小升初英语写作技巧（经典20篇）

要写出一篇好文章，必须具备多方面的因素，以下是小编整理的关于小学作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读参考。

一、提高认识事物和表达事物的能力。

我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生指出：写任何东西决 定于认识和经验，有什么样的认识和经验，才能写出什么样的东西来。反之，没有表达认识的能力，同样也写不出好作文。

二、把认识结构作为作文的核心。

包括学习知识，观察积累，记忆储存，训练思维，丰富 想象，培养情感，锻炼意志；从说到写，推敲修改，多读勤写。

三、树立大作文观，听、说、读、写有机结合。

一要注重审题；二要明确写作目的，立意要新；三是选材要有根据；四要讲究谋篇技巧，安排好篇章结构；五要注意文章分段，事先列小标题，作文提纲；六要注重文章写法，因文用法；七要妙用语言，用思想调遣语言。

学会五种立意法：以事赞人，直抒胸臆，借物喻理，触景生情，托物言志。

四、作文大目标的逐年级分解。

一年级字词，二年级句子，三年级片断，四年级篇章，五年级综合，六年级提高。

五、实施五项训练。

根据认识是作文的核心这一原则，围绕这个发展学生心理机制的核心，扎扎实实地进行了五项训练：

（一）字词训练。

学习掌握大量字词。掌握运用字词的金钥匙：联系自己熟悉的事物； 联系自己生活实际；联系自己学会的语言及字词知识。

运用十引说的方法，把字词学习与说话训练相结合。十引说是：1、分析字形； 2、利用教具；3、凭图学词；4、组词扩词；5、选词填空；6、词语搭配；7、调整词序； 8、触景用词；9、词语分类；10、联词成句。

丰富了说话训练内容，使自己积累大量会说会用的字词，为写作文打下坚实基础。

（二）句子训练。

只要是一个句子，都包括两个方面：一是说的人、事、物、景， 二是说目的。

可有些教师指导学生说一句话时，没有很好凭借图画和事物，认真教学生观察、认识、分析、表达的方法，只是拿出一张图或一事物让学生说写一句话，学生不知道为什么要说写一句话，怎样说写一句话，说写一句什么句型、什么句式的话， 导致作文中语调单一、呆板、不活泼生动。

可以改让学生凭图、看物、对话、练习说 写一句时间、地点、人物、事件四要素完整的话，四种句型，九种句式的话。学生 才会在作文中运用不同句型、句式，表达不同的思想、感情、态度、目的。

（三）段的训练。

结合八种段式：以事物发展为序段，时间先后为序段，空间变换为序段，总述、分述结构段，因果段、转折段，递进段，并列段。

以此认识客观事物的发生、发展规律。不论哪种段式，都是记叙事物的发展和人们对事物的认识，即段的内容，段的中心。

它和一句话一样，也是对人、事、物、景的叙述，也是表达一 个意思。只不过是把一句话进一步说得更清楚、更深刻。

（四）篇章训练。

篇是由段组成的。通过对审题、立意、选材、谋篇、定法、用 语的知识与方法，通过记叙、描写、抒情、议论四种表达方法，文章开头与结尾、过渡 与呼应方法，各种文章体裁的知识与方法。学会写中心明确，意思完整，详略得当的记 叙文和应用文。

（五）生活现场训练。

采用生活现场训练，更好地体会从内容入手写作文。 通过各种作文教学活动，如确定中心讨论会、选材讨论会、作文会诊会、 小诸葛审题会、妙用词语比赛会，从活动中生动具体地学到作文知识与写作文 的方法。

另外，还可开展各种校内外活动，如跳绳、拔河、踢毽、球类、背书比赛，从而学会如何写比赛作文；开展校内外义务劳动，学会如何写劳动场面；举行诗歌朗诵、 讲演会，学会如何写会议场面及会议上的见闻；通过参观访问，浏览名胜古迹，学会如 何写参观访问记、游记。学习观察方法，留心周围的事物、事件，处处留心皆学问， 人情练达即文章。

通过现场生活作文，进一步认识到：生活是作文的沃土。从而学会 写真事、抒真情，陶冶真、善、美的情操，培养良好的文风。 实行互评互改，培养学生思维独立性和创造性。

学生作文写好后，组织在小组内讲评。先学习别人作文的优点，再用批评的眼光互相指出作文中的缺点，并指出改进意见。在此基础上重新再写，从而使学生每写一篇都有收获。

1引——从材料中引出论题或论点

或开门见山，或边联系实际边叙述感受，或述读材料，或引用名言警句等方式提出论题或论点。需要注意的是，“引”的语言要精练，概括力要强， 80字左右为宜，否则，会让人觉得拖泥带水，不简洁。“论题或论点”从材料中“引”出，是一种高层次的紧扣“材料”。

简言之，开头要概述材料，提出自己的观点

2议——分析议论材料

通过分析议论，可以挖掘材料的内涵，强调论题或论点。这一部分可以弥补引出论点时因过于概括而造成内容上的突兀、断层等方面的不足。

简言之，详细论述中心论点想要表达的内容

3联——联想议论

“引”“议”之后，作文就完成了对“材料”的处理。“联”是运用材料提供的道理来演绎社会生活，透视社会生活的过程，是理论作用于实践的过程。可以联想类似的道理(从道理上进行论证)，也可以联想相关的社会生活现象(从事实上进行论证)。这部分是作文的主体，要求思路开阔，语言概括，重点突出。正反结合。需要注意的是，由“议”到“联”，过渡要自然、贴切。

围绕自己的中心论点提出不少于三个的分论点，并以论据加以分析论证

4辨——辨析辩证

这是行文思路严密的补笔。通常这一部分不是行文的重点，文字不宜多，可以用“当然”“固然”等词语来畅通行文。

这可使自己的论证更严谨全面

5结——给文章下结论

通常要紧扣“材料”照应开头：开头提论点，结尾提怎么办;开头提论题，结尾作出结论并简要说明怎么办。

知识要点：

1、多角度地观察生活，发现生活的丰富多彩，捕捉事物的特征，力求有创意地表达。

2、所谓创意，即创造、创新之意。

考试说明：

中考时，考生该怎样根据命题要求以独到的眼光从素材库存中迅速选定材料，做到人无我有，人有我新，张扬个性呢？2001年中考优秀作文为我们提供了鲜活的经验。

1、以知出新

2、以事出新

初中三年的学生生活常常进入考生的选材视野，但雷同者多，出新者少。而有些考生却能把眼光锁定在特殊日子所发生的特殊事件上，给人人有我新 之感。浙江宁海市2001年中考作文要求以明天为话题自选角度写一篇文章。不少考生取明天的引申义构思，有位考生却取明天的本义作文，拟题《明天就是中考》，记叙了挤独木桥的前一天老爸赠送作战武器派克笔、老妈熬出高能量食物小米粥和表哥提供新式手表三件事，并在后记中这样结束全文：粗硬的派克正在舞动，已被小米粥填饱的肚子正在提供能量，nike在忠实地记录时间有的同学把叙事的笔触延伸到考场，更体现出所选角度之新。更有独具眼光的作者把叙述的时空就锁定在眼前的语文考场。2001年武汉市中考作文要求以服务为写作范围，自拟题目作文。有位考生别出心裁，所叙时间变一般考生的过去进行时为现在进行时，自拟题目《谢谢您，护花使者》，叙述自己在语文考场上的两次意外（一次墨水用完，一次鼻子出血），两次得到如慈母般的穿白裙的监考老师的关心和鼓励的具体经过。文中的护花使者身份特殊，所处时空特殊，这些都闪耀着作者创新思维的火花，使服务这一文旨演绎得别具魅力。

一.开头技巧

⑴欲扬先抑，开发胃口

唉，老师怎么让我和他坐一个桌呢?她可是我班最凶的女生啦!就因为这，大伙都叫她"虎妞"。--《同桌》

⑵开门见山，直截了当

我和阿敏的交情可不一般--初中三年的同桌。对她，我有一肚子的话要说。--《同桌》

⑶描形绘神，印象逼真

她，长得真丑：黄瘦的脸;尖尖的下巴;淡得几乎看不见的眉毛下，一双细眯的眼睛;鼻子扁而大;一口参差不齐的牙齿，略有黄色……唉!甭提了，她的外表真不符合这么动听的名字--祝丽丽。--《同桌》

⑷自然交代，平引下文

新学期一开始，我就注意到一个问题：我们班三十三名男生，二十七名女生，男生两人一桌恰好多一名，女生亦如此，必将出现一个男生和一个女生同坐一桌的危机。可万万没想到这个危机会降临到我的头上。--《同桌》

⑸歌词开头，响彻云际

"明天你是否会想起/昨天你写的日记/明天你是否会惦起/曾经最爱哭的你……"一曲悠扬的《同桌的你》从路边音像书店传了出来，那带着绵绵情思的乐曲，把我的思绪带回了三年前的时光……--《同桌》

⑹排比反复，创造旋律

朋友，就是我可以为他献出真挚情感的人;朋友，就是我可以对他付出全部信任的人;朋友，欢乐时与我分享，危难时与我同行。人生中没有朋友，就像生活中没有阳光。我就有着这样的一个好朋友。--《朋友》

⑺设问开篇，无沿无边

往事如烟，随着时光的流逝，大都渐渐淡忘，而那双眼睛，怎能使我忘怀?--《朋友》

⑻名言指路，开宗明义

培根说过："无真实朋友之人，可以谓之真可怜而永陷于孤独生活之人。"他的话道出了朋友的重要。是的，假如一个人丧失了友情，他简直无法生存在世界上。--《朋友》

⑼对比映衬，突出重点

随着岁月的流逝，许多人渐渐被我淡忘了，然而，有那么一双眼睛，一种声音一个身影，至今萦绕在我的心头，久久不能忘怀。--《朋友》

⑽倒叙开头，吸引读者

当我们乘着离开国防教育学校的时候，不知道为什么，泪水竟然在我的眼眶里打转。难道是留恋吗?是留恋那一段虽苦虽累但充满活力的生活，还是留恋那待人苛刻却真诚亲切的军人，我们的教官?--《朋友》

⑾拨乱反正，拨云见日

有人说，淡泊就是看破红尘，看透一切，认为一切都是假的、虚伪的……这种看法是对淡泊的曲解。如果我们翻一下词典就会明白，"淡泊"是不追求名利的意思……--《淡泊》

⑿泰山压顶，观点强现

目前，校园攀比之风肆虐，我认为这种风气确实需要刹一刹。--《攀比风，可休矣》

⒀联想象征，奇妙无穷

一个梦，曾经在西方强盗的炮舰下埋葬，留下的是老一辈辛酸是泪珠不止的心痛和望眼欲穿的期盼作为见证。伴随着流泪的长江长大的我们也就少年已尝愁滋味，踩着前辈留下的印证期待，期待着有那么一天……--《期待》

⒁环境描写，渲染气氛

十月九日又到了，鲁迅先生已经逝世六十年了。从傍晚到子夜，静静地，一个人坐在窗前，任冷雨打着窗棂。灯下一盆吊兰淡淡地涂抹一壁翠色书柜。夜风荡起，身上微微泛起寒意。想起了鲁迅先生，泪水就滑落下来。

⒂题记为冠，哲理为先

世间万物皆难逃自然辩证法，孰是孰非，孰优孰劣，孰喜孰忧，岂可一言以蔽之?--《假如记忆可以移植》

⒃博览群书，信手拈来

据说，在非洲的原野上，有一种食虫的花朵，色彩绚丽，芳香异常，许多飞虫抵御不了"诱惑"而葬身其中……--《抵御"诱惑"》

暮色中，几缕炊烟从农舍里袅袅升起。我捧着一束栀子花，站在张老师的窗前。张老师，您还是那样忙碌?该歇歇了吧，今天是您的节日--教师节。我带着我的收获来看您来了。--《琐忆》

⒅以物喻人，含义深长

在一望无际的旷野上，一棵古老的树，虽然生命已到了最后一刻，但它仍然倔强的生长着。在它的身旁，一棵小树正在抽出嫩嫩的芽。老树的根枯了，它把生命的汁液输给了小树;老树的叶黄了，它把绿色的生命注入了小树。老树历经沧桑，走完了它艰难的历程。如今，小树刚刚抽枝吐叶，老树却离开了它……这正像外公离开了我，他来不及接受我对他的报答之情，就匆匆离开了我。--《琐忆》

⒆解题铺陈，明示中心

责任，就是一个人分内应该做的事。军人，有保家卫国的责任;医生，有救死扶伤的责任;教师，有培养接班人的责任。工人、农民、职员、商人……人人都有自己的责任。在我们的社会里，各行各业都有许多尽职尽责的人，他们组成了一道道最美的风景--请允许我，从这道道美丽的风景画卷中撷取一幅动人的画面吧。

⒇设置矛盾，引人入胜

"我就不信，你在这个班生活了两年多，对这个集体就会没有一点感情?……"这是今天早晨班主任陈老师对我说的话。我望着陈老师愤怒的目光，委屈的眼泪直在眼眶里打转，心理说："陈老师，你误会了……我怎么能不爱我们的班级体呢?"

