英语作文的写作技巧精彩20篇

一、通讯的种类：一般分为“人物通讯、事件通讯、工作通讯、风貌通讯”

二、通讯的特点

通讯是一种详细、深入的报道，也是一种具有多种表现方法的新闻媒体，通讯报道生动形象、具有感染力。

三、人物通讯：是以报道人物为主要内容的通讯。

其基本要求和方法有以下几点：要体现当今的时代特征;要写出人物的特点;要用人物的行为表现人物。一般有两种写法，一是对人物一生或是某个阶段、某一个方面，作比较全面的报道;还有就是不对人物作全面的报道，而是抓住某个特定的情景，简单几笔，把人物的精神、特点写出来，或是作一个侧面报道。

四、事件通讯：它是以重大的或寻常的事件为报道的通讯类型。是记述新近发生的，受到人们普遍关注的事件

1、其基本要求和方法有以下几点：叙事要有明确的目的性;事件情节要交代清楚名了，线索要清晰;叙事要生动，灵活运用多种表现手法，突出重点，有详有略;在叙事中要选好人物，写人物时注意精练、生动形象。

2、通讯的语言特点和细节描写：通讯作为一种新闻媒体，语言要求准确严谨，简明扼要，鲜明生动，具体真切，通俗易懂;多运用琅琅上口的群众语言写通讯，要有浓郁的感情色彩。

五、新闻写作中应注意的几个问题

1、初学写作可以“描红模子”，从实践出发，边学习边实践，模仿着别的去学。

2、写新闻要有由头，最主要特点就是新，发生的事件离发表的时间越近越好。

3、多写短新闻，可以扩大版面的信息量，是各家报纸都特别提倡的。

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

国家公务员考试申论大纲明确指出：“申论是主要通过应考者对给定材料的分析、概括、提炼、加工，测查应考者解决实际问题的能力，以及阅读理解能力”，也指出了“申论是测查从事机关工作应当具备的基本能力的考试科目。小编收集了策论文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、追根溯源——什么是策论文

所谓策论文，简言之即文章的正文部分以提对策为主。近几年的国考和省考文章命题中都有所涉猎，且题干或要求中已限定只能写策论文。例如：

[2013年国考地市]请以“让……大放异彩”为题，写一篇内容充实的文章。

要求：1.用恰当的文字替换“让……大放异彩”中的省略号部分，是指构成一个完整具体的文章标题;2.主题应与“给定资料”相关，但素材不必拘泥于“给定资料”要结合生活中的具体感受，切忌空谈政策;3.观点鲜明，结构完整，语言流畅;4.字数800-1000字。

[2010年广东省考]针对材料中所反应的问题(仅限所给材料)，以“进一步加强农民工工作”为题，写一篇800字左右的策论文章。

要求：措施全面，结构完整，条理清晰，行文流畅，针对性强，具有可操作性。

二、明确规范——策论文的文章格式

作为申论的文章写作，行文规范是文章的基本要求，也是体现政府机关工作的基本特点。对于策论文写作理应体现以下之规范：

P1：开头 概括材料，分析主题、提出总论点

P2：分论点一(段首为对策性分论点)

P3：分论点二(段首为对策性分论点)

P4：分论点三(段首为对策性分论点)

P5：结尾 总结升华

从此规范可见，策论文的基本特点在于文章主体段落必须以对策加以呈现，望考生能谨记。

三、避免误区——策论文的注意事项

当前很多考生在写策论文的过程中有以下两个误区:

误区一：策论文即文章只能写对策，不能有分析。这是很多考生在文章写作常犯的一个错误，申论文章的写作在于说理，说理势必有理有据，因此自当有分析有对策，分析愈透彻，方显对策之针对性。

误区二：文章主体段落有对策即为策论文。申论文章角度的区分不在于文章篇幅的大小，对策多即为策论文，这是常见的误解。而根本性的判定文章是否为策论文在于段旨句是否为对策。

四、学以致用——策论文分论点来源

古语有云“他山之石可以攻玉”，不管是作为考生平时的知识积累，或是来自于材料中主题所涉及的对策都可成为文章写作的分论点。

以2013年国考地市文章写作为例，材料中谈到了很多文化发展的对策，例：发展文化人才、搭建文化阵地、扶持本国文化事业、重视传统文化教育，都可成为本文写作的分论点，考生可根据对策与主题之间的关系以及对策之间的密切程度酌情筛选，确定分论点。

同时，考生还可根据平时的积累，对于文化发展的对策也可以结合自身，从实际中出发，例如，扎根群众，提高文化自觉性;认真学习，提升文化自信;抵制西化，捍卫文化尊严等等，从这些方面进行论述，进而打造“人无我有，人有我优”的文章写作亮点。

在记叙文写作中，叙述好一件简单的事，这是一项基本功。练好这个基本功，以后进行复杂的叙事，也就有了基础。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于小学生记叙文的写作技巧，希望可以帮助到大家！

德国大作家歌德曾经说过：“一个人只要能把一件事说得很清楚，他也就能把许多事都说得清楚了。”那么，怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢?

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么，怎样安排记叙顺序才能使文章条理清楚呢?

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

有些小朋友看见同学写出一些好文章来，便惊叹道：“这些内容，我也熟悉的，怎么我没能把它们写出来!”这个问题值得深思，说穿了，那是因为你缺乏从小事中写出深意的能力。生活中，惊天动地的事情是少见的，一般人所经历的大多是平凡的、细小的事情。自古以来，好文章数也数不尽，大多写的也是平凡的、细小的事。《红楼梦》写的是封建社会大官僚仕宦家族中的生活琐事，这些生活琐事在那样的门第中可以说是平常又平常的了，但它反映的思想意义却是深刻的，成为举世公认的巨着。

那么，怎样从小事中写出深意呢?

一、提高思想水平，训练一副见微知着的好眼力。

照相机能摄像，人的双眼也能摄像。然而人和照相机毕竟不同，双眼是带着感情去选镜头的。观察的人本身要有一定的思想水平，只有这样，才可能看到事情的里层，发现其中蕴含的深意。

二、深入思考、分析、挖掘、寻找出事情所蕴含的深意。

在日常生活中，要做到凡事多加留意，尽可能深入地去想一想，不只注意到它的表象，还要去挖掘它的本质，弄清它的来龙去脉。这样，就能有敏感的头脑和锐利的好眼力，挖掘、寻找出事情中所蕴含的深意。

三、把事情放在一定的背景中去写。

背景就是时代环境，指的是社会变迁和政治动态等。一件小事，孤零零地看，是不起眼的，如果把它和事情发生的背景联系起来，那就不寻常了。

四、“事”与“意”的榫头要对得合适。

从小事中写出深意来，容易犯的毛病是“事”和“意”的榫头对得不准，往往是主观上(意)想“深”，客观上(事)显得内容单薄。因此，我们在具体写的时候，避免在提示事情所蕴含的意义时候犯任意“拔高”的毛病。

有一篇题目叫《节日的早晨》作文，叙的内容是一家人愉快地吃早点的情形，结尾是：

吃完早点，我开了院门一看，只见人们穿着美丽的新衣服，三个一群五个一伙的，走向热闹的大街，走向光明的共产主义明天。

这段话的结尾处，犯有“拔高”文章思想意义的毛病。如果写好吃早点的情形，体现人民生活水平在共产党的领导下步步提高是可以的，可是将它和“走向光明的共产主义明天”联系在一起，那“事”和“意”的榫头就对得不合适了。

总之，我们只要提高自己的思想水平，对听到或看到的事深入地想一番，认识它的意义，鉴别它的价值，并把它放在特定的环境中去写，就能从小事中写出深意来。

不少同学的作文，不是写拾到皮夹子交公，就是写为抱小孩的妇女让座;不是写帮助同学补课，就是写送迷路的小孩回家……总之，尽是写一些人家写“烂”的材料。于是语文老师常常在他们的作文后面写上类似的评语：选材陈旧，希望今后选择新颖、独特的材料。

那么，怎样才能选择到新颖、独特的材料呢?

一、从自己的生活中去找

不少同学看到作文题目，不是到自己的生活中去找材料，而是道听途说，或者是从概念出发去记叙、描写。记好人好事，总是写“拾皮夹”、“让座”、“为人补课”，不管此事自巳是否经历过，是否有感触。这样的内容，怎么会给人耳目一新的感觉呢?

其实，我们每个人居住的环境不同，兴趣爱好不同，经历的事情必然不同。能把自己那些与众不同的经历作为选材的内容，那么，你所选择的材料一定是自己独有的，新鲜生动的。

二、做生活的有心人。

常听一些同学说，我们是学生，生活贫乏，看不出有什么新鲜、独特的事情值得记叙。同学们生活面不广是事实，要扩大作文选材的范围，就要求我们尽可能地广泛接触生活。那么是不是我们同学生活圈子小，就没有新鲜、独特的材料可以写呢?不是的。只要做生活的有心人，就会有独特的材料让你挑选。住在城里的人，恐怕都见过老年人跳迪斯科吧?可是有的同学熟视无睹，竟然让这样的材料从眼皮底下悄悄溜走了。

三、选择新角度，让常见的材料放出异彩。

一般来说，同学们的生活圈子小，家庭、教室、操场。接触的人少，家人、老师、同学。同学们在作文时，所叙述的事往往是常见的。常见的材料中就没有新鲜的东西吗?不是的。只要我们开动脑筋，对常见的材料改变一下叙述的角度，也会让它放出异彩。

四、打开思路，扩大视野。

有相当一部分同学，思路比较狭窄，他们的目光只注意好人好事，作文的材料老是不能扩大。如果我们同学把观察的目光投射到整个生活里，既看到那些好人好事，也看到那些坏人坏事，作文的材料一定会丰富多采起来。

法国巴黎艺术馆里，陈列了一座伟大的文学家巴尔扎克的雕像，奇怪的是：他的雕像却没有手。他的手呢?是被艺术家罗丹用斧头砍去了。罗丹为什么要砍掉巴尔扎克雕像的双手呢?原来，在一个深夜里，罗丹好不容易完成了巴尔扎克的雕像，非常满意，连夜叫醒了他的学生来欣赏雕像。他的学生把雕像反复地看了个够，后来，目光渐渐地集中在雕像的手上：巴尔扎克的那双手叠合起来，放在胸前，十分逼真。学生们不禁连声地说：“好极了，老师，我可从没见过这样一双奇妙的手啊!”罗丹的脸上笑容消失了。他突然走到工作室的一角，提起一把大斧，直奔雕像，砍掉了那双“完美的手”。

罗丹的雕像是要表现巴尔扎克的精神、气质，现在那双手(次要部分)突出了，人们看了雕像，只欣赏手的完美，而忽略了主要的内容。所以，罗丹砍掉了雕像的双手，以突出雕像所要表现的意义。

雕塑是这样，写作文也是这样，只有围绕中心安排详写和略写，叙事的重点才能突出。

那么，在记叙的过程中，怎样妥当地安排详写和略写呢?

