英语作文的写作技巧精彩20篇

下面是由语文迷网小编精心为大家整理提供的英语句子，供大家写作参考。

1、Time flies.

时光易逝。

2、Time is money.

一寸光阴一寸金。

3、Time and tide wait for no man.

岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。

4、Time tries all.

时间检验一切。

5、Time tries truth.

时间检验真理。

6、Time past cannot be called back again.

光阴一去不复返。

7、All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

8、No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again.

昨日不复来。

9、Business neglected is business lost.

忽视职业便是放弃职业。

10、One today is worth two tomorrows.

一个今天胜似两个明天。

11、The morning sun never lasts a day.

好景不常;朝阳不能光照全日。

12、Christmas comes but once a year.

圣诞一年只一度。

13、Pleasant hours fly past.

快乐时光去如飞。

14、Happiness takes no account of time.

欢娱不惜时光逝。

15、Time tames the strongest grief.

时间能缓和极度的悲痛。

16、The day is short but the work is much.

工作多，光阴迫。

17、Never deter till tomorrow that which you can do today.

今日事须今日毕，切勿拖延到明天。

18、Have you somewhat to do tomorrow,do it today.

明天如有事，今天就去做。

19、To him that does everything in its proper time,one day is worth three.

事事及时做，一日胜三日。

20、To save time is to lengthen life.

节省时间就是延长生命。

21、Everything has its time and that time must be watched.

万物皆有时，时来不可失。

22、Take time when time cometh,lest time steal away.

时来必须要趁时，不然时去无声息。

23、When an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you.

机不可失，时不再来;机会一过，永不再来。

24、Make hay while the sun shines.

晒草要趁太阳好。

25、Strike while the iron is hot.

趁热打铁。

26、Work today,for you know not how much you may be hindered tomrrow.

今朝有事今朝做，明朝可能阻碍多。

27、Punctuality is the soul of business.

守时为立业之要素。

28、Procrastination is the thief of time.

因循拖延是时间的大敌;拖延就是浪费时间。

29、Every tide hath ist ebb.

潮涨必有潮落时。

30、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

31、Wisdom is more to be envied than riches.

知识可羡，胜于财富。

32、Wisdom is better than gold or silver.

知识胜过金银。

33、Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有钱。

34、Wisdom is a good purchase though we pay dear for it.

为了求知识，代价虽高也值得。

35、Doubt is the key of knowledge.

怀疑是知识之钥。

36、If you want knowledge,you must toil for it.

若要求知识，须从勤苦得。

37、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

浅学误人。

38、A handful of common sense is worth a bushel of learning.

少量的常识，当得大量的学问。

39、Knowledge advances by steps and not by leaps.

知识只能循序渐进，不能跃进。

40、Learn wisdom by the follies of others.

从旁人的愚行中学到聪明。

41、It is good to learn at another man’s cost.

前车可鉴。

42、Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.

知识之于精神，一如健康之于肉体。

43、Experience is the best teacher.

经验是最好的教师。

44、Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.

经验是知识之父，记忆是知识之母。

45、Dexterity comes by experience.

熟练来自经验。

46、Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

47、Experience keeps a dear school,but fools learn in no other.

经验学校学费高，愚人旁处学不到。

48、Experience without learning is better than learning without experience.

有经验而无学问，胜于有学问而无经验。

49、Wit once bought is worth twice taught.

由经验而得的智慧，胜于学习而得的智慧;一次亲身的体会，胜过两次的教师教导。

50、Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

拓展阅读：段首万能句子

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?

写作是人类的一种特殊的，有目的的社会实践活动的记录，是为满足人类社会活动实践的需要学习社会知识的需要而产生的。以下是小编为大家整理有关考场写作的相关方法技巧，欢迎大家阅读!

考场作文的写作技巧方法

1、字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。

如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感?

2、一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了!

怎么变成三百字?可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地;加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等;还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗?

3、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想

对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，蒋老师发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼?

比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

4、环境里面有“真”“情”

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。”

孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗?为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢?云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

5、不用成语

作文为什么写不长?都是成语惹的祸!

不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗?其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，蒋老师指出：当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。

比如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

6、写说不单写“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。

张三说：“……”;

张三无可奈何地说：“……”;

张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……”

显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

7、一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。?!……：“”

这些标点你的作文中都有吗?没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

8、写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌?孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。”

如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了?

