小升初英语写作技巧合集20篇

深刻才能感人。要把作文写得深刻，我们可以遵循以下五个步骤入手。下面是小编整理的深刻感人的作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

首先，注意优选能深刻表现时代特点的生活片段。如反映环保问题“乱砍滥伐、肆意破坏、硝烟战火”，最终必将导致“毁灭”的科幻小说《毁灭》，其最后一句“那儿，只是一片荒凉，一片有着惨痛经历和血的教训的荒凉”，震人肺腑，促人深思。又如揭露打牌赌博的习作《不该发生的事》，在父母间一场因为麻将而引起的暴风雨之后，小作者“为什么?为什么这样的事偏偏要发生在生在我家里?为什么?”反复三问，似乎一个孤苦无助的受害者就在眼前呐喊，不能不令人心痛，让人沉思。

其次，可以用借景抒情的手法表达自己的感情。要学会以景写情并借景抒情，将平凡的故事融入特定的环境，借助议论使之情景交融，让故事在读者大脑中凿下深刻的印痕。如作文《那天，班主任来接我》一文，文中阴沉的天、连绵的雨和班主任来接“我”这件事融为一体，物人合一景浓情深，作文也就有了感人肺腑的深沉力量。

第三，不妨运用反复穿插的手段点示文章的主题。例如朱自清先生的散文《背影》，文首“我最不能忘记的是他的背影”以及“这时我看见他的背影”、“等他的背影混入来来往往的人里”、“又看见那青布棉袍、黑布马褂的背影”这四次“背影”的反复，以及作者“我”的四次流泪，细腻而真切的表现了父亲对子女深挚的爱，文章也因此有了永垂不朽的生命力。

第四，还要学会托物寓意以表现深刻的含义。运用联想的方法托物寓意，给平凡的故事赋予深刻的现实意义，使之动情感人。著名作家金马的《蝼蚁壮歌》，写群蚁被大火包围之后迅速抱成一团蚁球滚动着突围的故事，文尾作家由蚁联想到人：如果人们也能像蚂蚁那样万众一心，就能克服任何困难。一个很普通的故事就有了不同凡响的深刻立意，文章的主旨也得到了升华。

第五，在议论抒情中深刻的表现自己的观点。如习作《中学生应该比什么》，作者由一幅漫画引入论题，接着联系中学生中爱慕虚荣、比吃比穿等实际情况展开正反论证，指明其危害性，然后说出自己的看法：“要说比，比的也应该是掌握知识的多少，而不应该是吃喝穿戴的好坏。”这样就旗帜鲜明的表现了自己的观点，作文也给读者留下了深刻的印象。

在作文中，不管是写人，记事，常常会有景物描写。那么写景应注意什么呢?下面是小编为你带来的小学生写景作文写作技巧归纳，欢迎阅读。

⒈写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。

⒉可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。

⒊要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。

⒋写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。

⒌写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?

⒍适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。

【范文】

春 雨

四季的雨，各有千秋：春天的雨温婉动人，夏天的雨大气磅礴，秋天的雨夹杂着淡淡惆怅，冬天的雨带着一丝凄凉。相比之下，我更爱春雨，因为春雨“润物细无声”。

严冬一过，春雨便唤醒了世间的万物。它的亲吻让大地苏醒，土里的种子翻个身，打个滚，揉揉蒙眬的眼睛，伸个懒腰醒来了。瞧，小草探出脑袋，抖抖身子，精神劲儿十足。春雨给柳树送去一个微笑，柳枝吐出嫩芽作为回报。因为春雨的爱抚，湖水也不停地荡着波纹……

春雨是缠绵的、柔情的，好像是天空对大地的细语倾诉。它轻如牛毛，如烟如雾，亮泽了行人的头发，打湿了行人的衣衫。它如丝如雾的身影舞动于世间的每一个角落，像是春姑娘手中的绣花针，一针一线地绣出了美丽的春天。

雨过天晴，鸟儿扇动翅膀，在柳枝上放开歌喉，欢快地唱起春天的赞歌。迎春花也开心地露出灿烂的笑容。这一切都是春雨的功劳呢!

“春雨贵如油”，早春的雨吹响了劳动的号角!农民伯伯脸上露出了欣慰的笑容，他们开始了忙碌的一年，田地里的拖拉机唱起了欢快的歌。

一场春雨送走了寒冬，给孩子们带来了温暖。读书声飘荡在教室的每个角落，像是在表达对春雨的感谢!

一场春雨，让我闻到了泥土特有的芳香，我知道这是春天的味道!这不禁又让我想起“好雨知时节，当春乃发生”这句诗了。

小学低年级作文能力的培养，应该从看图写话训练起步，看图写话是作文最初步的训练，是培养刚刚进入小学的孩子的认识能力、形象思维能力、想象能力和表达能力的良好途径。

十余年来，我一直任教小学低年级语文，如何指导学生写好看图写话呢?这几年来，我在自己的教学实践中总结了以下五个方面：

1、看图说话，培养口头表达能力

口头表达能力是语言实践的重要工具，是书面表达，即写作的有力基础，有利于发展学生的思维。所以我们应该把看图说话当作一个重点来抓，是培养其表达能力的一个重要途径。有目的有计划地进行“看图说话”教学，可使学生在认识事物、口语表达的反复实践过程中，提高读写能力，增强对事物的观察能力和思维能力，进而发展智力。

低年级学生活泼好动，求知欲强，善于模仿，喜欢表现自己，凡事都要问个为什么，具体思维占优势，但是由于没有经过说话训练，表达起来缺乏条理性和连贯性，说起话来常是前言不达后语，跳跃性很强，有时重复，有时带有语病。在训练时不能操之过急，开始的要点不应过高。

在教学过程中，我注意了以下三点：

(1)要让学生先看明白，在想象的基础上，然后组织语言说出来，要求说得有头有尾，要遵循一定顺序，条理清楚，表达完整，声音响亮，并使用普通话。

(2)要表扬在语言表达上有独到之处的学生。鼓励学生用词的准确与生动，启发学生大胆思维、合理想象、积极发言。我总是要求学生：“谁能和大家说得不一样?还可以用哪个词语来形容?”注意发展学生的创造性思维。使学生兴趣盎然，表达精彩纷呈，富有童趣和灵性。一幅简单的图画，在不同的学生眼里就是一幅不同的图画。

(3)训练要有层次的进行。动员全班学生参与训练，敢说敢讲。先让口语表达较强的学生先说，再大面积展开。对有口头表达能力差的学生，要引导他们进一步提高口语能力：想好了再说，说完整、连贯的话，用自己的话来说。对那些胆小不敢说的学生，也要循循善诱，促其发言，哪怕是三言两语，也应予以肯定。

在此基础上再让学生写话，那自然是瓜熟蒂落、水到渠成了。

2、认真看图，培养观察力

看图写话，顾名思义就是就是要用眼睛看，看是基础。就是指导学生学会观察，养成良好的观察习惯。观察是一个知觉、思维、语言相结合的智力活动过程，观察是人们增长知识、认识世界的重要途径。观察能力的发展是思维、表达能力发展的基础和前提。看图说话之前只有经过认真仔细地观察才能有深厚的理解，才会在大脑里形成清晰的印象。学会观察和分析各种事物，就等于交给他们一把认识世界的金钥匙。但对于小学低年级的小朋友来说观察能力是十分欠缺的，他们看到一幅图往往毫无头绪，不知该如何下手，可以说无目的、无顺序。这就需要我们老师在旁边好好引导，教给他们观察的方法。首先引导他们看图要有顺序，或从上到下，从下到上;或从远到近，从近到远;或从左到右，从右到左：或从中间到四周。对画面所表达的主要内容先有一个整体性的了解。再从画面中人物的形体、相貌、服饰等，弄清人物的性别、年龄、身份;从人物的表情、动作，推测人物的思想，以及他在干什么，想什么;还要观察周围环境，弄清事情发生在什么时候，什么地方等等。使学生做到言之有序，使整幅图或多幅图画变成一个完整的、连贯的事物，使人物形象更加丰满逼真，故事情节更加曲折动人。

3、合理想象，培养想象力

看图写话的画面是一个个静止的人或物，而且比较单调，我们要引导学生通过仔细观察画面，通过老师适当的提问为支点，进行合理想象，使静止的画面尽量动起来，活起来，使单调的画面充实丰富起来。引导学生把不会思维的想象成为会思维的，把不会说话的想象成为会说话的，由一幅图联想到前前后后的几幅图由一个动作联想到前前后后的几个动作，有时，还可以只提供一种情境，让学生的想象自由驰骋。在语文教学中我们要积极引导学生进行思维训练，培养学生创造性思维能力，让学生插上想象的翅膀，使创新成为一种自觉的行动。

但是看图想象也要力求百花齐放，从“异”字入手。因为低年级的小朋友容易受到别人的影响，尽量让学生创新思维，进行大胆想象，想别人还没有想到的，说别人还没有说过的。正所谓“一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。”

4、看图写话，培养书面表达能力:

对于一年级的小朋友，我刚开始要求他们只要用一两句话写清“时间、地点、人物，干什么”就行了。慢慢地随着学生阅读量的增加，思维能力和口语表达的提升。我要求学生不仅要写完整，更是要写得具体、生动。写出人物的语言、神态、动作等等。

看图写话的画面是静止的，但是学生写出来的一段话或一篇文章是生动的、有趣的。充满了孩子对这个世界认知，写满了他们的善良和活泼。那一句句天真烂漫的话语让我们为之感动，为之欣喜若狂!