一、事情的发生和结果要略写，事情的发展过程要详写。事情的发生阶段，往往是交代时间、地点、人物，以及起因，事情的结果部分，往往是写出事情的结局或点明事情的中心。它们在整个事情中，或者说在整篇文章中，仅仅是枝节部分，所以要略写。事情的发展过程，是整个事情，或者整篇文章中的主体部分，它往往具体体现中心思想，因而要详写。

二、有点有面地叙事，“面”要略写，“点”要详写。有点有面地叙事，“面”上的内容往往是渲染气氛，交代背景，起烘托的作用。“点”上的内容往往是文章的重点。直接体现中心思想的，所以要详写。这里需要说明的一点是：在文章中，重点突出详写的部分时，不能忽视略写的部分。略写虽是寥寥几笔，但运用得好，可以对文章重点的突出、主题的表现，起到“绿叶映衬红花”的作用。

一篇文章，好比一架运转正常的机器，文章中的一个个段落就好比机器中那些大大小小的零件，这些零件不仅相互照应，而且那些大零件需要小零件把它们连接起来。文章里的段落也需要相互照应，也需要一些“小零件”，即过渡段和过渡句把它们自然、紧密地连接起来。不然，文章就会显得支离破碎。所以，写文章时，一定要注意段与段之间的过渡和照应。

一般说，记叙文在下面几种情况需要过渡：

一、由这件事转到另一件事时需要过渡。

二、记叙的时间发生变化时需要过渡。

三、由倒叙转入顺叙时需要过渡。

四、运用插叙时的起止处需要过渡。

一般来说，插叙内容写完以后要注意与原来的叙事线索衔接。叙事中的照应有三种情况：

一、文题照应。在叙事过程中，我们所写的内容务必切题，要和文章的标题相照应。二、首尾呼应。文章的开头和结尾遥相呼应，可以使文章结构紧凑。

三、前后照应。在一篇文章中，前面的内容和后面的内容要互相照应。

总之，过渡和照应，是叙事文章中必不可少的，我们在作文时千万不能忽视。

写文章应该怎样开头?怎么结尾?谁也不会带着这个问题去问警察，因为警察不是教语文的，跟他关系不大。然而有一则外国幽默，却说有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，而这个警察终于谈出“门道”来了。全文摘抄如下：

有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，警察说：“作报告时，首先要有信心，报告的开头要像逮捕犯人一样，富于戏剧性;报告中间要像审讯犯人一样有条不紊;报告的结尾要像宣判一样简洁明快。”

看了这则幽默，同学们可能会捧腹大笑，有的笑那个“向警察请教作报告”的人，是向聋子借听力，是向盲人问路;有的笑那个警察是：“不懂装懂，胡说八道。”其实，那位外国警察谈的作报告的诀窍也一样适用于写文章，所谓开头要“富于戏剧性”，就是说开头要漂亮;所谓结尾要“简洁明快”，就是说结尾要干脆有力。

到“开头漂亮”的主要途径是：

一、叙述好事件的起因。如《边线》作文，开头这样写道：“大扫除刚结束，不知哪个‘缺德鬼’把一小团废纸扔在五年级的走廊上。”文章的开头便是军军和牛牛争吵这件事的起因，具有夺人眼目的力量。

二、描写环境，烘托气氛。如《风》作文，作者一开头就描写了风的猛烈：“走在路上，风要把我吹得飘起来。”甚至“前面路口的大杨树被风刮得东倒西歪，发出‘唰唰’的响声……”文章的开头交代了上学路上的恶劣环境，正是为了适应表达中心思想的需要，也增强了感染力。

三、激人兴趣，引人入胜。如《一堂有趣的自然课》，作者开头就写道：“清脆的上课铃声刚止住，马老师就抱着一大堆毛皮子、丝绸帕、玻璃棍和橡胶棒等东西，快步走进了教室。”马老师究竟要干什么?难道你不想看下去吗?

四、开门见山，点明题旨。如《“雷锋”来到运动场》作文，作者开头写道：“学校十三届田径运动会结束了。在总结会上，老师和同学们纷纷赞扬一位不知名的‘雷锋’。”这样直截了当，一下子把读者注意力吸引到中心思想上，起到总领全文的作用。

做到“结尾有力”的主要途径是：

一、把事件的结局交代清楚。如《一堂有趣有自然课》，是这样结局的：

下课铃声响了，当同学们恋恋不舍地放下手中的实验时，一个个不由自主地埋怨道：“怎么搞的，这节课时间这么短!”

这种顺着情节的发展，以事情的终结作全文的结尾，干净利落，不枝不蔓，事情结束，文章也就结束了。

二、语言含蓄，发人深思。在记叙文中，作者以独特的认识和理解，写下深刻含蓄的结语，力求意味深长，发人深思。

三、结尾同开头呼应。结尾照应开头，能使文章结构谨严，浑然一体。

四、篇末点题，突出中心。篇末点题，尤如画龙点睛，这“睛”点得好，会使全篇顿生光彩。画龙点睛式的结尾，能帮助读者悟出全文的深意，给人留下深刻的印象。

如何写通顺的英语

英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面，也是语言能力测定的重要手段，衡量写作水平的标准便是看其是否能用学过的语言材料，语法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。

书面语言表达一般分为三个过程：思维、组织、表达。先是思维，把要写的东西在脑中思考，这往往是个别的，孤立的一些素材，很凌乱琐碎；因此要对此进行组织，把这些思维作出整理，使其条理、系统化，但这还是较粗糙的，可能还有一些用词不当或语言错误；最后才是表达，把组织过的材料仔细推敲，确无问题了再落笔成文。

在撰写时要注意主谓语一致，时态呼应，用词贴切等，这就是写作。上述的三个过程，最难的就是第三个过程，这需要我们有较好的语法知识，掌握一定数量的句型，习惯用语，熟练的写作技巧，这样才能写出通顺生动的文章来。

总之，要提高英语写作水平，需要两方面的训练：一是语言基础方面的训练，要有扎实的造句、翻译等基本功，即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子；二是写作知识和能力方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。

那么，究竟怎样才能写好作文呢？

阅读优秀范文

首先要搞好阅读。阅读是写作的基础，在阅读方面下的功夫越深，驾驭语言的能力也就越强。所以要写好英语先要读好英语，在语言学习方面狠下苦功，教科书要读透，因为教科书中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文笔流畅，语言规范，精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。再就是要进行大量课外阅读，并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。

加强练词造句训练

其次，要加强练词造句的训练。词句对作文相当于造房的材料，无好材料就造不出好房子。平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累，把好的词语、短语、句型做好笔记。平时在练习中的错误也要做好记录，再对照正确句子，使地道的英语句子如同条件反射，落笔就对。

了解英语写作格式

还有，要了解英语写作的不同体裁与格式。可以先看一本介绍英语写作入门的书，对英语写作有一个初步的概念，如怎么写议论文，如何提出论据，如何展开，如何确定中心句；又如，英语信的格式，如何根据不同身份写不同结束语等，然后根据不同的体裁进行写作练习。

用英语写日记

要养成记英语日记勤练笔的好习惯。经常用英语记日记，等于天天在练笔，这无疑是提高英语协作的行之有效的好办法。在记日记时，不要总是用简单句，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型、关联词和复合句等，使文句更优美生动。还有要按照题目或所给情景写文章练笔。写好后对照范文，找出差距，然后再练习，这对提高英语作文也很有帮助，在游泳中学会游泳，只有多练习才能练好。

总之，平时学习语言素材积累多了，体裁格式记住了又经常练习不断提高，到作文下笔时就会得心应手，水到渠成。

写散文，就得需要用一些华丽的词藻来描写景色，衬托人物的内心世界;写小说，就得需要大量的对话，具体的人和物的描写，使用大量的形容词和量词，比如说你看到了一把刀架在你的脖子上，就应该说我看到一把闪闪发亮的短柄瑞士军刀架在了我的脖子上。呵呵，我不写散文和小说，只是大概说一说这两种文体的写作套路。由于泥人常写的文章以财经、管理、时评类为主，这里主要讲一下写时评类文章的技巧。

时评文章，顾名思义，就是时事评论性的文章，写时评文章，其写作套路可以总结为取材、观点、组织三点。

首先是取材，取材是写时评文章的第一步。取材其实很简单，每天从各个报纸、新闻网站上看看，当天发生了什么重要的或者备受关注的新闻。然后，分析一下，这些新闻的背后是否有可以挖掘的东西。比如：最近发生的一些社会性事件有：真假华南虎事件、华为辞职门事件、嫦娥卫星上天事件、色.戒电影等等，还有当地的报纸上刊登的地方性新闻、自己在生活中遇到的各类看似正常或本来就不正常的现象。这些新闻事件和现象背后一定有其深层次的原因和相关的因素值得去挖掘。这就是写作的取材。

其次是观点，有了写作材料，然后就需要根据写作材料形成自己的观点。比如真假华南虎事件就可以来由此拷问社会诚信度问题、从技术或者情感角度去支持某一方、真假华南虎问题带来的社会正面影响、负面影响等等。从华为辞职门事件可以去分析企业的社会责任感、分析中国的钻空子文化、法律的尊严、企业与员工的关系、支持某一方的观点等等。这些都是值得思考和分析的话题，也许我们看到了这样的新闻会有自己的直观判断，但如果我们去深入思考和分析，并将它写出来，就形成了自己的思想积累，长年累月，还会形成一个思想体系。

关于观点，本人的观点是宁愿偏激，拒绝平庸。一个平庸的观点，人云亦云的观点，是没有太大价值的。相反，如果我们从一些常人想不到的角度去思考问题，就会提出新颖的观点，形成自己有个性的观点。例如泥人曾经提出的价值投机的观点、用股利增长模型分析房价等都是非常有个性的观点。如何形成自己的观点，推荐大家一本书《六顶思考帽》，《六顶思考帽》是用红帽子、黑帽子、白帽子、绿帽子、黄帽子、蓝帽子分别来形象的比喻：直观判断、负面角度分析、基本事实角度、创意角度、正面积极角度、综合系统控制角度来对一件事进行六维平性思考。通过六顶思考帽的平行思维方法，我们能对同一件事件从不同角度提出看法，从而形成自己的独特的观点。

第三是组织，有了写作素材和写作观点，剩下的事情就是如何来组织行文了。在网上写作，组织行文的技巧和传统平面文章有所不同。传统平面文章要求组织严密，行文严谨，用词规范等等，而在网上写作，在行文组织上，也要做到三点。第一是要做到标题标新立异且最好能吸引眼球。例如新浪的编辑将“大陆青少年为什么不再把父母当偶像”改为“大陆父母没资格做偶像?”就使标题更为夺人眼球了，这是一个眼球经济时代，眼球就是生产力。也因此出现了一个新名词叫做标题党，指的是标题很哗众取宠，但与内容却不太一致，或者是内容的断章取义。第二是文章要同时给人和搜索引擎看。随着google、百度等搜索引擎被用户普遍使用，用户对一个网站的粘性已越来越低，而更多的是借助于百度搜索引擎来所搜自己需要的内容。因此，文章能不能被搜索引擎搜索到，成了网上写作的一个纯粹的技巧。我们不推荐使用大量的无关的关键字堆砌，但对于每篇文章的主题、核心词汇，就需要有一定有密度。例如，本文的主题是写作技巧，我们在文章就会不断地出现写作技巧这个词，这样有助于用户的搜索体验例如即用户想搜写作技巧这个主题，于是就输入写作技巧这个关键词，就能找到这篇关于写作技巧的文章。关于文章的关键字问题，又是一个话题，这里就不展开了。第三，文章的行文组织上，要做到思路清晰，尽量将论据、论点等一二三列出，让人一看，就能理清头绪，一面看了文章还是一头雾水。

写作技巧应该只是辅助性的，更重要的是文章的内涵和深度，一个没有深度的文章，写得时候很轻松，几分钟就能整出一个文章，然而对读者来说其价值并不是很大，甚至会浪费读者的时间。因此就取材、观点、组织这写作三部曲来说，观点就显得最为重要。

初一是正式开始写英语作文，怎么样才能写出好的英语作文呢?