导语： 微型小说又名小小说，超短篇小说，一分钟小说。下面是小编整理的小小说写作技巧，同学们过来测试一下吧!

日本作家星新一指出：“很久以前就存在着类似超短篇小说的作品。……但是，超短篇小说这个名字的正式出现，是源于美国。”多数人推崇美国作家欧·亨利(1862-1910)是创始人。他的近三百篇作品，情节生动，笔调幽默。其中《麦琪的礼物》脍灸人口。

可以这么说，超短篇小说具有立意新颖、情节严谨、结局新奇三要素。即在1500字以内，要概括出普通小说应具有的一切。也可以说，微型小说是一种敏感，从一个点、一个画面、一个对比、一声赞叹、一瞬间之中，捕捉住了小说——一种智慧、一种美、一个耐人寻味的场景，一种新鲜的思想。

微型小说在写作上追求的目标是四个字：微、密、奇、新。

1、微。指的是篇幅微小，不超过一千五百个字。因此，构思和行文时必须注意字句的凝炼，不允许作品中有赘词冗句。如马克·吐温的《丈夫支出帐本中的一页》。全文只有七行字，却具有长篇小说的全部情节。

再如《三封电报》(美·佚名)：

伊莉薇娜的弟弟佛莱特伴着她的丈夫巴布去非洲打猎。不久，她在家里接获弟弟的电报：“巴布猎狮身死。———佛莱特。”

伊莉薇娜悲不自胜，回电给弟弟：“运其尸回家。”三个星期后，从非洲运来了一个大包裹，里面是一个狮尸。她又赶发了一个电报：“狮收到。弟误，请寄回巴布尸。”

很快得到了非洲的回电：“无误，巴布在狮腹内。———佛莱特。”(选自《世界微型小说精选简评集》)

这篇小小说是一家美国杂志以3000美元的悬奖征求“文字最简短，情节最曲折”的故事的获得首奖的作品。单一的情节里，事件完整、有冲突、呈现因果联系，这样，事件所呈现的面貌就不是简单、重复而没有变化了。

2、密。指的是结构严密。微型小说的作者在结构上，应力求时间、场所、人物都尽可能地压缩、集中，使作品结构简练、精巧，如同微雕工艺品那样。因此，特别要在选材、剪裁和布局上下功夫。

3、奇。指的是结尾要新奇巧妙，出人意料。微型小说的特点多半在于一个“奇”字。中外作家的许多优秀作品就常在结尾处使人拍案叫绝。如邵宝健的《永远的门》的结尾就出人意料。

4、新。指的是立意新颖，风格清新。星新一写作一分钟小说，就极力追求“新”。他写道：“有些评论家把我的小说与美国的超短篇小说(Short-Short)混为一谈，这是不妥当的。我是受了美国超短篇小说的影响。但是没有完全依靠，而是发挥了自己独特的风格和技巧。我的小说强调一个‘新’字，给读者以新题材、新知识，甚至让他们感到惊讶!”(星新一《一分钟小说选》)

为此，他常常借助于童话、寓言、科幻、推理等手法，通过非现实的题材或现实题材的非现实笔法，反映他在现实生活中的独特的感觉，表现清新的主题，如他的《保修》。当然，微型小说的立意和其它形式的小说作品一样，有时并不是一眼能看出的，有时主题并非一个，是多元化的，这都是可以的。例如美国著名科幻作家弗里蒂克·布朗写的一篇被称为世界上最短的科学幻想小说：“地球上最后一个人独自坐在房间里，虚这时忽然响起了敲门声……”就写得十分别致而耐人寻味。

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法、解题式开头法、诗文引用开头法……希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，用得上。

步骤/方法开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

“大头作文”也要不得。除非特殊情况，建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的格子，顶多不能超过三行半。

一、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

准备题目的办法有2个，你可以去网络上搜索作文题目，归纳作文老师讲述的类似技巧；二是翻阅最近一年的《读者》或《青年文摘》等杂志，根据题材选择一些比较精彩的标题，记下来，也许考试的时候灵光一现可以类比运用。

二、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法、解题式开头法、诗文引用开头法……希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，用得上。

三、适当克隆和借鉴，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些佳作的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中一些散文的结构是很好的，适当对其归纳总结，到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。另外要关注去年至今年的社会热点。

四、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，如果作文要求600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是“不低于多少字”，建议考生合理安排卷面，把卷面写满到95%左右。

有人问：考试作文如果不限文体，那么写诗歌，写顺口溜，写三句半行不行？这个谁也不敢作主，你无法揣测阅卷老师的标准，冒险的收益也许只留给准备最充分的人。

五、色彩对比也关键，建议用笔选择蓝

作文卷子是用黑颜色印刷的方格。如果你用非常粗而且黑的钢笔答题，墨水很容易影响卷面的干净。建议考生用不浅不深、笔画不粗不细的笔写作文，选择蓝色墨水，这样的作文写出来，与黑色的方格形成一定的视觉对比，很舒服、干净。注意不要用字把方格填满，这样卷面相对美观。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

列提纲很关键。比如写记叙文，要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，中间如果能设置一个过渡句或过渡段更好。

一个训练有素的考生，列提纲大约需要5~8分钟。如果时间紧张，提纲可以简练些。

七、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师在打分时，第一眼看的是字迹。因此，必须要把字写好，不需要多美，但一定不要潦草。

八、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文要注意分段，三四个段落有些少，八九个段落则显得琐碎。除非有特殊情况，段落应以五六个为好。切忌在一段中写八九行字，写成“大肚子作文”，这样会让阅卷老师产生视觉疲劳。

九、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

无论记叙文还是议论文，一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，当然也可以灵活地采用夹叙夹议的手法。注意，议论文不能说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，而记叙文不能议论过多而忘记说事例。

A recent period, I heard the word "low-carbon life". By reading a book, is a kind of low consumption, low carbon life low energy, low costs, thereby reducing carbon dioxide emissions way of life. In the process of access to information, I know the baoding is the pilot city of small and medium-sized cities in China, as a primary school student, what can I do for low carbon life?

Before, I will turn the water every day, wash, wash a face USES 10 tons every month, now, the teacher told us to prepare two pails, used to store waste water. Waste water can be used to flush the toilet, mopping, watering the flowers. Also want to save electricity, after watching the computer or TV, to turn off the little red light on the outlet, in order to save power, as far as possible when the holiday homework during the day and night to turn off the lights for one hour early, use that one hour of time to go for a walk with my family. Both the power saving, and have played an important role in reducing weight, also enhance the feelings, is fully staffed! To use less disposable items (chopsticks, lunch boxes, etc.) to use less plastic bags, use environmental protection bags. Best travel on foot, private cars less, do less, do more buses. Thus do the "low consumption, low energy, low cost".

Low carbon life, everybody is responsible for, let me first, protect the environment.

最近一个时期，我听到了“低碳生活”一词。通过看书了解，低碳生活是一种低消耗，低能量，低开支，从而减少二氧化碳的排放的生活方式。在查阅资料的过程中，我知道了保定是全国中小城市的试点城市，作为一名小学生，我能为低碳生活做点什么呢?

以前，我就每天把水拧到最大，洗手、洗脸每月都要耗水十几吨，现在，老师告诉我们要准备两个水桶，用来储存废水。废水可以用来冲厕所，拖地、浇花。用电也要节约，看完电脑或电视后，要把插座上的小红灯关掉，以便节约电源，尽量放假时白天写作业，晚上早关灯一小时，用那一小时的时间和家人散步。既节约了电源，又起到了减肥的作用，还增进了感情，真是一举多得呀!少用一次性物品(筷子、饭盒等)少用塑料袋，多用环保袋。出行最好步行，少开私家车，少做出租，多做公交车。这样就做到了“低消耗、低能量、低开支”的作用。

低碳生活，人人有责，让我先行，保护环境。

说到语文，大家会想到什么呢？是“文章千古事，得失寸心之”，还是“语不惊人死不休”，还是“文章本天成，妙手偶得之”，或是其他的什么东西呢？其实，我们在谈及语文的时候，往往都忽视了一个最基本的问题，那就是语文其实是一门语言，而写作不过是说话，把握住这一点，也就明白了学习语文的一个最基本也是最有效的途径，那就是向生活学习。话虽这样说，但语文究竟是要怎么学呢？我认为，语文学习最重要的是要勤积累。

一、读记看写篇

语文是一门基础学科，拥有深厚的功底特别重要。那么这深厚的功底是从哪里来的呢？从积累中来。尤其是在写作时，更需要一定的材料积累，这样联想才能有着落，才能做到点面结合、内容充实、理论与材料相联系。所谓勤积累，也就是包括这四个方面：多读、多记、多看、多写。

（一）多 读

首先是多读，读什么呢？高考制度的改革也对学生的知识面提出了更高的要求。而作为学生，我们广泛涉猎知识的最佳途径就是读书看报了。读书，要涉及到各个方面，正如鲁迅先生那句经典的比喻所说的，大家读书要像蜜蜂，不但要辛勤地采蜜，还要多方汲取，采集各种各样的花粉，才能酿出香甜的蜜来，紧叮在一处是绝对不行的。王蒙说，作家要学者化，也是这个道理。文科的同学要多读自然科学方面的书籍，锻炼自己严密的理性思维和逻辑思维能力；理科的同学也要多了解人文方面的知识，提高自己的文学素养和文化的底蕴。在知识体系高度分化、又高度集中的今天，我们必须学会打破学科之间的界限，促使学科互相联系、互相渗透，以提高素质，善于归纳在自己头脑中形成的知识体系，善于推广联想，达到由此及彼、由表及里、举一反三的效果。

一般说来，我会把大本头的名著放在假期去读，一方面是因为平时的空闲时间太少，不允许我们用很多的精力来钻研这个；另一方面，假期可以集中精力，更好地体会书中的精华。平时我就多看一些报纸杂志。一本高品位的杂志，带给你的不仅仅是文章的美感，还有心灵的愉悦和启迪、视野的开阔与知识的丰富。在我看来，《读者》、《视野》、《青年文摘》都是很不错的杂志，《环球时报》、《南方周末》、《语文报》都是很好的报纸，我基本上是每期必读。另外，还有当今的一些散文和小品文，如余秋雨、刘墉、乔叶、史铁生、林清玄等人的作品，对于我们的中学生来说，称之为一大金矿也不为过。这些文章，或微微到来、或鞭辟入理、或给人启迪、或发人深省，但大都短小精悍、言简意赅、文辞精美，读来余味悠长，令人回味无穷。枯燥的学习之余，读读这些文章，既可以调节大脑，又能够陶冶性情，实为人生一大乐事啊！

读书，不是让你单纯地去读，而是用心去读，必要时还要用手去记。就是说你要做读书笔记，要摘抄。古人说，不动笔墨不看书。俗话也说，好记性不如烂笔头嘛！准备一个专门的本子，看到你认为比较好的句子、段落、甚至文章，都要把他记下来；读书的时候，有什么思索、感悟，对你有什么启发，都要随时地写下来，因为，它们都是一些被称为灵感、或者是思维的火花的东西，可能只是一闪而过，如果你不在此时把他抓住，以后可能再也不会有了。记下来之后，时不时地拿出来翻翻，晨读的时候拿来读读，渐渐地，这些东西就会在不知不觉中变成你自己的东西，需要用的时候，信手拈来就可以了。

我的语文成绩一直很好，我觉得很大程度上就是得益于此。我从初中的时候就养成了作读书笔记的习惯。最初是在老师的逼迫之下去摘抄一些东西，每周上交一次供他检查。老师的政策只持续了一段时间，我的习惯却就此保留了下来。以后，凡是在读书的时候，看到有什么优美或是有启发性的句子，我总是随时地把他记下来，无论自己的时间有多紧张。因为我觉得，这些东西，如果我不记下来，以后可能就再也见不到它了，岂不是我的一大损失？于是，习惯就这样养成了，甚至在我紧张的高三生活中也没有放弃过。积少成多，平时看起来不怎么起眼的那么一点点东西，渐渐地变成了一本、两本??到高中毕业， 我已经有了满满四本了。不幸的是，由于这些本子在班里传看，有一本不知流落到那位同学那里，再也找不到了，让我很是为此捶胸顿足了好一阵子。其余的三本我到现在还爱不释手，漂亮的外壳加上里面工整的字迹、充实的内容，记录了我当时点滴的思绪、心血和汗水，我想我真的该它作为一笔财富好好珍藏。当时，有同学和我开玩笑说：“我们班的作文讲评课都快变成你的作文欣赏课了。”高考的时候，我的作文几乎满分，我想这应该都是它的功劳。

