆很好奇，人体配件还能更换?是医院吧?太不可思议，人体部件难道能像汽车配件一样随意更换?(2015 年江西省中考满分作文《丢》开头)

考生将命题作文《丢》巧妙构思成一篇童话，故事情节离奇而生动。文章寓说理于童话故事中，让人读来感到诙谐有趣，文中蕴含的道理也易于被人们接受。文中的主人公汤姆为了追求完美，竟然把整个身体一点点换成了仿真材料。最后，他成了一名机器人，彻底丢弃了真我。当他最后一点电量耗尽，濒临死亡时，他十分后悔。虽然是童话，但主人公的心理完全符合普通人的想法。而这篇文章的开头提出问题，设置悬念，抓住了人们阅读时的好奇心理，精心设计吸引读者阅读下文，效果很好，无疑也为本文评为满分作文增添了亮点。

五、烘云托月造氛围

这种开头方法，先交代事件发生的时间、地点和环境，然后再引出主题，能起到制造气氛，烘托人物心情和中心的作用，抒情味道浓。或借用某一情景作为媒介，从中引出要写的人或事，委婉舒展，引人遐想，并为下文叙述开拓思路。

例：屋外的桂花树开满了花，轻风一吹，桂花纷纷扬扬地飘落下来，落在树下的小人头上、肩上。那个人就是我。见桂花飘落下来，我会挥舞着短短的手臂在风中自嗨。

哇，好香的花朵呀，那种清香的感觉真是太美太美。(2015 年重庆市中考满分作文《我们携手走进童年》开头)

这是一篇追忆童年的文章。这样的文章对初中生来说并不陌生，可这篇文章在组织选材上，小作者却有很明显的用心，下了一番工夫。童年可写的东西很多，作者只选了一个场景，即桂花树下，这个场景写得十分优美动人，颇有画意诗韵，让人产生无边的遐思。然后作者写了在桂花树下玩水枪，等爸爸回家，与伙伴们数星星与吃玉米等生动的情景，表达了对童年深深的怀念之情。

六、巧用修辞展文采

修辞是文章的衣衫，是语言运用中不可缺少的部分。巧妙而贴切的修辞手法的运用能使文章的语言增添许多风采。在考场作文中，考生若能熟练运用修辞手法扮靓语言，定能收到良好的效果。而打造“凤头”最妙的方法是灵活运用修辞。如：运用比喻，能给人形象美和文采美之感;运用拟人，能给人以生动亲切之感;运用排比，能增强文章语言气势，显得感情充沛激荡，又能彰显出作者的语文功底;运用设问，能引人思考，激发读者阅读兴趣;等等。

例：人与人之间的对话，就如缕缕阳光，悠然洒下，合成光束，照进心间，驱开不散的阴霾;又如丝丝细雨，翩然落下，汇成小河，流入心房，滋润原本干涸的心田;还如房檐的水滴，一滴一滴地坠落，最终滴穿了磐石坚硬的隔阂。(2015 年北京市中考满分作文《对话》开头)

这篇命题作文《对话》，思路相当开阔，开篇用排比、比喻，形象生动，以丰富的想象，设置了不同的意象，引出写作的中心。主体部分用“对话，在于心与心的沟通”、“对话，在于情感的表达”、“对话，在于彼此间的理解”三个提示性语句，总领写作角度，分三个层次，展示出清晰的写作思路。文章主体部分中列举了钟子期与俞伯牙的故事、高适的名言、焦仲卿与刘兰芝的爱情故事、雨果的名言，表达了对话题的理解，使整篇文章内容充实，十分耐读。作者丰厚的积累可见一斑。

今天小编为大家整理了作文的开头写作技巧，欢迎大家查阅。

⑴欲扬先抑，开发胃口

唉，老师怎么让我和他坐一个桌呢?她可是我班最凶的女生啦!就因为这，大伙都叫她"虎妞"。--《同桌》

⑵开门见山，直截了当

我和阿敏的交情可不一般--初中三年的同桌。对她，我有一肚子的话要说。--《同桌》

⑶描形绘神，印象逼真

她，长得真丑：黄瘦的脸;尖尖的下巴;淡得几乎看不见的眉毛下，一双细眯的眼睛;鼻子扁而大;一口参差不齐的牙齿，略有黄色……唉!甭提了，她的外表真不符合这么动听的名字--祝丽丽。--《同桌》

⑷自然交代，平引下文

新学期一开始，我就注意到一个问题：我们班三十三名男生，二十七名女生，男生两人一桌恰好多一名，女生亦如此，必将出现一个男生和一个女生同坐一桌的危机。可万万没想到这个危机会降临到我的头上。--《同桌》