一、充分准备，打好基础。

为了提高初一英语作文写作水平，平时应加强阅读，多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，只有多读，多记，多背诵，才能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法，如书信、日记、通知等，它们大多有固定的格式。

二、认真审题，明确要求

在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示，分清材料的主次，接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素;最后确定时态，同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。

三、遣词造句、表达规范

初一英语作文用词要恰当，不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时，应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些，有些句型不会表达，可以设法绕开，用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词，如and, or, but, so，because, since等，以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密，自然流畅。

四、认真撰写，卷面整洁

初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题，如果时间允许，书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前，要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题;之后检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当;最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求，前后是否一致。

英语写作常用名言

1.Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量 2.Live and learn. 活到老,学到老

3.The more you know, the more you find you don’t know. 知之愈多,便觉知之愈少

4.Never teach a fish to swim. 切勿班门弄斧

5.Never too old to learn; never too late to turn. 学习不厌老,改过不嫌迟 6.Better sense is the head than cents in the pocket. 口袋里有钱不如头脑里有知识

7. The greatest artist was once a beginner. 最伟大的艺术家也曾是个初学者 8.It’s never too late to learn. 活到老,学到老 9.A good book is a good friend. 好书如同挚友

10. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会学习不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻

11. A young idler, and old beggar. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲

12. By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.读书使人充实,交谈使人精明

13. Experience must be bought. 吃一堑,长一智

14. There is no royal road to learning. 学问无捷径

15. Imagination is more important than knowledge. 想象力比知识更重要 16. The empty vessels make the greatest sound. 满瓶不响,半瓶咣当

17. If you don’t learn to think when you are young, you may never learn.如果你年轻的时候没有学会思考,那么就永远学不会思考

18.There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.最有益的是知识,最有害的是无知

1, 小作文的字数不够乃低级错误之最！

2 ， 尽量把字迹写工整，虽然字迹工整与否并不是评分标准范畴里的，但若你的英文写成了狂草书，考官也是会抓狂的！

3 ， 小作文不需要用太过于复杂的句式，能避免使用定语从句就不用，记住一句话：用最精辟的语言表达出最完整的信息！

4 ， 在小作文中放入插入语，伴随状语等形式能让你的文章更显精辟！

5 ， 小作文是客观性作文，所以你的文章中只能使用客观用词，不能出现 because 等主观性解释性的语句。

6 ，不要用一般现在时贯穿首尾，一般情况下小作文主要时态为过去时。此外，将来时不会出现在小作文中！

7 ，单词重复属于小作文写作中的大忌！在精辟的同时请选用多样化的词汇彰显你的学术范儿。

8 ， 大作文所占分值更多，所以若遇大作文比较难写，先干掉大作文！

9 ， 老外非常注重英文写作时候的逻辑，所以在你的小作文里请分段清楚，那最能体现你清晰的逻辑思路。

10 ， 熟练掌握小作文三大段框架，即开头介绍段，中间描述段和结尾总结段，这会让你的文章看起来更具有条理和整洁。

11 ，中间描述段要以便于对比为目的，从对比和类比，从不同属性的比较，从最具有代表性的数据入手等都是行之有效的分段方法。

12 ， 小作文写作最好有明确是时间分配，即准备阶段 3 分钟，写作阶段 15 分钟。严格遵循 18 分钟完成小作文的要求。绝对不能抢大作文的风头！

13 ， 绝对不能忽略对比，当你用完比较级，最高级后开始绞尽脑汁时，何不尝试一下从数据入手，从曲线本身入手，从总量对比入手使用分数，倍数，百分比等语法手段多方位多角度立体式轰炸呢？

14 ， 字数不能过多，字数过多只说明一个问题：你在描述 all features 而不是 main features ！

15 ，在确定好首段改写 introduction 以及末段总结后，从宏观出发，找到分段点。再确定 main features. 最后选定合适的词和句。层层递进，逐个击破！

16, 不要为了凑字数而写，在准备阶段最好在心中有数，设定好整篇文章可以用几个句子完成，以期达到精辟和有效，没用的信息只会让考官反感。

17 ，结尾段不要遗漏，相反，重申总结或通过中间段分析得出结论能提高你文章的整体层次感！

18 ，单词拼写错误是写作中最不划算的扣分项，请写完后迅速浏览自己文中的单词拼写问题。

[雅思考试小作文写作技巧介绍

语文是小升初中的重要科目，作文在语文中占有很大比重，能写好一篇作文靠的还是多积累知识，多接近新鲜事物。下面是小编为你带来的小学生作文写作技巧歌诀，欢迎阅读。

1. 写好一个人

描写人物抓特点，音容笑貌文中现。

外貌心理略描写，细写行动和语言。

展开联想写材料，详写事例一至三。

结构方式巧安排，人物如生站眼前。

2.写物品

要写物，看清楚，形态特点和用途。

观察有序条理明，拟定提纲再写出。

语言生动又活泼，选词用语下工夫。

一言一语要准确，作文一定有进步。

3.写动物或植物

写动物，写植物，细致观察看清楚。

抓住形状和特点，按照顺序写出来。

表达感情要自然，融入情思感肺腑。

练好状物基本功，作文才能有进步。

4.写好一件事

作文之前要审题，明确要求再动笔。

开头结尾概括写，事迹过程要具体。

多问几个“怎么样”，故事情节写详细。

学会点题中心明，题目内容有联系。

5.写好两个人

作文之前要审题，两人之间写联系。

主要事情要突出，围绕中心写事例。

人物语言细致写，要从双方来落笔。

开头结尾下工夫，突出中心要具体。

6.写游记

写游记，写游踪，游览历程要写清。

景物描写要具体，动态静态表分明。

细致观察是前提，写的活泼又生动。

抒发感情要真实，文章画龙又点睛。

7.写好一篇参观记

去参观，按顺序，依序记叙牢牢记。

条理清楚写得明，层层内容紧扣题。

主要内容详细写。选好重点写仔细。

文章过渡要自然，前后连贯要得体。

8.开头结尾歌

开头结尾要做到，仅仅围着中心绕。

开门见山把话讲，空话废话都去掉。

结尾总结和点题，不要乱喊空口号。

拟好提纲再动笔，文章一定能写好。

9.写好一次活动

写活动，要具体，仔细观察是前提。

人物事件和环境，一步一步看仔细。

围绕中心写场面，点面结合有条理。

抓住重点详细写，思索以后再下笔。

10.中心思想歌

中心思想是灵魂，一文只有一中心。

主题鲜明有意义，使人读后印象深。

围绕中心来剪裁，详略应有巧安排。

用字用句须认真，中心思想贯全文。

11.写好一篇读后感

读书学写读后感，养成学习好习惯。

读懂文章有方法，领会中心和句段。

联景实际写感想，叙议结合要自然。

面面俱到写不好，一定突出一两点。

12.观察歌

作文来源于生活，材料要靠观察获。

直接间接要记住，定点动点灵掌握。

总体、细节不能忘，还有触发和自觉。

单一比较有技巧，动用视听嗅触觉。

13.作文四步曲

写作文，写什么?先把材料来定下。

定好材料别动笔，再要问个为什么。

找好中心巧构思，表达方式细策划。

写得到底怎么样，文章完了要检查。

14.文面歌

说文面，道文面，文面犹如人的脸。

爱美之心人皆有，脸蛋漂亮都喜欢。

坚决不写错别字，杜绝涂抹“污泥”团。

15.十种常见开头

开头方法有十种，一种一种要记清。

开门见山紧扣题，巧设悬念引好奇。

交待写作的目的，运用设问提问题。

描写景物造气氛，精彩抒情和议论。

先说动人小故事，提示中心引兴致。

写出对话和行动，神话传说巧引用。

16.作文歌诀

作文时，要记清，中心思想先确定。

围绕中心选材料，典型生动又新颖。

安排材料列提纲，全盘考虑需慎重。

条理清楚不错乱，详略恰当段分明。

学写文章忌笼统，细节具体才生动。

前设伏笔后照应，结构严谨不松懈。

开头别致又扣题，结尾严尽意无穷。

用词准确句通顺，标点符号正确用。

写好之后读几遍，一字一句抄写清。

常写勤练不停笔，作文定会写成功。

17.选材歌

作文材料不难找，留心观察最重要，

所见所闻和所感，都是作文好材料。

熟悉新颖有意义，选材时候要记牢。

多看多听多思考，董坚持练笔准提高。

18.优等作文标准

写作文，要用心，文体相扣把握准。

思想健康中心明，内容具体条理清。

详略得当句通顺，要把文面写工整。

坚决不写错别字，标点符号不乱用。

19.让事实说话

写作文，禁空话，要让事实来说话。

写人物呀记事件，内容充实细刻画。

写言行，描神态，人物活跃在笔下。

多观察呀细描写，具体生动笔生花。

写文章，靠语言，字字句句要求严，

力求准确和生动，认真推敲不嫌烦。

听说读写多留心，刻苦用功多钻研，

积累词汇常运用，写好文章并不难。

21.标点符号歌

抑扬顿挫文章妙，转换停顿掌握好，

标点符号作用大，此歌一定要记牢。

句号化个小圆圈，表示一句意思完。

逗号小点拖尾巴，句子停顿就出现。

问号元钩下带点，问话末尾显手段。

叹号像个小炸弹，惊怒悲喜或感叹。

顿号一粒黑芝麻，并列词语点中间。

分号两点拖尾巴，并列分句中间点。

冒号两个圆点点，提示下文在后边。

引号两对小蝌蚪，引文反语必须点。

话里套话不费难，外边双来里边单。

书名篇名也要点，双尖括号夹两边。

省略号，六个点，表示意思还没完。

破折号，一条线，注释转折或突变。

中间插入注释话，方圆括号任意选。

学标点，并不难，多看多用定熟练。

22.写好自己

写作文，写自己，动笔之前想仔细。

选好事情一两件，感受最深有意义。

突出重点写过程，把握中心不跑题。

到底是个什么人，描写一定要具体。

23.怎样观察

观察时，要巧妙。五感官，都用到。先用眼，仔细瞧，形色态，分辨好。触形态，善比较，观颜色，浓淡晓;看姿态，静动找。听声音，动脑筋。嗅气味，多闻闻;有顺序，抓重点;时间变，地点换，观察时，多体验;巧联想，抓特点;观察好，得用脑;多感官，结合好。

24.怎样收集材料

材料多，文章好;多读书，佳句找;勤观察，笔记好;多用心，善思考，勤摘录，多剪报。分条记，整理好;使用时，方便找。

25.怎样审题

要作文，先审题。明范围，知题义;扣题眼，重点记;知数量，不离题;明人称，好下笔;附加语，须重视。写真情，出新意。

26.怎样选材

选材料，须扣题。熟材料，反复比;选新颖，是第一;选真实，要牢记;选典型，有情趣。材料多，细琢磨;多比较，用心计。

27.怎样构思

先构思，后动笔;定中心，宜扣题。一文章，一中心;无须多，不偏离。想开头，思顺序;明重点，具体叙;线索明，思路清;巧过渡，会照应;时间变，按顺序;地点变，合事理;首和尾，要一致;立好意，才下笔。