5、创设园地，培养写作积极性!

要想让在写作上刚刚起步的孩子们越写越有劲，越来越自信，就得让他们的进步得到老师和同学们的承认和肯定，享受成功的喜悦。我在教室一角开设一个“我的作文展”。把班内较好的作文随时上墙展览，学期结束，把他们的哪怕是几句或一段话或几篇文章收集成册，并进行打印。拿回去给爸爸、妈妈和朋友们看。让他们觉得自己是多么的了不起。这样等于在他们心中点了一把火，一把学生心中燃烧的希望之火。我相信这种乐观向上的心理才是最为可贵。

由于应用广泛，写作形式灵活多样，在高考写作中受到考生的青睐。记叙文的叙述方式多种多样，有顺叙，倒叙，插叙，平叙和补叙。在高考中，一篇详略得当，有变化，有波澜，情景交融的记叙文容易打动阅卷老师的心。

一 记事的文章

1 要把记叙六要素交代清楚，记事要完整。

2 要确立一个线索，或以时空为线索，或以人物为线索，或以某物为线索，或以情感的变化为线索。

3 要明确写这件事的目的是什么，你想通过这件事表达哪些情感，揭示什么意义。 中心要集中统一，不要出现多中心的毛病。

4 选材要新鲜真实，有时代气息，有生活气息，不要写别人都写烂了的事，也不要胡编乱造。最好写自己亲身经历过的事情，这样才能写出真情实感，才能感动自己，感动别人。

5 注意详略得当，与中心关系紧密的事要浓墨重彩的详写，与中心关系不紧的略写，与中心无关的事不写。

6 不要只有叙述性的语言，要有生动的描写，要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，要有点明主旨的抒情议论句， 要注意多次点题。

7 内容一定要饱满，不要太单薄。

8 叙事文章不要平铺直叙，故事情节要一波三折，有曲折之美。要会设置悬念，要出人意料，要会运用倒叙插叙，要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛，要会运用对比法、抑扬法等。

9 要结构完整，层次清晰。

10 可运用书信体、日记体、片断组合体、小小说等一些体裁。

11 用词贴切，句式灵活，善于运用修辞手法，文句有表现力。

12 学会运用小标题。小标题运用的主要方式有：

①.日记标题式，以日记连缀的方式成文;

②.字母标题式，以A、B、C、D等若干段连缀成文;

③.单词标题式，以诸如春、夏、秋、冬，喜、怒、哀、乐等单词统领的段连缀成文;

④.数码标题式，以(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)等数字标明段落;

⑤.引用语录式，以诗词或散文中的句子作为几个小故事的小标题;

⑥.概述情节式，在段首运用诸如“序幕”、“发展”、“高潮”、“尾声”之类的词语;

⑦.概括内容式，如“她来了”、“她哭了”、“她笑了”之类;

⑧.留出空行式，即各段之间自然空一行，若干段并列，显得格外醒目。

二 写人的文章

1 一定要写出人物的个性，不要千人一面，千人一腔。

2 写人的文章是为了表现人物的性格特点或品质。选择一些典型事例来表现人物特点，这是一个最重要的方法，这些典型事例一定要特别，有个性，与众不同。

3 人物形象一定要饱满，有血有肉，不要干瘪乏味，不要只见筋骨不见血肉。要想人物饱满有个性，就一定要有生动细致的细节描写，包括人物的动作、神情、外貌、服饰、心理等方面的细节描写，要学会描写人物的眼睛。这些描写一定要能突出人物的性格或品质。

4 要学会用侧面描写，通过他人的眼光或评论来写人物。

5 要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛。

6 要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，

7 用词要贴切生动，句式要灵活多样，要善于运用修辞手法，文句要有表现力。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的联系：记事记叙文一定会涉及到写人，写人记叙文中的人物的性格和品质一定会通过具体的事来体现。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的区别：记事记叙文以记事为主，写人不是目的，一般是把某一件事情写清楚写生动并揭示事情的意义;写人记叙文以描写人物为主，重在反映人物的性格品质，一般会通过多件事情来表现人物的性格品质。

同学们平时写记叙文时应重点关注的问题：

1 如何使记叙文立意高远; 2 如何在记叙文布局谋篇上创新; 3 如何使记叙文情节曲折;

4 如何使记叙文内容充实; 5 如何使记叙文文采飞扬。

三 记叙文写作的十种技巧

巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容，先在前面作一个提示，但不马上解答，以引起读者的好奇兴趣，产生急于看下去的迫切心情，这样文章的开头，我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。

一线串珠

记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串连起来的一条主线，它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将这些珍珠串连起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及以作者的思想感情等。无论采取哪种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

以小见大

以小见大，就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常，但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质，小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。

穿插流动

粗笔勾勒

粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

曲径通幽

杨朔的散文《荔枝蜜》意在由蜜蜂而赞颂劳动人民的崇高品质，并表达自己向劳动人民学习的意愿。但文章并没有直接道出这一主题，而是通过展示作者对蜜蜂思想感情的变化，曲折有致地表达了主题。作者开头写自己对蜜蜂在感情上“疙疙瘩瘩”，接着写自己因吃了荔枝蜜而“想去看蜜蜂”，然后又写了蜜蜂的辛勤劳动与养蜂人的介绍。文章结尾写作者做梦“变成一只小蜜蜂”。由此可见，“曲径通幽”是指一种不是开门见山，直抒胸臆，而是曲折委婉地逐步显现主题的谋篇手法。

运用“曲径通幽”法，要注意两点：(一)“曲径”是手段，“通幽”是目的，手段要为目的服务。(二)行文的曲折应适当有度，不要为曲折而曲折。

烘托艺术

烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称，是指渲染某一部分，衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来，就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物，又称“衬托法”。衬托，也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物，使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出，从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物，被陪衬的事物才会显得突出，才能得到更加充分的说明。

1、衬托，可分正衬和反衬。

正衬，就是用类似的事物，从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”，用蓝天衬雪峰，使雪峰更高大

反衬，就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝，来衬托雪峰的白，使雪峰更洁白。又如“蝉噪林愈静，鸟鸣山更幽”，以有声衬无声。

2、运用衬托要爱憎分明，要宾主分明，陪衬事物与被陪衬事物，要让人一看便清楚，不能喧宾夺主。

3、衬托和对比的区别：

对比，是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似，但不同。对比，意在比，突出的对象是双方的，对立两事物无主宾之分。

衬托，意在衬，两事物有主宾之分，突出的是主要一方。如：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰，犹有花枝俏”，前句是对比，后句是反衬。

画龙点睛

画龙点睛是指在适当的时候以一二句议论，点明事物、人物、景物的意义之所在，或揭示作品主题，醒人之耳目，给人以启迪。点睛之处可以是在篇中，也可在篇末。

铺垫蓄势

铺垫也称铺叙衬垫，它是为了突出主要的人物或事物而铺叙另外的人物或事物以作衬垫。运用铺垫写法是为了蓄积气势，是为了突出文章主旨。陶铸《松树的风格》前几段的大量文字浓墨重彩地描绘松树的形象，赞美它“要求于人的甚少，给予人的甚多”，又用杨柳、桃李同松树作对比，补充说明松树“给人以启发、以深思和勇气”，直到第九段作者才笔锋一转，点明题旨说：“我每次看到松树，想到它那种崇高的风格的时候，就联想到共产主义风格。”原来此篇前面对松树的描绘和赞美是铺垫蓄势，后面对共产主义风格的赞美才是全文的主旨。这篇文章正因为有了前面形象感人的铺垫，后面入题也才显得格外坚实有力。杜牧的《阿房宫赋》第一段极力描绘阿房宫规模的宏伟和建筑的壮丽;第二段极力渲染阿房宫中美女之多和珍宝之富;第三段夹叙夹议，论述秦王朝统治者穷奢极欲，大营宫室，招致国家迅速覆亡、宫室一旦毁灭的必然结果;最后第四段作者以“呜呼”领起，发出深沉的议论慨叹，指出秦统治者要能爱天下之民，国家就不会败亡，表明秦之灭亡乃是一个深刻的教训。这篇赋，前两段的描绘渲染，是为后两段的议论铺垫蓄势，描绘渲染是议论的基础，议论则揭示主题，突出文旨，这正是铺垫蓄势的用意所在。