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

在作文中应用一些古诗词，可以让我们的文章更加有层次，下面是小编整理的古诗词常用典故，欢迎阅读。

1、冰雪以冰雪的晶莹比喻心志的忠贞、品格的高尚。

如“洛阳亲友如相问，一片冰心在玉壶。”(王昌龄《芙蓉楼送辛渐》)冰心：高洁的心性，古人用“清如玉壶冰”比喻一个人光明磊落的心性。再如“应念岭海经年，孤光自照，肝肺皆冰雪。”岭南一年的仕途生涯中，自己的人格品行像冰雪一样晶莹、高洁。

2、月亮对月思亲——引发离愁别绪，思乡之愁。

如“举头望明月，低头思故乡。”(李白《静夜思》)如“小楼昨夜又东风，故国不堪回首月明中。”(李煜《虞美人》)望月思故国，表明亡国之君特有的伤痛。如“碛里征人三十万，一时回首月中看。”碛，沙漠，茫茫大漠中几十万战士一时间都抬头望着东升的月亮，抑制不住悲苦的思乡之情。

3、柳树以折柳表惜别。

汉代以来，常以折柳相赠来寄托依依惜别之情，由此引发对远方亲人的思念之情以及行旅之人的思乡之情。如1987年曾考过的《送别》诗：杨柳青青着地垂，杨花漫漫搅天飞。柳条折尽花飞尽，借问行人归不归?

由于“柳”、“留”谐音，古人在送别之时，往往折柳相送，以表达依依惜别的深情。这一习俗始于汉而盛于唐，汉代就有《折杨柳》的曲子，以吹奏的形式表达惜别之情。唐代西安的灞陵桥，是当时人们到全国各地去时离别长安的必经之地，而灞陵桥两边又是杨柳掩映，这儿就成了古人折柳送别的着名的地方，如“年年柳色，灞陵伤别”的诗。后世就把“灞桥折柳”作为送别典故的出处。故温庭筠有“绿杨陌上多别离”的诗句。柳永在《雨霖铃》中以“今宵酒醒何处，杨柳岸，晓风残月”来表达别离的伤感之情。

“笛中闻折柳，春色未曾看”，说的是笛声中《折杨柳》的曲子倒是传播得很远，而杨柳青青的春色却从来不曾看见，以此来表达伤春叹别的感情。

“此夜曲中闻折柳，何人不起故园情?”说的是今夜听到《折杨柳》的曲子，又有何人不引起思念故乡的感情呢?

4、蝉以蝉品行高洁。

古人以为蝉餐风饮露，是高洁的象征，所以古人常以蝉的高洁表现自己品行的高洁。《唐诗别裁》说：“咏蝉者每咏其声，此独尊其品格。”

由于蝉栖于高枝，餐风露宿，不食人间烟火，则其所喻之人品，自属于清高一型。骆宾王《在狱咏蝉》：“无人信高洁。”李商隐《蝉》：“本以高难饱”，“我亦举家清”。王沂孙《齐天乐》：“甚独抱清高，顿成凄楚。”虞世南《蝉》：“居高声自远，非是藉秋风。”他们都是用蝉喻指高洁的人品。

5、草木以草木繁盛反衬荒凉，以抒发盛衰兴亡的感慨。

如“过春风十里，尽荠麦青青。”(姜夔《扬州慢》)春风十里，十分繁华的扬州路，如今长满了青青荠麦，一片荒凉了。“旧苑荒台杨柳新，菱歌清唱不胜春。”吴国的旧苑荒台上的杨柳又长出新枝(荒凉一片)，遥想当年这里笙歌曼舞，那盛景比春光还美(不胜春：春光也不胜它)。这里是以杨柳的繁茂衬托荒凉。

“阶前碧草自春色，隔叶黄鹂空好音。”(杜甫《蜀相》)一代贤相及其业绩都已消失，如今只有映绿石阶的青草，年年自生春色(春光枉自明媚)，黄鹂白白发出这婉转美妙的叫声，诗人慨叹往事空茫，深表惋惜。

“朱雀桥边野草花，乌衣巷口夕阳斜。”(刘禹锡《乌衣巷》)朱雀桥边昔日的繁华已荡然无存，桥边已长满杂草野花，乌衣巷已失去昔日的富丽堂皇，夕阳映照着破败凄凉的巷口。

6、南浦在中国古代诗歌中，南浦是水边的送边之所。

屈原《九哥·河伯》：“与子交手兮东行，送美人兮南浦。”江淹《别赋》：“春草碧色，春水渌波，送君南浦，伤如之何!”范成大《横塘》：“南浦春来绿一川，石桥朱塔两依然。”古人水边送别并非只在南浦，但由于长期的民族文化浸染，南浦已成为水边送别之地的一个专名了。

7、长亭是陆上的送别之所。

李白《菩萨蛮》：“何处是归程?长亭更短亭。”柳永《雨霖铃》：“寒蝉凄切，对长亭晚。”李叔同《送别》：“长亭外，古道边，芳草碧连天。”很显然，在中国古典诗歌里长亭已成为陆上的送别之所。

8、琴瑟(1)比喻夫妇感情和谐，亦作“瑟琴”。

《诗·周南·关雎》：“窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。”又《小雅·常棣》：“妻子好合，如鼓琴瑟。”

(2)比喻兄弟朋友的情谊。

陈子昂《春夜别友人诗》：“离堂思琴瑟，别路绕出川。”