大家可能会问，你说了这么多，到底有什么用呢？我想，读书很大程度上对我们是一种潜移默化的作用，在不知不觉中你的语感、语文知识、文学素养会提高很多，这不但对你学好语文具有决定性的意义，而且对你的人生观、个人气质、修养都有很大的影响。因为我一向认为，书中有很美好的世界、丰富的人生。

（二）多 背

其次呢，就是要多背诵一些诗词名句、历史典故、优美篇章、成语俗语。我高一的时候曾经疯狂的迷恋诗词，摘抄了很多，也背了很多，找遍了我能找到的所有诗歌，古今中外的都有。这段迷恋让我以后用到诗歌的时候，基本上都可以信手拈来，恰到好处。其实，用心去读，诗歌中真的有很多好的东西值得我们去发掘，比如说感情的抒发、景色的描绘、叙事的诗话等等。举几个简单的例子，“明月松间照，清泉石上流”——别人没发现的他发现了；“蝉噪林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽”——别人没感受的他感受了；“仰天大笑出门去，我辈岂是蓬蒿人”——何等的乐观自信！“此无计可消除，才下眉头，又上心头”——何等的细腻生动！古语说：“腹有诗书气自华”，如果你想有好的气质，当然了，更现实一点说，如果你想在高考中得到高分，那么，我建议你，多读一些诗歌。

要尽可能多地了解历史典故。一方面，有利于你做文言文阅读的时候，尽快地把握住文章的历史背景。当然了，如果你确实知道得很多，而且有很幸运的话，极有可能在文言文阅读中遇到你本来就已经知道的历史事实，那就更好了。另一方面，有利于你写作文的时候得心应手地运用这些历史典故来做论据，或者是联想的依据，甚至以此来构架你的文章，像2002年高考的满分作文之一《昭君的选择》就是一个很好的例子。

要尽可能多地掌握成语俗语。这里的掌握，不是说要你死记硬背，而是在读书作文的过程中理解并运用。做到了这一点，不但使选择题中的那一道考察成语知识的题目迎刃而解，而且对你的作文大有帮助。大家如果读几篇毛泽东的文章，就会发觉他文章的最大特点，就是大量引用诗词名句、化用历史典故、活用成语俗语。我自认为，他的文章，抛开政治性不说，但就文学性来讲，可读性就在于此。

（三）多 看

再次，要多看，这里的看，就不是指的读书了，而是说，要学会观察。在社会生活中，

我们不但要勇于汲取新知识，还要善于汲取新知识。

注意观察，这样对我们的语文学习很有好处，观察什么呢？上至天上的日月星辰，下至地上的小虫、蚂蚁、泥土，总之，天地间的一切都应该是我们的观察对象。看到他们，我们就应该想，如果要我来描写它，我该写什么呢？看到一个人，我们也应该想一想，如果让我来写他，应该抓住他的什么特点呢？世界上绝对没有相同的人和事，我们在描写时一定要抓住特征，用最简洁的语言最形象地刻画事物的特征。只有我们平时这样想了，这样写了，考试的时候才不至于无话可说，才可以扩大自己的选材范围，使自己的文章内容更充实、更丰富。

生活是写作之源。离开了对生活的观察，写作就成了无源之水，无本之木。培养自己的写作能力，一定要从观察生活起步，深入生活，正确认识和理解生活。

（四）多 写

最后，很重要的一点，就是要多写，多练笔。不知道大家有没有写日记的习惯，我曾经是有的，那时候，不但写日记，还有周记。我喜欢每天晚上坐在台灯下安静地整理自己的思绪，俯拾生活中的点滴，那种感觉好像是收藏过去的日子，收藏自己的生命。真的，不是我故意夸大，确实有这样的感觉。因为，我认为，如果我不把现有的美好生活好好收藏，任他像用过的纸币、撕下的日历一样被弃，岂不是一大遗憾?

但是现在，进入大学以后，每日似乎都是忙忙碌碌地度过，匆忙得让生活不再从容，让感情不再细腻，我已经很少记日记了，只是在心情郁闷的时候，才想起来倾诉一下。这真的是我的一大损失。偶尔翻翻以前的日记，当时的点点滴滴又浮现在眼前，心中的感觉真的很温馨。可是，如果我不记这些日记呢？当我蹙着眉努力地回想一天、几天、一月、一年甚至十几年来所走过的路，能想起来的，或是认为有意义的，不过是凤毛麟角，很多的日子，都从我的记忆中消失了。这让我觉得自己是在奢侈地享用生命，而不是细细地品味。

对于中学生来说，记日记对于写作可以产生很重大的影响。首先，日记可以促使你更好地观察生活。当你晚上坐在灯下，准备记下今天发生的你认为很好玩或是很有意义的一件事情的时候，你突然写不下去了，因为你发觉，你当时并没有仔细观察这件事，你并不清楚其中一些很重要的细节，不能把他写得像你看到的那么有趣。有了几次这样的经历，你就会渐渐养成注意观察的好习惯。其次，日记可以为我们的写作提供素材。我写作文的时候，就经常从我的日记中寻找题材，找灵感。你会发觉，如果是写你在日记中认真思考过的问题或是仔细描述过的事件，你会洋洋洒洒、一气呵成地完成你的作文而不费任何力气。在考场上，这可以帮你写出一篇很好的作文，还可以节省很多的时间。即使考场作文用不上那些问题或事件，也没关系，还有你曾经写出的经典的句子也可以用啊。再者，多写日记还可以锻炼你的遣词造句的能力。

二、遣词造句篇

说到遣词造句，我觉得拥有流畅的朗朗上口的句子是一篇漂亮文章的必要条件。要想写出漂亮的句子，平时就要有意识的练习，培养自己这方面的能力。大家可以尝试用以下几种方法：字词联想、意象联想、换句练习、短句拉长、叠句、夸张、特写、拟人、比喻、象征、衬托等方法。我觉得最有效的是换句练习和短句拉长，在其中贯穿其他的方法。

我们不妨来做一个练习。大家来设想这样一个情景，你在看到某一事物或正经历某一事情的时候，突然回想起了另一事物或是另外的与此相关的事情。你应该怎样来描述你这个“想起”时候的心理活动呢？或者说，你将用什么样的过渡来引起你下面将要叙述的事物呢？

举个简单的例子吧。

把无尽的思念抛进水面的波纹里，让它永远无穷无尽的扩散，一圈一圈地??

记忆的风帆驶进往日的岁月??

如今蓦然回首，才发现

时光的步伐再次将那些散乱的句子带回我的梦里

时光的潮水把我推回到今日的沙滩??

时间匆匆走过，美丽的记忆却从飞驰的岁月中，重新完整地进入我的心中，跌入心灵深入最深的角落??

记忆的门打开了

他的思绪如同泛滥的春水一般

你还能想到什么句子呢？你是不是才发现，原来一个句子可以有如此多种美妙的说法，原来汉语竟然具有如此灵动的表达呢？

这个例子看似简单，其实就表明了联系遣词造句的最基本最重要的方法。请千万别小看这种方法。不知道大家是否听说过这样的故事。在大作家列夫托尔斯泰去世后，人们在他的书稿中发现了一个本子，上面密密麻麻的写了很多句子，但是，这些句子都互不相连，也不成段篇。人们研究了好久都不明白这到底是怎么回事，后来他的一个朋友揭开了这个秘密。原来，这是托尔斯泰造句用的本子！人们都震惊了。一个著名的大文豪尚且如此重视造句，更何况我们这些普通的中学生呢？

以上，我主要是讲了一下平时应该如何学习语文。接下来呢，我想和大家谈一谈作文在应试方面的一些不算技巧的技巧吧。

三、应试作文篇

作文在高考中是重头戏，语文高考成绩的高低很大程度上取决于作文的好坏，所以大家千万不要马虎。

近几年的高考作文都是材料作文，给学生的发挥空间应该说是比较大的。大家在写作文的时候，可以选择自己比较擅长的那种文体来写，有利于充分展示写作的能力。在高考考场上那种紧张的气氛下，怎样才能又快又好地写出一篇让人眼前一亮的好作文呢？平时的功底固然很重要，临场发挥也是需要一些技巧的。

首先，拿到题目以后，要先进行审题，分析题目向我们传达了什么信息，找到题眼，在此基础上确定自己文章的主题。大家可不要小看了这一步，每年都有一些考生因为作文跑题而败北的。考生要在考场上调动自己的生活积累，根据文题的要求，材料的内容，或生发或引申出一个鲜明的表达意图，并注重思想性和感情性的完美统一，运用一定的方法点化主题、深化主题、强化主题。

然后列出几种可行的思路，或抒发感情、或编述故事、或发表议论，最后要选择一个自

己拿手的、比较有把握写得好的思路，还要综合考虑考试的时间是否充足、思路是否很大众化等因素。尽量避免自己生疏的写法，避免和大家千篇一律的写法。

下面我将从几个方面来和大家深入地探讨一下作文的写法。

（一）文章的题目

首先要说的当然就是文章的题目了。高考的阅卷老师每天阅卷无数，看得多了，最讨厌的就是千篇一律的东西，如果你能用自己的作文题目一下子抓住老师的眼睛，你就迈出了作文的高分的第一步。一个好的题目，首先必须是鲜明、新颖的，最好是短小精悍的，如果确实很恰当，稍长一点也没关系。不同体裁的文章题目也具有不同的特点，记叙文题目可以点明中心，可以表达情感，也可以选择一个具有象征意义的对表现文章主题有重要作用的事物作标题。议论文的标题必须旗帜鲜明，最好是能在题目中提出自己的观点。题目可诙谐幽默、可发人深思、可催人警醒，但有一点，必须有力度，不能软绵绵地放在那里，必要时可以加上副标题。你可以运用一些技巧使你的题目看起来能独树一帜，比如运用比喻、对偶、象征、反问、疑问等不同句式或修辞，化用诗词名句、成语俗语等等。

据总结，好的拟题主要有以下几种方法：

对偶法：也可以叫并列法，以相关或不相关的并列词语做标题。例如“诚信·人生”、“月·人”、“心诚则灵，心信则裕”等等。

引用法：直接引用或间接改动现成的诗词、名人名言、名文、歌曲、影视广告等，用喜闻乐见的形式以引起共鸣。例如“得失寸心知”、“横看成岭侧成峰”、“你知道我在等你吗？”“把根留住”、“淡泊以明志，宁静以致远”、“爱，是怎样炼成的？”等等。

修辞法：用比喻、拟人、双关、借代、夸张、设问等修辞方法提炼短语俗语做标题。例如“灵魂美丑的试金石”、“生命如花”、“放飞灵感的白鹤”、“拾起那一枚贝壳”、“做一颗不被磨圆的石子”、“汽车‘吃’什么”等等。

观点法：直接以文章的观点做标题，多用于议论文。这样可以开诚布公，明确主题，给人以观点明确清晰之感。例如“诚信，万万丢不得”、“诚信——立业之本”、“人，你有良心吗？”等等。

公式法：借用数学等公式，形式活泼自由，让人耳目一新，而且简单明了，新颖有趣。例如：“XX XX=快乐”、“1：6的启示”、“1＋1 2”等等。

总的说来，拟题要从文章的具体内容和体裁出发，做到准确、简明、醒目、新颖、有诗意。这就要求考生要做生活的有心人，留心生活与媒体中有特色的语句。如目前引人注目的美伊战争，广州某报曾发表了一则《为"伊"消得人憔悴》的评论，这个标题就是巧借了辛弃疾的词。

（二）文章的构思

然后就是文章的构思，构思讲究精、巧、新，就是要不落俗套，不要走大而化之的中间路线，而是要另辟蹊径。近两年，有很多构思精巧的满分作文，我觉得最妙的应该2001年高考的那篇《患者吴诚信的症断报告书》，另外还有20XX年的那篇文言文作文，都是很不错的。

第1段150字左右：写出中心论点，首选单句形式，且是判断句或肯定句。绝对不用复句(复句易走题，影响得分)，点出写作的由头，作文题中含有的提示性文字材料，一定要有所涉及。

第2段200字左右：段首讲述分论点一，如第一节的内容是几个分论点的简单组合，则“分论点一”适宜放在段尾。这样和分论点二、分论点三的位置区别开来，使行文有变化。“分论点一”论证不许举例，采用纯分析的说理论据展开。

第3段200字左右：段首讲述分论点二，采用举例论证，首选作文题提示中的例子来分析论证，同时也可辅助一个自己举的例子，自己举的例子要比前例文字少。如没有作文题提示中的例子，则自己举个典型的例子来分析论证，同样要求叙写例子的文字一定要比分析论证的文字少。否则对文体特征会产生重创，影响得分。