28.怎样列题纲

构思好，列题纲;搭架子，行文畅。定顺序，理思路;明详略，细琢磨。首和尾，要贴妥。

29.怎样开头

开好头，是关键。直入题，时地点;设悬念，趣味见;描绘景，抒发情。借故事，吸引人;好诗句，引入文;借哲理，巧议论;先概述，再具体;要成功，须新颖;方法多，灵活用。

30.怎样结尾

结尾好，味无穷。自然收，渠自成;巧总结，中心明;善启发，留余声;要赞美，巧抒情;发议论，要点睛;象征景，味无穷;呼开头，暗照应;成一体，结构整。

31.怎样过渡

巧过渡，文无缝;衔接段，思路清。句过渡，用词语;巧铺路，很有趣。段过渡，句子好;架设桥，连接巧。篇过渡，用段落;妙连接，好处多。过渡处，要自然，忌生硬，忌死板;忌跳跃，忌突然。

32.怎样写具体

写文章，要具体。叙事文，重过程，细节处，须注意。写人物，动语神;细刻画，须用心;人物活，要逼真。状物文，抓特点，多形容，多修饰;善分解，巧对比。写景文，形色态，细心描，大胆想;静动态，重点忆。写活动，要注意：从整体，到部分;先场面，后聚焦。写联想，多比喻;可夸张，可排比;情趣浓，文具体。

33.怎样绘景

描景物，怎下笔?写形状，须具体;绘颜色，浓淡宜;描形态，写情趣;多联想，多比喻;并列写，可排比;引诗句，妙无比;抓特点，按顺序，融入情，精描绘。

34.怎样状物

状物文，要牢记：选好物，先熟悉。写植物，形色味，枝叶花，果实美，拟人化，用比喻;写成长，分四季，抓特点，重点记。写动物，描外形，分类描，要具体;写习性，抓特点，联生活，细节全，述感情，要自然。写物品，明来历，描外形，按顺序。形与色，要看清。写结构，知用途。抓重点，细描绘。人与物，用事例;生活趣，要典型。建筑物，远近看，抓特点，有重点;分层写，视点变;多联想，古今全;人物情，融其间。

35.怎样叙事

叙事文，有人称;六要素，要记清;时地事，交代明;环境清，有人物;起因前，脉络连;写结果，别含糊。有重点，有详略;有细节，变化多;生活趣，人物情，事三折，文入胜。

36.怎样记人

写人物，抓特点;描肖像，有重点;记衣着，不一般;言与行，要逼真，有细节，点神态;察心理，见精神。具体事，表特点。

37.怎样修改

好文章，改百遍。读中改，细增删;多推敲，严把关。标点号，用恰当。调并换，文意畅;热加工，冷处理，互批改，互借鉴。改中写，技能练。

38.怎样改写

改写文，有借鉴;改人称，语气变;改体裁，结构变。通读文，明要求;细比较，差异找。增删换，细推敲;多联想，要巧妙;多修改，达目标。

39.怎样扩写

扩写文，有重点;明中心，抓要点;善想象，多描写，添细节，事不变;抒真情，巧议论;首尾新，故事全。

40.怎样缩写

缩写文，意不变。理思路，明要点，抓中心，留主干。 去枝叶，注意删。有首尾，有重点。

41.写应用文

写日记，有格式，见闻感，都可记。自由写，随意记;天天写，要坚持。写书信，按格式，言得体，分层次;有中心，述真意。板报稿，要快捷;选材新，标题切;言简明，扬新风。应用文，格式明，多实践，活运用。

42.写看图作文

看图文，是创新。对照图，看仔细;一看人，二看景，三看事，分主次。推前因，想结果;多联想，想合理。看中想，求创新;写文章，要具体。

43.怎样续写

续写文，要联想;人不变，事要变;新时间，新地点，新人物、新事件。变原因，变环境，变故事，变人称。新发展，结果变。合情理，出意料;故事妙，主题好。

散文是一种是一种最常见的文学体裁。由于它取材广泛，艺术表现形式丰富多样，如同五彩斑斓的风景画，让人陶醉，让人喜爱。作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明。正像巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我。(也有虚构与刻画，比如周晓枫的散文，别具一格)写自己需要勇气，需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，比如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”，写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在——以情动人，一篇文章如果连自己都感动不了，你还希望去感动别人吗?

这里说说散文的几个主要特点：

一、时间跨度大

散文不受时间限制，前可以远涉古代，后可跨及未来，又可覆盖今天。现在流行一些大散文。从史铁生的《我与地坛》开始，余秋雨的《文化苦旅》掀起“文化大散文”热，到《人民文学》开办的非虚构栏目，比如李娟的草原牧场系列，梁鸿的《梁庄》，包括慕容雪村的《中国少了一位汤药》，可以算作非虚构小说，也可以当大散文去看(主要内容)。写历史性的散文，可以纵横五千年，也可以是一个朝代几百年的缩影;当然，也可以写一个人漫长的一生。许多人晚年的回忆录，基本上属于这一类型的文章。写这类文章一定要联想丰富，有感染力，文字要讲究，要不就容易写成一本流水账。(要透出生活的美、哲理，让人思考)

举例：《我的住房经历》、《遥望陕北》、《眺望长安》、《走进威海》等。

大家可以根据散文的这一特点，扩大时间跨度，多充实一些有关事件，插入多组镜头，来增加散文的内容和色彩，使文章多姿多彩，知识性强。

二、空间转换广

散文既不受时间限制，也不受空间限制，天南海北，空间宇宙，无不可以包容其中。如鲁迅的回忆性散文《藤野先生》，空间跨度从中国到日本，再从东京到仙台，又从仙台回到北京，接着又写走到厦门，空间跨度大，空间转换之多让人目不暇接，但写得层次分明，详略得当。要善于把复杂的人和事放在每个空间里，有的随意点染，有的泼墨描绘，错落有致，色彩斑斓。如果我们在写散文时注意到这个特点，就不大会犯单薄、贫乏的毛病。

三、事件牵涉多

写散文，多数离不开事件，尤其是叙事散文，事件是散文的“硬件”。许多好的散文有一个中心事件，以及烘托连带的一些与之有关的其它事件。如袁鹰的散文《井冈翠竹》，写井冈山的竹子做过武器杀伤敌人，做过竹筒盛粥，做过红军的扁担挑着中国革命从井冈山走到延安，走到北京。新中国成立后，竹子又被派上了建设社会主义的新用场……事件多得让人应接不暇。

四、表达方式活

散文表达方式非常灵活，一般长于抒情。

散文的“散”，并非散漫，它散而不乱。较之小说、戏剧等在结构、表达方面，更为自由灵活;比起消息、通讯、报告文学等新闻体裁来，它以真事为基础，可以加工虚构。新闻体裁主要写别人，而散文既可以写别人，也可以写自己;通常文中有“我”，便于直接抒情。(比如《故乡的老槐树》)

散文常用记叙、说明、抒情、议论、描写等表达方式。茅盾名篇《白杨礼赞》，就综合地运用了多种表达方式，如文章开头就记叙和描写了汽车在黄土高原上奔驰看到的黄土高原的外貌，用抒情和议论点明了白杨树的象征意义。这些方式的运用，有力地表达了主题，使文章气势浩大，摄人心魄。散文的表达方式自由灵活。在一篇作品中，叙述、描写、抒、议论都可以用。不少散文都采用直抒臆的写法，来表达作者的思想。比如梁衡的散文《一个尘封垢埋却愈见光辉的灵魂》,这篇文章最初是发表在我们《新叶》上的，影响很大，国内许多知名期刊纷纷打电话要稿，后来《北京文学》等期刊又发表了。这篇文章(展开一下)还有《觅渡，觅渡，觅何处?》，写党的早期领导人瞿秋白的，提出他不是被杀害，而是被自己人举起屠刀杀害的!有思想，有高度，有胆识。这种大气概的散文，不是一般人能够写出来的。

贾平凹的小说为他赢得了声誉，但他的散文是公认的大师级文字，建议同学们多看看。

周晓枫是一位新散文运动的代表人物，我们看看她的《兽皮上的地图》，里面写了蛇、蝴蝶、豹子等各种动物。她的多篇散文被选入中学课本。她的语言信手拈来，云谲波诡，繁复缜密。她描写蝴蝶：“精湛而完美的对称。作为挑剔的唯美主义者，蝴蝶只允许自己重复一次，如同一本只包含两页的书，却已经翻倍于人身。蝴蝶是不是史前的拓片?让人猜测图案出自异邦石头上灿烂的刻划。让人想起奇迹，想起深宫的爱情、枕于废墟的睡眠。一只蝴蝶秘密到来，在花瓣上的停留短暂而轻柔，怀着随时告别的哀婉。像一张小型的华丽地图，抑或来自天堂的请柬。蝴蝶过分的美让我们忽略娇小的舞娘身世凄凉——它的昨天丑陋卑贱，明天很快落叶飘零，蝴蝶只有今天，只有挥霍正在熄灭中的彩焰。”

在网上下载这篇文章，七千余字我看了一个多小时，几乎是一字一句地读下来的。作者由形象的斑纹到抽象的斑纹、由斑纹到生物习性到对生命本质的思考、由生命现象到对神秘自然的敬畏。由斑纹联想到美女的文身、病变的皮肤、母亲的妊娠纹、遇害者的抓痕，进而说明斑纹无处不在，就像我们有意修饰并损害的生活。

阅读的过程中，我想起法布尔的《昆虫记》。是的，这不是一篇简单的说明文，也不是一般的散文作品。她颠覆了传统的语境，呈现给我们的是炫目靓丽的色彩和动感多姿的画面。她的语言具有惊人的创造力和爆发力，看似漫不经心，却有着震撼人心的力量，如同欣赏高更、塞尚的油画，那种华美，那种丰赡，那种考究和纯粹，组成一曲神秘博大的交响曲，冲撞着你的灵魂。评论家谢有顺说：“当散文写作日益成为文人养病的方式时，周晓枫的散文却依旧保持着锐利、沉着、优雅的面貌。加上她那鲜明的散文文体意识、语言探索精神，她的写作在当代散文界已经独具一格。”

周晓枫不是一出道形成这样风格的。在一篇访谈里，她说我原来是个狂热的修辞爱好者，常常舍本逐末地，对诸如比喻、结构的形式感、词语光亮度的细节重视，超过作品的整体关注──这是特点，也是缺陷。像一个不算高明的芭蕾舞者，当然她的步伐可能比常态的行走更有难度和美感，但我怀疑，这种锥立的舞蹈是否太过飘摇和脆弱，承担不了力量，也影响速度。我一直佩服那些敢说以游戏态度写作的，有多么大的才华和天赐的好运才能举重若轻。有限的才能不允许我信口信腕、涉笔成趣。我对待写作很认真。认真是个谈不上褒贬的判断──如果你写得好，它就是对认真的报答;如果写得不好，认真就是对你加倍的嘲讽。

有些人写了一辈子，制造了很多垃圾，怨天尤人，从来没想过为什么。

是的，她颠覆了传统，也颠覆了自己。她是文本写作的叛逆者。她远离喧嚣，在人迹罕至处留下一串自己的脚印

五、勾连全文，神散而形不散

散文的取材，可谓“杂乱”有章。既使思路开阔，包容量大，又使散文紧紧围绕作者的意图而不“越轨”。秦牧说写散文最不能丢的是“思想的红线”。即用一个醒目深刻的思想，把看似散乱的一大堆材料，贯穿成文。若把这一个个事件喻作“珍珠”，真可叫做“红线穿珠”了。