运用铺垫手法须注意两点：一是要注意写好铺叙的那一部分，只有将这部分写充分了，才能有效地蓄积气势。二是运用铺垫要自然，如果为铺垫而铺垫，过多地堆砌，反会暴露出人为的痕迹，那效果就适得其反了。

前后照应

前后照应法可以使文章严谨连贯，浑然一体，又突出内容和结构上的内在联系。照应一般有以下几种：

1、内容和标题相照应。这种照应方法常常是内容安排多处和题目照应，或在恰当的地方直接、间接地点明题意。如《背影》，文中多次描写“背影”，既与标题“背影”相照应，又进一步点明题旨，充分表达了作者对父亲深深的思念之情。

2、行文中间照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事，后面行文交代前面所写事的结果，使内容相互补充，层层深入。

3、结尾与开头照应法。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及，使文章首尾一致，成为有机的整体。如《白杨礼赞》一文，开头和结尾照应，不但使文章结构显得非常完整，而且使作者的赞美之情得到了淋漓尽致的抒发。

镜头剪辑

镜头指影视所拍摄的一系列画面。镜头剪辑用于写作，指选取一组生动的画面来表现主题。此类文章是将所写的人物按照或故事、或画面、或片段、有序地写下来，其间的每一部分都可单独成文，组合起来又是一个完整的篇章。这种又被人们称为“冰糖葫芦式”结构，由于其形式新颖，巧妙精致而受到好评。

卒章显志

在文章结尾时，用一两句话点明中心、主题的手法就叫卒章显志，也叫“篇末点题”，“志”就是指文章的主题、中心。恰当运用这种手法可以增加文章的深刻性、感染力和结构美，有“画龙点睛”的艺术效果。

时空交织

在记叙一件较复杂的事情时，在同一时间段中，先叙甲地的情况，再叙乙地的情况，转而再写甲地的人事，这就是“时空交织”的文章构制方法。它有利于结构紧凑，文字简练。早年有一篇著名的通讯，题为《为了六十一个阶级弟兄》，说的是平陆县六十一个民工突然发生食物中毒事故。作者先写民工中毒后的场面，接着写卫生部接到紧急求援电报，再写平陆医院抢救经过，转而又写北京有关医药商店调运紧急药品的情况，如此轮流反复交织的叙说，构成了一曲动人心弦的凯歌。当然，采用这种方法有一定难度。

有时，在叙述一件事的过程中，作者运用插叙、补叙等手法，也可构成“时空交织”的感觉，我们把这种谋篇方法也纳入“时空交织”中。

一波三折

记叙性文章要避免平铺直叙，记流水账，如能写得波澜起伏，就能引人入胜，耐看。

俄国作家柯罗连科的写景小品《火光》通篇运用了象征手法，但从字面上看，数百字的短文，由作者的感受引发了一波三折的景物变化，黑夜泛舟，火光又明又亮，好像就在眼前，这是开头展示的基本景象;船夫不以为然，认为还远着呢，兴起一波;自己从不相信到信服，又兴起一波;由“非常遥远”到“毕竟就在前头”，重要的是“必须加劲划桨”再兴一波

“一波三折”，“波折”要入情入理，让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉，方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活，故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者，还会适得其反。

欲扬先抑

“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法。杨朔写过一篇著名的散文《荔枝蜜》。他在文中说小时候因为被蜜蜂螫过，因此对它总有疙疙瘩瘩的厌恶之感，但后来在广东从化参观了养蜂场，尝到了荔枝蜜，又听了养蜂老人的一番介绍，对小生灵蜜蜂顿生敬仰之情，它那勤恳、无私的品质正体现了中国劳动人民的美德。这是典型的欲扬先抑写作手法。所谓欲扬先抑，是指本要大力颂扬的对象，而落笔开始却贬抑它，批评它。前文的“抑”，反衬了后文的“扬”。采用这种写作手法，要自然合理，切不可牵强生硬。

记叙文范文

青春燃烧的痛

清晨。

空气中充满了潮湿的味道，露珠儿静静地躺在小草身上，缓缓升起的朝阳散发出柔柔的光线，给露珠儿镀上了一层美丽的色彩，露珠独自在叶片上静静地散发着光泽.就像是紫色的风铃寂寞地在风中摇摆，清脆的响声里散发着淡淡的忧伤。(景物描写渲染气氛，奠定了全文的感情基调。)

我慢慢地走进教室，在靠窗的位子坐下，打开我熟悉的书本，开始细细地品读。每天把书中的知识放入不算聪明的大脑，是我高中生活的必然模式。那一卷卷书本的墨香，把我引向一个神奇的世界。，阳光透过窗子洒进来，柔柔的，暖暖的，它缓缓地移动。从我身上一点点消失，我清晰地感受着时间的流逝。光线缓缓划过书本，好像给每一个清秀的文字插上了一双希望的翅膀，载着我的梦想飞向世界的某个角落。它站在阳光下向我招手，透过暖暖的光线把希望和勇气传递给我。(描写细腻，把光线的转移与时间的流逝紧密联系在一起，使抽象的时间变得具体可感。)

我追寻着它的脚步.虽然它遥远得像光线一样，但我仍然执著地追寻，就算每天只是小小的一步，我也无悔，因为我曾坚持。(追寻光线其实就是珍惜时间。)

中午。

我走在人潮中，耳边回荡的是一片欢声笑语，他们的脸上漾着一种叫青春的光彩。中午的阳光是炽热的，我却依然固执地抬起头，忍受着阳光刺眼的疼痛，倔强得不肯认输。我认为青春是我无限的资本，但被青春燃烧的疼痛，却如此清晰。(此处为转折，由现在的坚定转入对过去的后悔。)

我肆意地挥霍着时间，忘记了自己的使命，忘记了父母因劳作而弯曲的背脊，因期望而异常明亮的双眼。是什么让我迷惘了?是青春吗?但我能用一句“因为我还年轻”而推卸掉所有的责任吗?还是说这是青春的留白……(紧承上段，谈自己对过去的后悔。)

阳光被层层的树叶割得破碎，在地上印出一个个寂寞的阴影。原来再美的青春也会有忧伤。

黄昏。

望着缓缓下沉的夕阳，才明白，青春在时间面前是如此的苍白无力……

还有多少青春可以供我挥霍?父亲的背脊还要多弯才可以停止劳作?我迷茫地走了那么久后，猛然清醒，现在后悔的言词，已无法表达我此刻的心情。徐徐的微风吹来，我额前的发丝忽儿散开，我猛然发现自己还有拼搏的机会.因为我还在校园里，这是充满希望的地方。我要在这里积蓄力量，像一只雏鸟，默默地等待着羽毛丰满，在某一个黎明破晓的时刻奋力一飞……

望着西边仅剩下的一缕斜晖，我淡淡的微笑着向它走去。(自己对过去的后悔激发了此刻奋发的决心。)

【简要评析】

本文借一天的思绪流程表现自己对虚度时光的懊悔与幡然悔悟后奋发向上的决心。作者把虚度光阴称为“青春的痛”，比喻贴切，使人警醒。

在结构上，以太阳光为线索，由清晨、中午、黄昏三个时间段组成三个部分，层次清晰。

班级姓名

Rewritethesentences.（注意大小写和标点）

e.g.Thisismydesk.→Isthisyourdesk?Yes,itis./No,itisn’t.

Thesearemypens.→Aretheseyourpens?Yes,theyare./No,theyaren’t.

1.Thisismyschoolbag.（肯定回答）

2.Thesearemybooks.（肯定回答）

3.Thisismypencil.（肯定回答）

4.Thesearemyrulers.（肯定回答）

5.Thisismychair.（肯定回答）

6.Thesearemyrubbers.（否定回答）

7.Thisismybanana.（否定回答）

8.Thesearemypears.（否定回答）

9.Thisismydog.（否定回答）

10.Thesearemyeggs.（否定回答）

纵览全国历年优秀作文，不难发现，语言的出彩和深刻的文化思考就是大多数文章成功的主要原因。如何才能在作文中做到这两点呢?其中一个有效的方法就是巧妙地使用诗词，用诗词打扮自己作文的语言，用诗词为文章增加文化的厚度。

在作文中用好诗词的途径很多，或是利用诗词巧拟标题，或是妙用为题记，或是化用诗词故事、结构构思自己的作文。在这里我们重点来讲讲如何在文章语段中使用诗词增添文采。

一是直接引用诗词。

一般可以围绕话题，发散思维，搜寻相关的诗词，排比成文。比如下面关于“生命”主题的一段文字，就是引用了四位诗人的诗句对“生命”作了解释：

生命就是龚自珍“落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花”的献身精神;生命就是文天祥“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”的浩然正气;生命就是苏东坡“一蓑风雨任平生”的超脱与豁达;生命就是杜甫“感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心”的无奈与感伤。