第4段200字左右：段首讲述分论点三。采用联系实际举例。这是写作本文的时代意义所在。联系的实际可以是学习、生活、社会任何一个方面，目的是或提高思想认识，或明确是非正邪，或提出解决的方法途径，或揭示某种疑难迷惑，总之要给人以启发。

第5段150字左右：要再现中心论点，扣住中心论点写出作用、意义、号召、展望等。易走题，影响得分)，点出写作的由头，作文题中含有的提示性文字材料，一定要有所涉及。

第2段200字左右：段首讲述分论点一，如第一节的内容是几个分论点的简单组合，则“分论点一”适宜放在段尾。这样和分论点二、分论点三的位置区别开来，使行文有变化。“分论点一”论证不许举例，采用纯分析的说理论据展开。

第3段200字左右：段首讲述分论点二，采用举例论证，首选作文题提示中的例子来分析论证，同时也可辅助一个自己举的例子，自己举的例子要比前例文字少。如没有作文题提示中的例子，则自己举个典型的例子来分析论证，同样要求叙写例子的文字一定要比分析论证的文字少。否则对文体特征会产生重创，影响得分。

第4段200字左右：段首讲述分论点三。采用联系实际举例。这是写作本文的时代意义所在。联系的实际可以是学习、生活、社会任何一个方面，目的是或提高思想认识，或明确是非正邪，或提出解决的方法途径，或揭示某种疑难迷惑，总之要给人以启发。

第5段150字左右：要再现中心论点，扣住中心论点写出作用、意义、号召、展望等。易走题，影响得分)，点出写作的由头，作文题中含有的提示性文字材料，一定要有所涉及。

第2段200字左右：段首讲述分论点一，如第一节的内容是几个分论点的简单组合，则“分论点一”适宜放在段尾。这样和分论点二、分论点三的位置区别开来，使行文有变化。“分论点一”论证不许举例，采用纯分析的说理论据展开。

第3段200字左右：段首讲述分论点二，采用举例论证，首选作文题提示中的例子来分析论证，同时也可辅助一个自己举的例子，自己举的例子要比前例文字少。如没有作文题提示中的例子，则自己举个典型的例子来分析论证，同样要求叙写例子的文字一定要比分析论证的文字少。否则对文体特征会产生重创，影响得分。

第4段200字左右：段首讲述分论点三。采用联系实际举例。这是写作本文的时代意义所在。联系的实际可以是学习、生活、社会任何一个方面，目的是或提高思想认识，或明确是非正邪，或提出解决的方法途径，或揭示某种疑难迷惑，总之要给人以启发。

第5段150字左右：要再现中心论点，扣住中心论点写出作用、意义、号召、展望等。

“时评”可以取材于新闻报道，对新闻事件和人物发表议论，也可以就“身边”事、“心头”事发表意见，只要是关于当下的(现在进行时)意见，就是“时评”。

几种形式

时评写作，最重要的环节就是就事论事，就是对时事本身进行直接的评论。一般有三种类别，一是赞扬式，即对新闻中的人物、事件、工作方法等表示肯定，然后阐释肯定的理由。二是批评式，即对新闻中的人物、事件、工作方法等进行否定，然后从法律、道德等方面找出反对的依据。三是建议式，即提出自己对新闻事件中某个问题的建设性意见。

基本特征

1、讲究“时效性、针对性、准确性、说理性、思想性”。尤其要注重准确性和说理性。

2、在写法上，分为就事论事和就事论理两类。就事论事，就是按照事物本身的性质来评定是非得失，不要求作过多的材料外的拓展和延伸，主要就材料本身进行评议，发表自己的看法，能言之成理，持之有据。就事论理，是对所评之事进行具体深入分析，充分说理，阐明一个道理，而不是停留在就事论事上，以达到“扶正祛邪，激浊扬清”的写作目的。

3、在命题上，具有开放性，可以仁者见仁智者见智。

写作要求

1.选取恰当的当下新闻(话题鲜) 2.确定鲜明独到的观点(观点辣)

3.搜集典型有力的论据(论据杂) 4.运用严密有趣的语言(语言趣)

基本思路

请就下面的材料，联系生活实际，写一篇800字以上的文章。

老师带领学生到建筑工地参加劳动，看到脚手架上悬挂着一副标语：“百年大计，质量第一。”老师问学生：“这八个字有什么含义?我们从中得到什么启示?”

范文示例

百年大计，质量第一

建筑工地上，我们常常可以看到这么一则令人信心百倍的宣传标语：“百年大计，质量第一”。(引述材料)

这的确是一句睿智的口号!(亮出观点)

毫无疑问，建筑，理所当然的是我们生存生活的最基本的物质条件之一;建筑居室，也理所当然的是关系到居民生活水平高低的大硬件之一;它们与人们的生活紧密相关，更是关乎百姓幸福生活的百年大计!因此，建筑工地上，绝不能允许偷工减料，粗制滥造，“豆腐渣”工程横行!而必须坚持“百年大计，质量第一”。(展开一：分析材料——建筑)

由此，我们联想到，作为立国根本的教育事业又何尝不是应“百年大计，质量第一”呢?从这个意义上讲，这条标语有两层含义。其一，“十年树木，百年树人。”教师是人类灵魂的工程师，就应以“塑造人类灵魂”为己任，以“育人育本”的“思想教育”为重点，努力探索，积极实践，做到“质量第一”，努力培养出“思想先进，作风过硬，本领高强”的适合当前现代化建设需要并能与国际接轨的甘于奉献乐于助人且“以天下为己任”的优秀人才。而教育部门的领导者，更应首先把学生综合素质的提高作为主要的工作任务来抓，决不应只重数量不重质量地只管分数靠前而不问素质质量如何。其二，作为学生，也应该以这条标语为座右铭，努力学习，提高自己的思想素质和文化素质从而做到“质量第一”。如果我们的教师和学生都不以“育人育本”的思想质量为高，不以“育人育本”的思想质量和教学质量为重，而只求分数上去了，其他则不管!那么，纵有再多的大学生研究生硕士生博士生博士后也是枉然!这样不仅会使祖国兴旺发达的现代化建设成为泡影，而且和谐社会建设也必将成为一句空话!中国人民又将永陷贫穷落后的万丈深渊之中!赶欧超美也永远只能是“白日梦”!(展开二：由建筑联想到教育—先教师后学生)

由此我们进一步联想到，无论干什么事业都需要强调“质量第一”。今天已是经济一体化全球化的时代，是高科技迅猛发展使地球成为小村落的时代。小而言之，一个企业，只有讲究质量，才能在激烈的国际国内竞争中站稳脚跟;大而言之，我国各方面的规划和建设只有奉行“质量第一”的原则，才能真正占领市场，击败称雄于全球的强烈竞争对手从而赢得真正的胜利。三鹿集团因质量疏忽而宣告破产的沉痛教训，再一次告诉我们：质量是企业的生命，更是国家的生命!哪个国家拥有高质量的人才，拥有高效率的管理，拥有高水平的领导，那么，哪个国家就一定处于世界领先地位!(展开三：事业—先企业后国家)

总之，没有“百年大计，质量第一”的精神，建筑队无法生存，教育无法发展，国家无法昌盛。(总结全文)

学生作文结构提纲与评点：

“述”，看到建筑工地上悬挂的标语“百年大计，质量第一”，(述材料)，深思之余，油然而生赞叹之情。(亮观点)

“议”，这不是一句单调的口号，它包含着丰富的内容，有着启发人们心智的强大力量。(分析材料)，它立足现实，放眼未来，把人们当前的工作与造福子孙后代的伟大事业挂起钩来，赋予平凡的工作以深远的意义。(稍作拓宽，为下文联系实际张本)

“联”，其实，何止建筑要质量，学校的教学，育人育本，更要讲究质量。青年学生是祖国的未来，是四化建设的未来力量。然而由于他们阅历较浅，辨别是非能力差，所以学校在抓教学质量的同时，不可忽视加强思想的教育，育人育本，质量第一。(联系老师、学生、学校实际来谈)……

无数的事实证明，我们的党，我们的国家，(注意以小见大，由此及彼地推衍)，一向都把抓好教育，提高全民族的思想道德素质放在第一位。

“结”，培育人才乃是国家之根本，而培养具有良好的品德修养的人才,更是千年大计万年大计。只有育人育本，讲求质量，社会主义大厦才能永远高高屹立。(小结全篇，干脆而不离题;照应材料，简洁而不重复)

它的基本思路是：引——点——议——联——结

根据例文我们可以归纳出以下的写作模式：

1、开篇引用材料的新闻报道内容。(引)【略】

2、对报道内容进行一些解析作为过渡。(点)【略】

3、从多个角度分析新闻，或阐释其意义，或剖析其谬误。(议)【详】

4、联系社会现实的类似现象，挖掘现象背后的根源。(联)【详】

5、最后从多个层面提出若干个解决问题的“合理化建议”。(结)

除了“联”，驳论与归谬也是时评中运用比较多的技巧。这种时评作文，往往在材料中有针锋相对的观点，这时采用的结构就稍有变化：先破后立。

所谓“先破”，即批驳对方错误码，可以驳观点、驳论扰、驳论证。尤其以驳对方论据的虚假、论证的可笑用得最多。

所谓“后立”，指批驳对方错误之后，再水到渠成地阐述自己的观点、确立自己的观点。

示例：

中学校园里时下流传着一句顺口溜，“一怕文言文、二怕写作文、三怕周树人”，鲁迅的文章生涩难懂，不好学，几乎成了中学校园里师生的“共识”。人民教育出版社新版的语文教材中，鲁迅的作品明显减少，《药》、《为了忘却的纪念》等作品不见了，保留下来的只有《拿来主义》、《祝福》和《记念刘和珍君》3篇，更是引起疑惑：鲁迅的作品真的过时了?一时间，陪伴几代人成长的鲁迅作品，竟然在校园里面临尴尬的境地，是去是留，争议不断。

范文示例：

鲁迅不能远去，更不能删去

中学生随便杜撰的一句顺口溜“一怕文言文，二怕写作文，三怕周树人”，害得鲁迅先生不轻。有些人就借这句话，想删去鲁迅先生的作品，减少鲁迅作品在中学语文课本中的分量(述材料)，我看是一种轻率不理智的表现。(亮观点)

大家可以推敲一下中学生的这句顺口溜，怕文言文，我们就要把文言文给删掉?怕写作文，我们就不写作文啦?显然不能。学生所怕的，反而是最有用，最应该加强的。传统国学不要啦?文言文是我们传统文化中的瑰宝，难道因为学生一句不太负责任的顺口溜就轻而易举的删去?写作的重要性就不用多说了，难道因为学生惧怕，我们就不训练写作，就不再运用写作?就取消平日的作文训练?显然十分可笑荒唐!学生毕竟年幼无知，其意见也不定就正确，完全跟着学生感觉走，这是很明显是愚蠢不明智的。(驳对方论据与论证，推出一个荒唐的结果。从而可见，鲁迅经典是不可删的。)

学生喜欢什么样的文章?看看学生读的课外书籍，你就会明白个大概。学生喜欢智慧背囊式的精悍的小美文，学生喜欢有浅显道理的所谓哲理故事，学生喜欢让人心动的情感故事，喜欢《读者》、《青年文摘》等刊物选载的新潮时尚文章。如果你细细分析一下就会发现，学生喜欢的这些快餐式的美其名曰的美文，实际价值不是很大，最多给人一时的心动，不会长久的影响你。这些文章看似美，实际经不起咀嚼，也不会被历史沉淀下来。可是，由于高考、中考大量选用这类文章作为试题，大大影响了学生，给学生严重的误导。现在的高考、中考试卷中，，大多是流行的时尚美文。这些文章，阅读难度不大，语言华丽精彩，学生乐意读。所以，学生在阅读学习鲁迅先生那些有一定历史感现实感的文章时，就要费一点事，就觉得有难度。学生阅读，不想费事，不想费脑子，想的是轻松。很显然，这是有害的。快餐式文化作品，冲击了鲁迅，冲击了那些有一定难度的经典文章。(要论删鲁迅之原因，从反面找原因——学生喜欢什么样的文章，这样有思维。)

鲁迅先生的文章，已经被历史证明有着很高价值的经典作品，他的作品不仅属于那个特殊的时代，也属于今天和未来，所以根本不存在过时的问题。有人说，鲁迅是那个时代的产物。可是，有谁不是时代的产物?谁能超越时代?脱离时代?

因为鲁迅关心社会，关心广大的民众，所以文章带有时代的色彩，留下了时代的烙印。鲁迅的作品是反映现实的，揭露现实的。可是，现在的很多中学生不关心现实，不喜欢看现实主义的作品。学生所喜欢的那些新潮的美文，往往不痛不痒，无病呻吟，和现实有很大的距离。实际上，这是很危险的。

而对鲁迅作品的畏惧和后怕，完全是学生以讹传讹的误导，是对鲁迅作品的误读。这句不负责任的顺口溜，伤害了鲁迅，也坑害了广大青少年。让学生远离鲁迅，不仅是一个天大的错误，而且是实实在在的无知。不是鲁迅作品失去了价值，失去了应有的历史地位，失去了市场，而是我们有些人的误导和错误教育，影响了鲁迅的存在。

我们已经十分无知，我们不能再错。让鲁迅留下来，不容商量!