从形式上来看，一般散文的篇幅一般都比较短小，题材却很广泛广为流传的散文，篇幅都很短小，如柳宗元的《永州八记》和范仲淹的《岳楼记》等都只有几百字。由于语言的发展和社会的变化，现代散文比起古代散文来相对的说要长一些，但也不宜过长，更不能以长为贵。像鲁迅先生的《朝花夕拾》、《草》几乎都是短文;还有茅盾的《白杨赞》、《风景谈》，朱自清的《背影》、《荷塘月》、《绿》等也都很短。杨朔的《茶花赋》那就更短了，只有九百字，而《荔枝蜜》也只有1700字，就把自己感的变化表达的淋漓尽致。我以前写的散文也比较短，比如《父亲的寿辰》、《我的小屋》等等，但是后来的散文就比较长了，比如《我的房子我的事》有一万多字;《家丑》有两万多字。一般的也都有四、五千字。因为要表达的内容很多，感觉短的篇幅无法满足，那就只好信马由缰地写，写完后把认为多余的部分可以删去，感觉没有说透的地方还可以再增加一些东西。比如我写《眺望长安》的时候，陕西小吃那一节就是一点点加上去的，还查了一些资料。现在查资料比较容易，百度一下就行了，不像过去需要翻很多书。《辞海》也不方便。

这里需要说明的是，篇幅短小，但不能简单浮浅，“尺幅千里，必当言微意深”。像过去所说的，“宇宙之大，苍蝇之微”都可以当做散文的题材。有时，写短文反倒很难。我写《华山之巅》用了两天，两千多字。同样是写华山，《带着女儿爬华山》四千多字，用了一个晚上。因为一个随意，一个是给报纸用的。

散文当然可以写金戈铁马似的重大题材，但更可以选择生活中“不起眼”的小事来做文章。越是那些被忽视的、司空见惯的东西，越能体现作者的写作技巧;越是别看得见而说不出，而“我”看见后能道出来的生活琐事，越能体现作者的敏锐嗅觉;越能体现作者的独到见解。它既可以海阔天空，说东道西，也可以贪小求全，取其片段，以小见大;比如贾平凹的《丑石》、《商州初录》、《商州又录》以及写父亲、母亲、妻子、女儿和朋友的文章。有一篇《人病》，道尽世态万千，世态炎凉，看了令人非常感概，非常到位和传神。

六、散文语言一定要生动传神。

可以优美，也可以是家常话，所谓大丑大美，一般写作者做不到。但是一定不要故意堆砌辞藻，这是行文的大忌。好的散文语言是非常讲究的，比如周晓枫的散文，可谓语不惊人死不休。推荐大家看看她写蛇、写蝙蝠、写各种人物内心世界的疼痛感的文字，非常到位。

这里欣赏一段《斑纹》关于蛇的描写：“著名的长腰，为了标明逶迤的长度。它省略四肢，只生出用以装饰的头与尾。这是最简约的设计，几乎躯体的每一部分都相仿。无论静止还是游动，斑纹加重了观察者的视觉混乱。密布全身的鳞片组成斑斓的图案，一条蛇，夸耀用心险恶的美。”

散文特别注意语言优美，美在什么地方?各家说法不一，有的说朴素简练，有的说文采飞扬;有的说富于韵，有的说潇洒自如;有的推崇亲切流畅的“谈话风”，有的则注重错综美与节奏感。这些语言的特点，不可能在一篇散文中同时出现，但却是一般散文中常见的。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

创新是作文的生命。尤其是面对“开放型”的话题作文，谁最有创新意识，能写出有新意的文章，谁就能取胜。我们要想写出闪烁着个性光彩、具有创新精神的作文，就需要打破框框，争取“自由”。要善于用自己的眼睛去观察，用自己的头脑去思考，用自己的心灵去感悟。写作内容也要力求广泛，文章形式力求开放。那如何做到创新呢？

一：创新从下面四方面入手：

1、材料创新。材料不新鲜不富于个性化特征，是很难创意出新的。因而创意话题作文的选材要着眼当代，紧贴现实，坚持只选新的，不选旧的；只选具体的，不选空泛的。总之，要尽量避开常人之所选，慧眼独具，以新制胜。

2、立意出新。立意是一篇文章的灵魂。要使立意充满个性，充满创意，可从下面两方面着手。

①突破习惯性思维。

我们常用蜡烛比喻老师，用蜜蜂象征劳动者，写春雨总要联系长辈的温暖，这些立意公式“历史悠久”，千篇一律，僵化陈旧，禁锢了学生的创造性思维，扼杀了学生的个性，给学生作文的立意带来了不少负面影响。所以我们切不可鹦鹉学舌、人云亦云，应多一点对习惯性思维的突破。要善于从不经意的生活小事中，开掘出不平凡的新意，点化出耐人寻味的内涵。

②巧妙选择立意的角度。

在立意的角度上，可以单向突破（写好某一主旨），可以多向出击（巧妙糅合几方面的主题），可以正面着墨，也可以反面敷粉。如以“雪”为话题，大多数考生立意“赞雪”，赞雪的“洁白无瑕”“大公无私”，这种思维是单一的正向思维，并无新意。而有一个考生逆向思维，立意“贬雪”，揭露雪的虚伪（掩盖了事实、见不得阳光）、凶恶（依仗狂风、不可一世）、冷酷（千山枯寂、万木萧条）和懦弱（任人践踏），这样的立意就很新颖。可见，善于选择新的角度思考，往往能出奇制胜。

3、构思出新。同样的立意、选材，得分有时也会因表现形式的优劣而有高低之分。因而作文要升格，就要根据自己的写作特长，优先考虑选用一般考生少用的文章形式，如书信、日记、寓言、童话、小小说、诗歌、科幻故事、戏剧小品等，这样会使你的文章脱颖而出。如果写三大文体，也要尽可能使形式新些，比如，写记叙文可以设计富有吸引力的小标题；写说明文，可以用第一人称的拟人手法；写议论文，论点的提炼多用发散思维。这样写出的文章就会给入耳目一新之感。

4、语言出新。语言是思维的外壳，是情感的载体。我们要力求写出富有个性特色的文章，用富有生气的语言生动地表达自己的感受。或幽默，或活泼，或诗意，或深沉，都是可取的。

综上所述，无论是选材、立意，还是构思、语言，都应该努力创新。只有创新，才能写出新颖、深刻的文章来。

一、写作决窍

总体把握，要点齐全;人称时态，逻辑清楚;

关键词汇，动词第一;组词成句，结构完整;

组句成文，连词增色;此路不通，绕道迂回;

字迹工整，留好印象;从句适量，高分有望。

二、写作步骤

1.认真审题。审题包括要点、格式、词数以及此篇文章要传递给读者什么样的信息，告诫读者什么(即写作目的)。

2.确定文体和时态。确定文体后，根据不同文体的特点和要求进行组织材料;同时确定出该篇文章的总时态与时态的变化。

3.写完要点，但不随意发挥。

4.先草稿，后抄写。

三、作文案例

[2004年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初赛初三组] (14分)

Choose one of your hobbies and write an article for the school magazine about it. Tell the magazine readers.

·What exactly your hobby is;

·When and how you became interested in this hobby;

·Why you enjoy your hobby;

·About your hopes and plans for the future.

写作要求：

1.根据所提供的内容，适当拓展想象空间，灵活地将提供的信息体现在文章中。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺，书写清晰、规范。

3.词数60-80.

[学生解答A]

My hobby is read books①.When I was seven years old.I became interested in reading books.I like needing books because there are a lot of useful things in books.I can learn a lot of knowledge from books. Books also② can teach me how to be a good person.Books even can solve many problems for me.I will read more good books to improve myself.

①改为reading books，动词作表语时应该用动名词。

②also的位置应放在can之后。

[点评]：档次9-11分。

①要点不全，漏掉最后一个要点。

②句子基本无误，能正确传递信息给读者但文章不流畅，句子与句子之间过渡不自然，给读者感觉在回答上述问题。

③有少量错误。

[学生解答B]

My hobby is reading.Reading books is very enjoyable.When I was young ,my mother used to tell me a story before.I went to bed every night.The stories were so interesting that I always felt they weren’t enough.So I began to read books by myself.Little by little I became interested in reading.I can learn much knowledge and many interesting things all over the world.When I read books,I can enjoy the beautiful sentences.At the same time I can improvemy writing.I want to be a writer in the future,so I must study hard and read more books so that my dream can come true.

①开门见山、点题。

②真情流露，理由充分。

③文中带圈的连词使用得恰当，使文章过渡自然、

④巧妙使用句型以表决心。

[点评]：档次13-14分。

①清楚表达写作目的，要点齐全。

②语言表达灵活多样，字里行间流露出真情实感，文章有感染力。

③恰当使用连词和从句，语言流畅，且无错误，是一篇高质量的作文。

[高分突破]

①文体：记叙文。

②要点：what → when →how → why → hope and plan for the future.

③时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时的自然变化。

内容具有开放性，但它也是“控制性”的写作试题，因此不能随意发挥，要善于抓信息，写完要点。选用这两篇学生真实习作，一是因为他们选材相同，二是因为他们都是英语成绩优秀的同学。同学B灵活使用连词so…that,so,little by little,when,so that等，恰到好处地使用新句型和短语used to,became interested in,come true……等，使内容丰富，读起来优美流畅。其实这些表达同学A也会，只是缺乏技术加工。通过这两篇作文点评，同学们便能悟出其中的奥妙。

四、培养途径

1.根据老师布置的写作内容，独立完成一篇写作。

2.与同伴合作，交流自己的写作，通过交流找出各自作文中写得好的地方和优美的句子，合作创造一篇新的文章，供大家欣赏。

3.找老师点评，请求老师指点，尤其是怎样润色。

4.自己纠错，写下反思。

五、备考演练

A

缙云山是重庆著名的游览胜地，每天有大量的游客。请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道，说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。

写作要求：

1.词数在100左右。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺。

3.开头已写好，但不计入总词数。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest …

B

阅读电视广告词：“If we don’t save water,the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.”根据提示，写一篇60-80词的短文。

提示：

1.生活离不开水。

2.可饮用水在减少。

3.水污染严重。

4.应保护水源，再利用水。

思路点拨与参考答案

A. [思路点拨]：

①文体：记叙文。

②时态：一般过去时态，一般现在时态。采用正反对比的写作手法，增加感染力。

③写作目的：告诉读者保护环境的重要性。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest.Every day a lot of tourists come here to enjoy its beauty. But a few years ago,some of them paid no attention to protecting theenvironment.They threw their rubbish,such as plastic bags,fruit skins and waste paper on the ground.Sometimes they broke trees,picked flowers and killed birds. Some even made fires in the woods to cook food.How dangerous it was.Luckily,great changes have taken place here.Tourists are used to putting their rubbish into dustbins,and they are doing their best to protect the birds and plants as well.They bring their own meals instead of cooking to preventstarting a forest fire in the mountains.All these changes make us very happy.

B. [思路点拨]：

①夹叙夹议(说明现状，谈谈感想)。

②时态：一般现在时态。

③广告词的含义——水很重要，应保护和再利用(写作意图)。

Water is very important to humans.We can’t live without water.The water we can drink is falling.But some people don’t seem to care about it.They waste a lot of water.They pour dirtywater into rivers and lakes.Water pollution is getting more and more serious.So we must do something to stop the pollution.We not only protect the water but also find ways to reuse it.If we don’t do this,the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.