直接引用诗词让我们亲切地感受到了这四位诗人的形象，而排比成文更显示了作者对语言的把握能力，使文章的文采“跃然纸上”。再比如作文《望月》中的一个片段：

“惟江上之清风，与山间之明月，耳得之而为声，目遇之而成色，取之不尽，用之不竭，是造物者之无尽藏也，而吾与子之所共适也。”月是我们应该珍惜的人人共享的天赐之福。“花间一壶酒，独酌无相亲。举杯邀明月，对影成三人。”月是我们招之即来，尽可倾诉的知己。“床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。”月是游子思乡念亲的一杯苦茶。“人生代代无穷己，江月年年望相似。不知江月待何人，但见长江送流水。”月又是我们参透历史，顿悟人生的一剂良药。

对诗句的引用和评价淋漓尽致地将作者对诗词的分析鉴赏和感悟能力展现在了我们面前，让那轮万古的明月高悬在我们的上空，使我们遥想百年、千年之前古人的梦想，使文章有了深刻的文化思考。

一是化用诗词。

所谓化用，就是截取诗词的某一部分直接变成我们作文语言或者是用自己的语言去演绎诗词的意境。比如下面这些语段：

乐观就是那直上青天里的一行白鹭;乐观就是那沉舟侧畔的万点白帆;乐观就是那鹦鹉洲头随风拂动的萋萋芳草;乐观就是那化作春泥更护花的点点落红。——话题“乐观”片段

在众人皆醉的麻木空气中，你选择了清醒;在众人皆浊的恶浊世道上，你选择了清白。褪去了华服，你选择了荷叶制的衣裳;逐出了京城，你选择了汨罗江的波涛。——《面对选择》片段

出自内心真诚的心灵选择，才能勾画鹦鹉洲上的萋萋芳草，才能点化二十四桥的清风明月，才能渲染香炉峰间的日照紫烟。——《美丽一次》片段

是的，摒除了浮华，去掉了雕饰，我们就像一枝出自清水的芙蓉，透着迷人的清香。——《简单》片段

天空中一丝云儿飘过，淡淡的、自由自在，你觉得真好，这就是语文;初升的朝阳光芒万丈，你觉得生机勃发，这就是语文;如血的残阳映红半边天，让人无限留恋，别忘了这也是语文。语文是那巍巍昆仑，是那草叶上久久不肯滴落的露珠，是古城旧都中国色天香的牡丹;语文是那无声的冷月，是那静谧的荷塘，是秦皇岛外滔天白浪里的打渔船，是那青天里的一行白鹭，是那沉舟侧畔的万点白帆，是那山重水复后的柳暗花明。——《冷香飞上语文》

这些文字没有直接引用杜甫、刘禹锡、龚自珍等的诗句，而是将他们诗句中的意象搬用过来作为自己作文语言中的一个成分或是作者用自己的语言对诗句的意境进行大胆的描写。这样的语段让我们联想起诗句的意境，带领我们进入似曾相似的诗歌意境，但是又能感受到作文创作者的心声。同样它也能增加文章的文采。

当然写作这样的语段，最重要的是作者对诗词的分析、感悟和概括能力。如果不明白诗的意境，随便套用，那便是“画虎不成反类犬”了。

要写出一篇好文章，必须具备多方面的因素，以下是小编整理的关于小学作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读参考。

一、提高认识事物和表达事物的能力。

我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生指出：写任何东西决 定于认识和经验，有什么样的认识和经验，才能写出什么样的东西来。反之，没有表达认识的能力，同样也写不出好作文。

二、把认识结构作为作文的核心。

包括学习知识，观察积累，记忆储存，训练思维，丰富 想象，培养情感，锻炼意志；从说到写，推敲修改，多读勤写。

三、树立大作文观，听、说、读、写有机结合。

一要注重审题；二要明确写作目的，立意要新；三是选材要有根据；四要讲究谋篇技巧，安排好篇章结构；五要注意文章分段，事先列小标题，作文提纲；六要注重文章写法，因文用法；七要妙用语言，用思想调遣语言。

学会五种立意法：以事赞人，直抒胸臆，借物喻理，触景生情，托物言志。

四、作文大目标的逐年级分解。

一年级字词，二年级句子，三年级片断，四年级篇章，五年级综合，六年级提高。

五、实施五项训练。

根据认识是作文的核心这一原则，围绕这个发展学生心理机制的核心，扎扎实实地进行了五项训练：

（一）字词训练。

学习掌握大量字词。掌握运用字词的金钥匙：联系自己熟悉的事物； 联系自己生活实际；联系自己学会的语言及字词知识。

运用十引说的方法，把字词学习与说话训练相结合。十引说是：1、分析字形； 2、利用教具；3、凭图学词；4、组词扩词；5、选词填空；6、词语搭配；7、调整词序； 8、触景用词；9、词语分类；10、联词成句。

丰富了说话训练内容，使自己积累大量会说会用的字词，为写作文打下坚实基础。

（二）句子训练。

只要是一个句子，都包括两个方面：一是说的人、事、物、景， 二是说目的。

可有些教师指导学生说一句话时，没有很好凭借图画和事物，认真教学生观察、认识、分析、表达的方法，只是拿出一张图或一事物让学生说写一句话，学生不知道为什么要说写一句话，怎样说写一句话，说写一句什么句型、什么句式的话， 导致作文中语调单一、呆板、不活泼生动。

可以改让学生凭图、看物、对话、练习说 写一句时间、地点、人物、事件四要素完整的话，四种句型，九种句式的话。学生 才会在作文中运用不同句型、句式，表达不同的思想、感情、态度、目的。

（三）段的训练。

结合八种段式：以事物发展为序段，时间先后为序段，空间变换为序段，总述、分述结构段，因果段、转折段，递进段，并列段。

以此认识客观事物的发生、发展规律。不论哪种段式，都是记叙事物的发展和人们对事物的认识，即段的内容，段的中心。

它和一句话一样，也是对人、事、物、景的叙述，也是表达一 个意思。只不过是把一句话进一步说得更清楚、更深刻。

（四）篇章训练。

篇是由段组成的。通过对审题、立意、选材、谋篇、定法、用 语的知识与方法，通过记叙、描写、抒情、议论四种表达方法，文章开头与结尾、过渡 与呼应方法，各种文章体裁的知识与方法。学会写中心明确，意思完整，详略得当的记 叙文和应用文。

（五）生活现场训练。

采用生活现场训练，更好地体会从内容入手写作文。 通过各种作文教学活动，如确定中心讨论会、选材讨论会、作文会诊会、 小诸葛审题会、妙用词语比赛会，从活动中生动具体地学到作文知识与写作文 的方法。

另外，还可开展各种校内外活动，如跳绳、拔河、踢毽、球类、背书比赛，从而学会如何写比赛作文；开展校内外义务劳动，学会如何写劳动场面；举行诗歌朗诵、 讲演会，学会如何写会议场面及会议上的见闻；通过参观访问，浏览名胜古迹，学会如 何写参观访问记、游记。学习观察方法，留心周围的事物、事件，处处留心皆学问， 人情练达即文章。

通过现场生活作文，进一步认识到：生活是作文的沃土。从而学会 写真事、抒真情，陶冶真、善、美的情操，培养良好的文风。 实行互评互改，培养学生思维独立性和创造性。

学生作文写好后，组织在小组内讲评。先学习别人作文的优点，再用批评的眼光互相指出作文中的缺点，并指出改进意见。在此基础上重新再写，从而使学生每写一篇都有收获。

一、帮助你的孩子提高写作技能

1.鼓励你的孩子培养他们的精细运动技能。需要用到手和手指的力度的肌肉活动能够帮助你的孩子在今后有一个良好的写作技能。你可以让你的孩子玩彩泥、撕纸或者是用塑料镊子夹东西。

2.找出你孩子的学校里面老师的书写方式。一些学校教给孩子们的是传统的书写方式，而另外的一些则不是。用合适的书写风格教你的孩子书写他们自己的名字和其他的家庭成员的名字。

3.为了提高孩子们的写作技能，父母应该鼓励孩子们每天都进行写作练习。为了避免孩子们遇到过多的挫折，你可以将这个练习限制在几分钟之内，除非孩子们自己要求进行更长时间的写作。通过这样的方法，孩子们的写作技能在一定时间之后就会有一定会的进步了。

二、帮助你的孩子提高阅读技巧

1.经常读书给你的孩子听。这样能够帮助你的孩子了解单词的读音和意思。阅读包括了解单词的拼写，同时还包括理解单词的含义。当你大声的朗读给你的孩子听的时候，你可以问他们对这个情节的理解和他们对这个单词的理解。

2.保持事物的新鲜。家长在带孩子们去图书馆的时候，可以让孩子们自己选择他们想要阅读的书籍。这时候，父母要注意孩子们感兴趣的书籍是什么，并且给孩子们找一些他们可能会感兴趣的书籍。同时，你也可以偶尔给孩子们买一些新书作为礼物。