技法点击

(1)要学会就事论事。就是要求旗帜鲜明发表自己对某件事或某现象的看法，或褒或贬，或弹或赞，实话实说

评“事”不限于一点或一个角度，可以多点或多角度，但需记，所评所说，必须与所评之“事”密切相关，不能游离于“事”高谈阔论。

(2)要为自己的评判写出分析和理由。

评事要言之有理、言之有据，才能评得文明，才能让人心悦诚服，才能收到辨是非、明事理的效果。能把看法说清楚，又能将看法的依据和道理写深写透，这样的时评才是好时评。评者，可以评，可以争，也可以谏、可以讽、可以怨，可以嬉笑怒骂，甚至可以作楚狂之歌。

①叙事议论不蔓不枝。举例新颖，最后一句分析回扣中心。确定一个中心句，并阐明确定中心句的依据。

②论点方面。要做到论点明确，一般有两种方式：a开门见山，开宗明义。b卒章显志，画龙点睛。只有做到论点明确，才能有的放矢。

③论据方面。

不去关注身边最新的时事要闻，热点的科技动态等等，论据就不新颖，就做不到共性和个性相结合，时代性(时代精神)和历史性(有新因素的历史素材)相结合，点(详写事例)和面(略写事例)相结合，叙议相结合，论据就不能为论点服务。

④论证方面，论证时必须叙议结合，即结合事例进行分析。一般可以有以下几种分析方法：因果分析法，假设分析法，条件分析法，意义分析法，比较分析法，辩证分析法。做到叙议结合的论证才是有力的论证。

⑤语言方面。中学生议论语言处于一种“失语”状态，没有属于自己的真的语言。真的语言，应该能让人感觉到一个“鲜活”生命体存在。作为中学生这个特殊年龄阶段的群体，要有一种青春的气势，褒扬真善美，批判假恶丑。

(三)注意拟题

提问法：把人们关心的问题提出来，为读者设置悬念。如《安排就业能不能“优先下一代”?》

数字法：用数字突显出问题的严重性或复杂性，使读者一目了然。如《二十六个百姓摊一个“仆人”》

判断法：用一个表判断的短语点明中心论点，如《恶搞是对批评的滥用》

反问法：用反诘的语气将批驳的事实或要评论的问题提出来，具有震撼人心的效果。如《格言能“震撼”贪官?》

引用法：直接引用要批驳的观点，并给予否定，这样态度鲜明。如《不可盲目“先就业后择业”》

范文赏析

微笑的中国

在“世界的十字路口”，古老而美丽的中国向世人走来，迈着时代的步伐，自信微笑。国家形象片中，中国在微笑;屏幕之下，华夏儿女更应让祖国微笑着走出去，敞开胸怀，让健康的中国形象走遍世界。(概述材料，提出观点)

“软实力”不知何时已成为街头巷尾的热门词汇，是的，在和平与发展的今天，手操导弹肩负战机的形象无疑让人生厌，而偏居一隅不问世事的态度也早已被时代淘汰。中国需要“走出去”的不仅是商品与资金，更是一个健康、微笑的国家形象。我们已受够因不了解而投来的白眼，我们需要打出响亮而有力的名片。

中国的微笑正在一天天愈加鲜明地展现给世界：世博园中志愿者们一张张友好而真诚的笑脸，是上海乃至中国的新颜。友好开放的胸怀、热忱真挚的态度、流利顺畅的语言、全面周到的服务……这些，都是再多高楼大厦、再多高新技术无法取代的国家名片。一句句善意的问候，一张张青春的脸孔，它们在无形中塑造着一个充满活力、充满人情的文明中国、微笑中国。即使“理性”的觉醒已过去百年，人们依然会用最直接的感性认识衡量一个民族：亲切态度远胜高强工业，金戈铁马难匹文明光辉。国家形象中寄寓着民族源远流长的文化血脉，挺立着不朽不折的民族精神傲骨。中国形象走出去，便是文化走出去，一个民族的复兴，需要文化在世界之林中崛起，文化影响力，千金难敌。

当孔子的仁义经典化作琅琅读书声传遍世界，当京剧百转千回的唱腔飘扬到大洋彼岸，当万千华人以越来越积极地态度在全球贡献光热，我们不难相信，我们正在见证国家形象的崛起，民族文明的复兴。(评析材料，深入分析)

然而，我们又绝不仅仅是见证者，我们当做时代巨浪中的一滴水，纵然气力微薄，也要尽己所能。我们无法在时代广场的屏幕上微笑问候，却可以在生活中为中国人的形象添一分友爱;我们无法站在世界的舞台上传送经典，却可以在一点一滴中让社会文明一些。事实上，真正组成中国形象的不只是光鲜的伟人，不只是各色的文艺，而更是我们，是亿万个平凡的我们。缔造微笑中国，我们责无旁贷。(联系实际，提出倡议)

五千年风雨，五千年屹立，中国有过传说般的富饶，有过史书上的安康，有过列强瓜分的屈辱，有过抗击外敌的坚强。而如今，重新出发的中国洗去“天朝上国”的姿态，摘去“东亚病夫”的污名，以微笑、自信的形象再次走向世界。微笑的中国，需要你我的推动。

愿有一日，得见中华巨龙腾而上，万里不止，中国的微笑在你我奋斗中闪耀世!(总结全文，升华主题)

附：作文题目

美国纽约时报广场是一个繁华的城市商业街区，这里广告林立，被称为“世界的十字路口”。2011年1月17号到2月14号期间，首部中国国家形象片在广场的大屏幕上持续滚动播放。中国各行各业的59位杰出代表，如袁隆平、杨利伟、马云、郎朗、姚明、邰丽华等人在片中展现了他们微笑、自信的形象。10月1日，时报广场户外显示屏上又出现了中国先哲孔子的形象，与熙来攘往的人群融为一体。 要求:根据以上材料,自选角度,自拟题目,联系实际,写一篇不少于800字的文章,诗歌除外,文体不限。

用心培育一个读书的民族

中外官员同台发言时，我总心生羞愧之感：西方的官们风趣、幽默，观点新颖、条理清楚，思维敏捷、表达优雅;而我们官们几乎都是满口的套话、空话，显得平庸无趣，江郎才尽，大失水准。口拙的背后的原因应该是：我们官们大概是不怎么读书的。

不读书的不限于官们，更可扩大到“国人”。不少人对“不读书”有着切肤之感：很多人离开学校以后就几乎与书籍绝缘了。许多家庭，高档电器一应俱全，唯独没有几本书。有资料称：以色列每年人均读书是55本，俄罗斯是50本，美国是44本，我们只有4本，而且百分之九十是教参和教科书。相比之下，还有几本真正意义的书可称得上读过?

中国人不读书当然有很多理由。政府官员无暇读书，他们忙着应酬，忙着出国考察和谈项目;商人不用读书，因为中国是“仕场经济”，而不是知识经济，读书值几个钱?工人农民读不进书，他们受教育程度低，收入也低，读书对于他们是一件奢侈的事情。教师没有精力读书，中学教师工作太累，没有精力读书，大学教师在为课题交差而读书，确切地说，是翻书，是查书。真正的阅读，超越功利的心灵阅读，恐怕是很少很少的。

一个民族不读书，这个民族的文化就丧失了创造性、批判性，个人就会被群体所淹没。国人为什么不读书?我仔细揣摩，大致有以下几个方面的原因：一是国人贫怕了，穷惯了，挣钱的机会突然多了起来，大家忙于挣钱，心浮气躁，自然难以静下心来读书。二是中国传统中缺乏对于纯粹精神的崇尚。“万般皆下品，唯有读书高”，只因为读书可以做官，可以成为“劳心者治人”的“人上人”，赤裸裸的功利取向。三是没有培养起良好的阅读习惯和理智的好奇心。应试教育的泛滥使学生自由阅读的空间变得十分狭小，并使学生从小养成阅读的功利取向。

一个读书的民族一定是一个智慧的民族，一个充满生机与活力的民族，一个必定有着光明前途的民族。过去我们讲：一个人的心灵，高尚的东西不去占领，低下的东西就会趁虚而入。一个不读书的民族，是不会具有智慧和力量的，也不会具有崇高。以色列是全世界人均读书量最大的国家。直到今天，以色列人口也不过六百多万，而它在全世界是一个很有影响力的国家。读书对于一个民族的重要性可见一斑。

看过一幅对联：“为善最乐，读书更佳”，为善之乐在于“予”，读书之佳在于“取”。读书是一种可以忘乎所以悠然的自足，只要一卷在手，便可以拥有许多许多。是的，有两种东西能让人的心灵永葆青春：真爱与好书。为了让我们的内心不再脆弱，让我们的心灵拥有力量，让读书成为幸福人生的秘诀。

小悦悦走了，但愿天堂里没有冷漠

小悦悦走了，因这个社会的残忍与冷漠。小悦悦走了，还未来得及鲜花盛开，还没有阅读世间繁华，没有领略人间美好，就这样走了。

面对小悦悦的撒手人寰，我们每个人都应该默哀，在内心深处点一支叫做良知的蜡烛。这支蜡烛照不出小悦悦的明亮未来，却能照出我们人性的小，照出人间的苦难与挣扎，照出这个尘世的灰暗和阴冷。

小悦悦的辞世又让无数人泪流，不能自已。我想，过不了几天人们便会忘记小悦悦，忘记我们的道德苦痛。“时光永是流逝，街市依旧太平”，小悦悦身上流淌在街道上的殷红血迹，会很快被淡忘和冷漠冲洗得一干二净。

但愿我们别过早地遗忘小悦悦。遗忘是一种罪!记住小悦悦，记住18个冷漠路人，记住我们每个人身上粗劣的道德伤疤。如果我们继续麻木，继续健忘，那么，发生在小悦悦身上的悲剧，一定会在我们身上残忍重现。小悦悦的悲剧，是在以一种极端残忍、极端血腥的方式，告诉我们：道德病了，人心病了，制度也病了，而且病得不轻。可预料的是，如果我们再不自我救赎，比小悦悦悲剧更残忍的事情还会出现。

惟一值得欣慰的是，还有拾荒阿婆陈贤妹，有了她，我们才不至于输得太惨。于是，有人感叹，一个国家的良心被一个拾荒的捡了起来!当社会良知以惊人的速度沉降，仅有一个阿婆是远远不够的。我们不能做虚无的道德鼓吹者，如果自己不洗澡，反倒要求别人讲卫生，显得多么苍白。

你所站立的那个地方，正是你的中国。你怎么样，中国便怎么样。你是什么，中国便是什么。你有光明，中国便不黑暗。学者崔卫平如是说。因此，我们不妨扪心自问，如果我们在小悦悦受伤现场，我们是十八分之一，还是第十九人?如果我们只是感叹，只是抱怨，只是嘲笑冷漠，只是做口头道德家，我们站立的地方怎能光明?你有良知，中国便不会沉沦;你有尊严，中国便不会糟糕;你找准了正确的方向，中国便不会后退……

针对“小悦悦事件”，广东省委书记汪洋呼吁：“我们每一个人都要用良知的尖刀来深刻解剖自身存在的丑陋……”诚然，无论是官员，还是普通公民，如果都能用良知的尖刀来深刻解剖自身存在的丑陋，我们的社会就还有救，我们的国家就值得信赖。

有人说，小悦悦是冷漠祭坛上的祭品，到了该拆除祭坛的时候了。记住小悦悦，记住我们的罪愆，从官到民、从民到官，从道德呼喊到制度重建、从修复制度之伤到道德行动，这或许是自我救赎的惟一方式。

英语作文是最考察同学们英语功底的一类题型，也是在英语考试中所占分值很大的一类题型。所以在写英语作文的时候要掌握中考英语作文写作技巧才能够在中考的时候写出一篇优秀的英语作文。

初中英语作文分为四等。一等文：13-15分;二等文：9-12分;三等文：5-8分;四等文：0-4分。教给大家十个字，搞定初中英语写作，帮你拿到一等文。

要点+结构+逻辑+语法+亮点

要点：实际上中考英语写作就等于两个字，翻译!因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点，要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好，只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点，也就是文章的第二段内容，要做到全，围绕中心。

结构：中考最流行的结构就是三段式，深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼?因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段：简单明了，开门见山，不超过2句话，如，我们想表达小强很强壮，第一段直接说XQis extremely strong。观点明确，这一句足矣。

第二段：分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭，He has ten mealseveryday!详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时，He does exercise 2 hours a day!详举做了什么运动。

第三段：经过第二段的论证，可以得出结论。但请注意，不能完全照抄第一段，要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如，Howstrong and robust XQ is!I hope to be him one day!