一、准确地审题

作为国家选拔人才的考试，每一个考生都必须按照同一的命题要求来写作，否则就不好比较了。说得“白”一些，就是叫你写什么，你就得写什么，千万不能我行我素，否则便是“跑题”。跑题，意味着彻底失败。当47万考生都在比赛“排球”时，你却偏偏去踢“足球”，即使踢得有如马拉多纳，也是无效的。 审题失误的主要原因是“粗心”。考生朋友必须定下心来，一字一句把命题看清楚，千万不能慌慌张张地“扫描”。临场怎样默读?大体上讲，乃是一个词、一个词地“慢”读!譬如：请以—尝试—为题—写—一篇—记叙文，不得—少于—800字。这是审题的一种好技巧，可以强迫你把题目全部看清楚。如此阅读，目的是找出“关键词”，吃透“关键词”。关键词是命题老师下达指令的最主要的载体，决不能等闲视之。2003年的关键词，是“情感亲疏”的“亲疏”和“认知事物”的“认知”;2004年的关键词，是“山的沉稳”的“沉稳”和“水的灵动”的“灵动”。你把这些关键词抓住了，你的立意和构思就不会滑到其它地方去了。

关键词找出来了，你最好用铅笔轻轻把它圈出来，以强化自己的定向注意，免得心中一慌，丢三忘四。那一年考两幅漫画的比较，有4个关键词——“欣赏”、“比较”、“更”、“理由”，许多考生都看出来了，但下笔时一乱，便丢了其中的一两个，成绩大受影响。如果用铅笔圈出来了，有一种可视的“物质”依托，你就不会“黑熊掰玉米”——掰一个丢一个了。

二、辨析几种作文模式

从1999年起，江苏考生连续6年面对“话题作文”。有人问我：今年考不考“话题”了?我说：6月7日上午准知道。用意很明白，即不要猜题、押题，只要从多方面准备好了，临场一定有底气。

一般说来，高考(课程)作文的模式主要有3种：话题作文，材料作文，命题作文。下面分别做一些说明。

①话题作文。

只要题干中有“请以______为话题”一语，你便可立即认定：此乃“话题作文”。话题作文的“材料”，只是命题者的一种“启发”和“提示”，仅供参考。它的关键部位是引号(“……”)中的那些文字，这是明确的、法定的指令，大家都得遵照。所以，我恳请47万考生朋友一定要把引号里的每个字、每个词看清楚，想明白，然后再立意、构思、行文。话题作文可以不使用考卷上提供的“材料”(如去年的哲理散文诗，前年的智子疑邻寓言)，而且鼓励考生挣脱“材料”，开辟新的天地。说得再具体一些，即你的文章中可以不涉及“材料”的内容，但必须直接与引号中的词语相关。再者，“话题”本身不是文题，你应当自己拟定一个好题目;直接把话题拿来作标题，效果肯定不妙。

②材料作文。

这种模式，多年不用了，但生命力还在。不可忽视。如果题干中没有“话题”二字，你就得小心了，应当想一想：这究竟是什么作文?1999年高考作文没有“话题”二字，但却是“话题作文”，它的表述是：“请以“假如记忆可以移植”为作文内容的范围，写一篇文章”。这一年，江苏阅卷点发明了“话题作文”一说，第二年全国命题移植过去了，从此风靡天下!一般说来，材料作文的命题表述是：请阅读以下材料，根据材料，自选角度，自拟标题，联系实际，写一篇文章(记叙文或议论文)。材料作文的“材料”，是考生写作的根本依据，所以这类作文在行文时必须紧扣“材料”;如果通篇没有提到“材料”，那就严重违背命题要求了。这，正好与“话题作文”相反。材料作文既要紧扣“材料”，又不能大段复述材料，比较顺当的做法是：一开始，交待一句“读了以上材料，我想到了什么什么”，然后进入正文;在正文写作中，可以适时回顾、点击一下“材料”。

③命题作文。

这种作文不需要考生自己拟题，文题已经直接印在考卷上。如“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”、“习惯”、“尝试”等等。它往往文体不限。审读这类考题，必须把这个词的内涵吃透，或者把这句话中的关键词吃透。譬如“尝试”，是指一个或一些人主动、有目的地去做一件从未做过的事，从而获得某种感受或启示。考生如果把“主动”和“第一次”丢了，写成了“被动”和“第二次”，那就视为“跑题”。前年，我为江苏省高中作文大赛命过一道题：“乡音”。这就是命题作文，学生必须围绕“乡音”展开思路，文体也不受限制。

三、选材切忌“撞车”

请注意：今年6月7日上午，在咱们江苏省，是47万考生在写同一道作文题。纵观全世界考试领域，此乃极其独特的“景观”!这就决定了高考作文与平时作文的明显不同。平时作文选材“撞车”，只是五十多人(一个班)搞摩擦;高考作文选材“撞车”，可是几十万人相碰呀，其后果必定灾难无穷!那年考《圆的想象物》，某省12万考生中竟有3万多人不约而同，把“圆”想象为“太阳”，3万多个“太阳”当空照，把我们都“烤焦”了!所以，我们有必要研究“考试”，研究“高考作文”，这里边也有“学问”，也有“素质”。

四、怎样在考场上避免选材“撞车”

方法很简单：当你拿起笔来，不假思索，马上就能想到的那个“题材”，千万不能写!再补一句：稍加思索所能想到的那个“题材”，也不能写!

正确的做法是：你花上两三分钟时间，定下心来，自我掂量一下，自我估测一下，自己要写的“题材”别人熟悉不熟悉，有多少是属于自己的。一定要突出自己的体验，自己的发现，自己的发明。

还有学生问我：“我的生活本来就狭窄，写起来必定会撞车。怎么办?”对此，我们深表理解和同情，当今高中学生的生活面的确很不开阔。万一挑来挑去，还是青菜萝卜“大路货”，如何是好?我以为，你总得设法放一点“味精”进去吧，否则太乏味了!举个例：那年考“战胜脆弱，选择坚强”，10多万考生不约而同地写了一种压力——考试!这是大实话，十分正常。但10多万人“英雄所见略同”，那就从“英雄气短”了。有一位考生，也写“考试”压力，也写挑灯夜读，明显地落入了俗套。然而，他机智地加了一点“味精”：夜读中的“我”，突然发现书桌上的时钟已经快要耗尽电池，那根长长的、瘦弱的秒针，正爬到“45分”那一格，再也爬不上去了;但是，它仍然在顽强地颤动、颤动，企图向上攀升……呵，我就是这根长长的、瘦瘦的、生命不息、攀登不止的伟大的秒针啊!——读到这儿，阅卷老师的心弦被打动了，眼眶甚至有点湿润。这就是作文中的“起死回生”，这就是奇妙的“味精”，这就是我经常讲到的高考作文中的“亮点”。有了“亮点”，你的作文才能向“发展等级”分进军!

末了，再说一点：今年语文试卷将采用“电脑阅卷”，各位考生务必用黑色水笔方方正正地、一笔一画地把字写清楚，否则，电脑扫描的效果将会受到影响。切切!

导语：所谓好的开始是成功的一半，用在写作文上是再合适不过的了，好的开头可以更好的引出下文，而且能给阅卷老师留下深刻的印象。以下是小编为大家精心整理的高分作文开头的八大写作技巧，欢迎大家参考！

【开门见山】一开头就紧扣题目，点明与内容有关的人、事、物。

例：在我的记忆深处，有一张欧洲人的脸。那被棕色的略带卷曲的头发覆盖的宽阔前额，那高高的鼻子，碧蓝的深深的凹陷的眼睛，那抿成一条线的双唇……构成了一张坚毅而开朗的脸盘，这就是我的法籍教师——伊凡先生。 (张彤 《伊凡先生》)。

【比喻开篇】用一个事物打比方，说明另一个道理。

例：书，人们称为人类文明的“长生果”。这个比喻，我觉得就我自己说，特别亲切。 像蝴蝶飞过花丛，像泉水流经山谷，我每忆及少年时代，就禁不住涌起视听的愉悦之感。在记忆的心扉中，少年时代的读书生活恰似一幅流光溢彩的画页，也似一阕跳跃着欢快音符的乐章。

【设问开头】文章以提问开头，通过提问，启人以思，激发读者的阅读兴趣。

例：朋友，你读过毛xx同志的《沁园春·雪》吗?你不为词中“山舞银蛇，原驰蜡象”的盛景陶醉吗?你聆听过如雷贯耳的朔风吗?如果你是温柔细腻的南方人，那你一定对北方的隆冬充满了热切的向往。好吧，请你随着我的拙笔去畅游一番吧!(杨晓兰 《冬之琐记》) 。

【设置悬念】在开头提出问题，摆出矛盾，设置疑团，却不作答，以激发读者的兴趣和好奇心。

例：刘老师从怀里摸出一个红丝绸的小包来，慢慢地小心翼翼地一层一层地打开。这是什么玩意儿?同学们的心里都在疑惑，伸直脖子，眼睛直勾勾地盯住那个红包。有的干脆站了起来，本来很安静的教室，显得有些骚动。(唐天军《神秘的班会》)。

【议论开头】文章的开头用耐人寻味的富有哲理性、知识性的语言进行议论，阐明自己的观点、见解或主张，引出下文。

例：20世纪末，网络笼罩了人们的生活。网络把一个有形的世界正装进一个虚幻的空间，他把人与人之间的流距离拉近了，但同时也在疏远人与人之间的现实距离。 (韩杰 《网恋》)。

【抒情开头】文章一开始就把自己或作品中人物的爱憎感情抒发出来，使读者受到情绪上的感染。

例：清晨，几缕金色的阳光柔柔的倚在我的小窗上。我想此刻，我的脸上一定有一层七彩光辐射开来，让幸福和温馨暖暖地簇拥着我。书桌上放着一张朋友寄来的音乐贺卡，打开贺卡，霎时，那熟悉的充满欢快的旋律在我周围轻轻萦绕，“生日快乐”几个字随着节奏闪出红光。我真激动，抬头仰望蓝天白云，有一种欢悦就要冲口而出：今天——我16岁了。(段雪梅 《唱给世界的歌》)。

【情景交融】文章开头描绘出一种特殊的笼罩全篇的氛围和情调，导入正文。

例：蒙蒙的细雨滴落在我的面颊上，我一边享受着这份清凉，一边悠闲地四望。一棵小树蓦地扑入眼帘，纤柔的枝干透出一份水灵灵的稚嫩，几分新绿在蒙着雨珠的叶片上骄傲地闪耀。好喜人的小树!我停下来，爱怜地凝望它在秋雨中摇曳……(李彬 《秋雨》) 。

【引用开篇】在文章的开头引用一些名言警句，能增强文章的说服力。

例：“业精于勤荒于嬉。”这是我国古代文学家韩愈留给后人的格言。这是说勤奋可以使学业更加精深，松懈就会使学业荒废。现在我们的知识还是很贫乏的、肤浅的，如果不勤奋学习，就不能很好地为祖国建设贡献力。勤奋应该成为我们的座右铭。 (佚名 《谈勤奋》)。

说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等做科学地说明。它既不像记叙文那样重在记叙、描写和抒情，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张，批驳谬论。说明文通过说明客观事物，使人增长知识和技能。怎么写说明文比较好呢?下文是小编整理的相关内容，欢迎阅读参考!

一、要抓住事物的特征

一篇说明文写得好不好，主要看它有没有抓住事物的特征。写出来是不是使读者得到具体而明确的认识。比如，你参观了动物园，要向小读者介绍长颈鹿。什么是长颈鹿的主要特征呢?跑得快，斑纹美丽，这些都不是长颈鹿独具的特点。长颈鹿最主要的特征是脖子长。

那么，怎样去抓特征呢?