3.和孩子们玩文字游戏。在冰箱上用磁铁拼出孩子们知道的单词。让孩子们用手指在沙子里面将看到的单词拼写出来。父母还可以和孩子们玩押韵游戏，并且将单词的尾字母指出来。给孩子们说一些绕口令，并且将开始的单词的发音指出来。

4.让你的孩子试着读书给你听，即使你的孩子可能还不能读的很流利。如果整个页面的单词都非常的复杂的话，那么就让他们读那些他们知道的单词。

知识要点：1、结构是文章的骨骼。2、一篇文章要写的条理清楚，层次分明，前后一致，就必须妥善安排结构。3、合理安排内容的先后和详略。

考试说明：组织材料，安排结构，一般要注意以下几点：

1、详写和略写

确定材料的主次和详略是结构的重要问题，它对表现中心思想起保证作用。详写，就是把与中心思想关系大的材料写得具体些、详尽些;略写，就是把与中心思想关系不太大的材料写得概括些、简略些。详略得当，能使文章中心明确，重点突出，结构紧凑。详略不当，势必造成文章主次不明，使读者无法把握中心。

处理详写和略写，首先要根据表现中心思想的需要。文章的中心事件或中心议题要详写，其他事件和问题要略写;有典型意义的材料要详写，一般性材料则略写。例如鲁迅的《故乡》是以“我”回乡的见闻为线索来展开故事情节的，可写的人物和事件很多，但作品只选取了闰土和杨二嫂两个人的事来写。这两个人中，又分了主次。杨二嫂的故事，只是在一个场面里，用几句精彩的话，展示了她的性格。写闰土就不同了。作者以细腻的抒情笔调描写了少年闰土活泼英俊的形象，娓娓动人地叙述“我”和闰土三十年前的一段交往。接着作者又精细地刻画了阔别三十年后的闰土的面貌、衣着、动作和性格的巨大变化，诉说闰土所遭受的种种苦难和不幸，抒写了“我”的感慨和希望。这样处理，完全是由“它揭露在三座大山压迫下，农村凋敝，民不聊生的黑暗现实，证明农村需要来个变革，为下一代开辟一条新出路”这一中心思想所决定的。

其次，要根据文体性质决定详略。说理的文章，重在阐明主要论点的论证部分，因此，说理部分要详写，引证事例则略写。例如《纪念白求恩》介绍白求恩的光辉事迹，开头只用了七十四个字，接着便详尽地阐述白求恩的国际主义精神，指出我们应向他学习的地方。

2、段落和层次

写作时，为了把文章的中心有层次地表现出来，一定要分段。划分段落要根据中心的需要和内容的多少而定。既要注意一个段落只说明一层意思，又要注意不要分得太细，同学们习作常出现两种情况：有时段落包含的内容太多，本来好几层意思，硬挤在一起，弄得层次不清;有时段落又分得太细，本来只有一层意思，硬分成几段，搞得支离破碎。

3、过渡和照应

过渡是文章段落之间的桥梁，在文章中，前后相邻的两层意思之间，不仅要有内在的联系，而且在相连的地方要彼此衔接，语气贯通，让读者思路能够顺利地从前者过渡到后者，而不致发生间隙或阻隔。过渡常用承上启下的段、句子或关联词语。例如《从百草园到三味书屋》一文，在“百草园”和“三味书屋”两大部分之间，有一个承上启下的段落，就是以段过渡的一个范例。

照应是说写文章要瞻前顾后，前后应衬，首尾呼应。例如《一件小事》，文章的开头写道：“但有一件小事，却于我有意义，将我从坏脾气里拖开，使我至今忘记不得。”文章的结尾写道：“独有这一件小事，却总是浮在我的眼前，有时反更分明，教我惭愧，催我自新，并增长我的勇气和希望。”这是开头和结尾相照应。

为了显示文章的脉络，在文章的中间也要有必要的照应。例如，《反对自由主义》的第二部分，开头说：“自由主义有各种表现。”以下十一个小段，分别列举了自由主义的十一种表现，而后又写了两个小段，以便跟前后相呼应：“还可以举出一些。主要的有这十一种。”“所有这些，都是自由主义的表现。”在这两段之后，很自然地转到自由主义的分析批判上去了。

一、对全文进行归纳总结的句型

1.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…

2.Taking into account all the factors, we may safely come to the conclusion that…

3.Judging from all the evidence offered, we may safely arrive at/reach the conclusion that…

4.All the evidence supports a sound conclusion that…

5.From what is mentioned above, we may come to the conclusion that…

6.To sum up/draw a conclusion, we find that…

7.In short/brief/a word/conclusion/sum/, it is…

8. Therefore/Thus/Then, it can be inferred/concluded/deduced that…

9. From/Through/According to what has been discussed above, we can come to/reach/arrive at/draw the conclusion that…

10. It is believed that…

二、表达个人观点的句型

1. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.

2. As far as I am concerned, I am really/completely in favor of the test/policy.

3. In conclusion/a word, I believe that…

4. There is some truth in both arguments, but I think the disadvantages of… outweigh its advantages.

5. In my opinion/view, we should…

6. As for me, I…

7. As I see , …

8. From my point of view, …

9. Personally/ I think…

10. My view is that…

11. I think/consider…

12. I take/hold a negative/positive view of…

三、表达建议的句型

1. It’s high time that we tried every possible means to put an end to…

2. It’s really high time we took measures to solve the problem of/put an end to…

3. There is still a long way to go towards solving the problem. We hope that efforts should be made to…

4. We must search for a quick action, because the present situation of…

5. There is no easy solution to the problem of…, but… might be useful.

6. There is no quick answer to the question of…, but … might be helpful.

7. It is necessary that effective/proper/quick actions/steps/measures be taken to…

8. It’s suggested that great efforts be made to…

9.To check/control the tendency/trend is no easy task, and it requires a good/deep awareness/consciousness/understanding of…

听、说、读、写、译，是我们学习英语中最重要的五个方面，不可偏废。前面发了一些关于口语和音标的帖子，有家长建议我写一些关于写作的内容。

大家都知道口语要说的地道，而我们的写作往往停留在中式英语的误区中，而且很难发现。

“为什么我的词汇量如此丰富却仍然写不出能让阅卷老师满意的作文?”相信不少同学都曾有过这样的疑问。词汇量的多寡往往并不是一篇英语作文质量好或者坏的关键。许多同学即便很努力地去准备作文，但最终分数仍然不理想，这很可能是因为他们陷入了某种写作的误区。今天，张译云老师就要为大家列举比较常见的三种英语写作误区，希望能帮小勇士们“对号入座”，并施以针对性的改进。

误区一：用中文思维串联英文词汇

一些同学在绞尽脑汁也写不出英语作文的情况下，会先按照题目写一个中文稿出来，然后再借助电子辞典翻译出一篇所谓的英语作文。还有一些同学习惯性地用中文的表达方式来写英语作文。这就造成了所谓的中国式英语作文。在这样的作文里，我们常常读到以下这类用中文的语法和英语单词拼凑出来的句子：

“When Iwas a child,my parents very love me。”(正确表达：When Iwas achild,my parents loved me very much)。

解决之道：强化语法

要想流利的掌握一门外语，你需要能够使用该语言思考。而将中文式思维转变为英语思维的最根本的途径之一就是强化语法知识。很多同学的词汇量很丰富，但是对于怎么用，什么时候用却并不明白。而这些恰恰是语法知识所能告诉我们的。哪些词要用在句中，哪些词应该用在句尾，语法里都有相应的规定。一旦用错了位置就会写成英国人看不懂的英语作文。另外，对于词汇所存在的不同的形态也应该注意。

误区二：过分“精雕细琢”而忽视了“大局”

不少同学在写英语作文时，将过多的注意力放在“优美的文笔”上面。因此，他们不停地用电子辞典搜集华丽的词藻，并运用难度颇高的句式，以期能让自己的作文“技高一筹”。但事实上，多数情况下会弄巧成拙。太生僻的单词同学们运用起来并不能得心应手，而且使用太复杂的句型也常常会出错。

解决之道：用平常心表达平常事

要写作要求学生能够综合运用逻辑、词汇和语法等多种知识和技能来完成一个写作任务，但并不苛求学生去做标新立异的创作。因此同学们无需力求完美地到电子辞典里去找生僻的词汇，也不需要写得多么高深莫测，而是应该抱着平常的心态去描述自己看到的东西，表达自己想到的内容，将学过的词从记忆深处调动出来，复习语法课上学到的知识。用这样的心态写出来的东西内容虽简单但不乏生活气息，语言虽稚嫩，但却准确易懂。

误区三：文章冗长细枝末节过多

不少学生在写作中的一大担心就是文章的长度不够，再加上对于“可适当增减细节，不可字对字的翻译”的误解，于是便充分发挥想象能力，加入了很多离题较远的细枝末节。这样的文章写出来更像是一篇“大杂烩”，从中找不到任何主题。还有一些作文，句子和句子之间的连贯性不强，逻辑思维混乱，读起来让人摸不到头脑。