逻辑：这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的，转折的，总结的逻辑词等。递进：除了first，second，third，finally等还可以使用高级点的，如first of all(首先)，in addition，whatsmore，moreover(都是另外的意思)，in a word，all inall(表示总结的)。转折：but，yet，however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词，因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法：其他几点都不是硬性的要求，不那样做不能说是错，只能说是不好，但是语法却是硬性的。如，单词的使用，时态等。

亮点：当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文，最后两个字，亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前，都是结构清晰的三段式，要点都很全，都用了一些逻辑词，都没有语法错误，但是A篇只用了beautiful，good-looking，B篇却用到了attractive，charming，catching等，我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇，词组，句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以，以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

英语作文依靠的是同学们的语感和平时的积累，但是在面临中考的紧要关头，要想在短时间内提高英语写作水平不是一件容易的事情，这就需要同学们掌握中考英语作文写作技巧。

一、写提示议论文应考虑的几点

1、文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。

2、会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。

3、归纳总结，首尾呼应。

二、看图作文应考虑的几点

1、看懂图片，把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯的句子。

2、确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。

3、确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文)，接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。

4、根据图片或图表大意议论。

在记叙文我们一定要理清思绪，下面是小编整理的叙事文具体写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

在写记叙文的时候，我们要有条理性，先要想好先写什么，后写什么，安排好记叙的顺序，不然就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么我们要怎么写才能让文章条理清楚呢

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

课文中的经典句子，又是精华中的精华，背熟之后对你的写作语法有很大的帮助。下面来看看小编为大家带来的英语课文经典句子吧，希望对你有帮助。

1、 Flora,whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.

2、 Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.

3、 The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.

4、 I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu.

5、 He told me that I could go on a two-day trip to Leshan and Emei, which wasn’t too expensive.

6、 First,we went to Leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha.

7、 Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small.

8、 Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.

9、 Steven Spielberg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America.

10、 In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a film which he made when he was thirteen years old.

11、 The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.

12、 Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.

13、 This was the moment when Spieberg’s career really took off.

14、 I hate hiking and Im not into classical music.

15、 I surf the Internet all the time and I like playing computer games.

16、 Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.

17、 When are you off to Guangzhou?

18、 My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi.

19、 See you when I get back.

20、 The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.

21、 Now ,the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.

22、 Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.

23、 Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.

24、 One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.

25、 He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself.

26、 Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about.

27、 When he makes friends with Wilson, he understand that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.

28、 The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers.

29、 I found the bathroom, but I didn’t find what I was looking for.

30、 Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back.

31、 There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.

32、 In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue.

33、 In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.

34、 In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.

35、 With so many people communicating in English every day ,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

36、 For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.

37、 In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess “(meaning “I think”),just as the British did 300 years ago.

38、 At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ,ending up with different words.

39、 Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.

40、 However,most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.

41、 Many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful.

42、 Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.

43、 Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.

44、 Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety.

45、 A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.

46、 If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks.

47、 The name “whitewater “comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.

一篇好的作文，不仅需要良好的素材，充沛的感情，同时也需要一定的写作技巧进行适当处理。在实际教学过程中，教师也应该指导学生掌握一些基本的写作技巧，为自己的作文加分。比如，在文章的开头如果比较有新意，往往会给阅卷老师眼前一亮的感觉，可以增加第一印象。同样，如果文章的结尾有一个漂亮的总结，为整篇文章划上一个完美的句号，也可以为整篇作文加分。因此，学生在写作时，应在开头、结尾的地方多花点心思。

综上所述，作文教学在高中语文教学中占有极其重要的地位，对于提高学生的文学素质和综合素养具有极其重要的作用。新时期下，教师应转变教学理念，加强和学生之间的有效互动，激发学生的写作兴趣。同时应引导学生多阅读，积累素材，并且传授学生一些必要的写作技巧，全面提高作文教学有效性。

all the same 仍然,照样的

as regards 关于,至于

anything but 根本不

as a matter of fact 实际上

apart from 除...外(有/无)

as a rule 通常,照例

as a result(of) 因此,由于

as far as ...be concerned 就...而言

as far as 远至,到...程度

as for 至于,关于

as follows 如下

as if 好像,仿怫

as good as 和...几乎一样

as usual 像平常一样,照例

as to 至于,关于

all right 令人满意的;可以

as well 同样,也,还

as well as 除...外(也),即...又

aside from 除...外(还有)

at a loss 茫然,不知所措

at a time 一次,每次

at all 丝毫(不),一点也不

at all costs 不惜一切代价

at all events 不管怎样,无论如何

at all times 随时,总是

at any rate 无论如何,至少

at best 充其量,至多

at first 最初,起先

at first sight 乍一看,初看起来

at hand 在手边,在附近

at heart 内心里,本质上

at home 在家,在国内

at intervals 不时,每隔...

at large 大多数,未被捕获的

at least 至少

at last 终于

at length 最终,终于

at most 至多,不超过

at no time 从不,决不

by accident 偶然

at one time 曾经,一度;同时

at present 目前,现在

at sbs disposal 任...处理

at the cost of 以...为代价

at the mercy of 任凭...摆布

at the moment 此刻,目前

at this rate 照此速度

at times 有时,间或

back and forth 来回地,反复地

back of 在...后面

before long 不久以后

beside point 离题的,不相干的

beyond question 毫无疑问

by air 通过航空途径

by all means 尽一切办法,务必

by and by 不久,迟早

by chance 偶然,碰巧

by far 最,...得多

by hand 用手,用体力

by itself 自动地,独自地

by means of 用,依靠

by mistake 错误地,无意地

by no means 决不,并没有

by oneself 单独地,独自地

by reason of 由于

by the way 顺便说说

by virtue of 借助,由于

by way of 经由,通过...方法

due to 由于,因为

each other 互相

even if/though 即使,虽然

ever so 非常,极其

every now and then 时而,偶尔

every other 每隔一个的

except for 除了...外

face to face 面对面地

将游玩时看到的景物，所听到的声音，所产生的联想，所获得的感受，按照一定的顺序，有重点、有感情地记录下来，就是一篇游记作文了。下面是小编分享的小学游记作文写作技巧，一起来看一下吧。

一、 按游览的顺序描写景物。

写作时，要在认真观察和记忆游览的景物的基础上，按照见到景物的次序，来写所看到的景物。这样才能做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不致于杂乱。观察景物，通常有两种方法。一种就是定点观察。如站在公园某一角，对公园进行由远及近的观察。又如我们登上塔顶，从东南西北四个方向对塔下景物进行观察。二就是移动观察，它又叫移步换位法。就是随着脚步的移动变换位置，一处一处地进行观察。选好了观察点，就是确定好了写作的顺序。

二、 抓住游览重点，详写过程。

一次参观游览活动，看到的景物很多，我们不能记流水帐。要把看到的景物中印象较深的写下来，其余地可以写得简略些。我们要一边参观游览，一边要抓住景物的特点，进行仔细观察。比方说，我们要写游览看到的景物为主的记叙文，写作的重点就是把看到的景物重点写下来。对于我们看到的特别好的景物，我们要进行具体地描写，突出重点。对于重点的景物，要注意详细描写出它们的位置、大小、动态、静态、颜色等。如我们写菊花，颜色就有红的如枫叶、白的如冰霜、黄的如麦穗等等，菊花的形状就有像小姑娘的卷发，毛茸茸的小鸡，绣球等等。我们要把过程写详细、具体，做到主次分明，详略得当，写出来的文章才能突出重点，清楚明白，才能写出游览的意义，才有教育意义。

三、略写前后，情、理、景相结合。

我们在写游记时，应把开头和结尾写得简略些，作文指导《小学生游记作文范文写作技巧》。开头要交待清楚时间、地点和人物。如《游善卷洞》的开头我的故乡江苏宜兴有一处著名的游览胜地——善卷洞。结尾应用议论或抒情的方式写下自己的感受。如《天然动物园漫游记》的结尾写道‘哈哈……’我们在欢笑声中结束了这次愉快的野游。朱库米天然动物园行的乐趣是无穷的，无怪乎世界各地前去游览的人络绎不绝。这样，写的文章有头有尾，读起来给人一个完整的印象。我们要把感情融化于景物中，写出真意。写作时，我们要倾注自己的思想感情。还有，我们在写景的同时，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题，治学精神，使读者在领略自然风景的同时，受到启迪和教育。

切忌：

一、游记作文不要写成旅游路线图;

二、针对你游览的某一地留下深刻印象的景点来作文;

三、必须考虑游记的顺序，空间，时间，角度(远到近);

四、描写不必面面俱到，要懂得删减枝叶;

五、选着留有深刻印象的点来做发挥，其中一定要有详略，那几个略写哪几个详写要想清楚;

六、注意历史事物和历史事件，传说的巧妙结合，更能凸显出游览的意义和文章的深度;

七、借景抒情的手法应该运用;

八、人文景观的描写中，环境烘托是必要的，选着恰当的景色进行烘托;

九、自然景观的描写中，修辞手法应该运用，但是不要落俗套，好好自己去用心感受，最好有些贴切的修辞创新。

先看看任务型作文题及解说:

1.阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。(60分)

当代风采人物评选活动已产生最后三名候选人:大李，笃学敏思，矢志创新，为破解生命科学之谜作出重大贡献，率领团队一举跻身国际学术最前沿。老王，爱岗敬业，练就一手绝活，变普通技术为完美艺术，走出一条从职高生到焊接大师的“大国工匠”之路。小刘，酷爱摄影，跋山涉水捕捉世间美景，他的博客赢得网友一片赞叹:“你带我们品味大千世界”“你帮我们留住美丽乡愁”。

这三人中，你认为谁更具风采?请综合材料内容及含意作文，体现你的思考、权衡与选择。

要求选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题;不要套作，不得抄袭。

这道题目密切结合主流价值观，引导学生关注和思考不同人物的精神境界。

“当代风采人物评选活动已产生最后三名候选人。”--构建场景，我们可以捕捉到候选人物的特征“有风采”。接下来公布了三名候选人:小李、老王和小刘。最后留下问题:“这三个人中，你认为谁更具风采?请综合材料内容及含义作文，体现你的思考权衡与选择。”考生必须从三个人物中选择之一，说明其最具“风采”的原因及自己的思考过程。

第一个人物:“小李，笃学敏思，矢志创新，为破解生命科学之谜作出重大贡献，率领团队一举跻身为国际学术最前沿。”

小李是时代的佼佼者，优秀知识分子的代表，他的成就在于学术上的创新。此外，他具有“笃学敏思，矢志创新”的优点，分别对应着“积累”“思考”“远大志向”“创新”的成功要素，这四点也是高考作文的常见主题。

所以，如果你认为小李最具风采，那么你的理由应该是他的成就和成功的原因。可以从如下角度去立意--

“我认为最具风采的人物是能够在某个领域做出重大突破的创新型人才，他具有远大的志向并愿意不断努力，在长期的积累中不断思考，做出某个领域内的创新”。

第二个人物:“老王，爱岗敬业，练就一手绝活，变普通技术为完美艺术，走出一条从职高生到焊接大师的‘大国工匠’之路。”

这是另一种人生轨道，与小李不同，老王并未做出行业内新的突破;但是他认真专注，在平凡的岗位上将工作做到极致，因而具有“爱岗敬业”的特点。

所以，如果你认为老王最具风采，那么你的理由是也应该是他的成就和成功的原因。可以从如下角度去立意--

“我认为最具风采的人物是在平凡的岗位上做出不平凡事迹的普通人，他爱岗敬业，几十年如一日，将自己的技能发挥到极致。”

第三个人物:“小刘，酷爱摄影，跋山涉水捕捉时间美景，他的博客赢得网友一片赞叹:“你带我们品味大千世界”“你帮我们留住美丽乡愁”。

小刘象征着一种精神上的追求，他不是某一领域内最优秀的人，但是他的作品引起无数人的共鸣。所以，如果你认为小刘最具风采，那么你的理由应该是他的成就和成功的原因。可以从如下角度去立意--

“我认为最具风采的人物是能够给人们带来精神食粮的艺术家，他用自己之所长，丰富了人们的内心世界。”在论述中，古今中外优秀艺术家和文学家的事例都可以使用。

事实上这道题目向我们展示了三种生活方式，我们认为最具风采的那个人的生活轨迹，也正是我们的向往所在。这道题目符合高考作文对于考生人生观和价值观的考察要求。高考作文不仅考察写作水平，同时也在考察考生的人文精神、社会责任与公民意识。在这道题中，考生的思考过程尤为重要，抓住人物的轨迹和闪光点，才抓住了这道题的写作命脉。

首先，抓住三则材料的特点，为回答“谁更具风采”做好准备。

三个人物的特点:小李的特点是笃学敏思，矢志创新;老王的特点是爱岗敬业，技术完美;小刘的特点是酷爱摄影，留住乡愁。

其次，分析“要求”:

要求有二:

1、这三个人中，你认为谁更具风采?