首先，要细致观察。文章是客观事物的反映，只有深入细致观察，才能对事物了解得清楚。

其次，要查阅资料。我们不能事事亲身经历，而说明文又要求特征准确。材料翔实，这就需要查阅有关的资料，靠前人总结出来的经验来印证。

最后。还要学会比较。世界上没有绝对相同的两片树叶。孪生兄弟，长得再相似，也能区别。抓住事物的特征，就是抓住这个事物区别于其他事物的不同特点，从共性中发现个性，从一般中找到特殊。事物的特征往往在同别的事物相比较中显示出来。比如，要说明中国是一个大国，这个“大”字就很有学问。你可以直接说，中国的面积有九百六十万平方公里，也可以用比较的方法来说明。中国的面积，与法国比，有十七个法国大;与日本比，有二十五个日本大;与英国比，有三十九个英国大;我们祖国的面积，相当于整个欧洲。这样一比较，既具体，又生动，很有说服力。

总之。要抓住说明对象的特征，一方面靠亲身实践，细致观察。另一方面又要善于向书本和有经验的人学习，同时还要周密思考。学会比较，努力去熟悉所要说明的事物。

二、说明要有条理

要想写好一篇说明文，除了要抓住事物的特征外，还要掌握事物本身的条理。依据事物本身的条理来说明，行文线索要清楚，层次要分明，不能想到哪里。写到哪里。说明文有两种，一种是说明具体事物，如介绍一种新品种;一种是说明抽象事物，如“什么是世界”?

说明具体事物的文章，可以由上到下，由前到后，由外到内，由主到次地写，使读者容易了解各部分的相互关系。有的同学在介绍具体事物的时候，没有事先根据这些事物的相互关系理清脉络，归纳分类，结果往往容易出现关系凌乱、层次不清的毛病。

说明抽象事物的文章，不但要说明事物是“这样的”，而且要进一步说明“为什么会这样”。这就要按照人们认识事物的规律，步步深入地加以说明，或由浅入深，或由表及里，或由具体到抽象，或由原因到结果，或由现象到本质，或由数量到质量，或由特殊到一般等等。例如，鸟为什么会飞?人为什么会做梦?都属于这一类。如果是说明事物的变化发展过程。可以按照时间的顺序。如果属于介绍生产技术，可以按照生产的程序。只有按照事物本身的条理，来确定说明的顺序。文章才能写得眉目清楚。

三、说明文的语言要确切、简洁、通俗

确切：要求语言要确切。用词准确，不能夸大和缩小。

简洁：语言简洁，就是精炼，干净利落，用尽可能少的话，把事物说清楚，不要罗嗦重复、拖泥带水。比如“大雪把铁路淹没无踪”：“下水游泳应注意些什么”，这两句话中的“无踪”和“下水”都是重复多余的话，应该删去。

通俗：语言通俗，就是运用群众中明白通顺的话，把本来是抽象的概念说得具体生动，把本来深奥的道理说得浅显易懂。例如：庄稼有了化学朋友，就不怕生物界敌人的进攻了。

[写作技巧：说明文

请注意这个四字诀 ：

一、审题——准

话题作文淡化审题，并非不要审题。如果写作前不注意审题，写作时不扣题，写起来就有可能下笔千言，离题万里。这是导致作文低分的罪魁祸首。考场作文根据写作水平一般由高到低分四类。如果出现审题失误，偏离题意，那么作文就定为四类作文(一般得分在0到10)。 因此，准确审题，分析话题的范围，把握材料的重点，吃透材料，准确悟出题意就显得非常重要。

二、开口——小

范围宽广是话题作文的优势，有利于考生打开思路，激发想象。但如果仅把话题当作一个僵化的概念，笼而统之地去做文章，势必内容空泛，文意散漫。故要善于在原话题下找到适宜自己写作的突破口，?择其一点，不及其余?。把写作角度选得小些，这样有利于在所选的这一点上进行比较深入的挖掘，能把意思表达得透彻，内容更具体集中，中心更突出。如以?环保?为话题 ，《永宁河的变迁》当然比《 救救地球吧》好。

三、视角——新

清代学者赵翼也曾在《论诗》中说，?李杜诗篇万口传，至今已觉不新鲜。江山代有才人出，各领风骚数百年。?由此可见，作文贵在创新。这就要求同学们在写作过程中，不要总是按照顺向思维、习惯思维或既有的思维定势进行构思，而是以独到的视角去审视题中所蕴藏的另类内涵，避开他人所常写，写别人所未写。

母爱?是文学史上一个永恒的话题，每个时代都有人在阐释着它的内涵。写母爱有众多的角度，也有不同的构思，人们习惯于写人类的母爱，写母爱的真，母爱的深，母爱的伟大。如果变换视角，暗渡陈仓，由常见的以人为主角转换到以物为主角，通过对物的叙写来表现话题的内涵，从动物的角度来写动物的母爱，就能带给人更强烈的震撼。

例如《它也是母亲》一文中，家中的小狗崽死掉了，父亲把它扔到河中，失去孩子的黑子或许不知道自己的狗娃已死，因此悲哀地叫

唤，不顾严冬，到寒冷的河里把它的孩子叼回来，细细的梳理孩子的毛，舔干它身上的水。是的，黑子也是母亲，黑子也有母爱。这与失去孩子的人类母亲何等相似!作者几乎要对这不说话的母亲跪拜了，由此收到了震撼人心的效果。

四、感情——真

真实是作文的生命，作文因真实才具有感人的力量。朱自清的散文，成就是很高的。他散文的一个核心是?真?字。用真挚的感情，记写真实的景物，发表真实的议论。《背影》中，朱自清抒发了父爱子、子爱父的人间真情。朴素的情感打去了万千读者的心，从而使《背影》具有了永久的生命力。

但长期以来，说假话、套话、空话的现象在习作中屡见不鲜。从现在的学生作文中，很难寻觅到生活真实的影子、心路的真实历程。不知道是否真有那么多的老师带病上课晕倒在讲台上，不知道雨中妈妈送雨伞会感动得自己泪水伴着雨水流，也不知道在车上给老奶奶让座能赢得全车乘客的喝彩声……但千篇一律的文章读下来，不是感动而是悲哀：作文本是个人品质情感的宣泄，包含人文价值和人文底蕴，不应是写作大全的拼读、粘贴，否则遭遇挫折咋会有一半的学生家庭离异或父母去世呢?看似在写我，其实是?人云亦云?，空话虚情令人作呕，因此，让真情充溢篇章这是作文之根本。

熟悉考场写作三个步骤的时间分配：

第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由最少3分钟最多5分钟。

要避免两个极端：((只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘))

用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始写作，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，欲速则不达;

用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔，各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑，只要你的思维还是正常的，一定能做到。

第二步：正文写作。最少22分钟最多26分钟。

a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。

主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，别说你不想写主题句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式。有n 种选择可供参考：1. 举具体事例 2. 说对方相对缺点3. 使用数据 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。 哪一种你最容易想出来，就用哪一种。

b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句套背熟练,并且练习和模考时把他们用熟，要象做完型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在考场上再现去决定比如哪种开头好，怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套话。

c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时，一般你已经该写到最后一条理由，或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有结尾段。(不排除将他和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性。)

第三步：检查。需要1-3分钟，有侧重点地检查。

1、句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。

2、时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事例时用的是过去时;

3、主谓一致

按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。

整洁

1、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文，你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性，太硬会擦破纸，有错误要擦干净再改;

2、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小，通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好，可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法 .

[托福作文写作时间分配技巧

一.开头技巧

⑴欲扬先抑，开发胃口

唉，老师怎么让我和他坐一个桌呢?她可是我班最凶的女生啦!就因为这，大伙都叫她"虎妞"。--《同桌》

⑵开门见山，直截了当

我和阿敏的交情可不一般--初中三年的同桌。对她，我有一肚子的话要说。--《同桌》

⑶描形绘神，印象逼真

她，长得真丑：黄瘦的脸;尖尖的下巴;淡得几乎看不见的眉毛下，一双细眯的眼睛;鼻子扁而大;一口参差不齐的牙齿，略有黄色……唉!甭提了，她的外表真不符合这么动听的名字--祝丽丽。--《同桌》

⑷自然交代，平引下文

新学期一开始，我就注意到一个问题：我们班三十三名男生，二十七名女生，男生两人一桌恰好多一名，女生亦如此，必将出现一个男生和一个女生同坐一桌的危机。可万万没想到这个危机会降临到我的头上。--《同桌》

⑸歌词开头，响彻云际

"明天你是否会想起/昨天你写的日记/明天你是否会惦起/曾经最爱哭的你……"一曲悠扬的《同桌的你》从路边音像书店传了出来，那带着绵绵情思的乐曲，把我的思绪带回了三年前的时光……--《同桌》

⑹排比反复，创造旋律

朋友，就是我可以为他献出真挚情感的人;朋友，就是我可以对他付出全部信任的人;朋友，欢乐时与我分享，危难时与我同行。人生中没有朋友，就像生活中没有阳光。我就有着这样的一个好朋友。--《朋友》

⑺设问开篇，无沿无边

往事如烟，随着时光的流逝，大都渐渐淡忘，而那双眼睛，怎能使我忘怀?--《朋友》

⑻名言指路，开宗明义

培根说过："无真实朋友之人，可以谓之真可怜而永陷于孤独生活之人。"他的话道出了朋友的重要。是的，假如一个人丧失了友情，他简直无法生存在世界上。--《朋友》

⑼对比映衬，突出重点

随着岁月的流逝，许多人渐渐被我淡忘了，然而，有那么一双眼睛，一种声音一个身影，至今萦绕在我的心头，久久不能忘怀。--《朋友》

⑽倒叙开头，吸引读者

当我们乘着离开国防教育学校的时候，不知道为什么，泪水竟然在我的眼眶里打转。难道是留恋吗?是留恋那一段虽苦虽累但充满活力的生活，还是留恋那待人苛刻却真诚亲切的军人，我们的教官?--《朋友》

⑾拨乱反正，拨云见日

有人说，淡泊就是看破红尘，看透一切，认为一切都是假的、虚伪的……这种看法是对淡泊的曲解。如果我们翻一下词典就会明白，"淡泊"是不追求名利的意思……--《淡泊》

⑿泰山压顶，观点强现

目前，校园攀比之风肆虐，我认为这种风气确实需要刹一刹。--《攀比风，可休矣》

⒀联想象征，奇妙无穷

一个梦，曾经在西方强盗的炮舰下埋葬，留下的是老一辈辛酸是泪珠不止的心痛和望眼欲穿的期盼作为见证。伴随着流泪的长江长大的我们也就少年已尝愁滋味，踩着前辈留下的印证期待，期待着有那么一天……--《期待》

⒁环境描写，渲染气氛

十月九日又到了，鲁迅先生已经逝世六十年了。从傍晚到子夜，静静地，一个人坐在窗前，任冷雨打着窗棂。灯下一盆吊兰淡淡地涂抹一壁翠色书柜。夜风荡起，身上微微泛起寒意。想起了鲁迅先生，泪水就滑落下来。

⒂题记为冠，哲理为先

世间万物皆难逃自然辩证法，孰是孰非，孰优孰劣，孰喜孰忧，岂可一言以蔽之?--《假如记忆可以移植》

⒃博览群书，信手拈来

据说，在非洲的原野上，有一种食虫的花朵，色彩绚丽，芳香异常，许多飞虫抵御不了"诱惑"而葬身其中……--《抵御"诱惑"》

暮色中，几缕炊烟从农舍里袅袅升起。我捧着一束栀子花，站在张老师的窗前。张老师，您还是那样忙碌?该歇歇了吧，今天是您的节日--教师节。我带着我的收获来看您来了。--《琐忆》

⒅以物喻人，含义深长

在一望无际的旷野上，一棵古老的树，虽然生命已到了最后一刻，但它仍然倔强的生长着。在它的身旁，一棵小树正在抽出嫩嫩的芽。老树的根枯了，它把生命的汁液输给了小树;老树的叶黄了，它把绿色的生命注入了小树。老树历经沧桑，走完了它艰难的历程。如今，小树刚刚抽枝吐叶，老树却离开了它……这正像外公离开了我，他来不及接受我对他的报答之情，就匆匆离开了我。--《琐忆》

⒆解题铺陈，明示中心

责任，就是一个人分内应该做的事。军人，有保家卫国的责任;医生，有救死扶伤的责任;教师，有培养接班人的责任。工人、农民、职员、商人……人人都有自己的责任。在我们的社会里，各行各业都有许多尽职尽责的人，他们组成了一道道最美的风景--请允许我，从这道道美丽的风景画卷中撷取一幅动人的画面吧。

⒇设置矛盾，引人入胜

"我就不信，你在这个班生活了两年多，对这个集体就会没有一点感情?……"这是今天早晨班主任陈老师对我说的话。我望着陈老师愤怒的目光，委屈的眼泪直在眼眶里打转，心理说："陈老师，你误会了……我怎么能不爱我们的班级体呢?"