解决之道：理清思路，言之有物

我认为，很多人之所以写不够题目要求的作文字数，其中一个重要原因就是对于题目本身没有理解透彻。建议同学们不要急于下笔，而是先考虑清楚自己要说几点内容，这些内容之间的逻辑关系是怎样的。

说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。下面是小编整理了说明文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

说明文，即用来解释或说明事物、理论、方法、过程或某种抽象概念的文章。说明文的基本目的就是说清楚。也就是说，要让人看了文章后对文章中解释或说明的对象有清晰明确的认识。这就决定了说明文的基本特征是客观和科学。

说明文首要的一点是明确说明的 对象，然后用准确的语言，结合多种说明手法对之进行介绍和描述。常用的说明手法有下定义、分类别、作比较、引资料、举例子、列数字、画图表等。下定义，即给要说明的对象下一个明确的定义。如博物馆的定义就是征集、保藏、陈列和研究代表自然和人类的实物,并为公众提供知识、教育和欣赏的文化教育机构。分类别是将要说明的对象按照某种标准划分类别，以帮助读者对事物的理解。如电视机，可以分为彩色电视机和黑白电视机。作比较，即将这种事物与那种事物比较异同，从而更清楚地说明事物的特点。如将城市和乡村作比较，将大学和幼儿园作比较等。作比较的时候一定要注意比较的事物之间应当具有可比性，不能生拉硬扯，也不能不尊重客观事实，胡乱比较。为了说明某种事物的特点，有时候需要介绍它的背景、原理、历史等，这时就要用到引资料这种手法。比如我们要对长城进行说明，适当地引用一些历史文献，就更有助于今天的人们了解长城的历史，从而加深对长城中所蕴含的民族精神的认识。在复杂说明文中，列图表具有不可替代的优势。大量的数据、冗长的叙述、复杂的相互关系等，都可以通过图表得到直观的表达。

按说明的对象不同，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。前者着重在于说明的成因、构造、形状、用途等，后者则重在说明事理。这两类说明文常用的写作手法也有一定的区别。比如事物说明文重在说明事物的物理特征，常用的是下定义、分类别等说明手法，事理说明文重在说明事物的逻辑特征，地要用到引资料、作比较等说明手法。但时候，在同一篇文章中，几种说明手法都要用到，相辅相成，互为补充。

如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：

观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。

观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。

观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。

写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。 逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。

当然，大多数说明文会综合使用多种说明顺序。因此，在写作时，我们要合理地安排好说明顺序，理清说明文的结构层次。常用的结构层次有并列式、层进式和总分式三种。比如我们以“水”为题目进行写作，可以先写水的外形特征，再写水的分类，然后写水的用途，这是并列式的写作层次。我们也可以先写水的外形，再写水的成因，最后写水给人类带来的利与害，这是层进式的结构层次。先概括水的用途和特征，再一一细述，就是总分式。结构层次能力需发们在长期的写作过程中培养，现在就不一一细说了。

写作是人类的一种特殊的，有目的的社会实践活动的记录，是为满足人类社会活动实践的需要学习社会知识的需要而产生的。以下是小编为大家整理有关考场写作的相关方法技巧，欢迎大家阅读!

考场作文的写作技巧方法

1、字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。

如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感?

2、一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了!

怎么变成三百字?可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地;加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等;还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗?

3、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想

对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，蒋老师发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼?

比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

4、环境里面有“真”“情”

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。”

孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗?为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢?云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

5、不用成语

作文为什么写不长?都是成语惹的祸!

不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗?其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，蒋老师指出：当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。

比如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

6、写说不单写“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。

张三说：“……”;

张三无可奈何地说：“……”;

张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……”

显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

7、一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。?!……：“”

这些标点你的作文中都有吗?没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

8、写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌?孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。”

如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了?

网络小说写作技巧一：选择大众喜欢的题材。一个小说要有好的题材和故事梗概才能吸引广大读者，才能获得认可，好的题材来源于生活，也来源于大众的喜好，利用好这一点，我们的网络小说一定火。

网络小说写作技巧二：要充分运用想象力。想象力是一个作家最起码的基本素质，不管你是写什么的，都需要有丰富的想象力，网络小说也是如此，要充分利用自己的想象力。

网络小说写作技巧三：书名要新颖，吸引人。有一个好的书名，大家浏览的就多，小说不仅仅是写给作者个人的，更多的是写给广大读者的，只有拥有了广大的读者，我们的网络小说才能畅销。

网络小说写作技巧四：详尽的故事情节要交代清楚。不管我们是长篇小说还是短篇小说，详细的故事情节要给读者交代清楚，掌握了这一技巧，我们的亮点就会更突出，读者也会更进入故事当中。

网络小说写作技巧五：将新鲜的词汇加入到小说的写作当中。流行的都是好的，不管是什么，都是这样的。日常生活中我们有很多的新鲜词汇，在小说中可以加入，会给小说增色。、

网络小说写作技巧六：宣扬一定的精神，有自己的魂。小说要流行除了故事，还需要一种精神和魂，只有有魂的小说才可以更受大家喜欢，才可以让我们读小说的人受益，也会让我们的小说长久流传下去。

积累一些英语格言，对英文写作有一定的帮助。以下是小编带来的小学生经典英语格言，希望对你有帮助。

A cat may look at a king. 猫也可以看国王。

A friend in need is a friend in indeed. 患难识知已。

A good marksman may miss. 智者千虑，必有一失。

A good maxim is never out of season. 至理名言不会过时。

A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口，忠言逆耳。

A good winter brings a good summer. 瑞雪兆丰年。

All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。

Better early than late. 宁早勿晚。

Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好。

Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。

It is good to learn at another man’s cost.前车可鉴。

It is never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。

Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。

Men learn while they reach. 教学相长。

Second thoughts are best. 三思而后行 。

1、写语言 “言为心声。”恰当的语言能生动地表现出人物的身份、爱好、思想和性格。但要注意，语言描写一定要符合 人物的年龄、地位、教养、爱好和所处的环境及思想性格特点，要有利展示人物特点，表达中心。

2、写心理活动 心理活动就是人物的思想活动。人物想什么，怎样想，都直接展示人物的精神世界，是表现人物特点，表明中 心的重要渠道，所以它是把人物写活了不可缺少的重要方面。 人物心理活动描写分两种情况：一种是直接描写，适应于写自己或以第三人称他人的文章;另一种是通过记叙 作者的心理活动，间接地展示文章主人公的性格特点或精神品质。

3、写典型具体的事例 常言说：“空口无凭。”人物的性格特点、精神品质，只能融入具体的事例中，才会令人信服，才会产生真实 的感染力。因此，要写好人物，还哟啊选取最能表现人物性格特点，表现文章中心思想的典型、具体的事例进 行描写，这样我们塑造人物才能有血有肉，活灵活现。

4、写外貌 写外貌就是描写人物的五官长相、个头体态、音容笑貌、衣着打扮等。“人心不同，各如其面。”是说人的好 坏可以通过外貌表现出来。当然，这并不准确，但一定程度上，外貌特征确实能够表现人物的某些内心、性格 、品质特点。如“头发花白”可以说明人物年龄大;“皱纹深、皮肤黑而粗糙、高大魁梧”可以表明人物饱经风霜、个性坚毅刚强;“浅浅的酒窝、乌黑明亮的眼睛”可以反映人物聪明活泼的特点等。 人物外貌描写，可以一次集中写，也可以随着叙事或故事情节的发展分散去写。采用哪中的方法要由文章的结 构和表达需要来定。但要注意，无论怎样写，写哪些，写多少都必须能为表现人物特点，突出表达中心思想服务。

5、写动作 高尔基说过，为了使作品具有说服、教育的力量，要尽可能使主人公“多行动、少说话”。这就是强调动作描 写是人物描写的中心环节。其实，动作就是人物思想活动的一种表现形式，一定程度上也反映了人物的某种精 神品质。如“一路上他又蹦又跳”中的动作描写表现了人物内心的喜悦：“他咬紧牙关，使出浑身力气向前扑 去”中的动作描写揭示了人物坚强勇敢的品质等。 动作描写时，一定要用词准确、精练，并且要很好地为表现人物特点及中心思想服务，否则就会变得罗嗦多余。

中考作文最常的考的就是记叙文、议论文，不同的文体有着不一样的写作技巧，下面是小编为你带来的中考记叙文写作技巧指点，欢迎阅读。

1.要重视立意，注意多点题。

立意就是确立文章的主题，主题是作者在一篇文章中表现出来的思想认识，它体现了一个作者对写作对象(写进文章中的材料)认识的高度。一个考生的积极进取的思想意识，健康高尚的道德情操，科学辩证的思想方法，往往在他的文章中表现出来。相反，作文中表现出来的对社会生活、人物事件等方面的低俗、幼稚的认识，也反映出文章作者思想上的不成熟。同时，写作记叙文要注意多点题，可在首尾通过议论点题，可在文中通过议论或文中人物的对话、心理描写点题，而结尾的议论点题一般是必不可少的。