一是三个人都具风采，二是谁更具风采。

特别注意“更”字:“更”是副词，有“更加”的意思，表示程度上又深了一层。

结合本题说，应该是三个人物都具有风采，你认为都有风采，谁最具风采呢?这就要求你作文必须对三个人物进行比较，表明了必须用“比较的写法”作文。在比较中说明你的理由。

2、请综合材料内容及含义作文，体现你的思考、权衡与选择。

a材料的内容即当代风采人物评选活动已产生最后三名候选人:小李、老王、小刘，写出他们各自的成功的原因和成就。他们各有特色，风采十足，你认为谁更具风采?

材料的含意即他们都很有风采，分别是创新的典型、技术的典型，酷爱的典型，请你选出一位最具风采的，说出你的理由。理由即他们各自成功的原因和成就，以及对他们的贡献、价值、意义作用的评判。

B体现你的思考、权衡与选择:

思考的含义是进行比较深刻、周到的思维活动。

权衡的含义是比较、衡量、考虑。

选择的含义是挑选。

写作任务就是思考、权衡、选择。优中选优。

这三个词的排列顺序是有讲究的。要权衡，就要先思考;要选择，就要先权衡。思考、权衡是选择的前提，选择是结果、结论。

要选择首先需做出多方权衡，然后对利弊作出判断，再作出选择。选择-权衡-判断-选择，恰好绕成一个圆。有选择就有权衡。

选择不可能既是此又是彼，只能不是此就是彼。

权衡是选择的前奏。权衡更多的是思考。

选择:主要考虑的是哪一个更具风采。

权衡:主要是比较。比较谁更具风采。

无论是权衡，还是最后的选择都要注意最优化原则。

应该说选择谁更具风采，都是可以的。问题是要自圆其说，说出理由，说出道理，让人信服。

2、阅读下面材料，按要求写一篇不少于800字的文章

(1)9月3日大阅兵马上就要开始了，场外:他们是“替补”，他们还在人行道上练兵，没有丝毫的不满与怠堕看着战友们准备迎阅，可他们是不上场的-------他们认为，崇高是不分岗位的!

(2)阅兵场上，笔挺的军姿，整齐划一的徒步方队，威武昂扬，人们为阅兵喝彩，为祖国点赞，可同时是否更感动于将士们日日夜夜的苦练?每一个细节如果没有千遍万遍的演练，哪能做到极致?

这里什么更让你感动?请结合材料内容及含意作文，体现你的思考与选择。

要求:选好角度，确立立意，明确文体，不要套作，不得抄袭。

分析解说:

1、这题显然是仿2015年高考课标题的作文，拟定的。难度也基本相同。

这是一个给材料，又给定写作任务的作文题。

2、材料有两则，特点十分明显。先说景，后说情，用“可”分开。这里“可”有转载的含意。显然作文立意的重点在“情”上，在“可”的后面。如果立意在“可”前，那么，是偏离题意的，或者说离题的。

3、材料内容是9-3阅兵;材料含意是至少三个:1、崇高是不分岗位的;2、日日夜夜的苦练;3、每一个细节-----千遍万遍的演练，-----做到极致。

4、作文的任务是:“这里什么更让你感动?请结合材料内容及含意作文，体现你的思考与选择。”

"这里什么"指的的是材料的内容及含意，这是作文的范围，不能离开，离开就是跑题。

“更”，有比较、对比的意思。所以要在三个立意点中选择一个写，写出更感动的原因、理由，且必须对比着写，主要回答为什么选择这个，而不是那个，以显示你的“思考”。

“你”，是有含意的。是学生的感动，而不是军人的感动，一般说是电视机前的感动，而不是亲临现场的感动，要写出自己的、个性化的感动。

5、写阅兵，学生会滔滔不绝。但是可能写成泛泛的观后感，内容可能会离开材料的规定。这样的是不及格的文章。

6、立意除了材料给的三点，可以另拟，但是脱离材料的规定范围是不行的。跑题。

3、阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。(60分)

夏门大学94岁高龄教授潘懋元，用79年执着于一件事，研究高等教育学，开创中国高等教育学科之先河;

某大学生热衷于参与选秀节目，渴望一夜走红，登上人生巅峰;

更有一种人羡慕“官二代”“富二代”，坐享其成……

这三种人中，你欣赏谁?请综合材料内容及含意作文，体现你的思考、权衡与选择。

要求选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题;不要套作，不得抄袭。

写作提示:

从材料看，三种人三种不同的人生追求方式，体现三种迥异的人生追求。所以，可以围绕“个人价值观”来谈。

可以充分肯定潘教授的“大道至简”的人生追求，褒扬这种生命不止、奋斗不止、一以贯之的进取精神。尤其在充斥浮躁与喧嚣的当下。

对某大学生的行为，可褒可贬，褒其有所追求，贬其急功近利。

也可以批评第三种人的庸俗低级、灵魂扭曲的畸形人生价值观，只满足“混日子”，浑浑噩噩，不思进取，用慵懒的心态，终其平庸的一生。值得当代青年警惕。

关于任务型作文题的认识:

作文试题考查明确增加了任务驱动的导向。如全国卷作文题拓展了材料的功能，在材料一如既往地引发考生思考、激发写作欲望的同时，还通过增加任务型指令，发挥材料引导写作任务的功能，使考生在真实的情境中辨析关键概念，在多维度的比较中说理论证。如全国一卷要求考生给“女儿举报”事件相关方写信来入情入理地谈问题、讲道理，全国二卷要求考生在深入思考“当代风采人物”推选标准的基础上优中选优，都会引导考生就一个具体明确的要求来写作，从而更有效地规避套作和宿构，实现写作能力在应用层面的考查。

2014作文，有的学生就抓住“独木桥”，展开作文，这就偏离了题意。为了避免这种随意和偏离，就有意识地在多角度材料中，提出指令性任务，让学生能够围绕材料的内容及含意，选择最好地角度来写作，不至于偏题。全国一卷和二卷作文题通过增加“写信”“权衡与选择”等任务型指令，着力发挥试题引导写作任务的功能，增强写作的针对性和对象感，使考生在真实的情境中辨析关键概念，在多维度的比较中说理论证。

“浙江作文题对‘人品与文品’、全国汉语文作文题‘阅读意义的反思’等试题都给写作提出了逻辑阐释的要求。这类思考强度较大的作文题，需要考生调动课内外积累的背景知识，清晰且有条理地组织思想和语言，才有可能使写作走向深入。”专家认为，从这些试题可以看出，目前高考作文对思维能力的考查比以往有了更高的期待。通行的材料作文测试形式尤其是事件类和事理类两大题型，经多年实践已基本成熟。材料作文题给考生提供充分的作答空间、多元的立意角度的同时，出现了一些必须面对的问题。比如过多的角度，学生容易选择一个自己有所准备的角度进行套作，从而失去了让考生在题目中丰富材料选择、辨析的作用。因此，有专家戏称，材料作文也走到尽头了。为了解决材料作文宿构和套作的问题，今年部分作文题在设计过程中，承继自主空间大、立意角度多元等传统优势的同时，又在避免套作、宿构方面进行了新的尝试和探索。如全国新课标甲卷和乙卷作文都在材料引发考生思考、激发写作欲望的基础上，通过增加任务型指令，着力发挥试题引导写作的功能，增强写作的针对性，使考生在真实的情境中辨析关键概念，在多维度的比较中说理论证。如全国新课标甲卷要求考生给“女儿举报”事件相关方写信来入情入理地谈问题、讲道理，全国新课标乙卷要求考生在深入思考“当代风采人物”推选标准的基础上优中选优。这些做法从不同角度拓展了材料作文的测试功能，使材料型作文的考查功能不断完善。

从能力划分角度看，作文题型可分为阐释型作文和任务驱动型作文。阐释型作文是指考生根据给定的相对固定的主题范围，确定写作的中心，尽可能地调动已掌握的知识资源和背景材料，丰富、完善和填充，并对业已确定的主题进行论证，形成“材料-- 阐释-- 话题”的闭合体系，利于体现考生在破题、立意、写作中展现出的一致性。标题作文和话题作文都是阐释型作文的代表。这类试题由于设计和作答具有封闭性特点，一旦命制不当，则会在一定程度上会限制学生的思考。后来出现的材料型作文则突破了束缚和限制，但不确定的角度也为套作和宿构提供了空间。在材料型作文中增加任务驱动型指令则较好地解决了材料型作文的泛角度与阐释型作文收缩性之间的矛盾，这类作文在英美等国的作文考试中比较常见。试题往往是给学生创作出一个情境，出现对立性的问题，让考生通过写作，提出解决处理问题的想法和方案。近年在承继自主空间大、立意角度自然、多元等传统优势的同时，又在避免套作、宿构方面进行了新的尝试和探索，通过增加如今年作文中“写信”“ 权衡与选择”等任务型指令，着力发挥试题引导写作任务的功能，使考生在真实的情境中辨析关键概念，在多维度的比较中说理论证。从2015 年全国卷的任务驱动作文题的设计看，在不影响考生多角度写作的情况下，突出了写作任务的指向，很好地实现了防套功能。

任务型写作的要求和命题方向

任务型写作是2015年高考语文作文新出现的题型。任务型写作旨在着重考查阅读能力、写作能力，特别是思维能力。要求学生读懂材料，在读懂的基础上按照任务指令作文，所以审题时的阅读能力和领悟能力要求较高。

与以往传统作文不同的是，任务型写作具有一定的封闭性。写作目的、要求，更加明确、单一。

至于命题方向，将“一点四面”渗透于作文之中，是试题立意的方向。“如全国二卷作文材料中的三个候选人，与科技创新、迈向制造业强国、提高全民文化素养、建设美丽中国等当代人的梦想相呼应，渗透了社会主义核心价值观;全国一卷作文‘女儿举报父亲开车打电话’，引导学生树立并践行正确的法制观念;上海作文题以‘坚硬和柔软’为内容，引导考生对‘和谐自我’进行思考，符合考生的年龄和心理特点。”高考语文突出体现高考内容改革方向，坚持以立德树人为核心，加强对社会主义核心价值观、依法治国、中华优秀传统文化与创新能力四个方面的考查，通过形成“一点四面”实现高考语文的育人导向。学生熟悉的话题、生活中学生经常遇到的社会现象、学校生活、家庭生活以及文化社会现象。精选材料内容，从熟悉的题材或社会热点问题切入，联系学生的生活实际，引领考生关注社会生活，思考个人成长方向，努力做到学以致用、用以促学。

任务型写作的解题思路

任务型写作分为两部分，阅读材料审题和任务写作部分。

要注意:

(一)阅读材料并要读懂材料。我们只有在掌握材料的范围、含意后才能进行写作，所以第一步阅读非常重要;

(二)任务型写作要求考生去发表议论的主题，往往就是材料要揭示的某种主题。所以，考生可以从命题者给出的论题里找到中心词，关键语句，防止离题。

(三)往往这样的命题材料不止一个，所以要仔细分析材料间的异同，为写作做好准备。

(四)任务型写作既然是先“读”后“写”，是读后有感而发，那么，“读的内容”和“感的内容”要有机地联系起来，开头要引述材料，后面要针对材料，联系写作任务而写作。

(五)就材料的范围而言、就写作任务而言是就事论事;就材料含意、行文中说理论证而言是就事论理。说理就是思辨，就要比较辨析，就要具体问题具体分析。

(六)写作任务是什么?一定分析透彻，否则累死也无功。

任务型写作的应对策略

1.在阅读中培养感悟能力。任务型写作要对材料进行分析理解，要求考生要理解材料，把握材料的主旨。因此，考生在平时的阅读训练中要有意识地去概括文章的内容要点或中心思想。提高认识能力。

2.扩大阅读面，积累素材。除了课程内的阅读，考生在平时要多阅读，尤其是要多读报，要多关注一些时事话题，如环保、教育、娱乐、科技等。而且，一般读了以后多少会有些感悟，那么一旦在写作中真的碰到这类题材，由这个材料引发议论就是很自然的事情了。在备考时，考生也可以把平时所做的阅读理解作为很好的素材库并积累一些相关话题。

3.培养理性思维。考生在上课时要积极参加各类话题的讨论、辩论等，在课间休息、茶余饭后、睡前闲聊等时间也要多与身边的人交流思想，对发生在身边的事情发表自己的看法和观点。同时也要留意他人对同一事物的看法。这样，评论就能做到有理有据，写作起来水到渠成。