下面是小编收集的小学生写人的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

作文是写人记事的，或多或少都要写到人，而那些专门写人物的作文如何才能写好呢?要写好一个人物，无外乎是写人物的语言、行动、外貌(肖像)、心理等等。鲁迅先生说：“人物语言的描写，能使读者由说话看出人来。”这说明人物语言的重要。此外，写人物的行动、外貌(肖像)、心理等，也是必不可少的惯常写法，同样重要。

下面我就自己的感受和经验谈几点切实可用的方法或注意点：

首先，要写好人物作文，就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人，才能感受得最真切最鲜活，对他(她)的一言一行，一颦一笑，才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。如下面例文《我是你爹》(见后文)，写的是作者非常熟悉的人，所以全文写来既栩栩如生，又给人非常亲切的感觉。如果你写一个陌生的人，虽然也能够写，但写出来的就可能毫无特色，会是千千万万个中的一个，这样写来不要说感动别人，有时就连自己都觉得别扭、生造。

其次，要凸显人物与众不同的个性。共性的东西人人都有，写得再多作用也是不大的。只有有特色的、独具个性魅力的东西，才能给人以冲击，才能给人留下深刻的印象，才能让人拍案称奇。

第三，不要什么都写，更不要事无巨细地写，要择其一二浓彩重墨地写。这当然是要根据主题需要去择取了，决不能无的放矢。如《我是你爹》中，“爹”的话语很少，前后加起来总共才三四句而已，可一个独特的“爹”的形象却跃然纸上了。

第四，要让人物的言行、心理、个性特征等符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。不要让一个两三岁的孩子说六十岁人的话，也不要让一个无文化的老太太专说些理论大话等，否则就是无视人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点而乱写人物，是不能写好人物的，更谈不上写出个性特点了。

第五，写人物离不开写事、写细节。要仔细地观察人物的日常行为，挖掘他们的典型事例，而且事例要新颖，因为人物的性格和品质，是通过具体的事例表现出来的。比如我们要写一个热心肠的人，就要写他怎样帮助周围的人，或哪里有困难他就在哪里出现等事例。写事的时候，我们完全可以从细节方面入手。细节描写包括对人物的动作、语言、神态和心理活动以及特定的环境等的描写。描写一个人的时候，我们要把这个人的每一个能体现人物特点的动作都描写清楚、具体、详细。

我们来看这一段话：“回到教室，大家全都涌到郭枫面前，问：”坏小子，你捐一毛钱怎么能代表我们呢?‘郭枫眨了眨眼，骄傲地说：“其实我捐了100元!说捐一毛钱，那是逗你们玩的!’听了郭枫的话，同学们哭笑不得……”这一段话把细节描写得很好，“眨了眨眼”“骄傲地说”“哭笑不得”等词语把“郭枫”可气又可笑的性格描写得淋漓尽致。

写人，是小学作文训练的基本功之一。在记叙文中，人和事是不可分的，关键是看题目如何要求。要求写事的题目，文中的人要为事服务;要求写人的题目，文中的事必须为人服务。写人为主的记叙文，就是要通过一件或几件事，来表现人物一种或多种品质。写人的继续文，叙事不要求完整;记事的记叙文，虚实要求完整，而且要贯穿文章始终。

(一)通过一件事来写人

通过一件事来写人，通常是表现人物的一种品质或性格的一个方面。为了刻画人物，对所写人物必须进行必要的外貌、语言、动作、心理等方面的描写。但是，从以事写人这个角度来说，最好是选择一件最能反映此人某一特点的事，并把这件事写好。 在写事情的时候，要选择典型的事例。所谓典型，就是能集中反映中心思想的事，能够表现人物的好思想、好品质、美好情感的事。对小学生来说，选择典型事例，要着眼于小事，选择那些最能反映深刻意义的小事。这样的事表面上看，都是普普通通的凡人小事，但是其中却蕴涵着深刻的意义，这就是我们常说的"小中见大"。

(二)通过几件事写人

可以分成两种情况：以是用几件事表现某个人的一种品质;二是用几件事表现某个人的多种品质。 要注意：用几件事写人，这些事可以是完整的，作者必须把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事件(起因、经过、结果)，一一交代清楚，也可以是不完整的，只着重于某几点进行叙述。更多的是在一篇文章中，有的事详写;有的事略写;有的事要求写得比较完整，有的事要求写得比较简单。 通过几件事写人，同样要对人物进行必要的外貌、行动、语言、心理的描写。

(三)学会刻画人物

写人的文章要会在叙事的过程中，对最能表现人物思想感情、性格特点的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等方面进行描写，也就是学会刻画人物。

1. 也叫肖像描写，是通过对人物的容貌、神情、衣着、姿态、语调、外貌特征的描写。来揭示人物性格的一种方法。人物的的外貌和人物内心世界密切的联系，具体说：通过外貌描写，使人物的形象更丰满，能给读者留下深刻印象;通过外貌描写，揭示人物的身份;通过外貌描写，展示人物在特定场合的内心世界;通过外貌描写，表现人物性格、精神面貌和思想品质。

总之，外貌描写要和表现人物特点、突出文章的中心思想紧密配合。外貌描写要传神，切忌脸谱化，反对那种部分主次，从头写到脚、千人一貌的写法。

2. 语言描写有对话和独白两种。

对话是两个人或几个人的谈话;独白是人物的自言自语。语言是人物内心世界的直接表露，对表现人物的思想性格起重要作用。有个性特点的语言可以起到"闻其言，见其人"的作用。语言描写要注意以下两点：一是文章中人物的语言要精心筛选，把那些足以能表现人物的个性特点、最能表现中心思想的语言，写进文章中;二是好的语言描写，一定是符合当时的情景，符合人物的性格、身份、性别、年龄和文化修养等方面的特点。 对话描写有四种形式：说的话写在后面，说话人后面用引号;说的话在前，说话人写在后，用引号、句号;前后各引一句或几句，中间交代谁说的，用逗号;只写人物语言，不写说话人。这四种形式要根据实际需要灵活事业，避免行文死板。

3. 动作描写

是通过人物的行动、动作，来表现人物的思想性格的一种方法。一个人的行为、动作，往往是他的思想感情、性格特征的最真实的外化。看一个人，不仅要听他怎么说，更要卡他如何做，正所谓"听其言，观其行"，因此，动作描写是直接刻画人物形象，展示人物精神面貌，把人物写"活"的重要手段。那么，怎样描写人物的动作呢?

首先，要选择关键性的动作来写。一个人做事的时候，会有许多动作。但他们不可能、也没有必要把这些动作一个不少地都写出来。这就要求选择那些关键性的、最有意义的动作来写。

其次，要写准确。同一个动作可以用很多动词来表示，但只有那些有特色，最能反映人物气质的动词，才能把人写"活"。有一位作家说过，最难的不是写动作，而是写出有特点的动作，从动作中写出人来。

4.心理描写

心理的人物内心的活动，是无声的语言。人物内心世界，指人物内心的喜、哀、乐、忧伤、犹豫、嫉妒、向往等复杂的感情。在写人的文章中，恰当地描写人物心理，可以更有效地刻画人物，突出中心思想。心理描写的要求是：要真实，要有根据;人物的心理变化要自然，合情合理;心理描写要为文章的中心思想服务;在描写人物的心理活动时，要客观、谨慎，不能以己之心，度人之意。

小学生作文时，大多采用第一人称("我"活"我们")，采用这种人称作文，就不能用"他想" 的形式来写人物的心理活动，因为"我"不可能钻到别人的脑子里去看。此时，可以换一种方式--在描写人物的语言、神态、动作上下功夫，这样可能更合情理，使人感到真实可信。

心理描写除了用"我想"之外，还可以采用以下几种方法。

(1)提出问题，引入所想的内容。

(2)使用假设，流露心理活动。

(3)字里行间，流露着"想"。

(4)直接抒发心中所想。

【摘要】考研英语作文的评分，首先关注的就是单词、句子、格式的正确性。因此，在作文的复习中，不能只关注高端句型，正确的格式也是不容忽视的。

写作格式错误主要包括题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。

题目的写法

题目是首先映入读者眼帘的，所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离，即比正文行距稍宽一些。

其次，要注意题目的大小写，实词的首字母一定要大写。其它虚词如冠词、连词（但如连词的字母多于5个时则大写)和介词首字母不需要大写。比如：

跳动的心（例子）

误：Attitudes Toward Money

正：Attitudes toward Money

文章的格式

1、四边留空：卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观，给人以清晰、明快的感觉。

2、空格：文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格（一般缩进4-6个字节）。

大小写方面的错误

在考研文章的评改过程中，有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷，这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说，大写规则有以下几条：

1、大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母

如：He said,He is going to Shanghai next week.

2、大写专有名词，或用作专有名词的部分普通名词，通常是缩略形式

如：DrG .G . East

3、大写缩写字母

如：MPA ,MBA ,BBC

4、文章标题要大写

5、头衔在专有名词前要大写，在专有名词后就小写

例如：Captain SmithSmith, the captain；Uncle GeorgeGeorge ,my uncle

标点符号

考生在写文章时，一定要注意正确使用标点符号，切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法，尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。

三段式作文注意事项

1、作文卷面要保持整洁，不要连笔，不要涂改，这是获取印象分的重点。很多考生由于在考场过于紧张导致作文的单词老是写错，这是致命伤啊，会直接让你越写越没感觉就越没信心了，所以平常要加强练笔！

2、全文的第一句和各段的第一句必须是文章的中心句，最好能用复杂句表达。这是因为阅卷老师一般没有那么多的时间去看作文，所以只能大概浏览下各段的首句，这是获得高分的关键。

3、全文结构布局：全文分为三段，第一段3句，第二段5句，第三段4句，可根据具体情况调整。段落中，第一句是topic ，第二三句是detail ，第三句是conclusion 。

另外为了方便大家学习，提高复习的效率。小编为广大学子整理了考研技巧和考试大纲，更有历年真题提供测试等等。针对每一个科目进行深度的探讨和技巧挖掘。欢迎各位考研的同学进行了解和资讯。考研的痛苦是难免的,不要丧失信心,坚信苦尽甘来。预祝各位学子取得成功！

[考研英语作文常见的四个写作格式错误