2.要选好题材，准确且新颖。

可以是题材本身新，也可以是手法新，旧题材写出新意。题材还可以也应该进行合理虚构。选材时，要尽量写校园外的，要尽量写自己熟悉的，要尽量写有一定的典型性的(能够以小见大)，要尽量写一个片断，要尽量写能展开的(展开后能"出彩"的)。

3.要设计线索，能纲举目张。

线索是记叙性作品中把全部材料贯串成一个有机整体的脉络。繁杂、零碎的材料(人、事、景、物)如果没有一条清晰的线索来连缀、贯穿，就会互不关联，杂乱无章;有了线索，文章就能纲举目张，浑然一体，更好地表现中心。清楚的线索应该是有利于读者识别、发现的，如标题、穿插的抒情议论、反复出现的某个物体或词句等。其设计方式则灵活多样：可以是某个人物、某个事件、某种物体，可以是时间的推移、空间的转换，也可以是感情的变化，等等。应试时，我们可以根据中心表达的需要，灵活选择。

4.要感情真挚，能打动读者。

考场作文要写真实的"我"，让"我"的激情在文中闪光。当然感人的事并非就一定要是痛彻心扉、悲惨至极，矫揉造作、夸张失实的作品反而令人见之生厌、读之无味;真挚的感情首先来源生活的真实，一个普通的但常常会被人忽视的瞬间却让人感受到沉重的滋味。

相对来说，高中学生的记叙能力强过说理能力，所以"文体自选"时最好选择记叙文。

例文[话题：感情亲属和对事物的认知]

隔着代沟，我望见了您

湖北考生

已经不记得上一次好好地看您是什么时候了，父亲。

我只记得那时的您，头发乌黑，皮肤泛着古铜色的光。青年时期的下乡生活，让您有了健康的体魄，也让您在纷繁的社会中变得寡言少语。

自我上高中以来，您就很少管过我。有人说"儿随母，女随父"。在我的生活中，更多的是妈妈的教育和关怀。我几乎每天都要和她谈笑，却很少能跟您讲上一句话。妈妈总是关心我这，关心我那，而在我眼中，您总是坐在您自己的角落里，研究着自己的股票。我总觉得您根本不关心我，我总觉得您是家中的一个外人。

随着感情的疏远，我发现我渐渐地不认得您了。"代沟"，这可真是个神奇的东西。

中考离我越来越近，可您却离我越来越远。虽然您也开始不时地说些什么，您也开始每天按时往我嘴里塞各种各样的补品，可对我来讲，那些话远不如妈妈讲得动听。而塞药时我甚至感觉，您是一个"医生"，而不是一个父亲。感情的疏远，似乎真的隔断了认知。

考前的那几天学校放假，您让我到您的学校复习。您带着我去了您的学校，让我在办公室等着，自己去清理一间教室出来。我一人待在办公室里无聊，就走下楼去，走到那间教室门口。教室里您忙碌的身影晃动着。我突然意识到我很久没有好好看看您了。

我一声不响地走进去。您还在忙着。光线并不明亮，我却看到了您头上几点晃眼的光。我头一次注意到您有白头发了。您费力地搬着桌子，额头上已经闪着莹莹的光。这就是我的父亲啊，曾几何时家里重活一人包的父亲，竟也变得这样虚弱!您还是老了啊!

那一刻，我突然感觉一股冲击从心底喷薄而出，震动着我的全身。我觉得那是源自割不断的亲情，那是心底的回音。突然找回了被父爱包围的感觉，这父爱不像从前那样广博而无微不至，但它却更深沉，更能激起我内心的共鸣。我觉得我重新认识了您。

也许您还没有感觉到我的觉醒，也许在您眼中我还是那个对您冷若冰霜不屑一顾的小男孩。可您一定知道，只要亲情不断，血脉相连，我一定会认识到父爱的伟大。感情也许会疏远，可无论这代沟有多宽，我终究会望见您的!

解析：从当代中学生与父辈存在代沟这一社会现象切入，写了代沟使"我"缺乏对父爱的准确解读，也表明了事实教育"我"要认识父爱、热爱父亲的主题。文章叙写"我"对父爱的误解，是铺垫，是深化认识的前奏。详写"父亲费力搬桌子"的细节--这是一位走向衰老的男人心中爱子之情的自然流露，作者饱蘸浓情，写得令人感动。在表达上，文章采用内心独白式的方式，显得真实、自然，又强化了感情的宣泄;在选材立意上，直指现实生活，具有鲜明的时代特征。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

在写作文的时候都会有这样的疑问：什么叫“有文采”？作文怎样做到“有文采”？下面是小编整理的高考作文7个写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读！

一、化抽象为形象

请比较下面两个句子：

1．繁忙的工作之后，女孩开始有些想家了。

2．繁忙的工作之后，女孩喜欢一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳。（颜文静《寻人启事》）

两句话虽然都表达“女孩想家了”，但前一句只是一般性的交代，“想家”是抽象的、模糊的，而后一句是通过女孩“一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳”的意象，蕴蓄思念萦怀、感伤别离的孤独感、凄凉感的，很容易使人想起“乡书何处达？归雁洛阳边”“断送一生憔悴，只消几个黄昏”之类的诗句，所以给人的印象特别深。

二、化静态为动态

莱辛在《拉奥孔》中说，动态之美是一纵即逝却令人百看不厌的美，比一般的美能产生更强烈的效果。正因为如此，对那些静态的事物，我们要善于“化静为动”，使之富有生气，充满活力。例如孔孚的《千佛山龙泉洞某佛前即景》，是这样描写佛像和绿苔的：

他微笑着，看苔爬上脚趾，他微笑着，听苔跃上双膝，他微笑着，任苔侵佛头……

佛本是静态的，就是生长着的苔在我们看到的一刹那也是静止的，作者却用“微笑、看、听”“爬、跃、侵”等动词，使佛和绿苔动态化了，仿佛有了生命似的。山水名胜，多为静物，静则无势，无势则不能动人，所以，要善于让静物动起来，让无生命的东西活起来。

三、绘形绘声绘色

所谓“绘形绘声绘色”，就是把自然界的声响、物体的形状与色彩等具体地描写出来，使人有身临其境的感受。陀斯妥耶夫斯基举过一个例子，他说“有个小银圆落在地上”，这个句子不够好，应该写成“有个小银圆，从桌上滚了下来，在地上丁丁铛铛地跳着”（转引自秦牧《语林采英》）。这样一来，就有声有色了。

四、幽默俏皮活泼

表达过于严肃，不免给人沉重感、压抑感，来一点幽默，讲一点俏皮话，能使文章形象生动，活泼有趣。请看高考满分作文《跟时代一起改变》收尾部分：

我们并不一定要追赶潮流，完全可以做自己；并不需要一味地学着人家的样儿，完全可以做更“高级”的事。

改变自己，使自己有高尚的品行，而不是只知“忙”。

改变自己，使自己有爱国的情操，而不是“爱大米”。

改变自己，使自己有出色的修养，而不是只看搞笑和言情。

改变自己，让自己有鹤立鸡群的素质，如今个性也是潮流，像这种特点，无疑是最“in”的。

周围的一切，正在对我们的成长形成影响，而它们常常是负面甚至颓废的，真是“一点技术含量也没有”。但只要改变自己，我们一样可以拥有过人的气质。否则，“后果很严重”。

作者娴熟地运用杂文笔法，写得亦庄亦谐，轻松自如，使文章具有了特殊的情调，读之令人忍俊不禁。

五、善用修辞手法

根据表达的需要，恰当地运用比喻、拟人、借代、夸张、对偶、排比、设问、反问等修辞方法，可以有效地增强文章的表达效果。请看数例：

1．蜘蛛也惜春归去，网住残红不放飞。

以“残红”代落花，鲜明生动；用拟人手法，生动地表达出惜春之情。

2．水清鱼读月；山静鸟谈天。

用对偶，有音乐之美；用拟人，不仅表现出环境的优美、幽静，而且渲染了一种让人心旷神怡的浓郁的书卷气。

3．那双眼睛，如秋水，如寒星，如宝珠，如白水银里头养着两丸黑水银……（刘鹗《老残游记》）

用博喻刻画白妞的眼睛：“秋水”见其清澈纯净，“寒星”见其晶莹明亮，“宝珠”见其圆润光泽，“水银”见其黑白分明、水灵生动。这双眼睛真是顾盼传情，美丽动人。

4．春听鸟声，夏听蝉声，秋听虫声，冬听雪声；白昼听棋声，月下听箫声，山中听松声，水际听欸乃声，方不虚此生耳。（张潮《幽梦影》）

运用排比，列举一连串悦耳之声，令人浮想联翩，心旌摇荡。

5．少年读书，如隙中窥月；中年读书，如庭中望月，老年读书，如台上玩月。皆以阅历之浅深，为所得之浅深耳。（同上）

以赏月喻读书，表达读书所获与阅历相关的道理，深入浅出。

6．这个地方花朵是太少了，颜色全被女人占去；石头是太少了，坚强全被男人占去；土地是太贫乏了，内容全被枣儿占去；树木是太枯瘦了，丰满全被羊肉占去。（贾平凹《延川城》）