4.进行大运动量的写作练习。俗话说，熟能生巧。只有经过不断的练习，才能培养出良好的写作习惯，流畅的表达能力。也只有这样，才能做到“下笔如有神”。特别要多写时评。

5.勤练书写，保证卷面整洁。考生一定要养成书写整洁的习惯，给人以美好的第一印象。

任务型作文6题 (2015-12-17 08:16:55)转载

标签: 海城作文 海城作文高考题 分类: 热点话题

【2015全国高考1卷】

1.阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

因父亲总是在高速路上开车时接电话，家人屡劝不改，女大学生小陈迫于无奈，更出于生命安全的考虑，通过微博私信向警方举报了自己的父亲;警方查实后，依法对老陈进行了教育和处罚，并将这起举报发在官方微博上。此事赢得众多网友点赞，也引发一些质疑，经媒体报道后，激起了更大范围、更多角度的讨论。

对于以上事情，你怎么看?请给小陈、老陈或其他相关方写一封信，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。

要求综合材料内容及含义，选好角度，确定立意。完成写作任务。明确收信人，统一以“明华”为写信人，不得泄露个人信息。

【试题分析】作文试题继续采用新材料作文题型。坚持了在选材上贴近现实生活，在理解上没有太大难度，在立意上有多种选择等特点。所给材料是一则新闻报道，来源于多个媒体对同一事件、不同角度的报道。事件的基本信息是“女大学生举报父亲在高速路上开车时接打电话”。各类媒体的报导主要有以下一些角度:“女儿举报父亲”背后的爱与痛/ 看似无情实则大爱/ 好好劝说不必小题大作/ 这是一种“另类的爱” / 重罚比举报靠谱 / “中国好闺女”为何嫌奖金烫手 / 和谐以信任为基础，告密引起人人自危 / 媒体应秉持公德传播真相 / “理”上往来“举报父亲”，多少子女能做到? / 点赞“女儿举报父亲”也要反省自身 / 就算领了奖金，你也是“中国好闺女”……在材料的筛选中，命题力求尽量保持事件原生态面貌，同时也隐去了一些枝节的信息，以便于学生“综合材料内容及含意”作整体的思考，而不致使注意力在旁逸斜出的信息中走向枝蔓和琐碎。

作为事实材料，作文题仅用140字概括了事件的基本面貌，其目的在于引导考生按照自己的想法进行理解和判断。材料主体内容涉及的范围看似不大，但对这一事件可能产生的影响却有预设:第一，在材料的表述上，借用新闻报道中的“屡劝不改”、“迫于无奈”等说法，既证明事出有因，又拉近了考生对现实生活的体验，有助于理解:事件虽特殊，道理却如常，显示出材料表述及解读的的平易性。第二，在立意的引导上，材料提供了不同行业及各类人物的反应，目的在于使考生对这一事件尽快聚焦，进而产生对话的需求感。例如:小陈利用微博私信进行的举报，警方的查实以及对老陈的教育和处罚，网友的点赞和媒体的报道等，由此也为下文提出写信的任务创造了条件。

具体分析整个事件有几层推进:第一层是23岁的女大学生举报父亲开车打电话这一核心事件;第二层是警方对父亲给予处罚，及之后对这起事件--将私信公开到官方微博，使之变为公众事件;第三层是网友和媒体的加入，使这件事引发更大范围的讨论。这就使材料有了不同维度的讨论空间。

围绕核心事件，可讨论的内容有很多。其实如果抛开当事双方的关系，在高速上开车打电话就是违规行为，举报就应奖励，违规就该处罚，这一点在任何人看来都无可訾议。此事之所以引发争议，焦点就在于:女儿应不应该举报自己的父亲。在有着亲亲相隐的人伦传统的中国，女儿举报父亲违法，是否有悖伦理?能否称“大义灭亲”?可曾显“人性之恶”?是否是“情”与“法”之间的权衡与选择?以上这些都有辨析的必要。观察一件事的性质，不能脱离其起因、动机和结果。从材料看，女儿举报是在对父亲多次劝说未果下的无奈之举，其实质是通过提高父亲的违规成本，引起父亲对生命安全的重视，迫使父亲文明行车，其动机和目的都源于良善与关爱，而非动机不纯的出卖，甚至不是情与法之间的选择，而是借助“法”，珍视“命”，表达“情”。还可以更深层次地追问，这一“女儿举报父亲”的行为如果会遭遇曲解和误读，是否也是社会中信任有所缺失的表现?健康的社会舆论应避免恶意的揣度和不辨就里的指责。当然，女儿的做法是否就是最明智的解决办法，有没有意气用事的成分，还可以怎样更智慧地化解矛盾不使亲情受损，都可以成为进一步思考的内容。

此事的另一个观察角度，就是父亲在多次劝说后的依然故我。曾有报纸总结八大驾驶陋习，“开车打电话”便位列其中，这一类失范现象屡见不鲜。司机边开车边收发短信致过路老者死亡的悲剧就曾在身边上演，但也并未引起人们的足够重视。在0.1秒的决策中，人们选择了错误的行为方式，就是选择了侥幸，无缘无故地认为事故离自己很远。这种行为往小里说是忽视自己的生命安全，往严重了说是无视他人的生命安全。再深入地想一想，我们这个社会，不断有人抱怨缺少安全感，似乎集体处于对安全的焦虑之中，但同时又漠视着自己可能带给他人与社会的不安全，这种复杂心理不也是可以探讨的内容吗?

再有，文明出行一方面靠公民的道德自律，另一方面靠制度的约束管理。安全的维护离不开公众的参与，对公共秩序的维护人人有责。警方也正是基于这样的认识，将私信作处理后公之于众。可谓抓住契机，靠典型事件借公众舆论让遵规守法的理念深入人心。当然，除鼓励举报外，还有没有更有效的方式加强监管力度，也有可商讨之处。因为如果规定没有执行的力度，往往最终会使之陷入“法不责众”的尴尬，好制度会约束人们的行为，使之趋善避恶，学生也可据此向交通执法部门建言。

还有，网友和媒体在其中的作用也可构成观察角度。如果考生关注时事，对这一新闻有所耳闻，并有持续关注的话，就会发现不同媒体的舆论导向有别，如何有理有据地开展批评，避免借公共言论平台构成侵扰和伤害，将公共的讨论引向积极建设与反思，或许也有讨论的可能。

最后，归纳一下，选择这个材料的功能及意义

第一，调动学生的生活体验，有利于借助平凡生活推进立德树人。“举报”事件虽不多见，但生活中发生的“无可奈何”现象却很普遍。这个作文的材料源于生活，又对生活理念提出挑战，考生在写作中，一方面可以通过对生活感悟的联想或调动，促使写作入情入理;另一方面也可以在这个对事理进行思辨和判断的过程中，提升自己的思想水平，丰富自己的品德内涵。

第二，了解思想碰撞的意义，有利于促进文明社会的法规建设。“举报”事件反响强烈的背后，存在着人们对于精神文明的不同理解与碰撞。文明的概念在每个公民的心里有不同尺度的把握，说“开车时打电话有危险”能被广泛认可;说“开车时打电话不文明”就不能被广泛接受。说“别人举报别人”能被看做正常;说“女儿举报父亲”就被看做“奇葩”。其实，对“开车打手机”早有法规管理在先，可是当下开车人的自我约束能力还需要监督，文明的程度还不能因为法规的存在而达到自觉。

第三，认识传统观念的挑战，有利于提升对社会公正的判断。在中国这样一个传统观念根深蒂固的社会，女儿举报父亲开车打手机，虽不是通常意义上的“大义灭亲”，但引发的震动也不小，所以会不可避免的遭遇曲解和误读。例如，在新闻引发的各种看法中就有批评女儿行为违反“人伦”的，指责女儿想出名的，正因为这个新闻事件中的理解与误解包含了新旧观念的冲突，因此这个材料才有思考和探究的价值。

财富，指具有价值的东西就称之为财富，包括自然财富、物质财富、精神财富等。下面是语文迷为大家整理的关于财富的英语名言，希望对你写作文有帮助。

Betrand Russell, British philosopher 乞丐并不羡慕百万富翁，尽管他们一定会羡慕比他们乞讨得多的乞丐。

英国哲学家罗素.B.

He that has a full purse never lacks a friend. Even in a busy market, nobody cares to know a poor person.

Anonymors 富在深山有远亲;贫在闹市无人识。

无名氏

All good things are cheap, all bad things are very dear.

Henry David Thoreau, Ameican writer 一切好的东西都是便宜的，所有坏的东西都是非常贵的。

美国作家梭罗。H.D.

Apply yourself to true riches; it is shameful to depend upon silver and gold for a happy life.

Lrcius Annaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher 要争取真正的财富，靠金银谋取幸福是不光彩的。

古罗马哲学家西尼加.L.A.

I would rather have my people laugh at my economies than weep for my extravagance.

Oscar ll, Swedish king 我宁愿让我的人民嘲笑我的的小气也不愿让他们为我的挥霍而哭泣。

瑞典国王奥斯卡二世

A penny saved is a penny gained.

Richard Brckminster Fuller.American srchitect 省下一分钱等于得到一分钱。

美国建筑师富勒.R.B.

Beggars cannot be choosers.

Du Bose Heywood, American writer 乞丐不能挑肥拣瘦。

美国作家海伍德.D.B.

Creditors have better memories than debtors.

Benjamin Franklin. American president 放债的比借债记性好。

美国总统富兰克林。B.

Economy is in itself a source of great revenue.

Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher 节约本身就是最大的收入 .

罗马哲学家 西尼加，L.A.

Economy is the poor man s mint; and extravagance the rich man s pitfall. 节约是穷人的造币厂，浪费是富翁的陷阱。

英国作家 塔泊.M

Few rich men own their property.The property owns them.

Robert Green Ingersoll. American Iawyer 极少富人拥有他们的财产，是财产拥有他们。

美国律师英格索尔.R.G.

If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some.

Benjamin Franklin, American presudent 要想知道钱的价值，就想办法去借钱试试。

美国总统富兰克林.B.

I finally know what distinguishes man from the other beasts:financial worries.

Jules Renard, French playwright 我终于明白人与野兽的区别在于：人为钱而担忧。

法国剧作家勒纳尔.J.

If rich, it is easy enough to conceal our wealth, but, if poor, it is not so easy to conceal our poverty. We shall find it less difficult to hide a thousand guineas, than one hole in our coat.

Charles C. Colton, British clergyman 如果富有，藏富很容易;如果贫穷，掩饰贫穷却很难。我们不难发现隐藏1000个金币比遮盖衣服上的一个破洞来得容易。

英国画妆师科尔顿.C.C

An ounce of prudence is worth a pound of gold.

Tobias Smollett, British writer 一盎司谨慎抵得上一磅黄金。

英国作家 .斯摩莱特 .T.

All the splendor in the world is not worth a good friend.

Voltaire, French thinker 人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。

法国思想家伏尔泰

关于财富的英语谚语

A bashful dog never fattens.害羞的狗养不胖。(bashful:害羞的)

A beggar can never be bankrupt,乞丐永远不会破产。

A beggar s purse is a I ways empty.乞弓存不住钱。

A borrowed loan should come laughing home.向人借贷应微笑返还。(借钱乐还，再借不难)。 读书笔记

A clear fast is better than a dirty breakfast.宁为清贫，不为法富。 内容来自

A covetous man does nothing that he should till he dies,贪娶之人，死后方尽其义务。

A covetous man is good to none, but worst to himself,贪娶之人，对人无益，对己更损。 读后感

A covetous woman deserves a swindling gallant,贪娶女郎的绝配就是负心汉。

A fool and his money are soon parted,傻子存不了钱。 内容来自

A heavy purse makes a light heart,钱袋沉甸甸，人就轻飘。

A lamb is as dear to a poor man as an ox to the rich,的黑羊比富人的牛更珍贵。

A light purse makes a heavy heart.?中无钱心事重。

A man does not wander far from where his corn is roast i ng.人不会远离财富的来源。 内容来自

A man has no more goods then he has good of.只有享用财富，才算真正拥有财舍田。 读后感

A man may love his house we I I without riding on the ridge.有宝何必人前夸。

A man without money is a bow without an arrow.人无钱，犹如弓无箭。 读后感

A man without money is no man at all. 一分钱难倒英雄汉。

A man’ s wealth is his enemy,财富是人之患也。

中考马上就要到来了，语文迷小编为大家整理提供中考英语写作万能句子，赶紧来看看吧。

1. 不用说…… It goes without saying that … = (It is) needless to say (that) …

= It is obvious that …

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …， … /= Of all the …， …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, …

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that …

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwans economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

We shouldnt spend too much time on something we arent interested in.

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。

At least it will prove how honest you are.

8. 状语从句

A)如果你不……，你就会…… If you dont …， youll …

例︰If you dont keep working hard, youll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I dont think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesnt think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式， S + 现在完成式。

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。