⑸歌词开头，响彻云际

"明天你是否会想起/昨天你写的日记/明天你是否会惦起/曾经最爱哭的你……"一曲悠扬的《同桌的你》从路边音像书店传了出来，那带着绵绵情思的乐曲，把我的思绪带回了三年前的时光……--《同桌》

⑹排比反复，创造旋律

朋友，就是我可以为他献出真挚情感的人;朋友，就是我可以对他付出全部信任的人;朋友，欢乐时与我分享，危难时与我同行。人生中没有朋友，就像生活中没有阳光。我就有着这样的一个好朋友。--《朋友》

⑺设问开篇，无沿无边

往事如烟，随着时光的流逝，大都渐渐淡忘，而那双眼睛，怎能使我忘怀?--《朋友》

⑻名言指路，开宗明义

培根说过："无真实朋友之人，可以谓之真可怜而永陷于孤独生活之人。"他的话道出了朋友的重要。是的，假如一个人丧失了友情，他简直无法生存在世界上。--《朋友》

⑼对比映衬，突出重点

随着岁月的流逝，许多人渐渐被我淡忘了，然而，有那么一双眼睛，一种声音一个身影，至今萦绕在我的心头，久久不能忘怀。--《朋友》

⑽倒叙开头，吸引读者

当我们乘着离开国防教育学校的时候，不知道为什么，泪水竟然在我的眼眶里打转。难道是留恋吗?是留恋那一段虽苦虽累但充满活力的生活，还是留恋那待人苛刻却真诚亲切的军人，我们的教官?--《朋友》

⑾拨乱反正，拨云见日

有人说，淡泊就是看破红尘，看透一切，认为一切都是假的、虚伪的……这种看法是对淡泊的曲解。如果我们翻一下词典就会明白，"淡泊"是不追求名利的意思……--《淡泊》

⑿泰山压顶，观点强现

目前，校园攀比之风肆虐，我认为这种风气确实需要刹一刹。--《攀比风，可休矣》

⒀联想象征，奇妙无穷

一个梦，曾经在西方强盗的炮舰下埋葬，留下的是老一辈辛酸是泪珠不止的心痛和望眼欲穿的期盼作为见证。伴随着流泪的长江长大的我们也就少年已尝愁滋味，踩着前辈留下的印证期待，期待着有那么一天……--《期待》

⒁环境描写，渲染气氛

十月九日又到了，鲁迅先生已经逝世六十年了。从傍晚到子夜，静静地，一个人坐在窗前，任冷雨打着窗棂。灯下一盆吊兰淡淡地涂抹一壁翠色书柜。夜风荡起，身上微微泛起寒意。想起了鲁迅先生，泪水就滑落下来。

⒂题记为冠，哲理为先

世间万物皆难逃自然辩证法，孰是孰非，孰优孰劣，孰喜孰忧，岂可一言以蔽之?--《假如记忆可以移植》

⒃博览群书，信手拈来

据说，在非洲的原野上，有一种食虫的花朵，色彩绚丽，芳香异常，许多飞虫抵御不了"诱惑"而葬身其中……--《抵御"诱惑"》

暮色中，几缕炊烟从农舍里袅袅升起。我捧着一束栀子花，站在张老师的窗前。张老师，您还是那样忙碌?该歇歇了吧，今天是您的节日--教师节。我带着我的收获来看您来了。--《琐忆》

⒅以物喻人，含义深长

在一望无际的旷野上，一棵古老的树，虽然生命已到了最后一刻，但它仍然倔强的生长着。在它的身旁，一棵小树正在抽出嫩嫩的芽。老树的根枯了，它把生命的汁液输给了小树;老树的叶黄了，它把绿色的生命注入了小树。老树历经沧桑，走完了它艰难的历程。如今，小树刚刚抽枝吐叶，老树却离开了它……这正像外公离开了我，他来不及接受我对他的报答之情，就匆匆离开了我。--《琐忆》

⒆解题铺陈，明示中心

责任，就是一个人分内应该做的事。军人，有保家卫国的责任;医生，有救死扶伤的责任;教师，有培养接班人的责任。工人、农民、职员、商人……人人都有自己的责任。在我们的社会里，各行各业都有许多尽职尽责的人，他们组成了一道道最美的风景--请允许我，从这道道美丽的风景画卷中撷取一幅动人的画面吧。

⒇设置矛盾，引人入胜

"我就不信，你在这个班生活了两年多，对这个集体就会没有一点感情?……"这是今天早晨班主任陈老师对我说的话。我望着陈老师愤怒的目光，委屈的眼泪直在眼眶里打转，心理说："陈老师，你误会了……我怎么能不爱我们的班级体呢?"