用对比的手法，凸现延川少花少石、土地贫瘠、树木枯瘦和女人美丽、男人坚强、枣大羊肥的特点，造语新奇，让人过目不忘。

7．石墨黑不溜秋，稀松平常，价格低廉；而金刚石光彩熠熠，坚硬无比，价值连城。两者相比，如同鱼鳅与蛟龙，宛若毛虫与彩蝶，好比麻雀与凤凰，犹如地上的癞蛤蟆与碧霄的白天鹅……（《悦纳压力》）

鲜明的对比，生动的比喻，不仅突出了石墨与金刚石之间的天壤之别，而且给人审美的享受。

8．白生生、轻飘飘、软绵绵的棉花糖，在风中颤颤悠悠，好像一片洁白的云要从我手上飞走，我赶紧把它们往怀里靠一靠，拢一拢。我一跑，棉花糖似乎又要飞走，我赶紧把它们团一团，捏一捏……（王珂《甜丝丝的回忆》）

“洁白的云”的比喻形象、贴切，委实引人入胜。

六、注意句式变化

整句和散句、长句和短句灵活搭配，交替使用，语言就会变化多姿，产生特殊的美感。比如2006年浙江卷满分作文《且息且行》中的一段话：

有的人征服了高峰，又举目遥望更险峻的山崖；探得了魂宝，又跃跃于另一次奇异的冒险；策马路过梅园，却一心想着直奔边关，戍国杀敌。

这样的人不是痴顽，而是执著，他们在奔波里冲击生命的极限，在征服里体验生命的快乐，在“无所息”里实现自己的终极意义……最伟大的战士，都渴望战死沙场，在死神带来的永恒憩息面前，他们粲然微笑，死得其所。

这几段文字风格典雅，词语丰富，使用了许多成语、典故；从句式的角度看，以整句为主，兼用散文的章法，注重整散、对称与呼应，形成了一种整散结合的美。

七、引用化用名句

阅读面广、知识面宽、文化底蕴丰厚的同学，在符合题意的前提下不妨多引用、化用名言警句，以尽情展示自己的才华。例如2006年福建卷《月圆是画，月缺是诗》一文中写道：

秋雨先生曾说过，堂皇转眼凋零，喧腾是短命的别名。在流光溢彩的日子里，生命被铸上妖冶的印记。此时此刻，所谓生命的空白，或许就是一种“花开花落两由之”的淡泊心境吧。有哲人云：圣者，常人肯安心者矣。有时候，生命需要隐匿，心灵需要蜇居。在蜇居之中，为未来做准备，就是在蓄势，蓄水以后开了匣放水，便可以灌溉大地。

记得海德格尔曾说过，生命充满了劳绩，但还诗意地栖居于这块土地上。要感谢海德格尔，这位精神的探索者，为我的心里留下了一隅空白。让我在心烦意乱之际，能够冷静地思考，吟上一句“人生天地间，若白驹过隙，忽然而已”；让我在忙碌中，能够偷得浮生半日闲，欣赏一段“他年傍得蟾宫客，不在梅边在柳边”的还魂爱情。如五柳先生，“怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘籽”；如东坡先生，“诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章”；如守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，如遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……他们都是诗人，在属于自己的空白天地中，诗意地栖居。

这位考生旁征博引，撷英掇华：从余秋雨的名言，到海德格尔的精神；从鲁迅的诗歌《悼杨铨》，到庄子的语录；从《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的吟咏，到五柳先生的理想展望，再到东坡先生的赤壁放歌；从守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，到遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……其视野之广阔、材料之丰赡、信息之密集、语言之精美，令人叹服。

写好作文就需要有好的写作方法，下面是小编整理的2017年小升初作文写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、提高认识事物和表达事物的能力。我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生指出：写任何东西决 定于认识和经验，有什么样的认识和经验，才能写出什么样的东西来。反之，没有表达认识的 能力，同样也写不出好作文。

二、把认识结构作为作文的核心，包括学习知识，观察积累，记忆储存，训练思维，丰富 想象，培养情感，锻炼意志;从说到写，推敲修改，多读勤写。

三、树立大作文观，听、说、读、写有机结合

一要注重审题;二要明确写作目的，立意要新;三是选材要有根据;四要讲究谋篇技巧，安排 好篇章结构;五要注意文章分段，事先列小标题，作文提纲;六要注重文章写法，因文用法; 七要妙用语言，用思想调遣语言。 学会五种立意法：以事赞人，直抒胸臆，借物喻理，触景生情，托物言志。

四、作文大目标的逐年级分解：一年级字词，二年级句子，三年级片断，四年级篇章，五 年级综合，六年级提高。

五、实施五项训练

根据认识是作文的核心这一原则，围绕这个发展学生心理机制的核心，扎扎实实地进行了五项

读后感写的是自己读了一篇文章或一部著作后的感想。观后感写的是看了一部电影或一出戏剧一部电视剧一场演出一幅书画后的感想。二者的写作要求是一样的：既要写看到的作品的内容，又要写由此产生的感想;作品内容要写得简略，感想要写得具体;要有叙述有议论。怎样写出符合要求的习作呢?我们可以这样做：

一、理解作品，选定感发点。

理解作品是写读后感、观后感的前提。我们要认真研读观看作品,理解作品的写的或表现的内容是什么，要说明什么道理赞扬人物的什么精神。在此基础上思考：这篇(部)作品的哪些情节精彩，为什么说它精彩?哪个地方使自己深受启发，受到了怎样的启发?哪个地方引起自己的联想，引起了怎样的联想?自己喜欢哪个人物，为什么喜欢?自己不喜欢那个人物，为什么不喜欢?这样以来，我们就会产生好多的感想,把所有的感想排排队，比较一番，看看其中哪一个(最多两个)感想最深刻、最有话可说、最有现实意义，就把这个(最多两个)感想作为这篇读后感、观后感的感发点。

二、起个凝练醒目的题目

读后感、观后感的题目要凝炼醒目。题目可以提示出习作的内容，如《〈周恩来〉观后感》、《读〈邱少云〉有感》;也可以提示出感发点，如读了《小马过河》写读后感，用“要亲身尝试”做题目。

三、开头要简洁，为下文做铺垫

读后感、观后感的开头要简洁明快，为下文做好铺垫。如“《灯光》读后感”这样开头：“读了《灯光》，我被郝副营长的英雄事迹感动得流下眼泪。”紧扣题目只用一句话就交待明白了读的文章是什么，总的感受是怎样的，为下文介绍郝副营长的事迹和具体写自己的感受做好了铺垫。

四、引述作品有关内容再分析议论亮出感发点

为了增强习作的说服力，接下来要把作品里引发自己感发点的内容简明扼要地引述出来，再对这些内容进行分析概括和议论，然后亮出感发点。如写“《周恩来》观后感”，用几十字引述周总理到农村去访贫问苦、到工厂去视察生产、到地震灾区指挥抗震救灾、在病重住院期间还坚持批阅文件的感人事迹后，再经过一番分析议论，然后亮出感发点：“周总理为了祖国和人民真是鞠躬尽瘁死而后已呀!”别人读了会觉得习作的感发点有理有据，入情入理，值得信服。

五、立足感发点引申联想

亮出感发点后，还需要联系社会生活中类似的或相反的事例、现象，展开分析议论，以增强文章的现实意义和感染力。如看华君武的漫画《假文盲》写观后感，在亮出感发点“假文盲的行为危害了正常的社会生活秩序”后，联想到社会上一些人随地吐痰践踏草地不走斑马线等不文明不道德的行为，并分析议论他们给社会带来的危害，又联想到小同学在乘车时主动为老年人、孕妇让座的事例，与前者进行对比，然后褒扬小同学的高尚品质。这样以来，不仅文章的内容丰富了，而且有了针对性，有了现实意义，感染力就增强了。

六、结尾注意强调、升华感发点

读后感观后感结尾时要注意强调和升华感发点：如“《小兵张嘎》观后感”这样结尾：“张嘎凭着机智勇敢战胜了敌人，他是一个小英雄。我要学习张嘎，机智勇敢地应对学习和生活中的种种挑战和考验。”既强调了感发点——嘎子机智勇敢，又说了自己要机智勇敢地应对学习和生活的挑战和考验，从而升华了文章的中心。

文无定则。初写读后感观后感，同学们可以按这个步骤写，在基本掌握了写作方法后就要追求创新。相信你们一定能写出优秀的读后感、观后感。

[写好观后感作文的写作技巧