9、螟蛉《诗·小雅·小宛》：“螟蛉有子，蜾赢负之。”蜾赢(一种蜂)捕螟蛉为食，并以产卵管刺入螟蛉体内，注射蜂毒使其麻痹，然后负之置于蜂巢内，作蜾赢幼虫的食料。古人错以为蜾赢养螟蛉为子，因把作为螟蛉养子的代称。

10、鸿雁

《汉书·苏轼传》载，匈奴单于欺骗汉使，称苏武已死，而汉使者故意说天子打猎时射下一只北方飞来的鸿燕，脚上拴着帛书，是苏武写的。单于只好放了苏武。后来就用“鸿燕”、“雁书”、“雁足”、“鱼雁”等指书信、单讯。如晏殊《清平乐》：“生笺小字，说尽平生意。鸿雁在云鱼在不，惆怅此情难寄。”李清照词云：“雁字回时，月满西楼。”李清照另一首词云：“好把音书凭过雁，东莱不似蓬莱远。”大雁在这里是传书的信使。

11、神器指帝位、政权。

《老子》：“将欲取天下而为之，吾见其不得己。天下神器，不可为也。”

12、月老

传说唐朝韦固月夜里经过宋城，遇见一个老人坐着翻检书本。韦固前往窥视，一个字也不认得，向老人询问后，才知道老人是专官人间婚姻的神仙，翻检的书是婚姻簿子(见《续幽怪录·定婚店》)。后来因此称煤人为月下老人，或月老。

13、陶朱春秋时越国大夫范蠡的别号。

相传他帮助勾践灭吴后，离开越国到陶，善于经营生计，积累了很多财富，后世因此以“陶朱”或“陶朱公”来称富商。

14、祝融

传说中楚国君主的祖先，为高辛氏帝喾的火正(掌火之官)，以光明四海而称为祝融，后世祀为火神;由此，火灾称为祝融之灾。

15、秋水秋水，喻指眼睛，形容盼望的迫切。《西厢记》第三本第二折“望穿他盈盈秋水，蹙损他淡淡春山。”春山，指眉。

导语：高考英语作文是高考英语中比较重要的一部分，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理了优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)，例如：There is no need for you to bring more food. 不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…，主语can …. (借着……，……能够……)，例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)，例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)，例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?), 例如：What will happen to the orphan? 那个孤儿将会怎样?

7)For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式…. (过去……年来，……一直……)例如：

For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)例如：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)，例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力去……)，例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

注意：“尽全力”在英语中有不同表达，例如：We should spare no effort/make every effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

11)主语+ be closely related to …. (与……息息相关)， 例如：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

12) 主语+ get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯)，例如：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

Owing to/Thanks to sth… (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

13)What a + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + be!= How +形容词+ a +名词+ be!(多么……!)，例如： What an important thing it is to keep our promise!= How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

14)主语 + do good/ harm to sth.. (对……有益/有害)，例如：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

15)主语 + have a great influence on sth. (对……有很大的影响)，例如：Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

16) nothing can prevent us from doing…. (没有事情能够阻挡我们做……), 例如：All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.这显示了没有事情能够阻挡我们实现目标。

17) Upon / On doing…, …. (一……就…….) ，例如：Upon / On hearing of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn’t say a word. 一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。

注意：此句型一般可以改为如下复合句句型，例如：As soon as he heard of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he ….

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚来，她就开始抱怨。

No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. 他刚来，就下雨了。

18) would rather do…than do…(宁愿……而不……), 例如：I would rather walk home than take a crowded bus. 我宁愿步行回家也不愿做拥挤的公交车。

注意：此句型可以改为prefer to do…rather than do…句型，例如：

I prefer to stay at home rather than see the awful film with him. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿意和他去看那部恐怖电影。

19) only + 状语， 主句部分倒装 例如：Only then could the work of reconstruction begin. 直到那时，重建工作才开始。

20) be worth doing (值得做)，例如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

21)Owing to/Thanks to sth, …. (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

以下为复合句高级句型：

22)主语+ is + the +形容词最高级+名词+(that)+主语+ have ever + seen(known / heard / had / read,etc)例如：Liu Yifei is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life. 刘亦菲是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Liu is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 刘老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

注意，比较级也可以用来表达最高级的意思， 例如：I have never seen a more beautiful girl than Liu Yifei in my life. 在我生活中我从来没见过比刘亦菲更美的女孩。Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。

23)There is no denying that + S + V….(不可否认的……)，例如：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 不可否认的事实是，新的管理方法已经极大提高了产量。

24)It is universally acknowledged that +从句(全世界都知道……)，例如：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

注意，全世界都知道还可以改为以下句型：As is known to us/As we all know, …. (众所周知，……)。例如：As is known to us/As we all know, knowledge is power.众所周知，知识就是力量。

25)There is no doubt that +从句(毫无疑问的……)，例如：There is no doubt that he came late. 毫无疑问，他来晚了。There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.毫无疑问，你有困难时，会得到别人的帮助。

26)(It is) No wonder that.... (难怪……)，例如：No wonder that he fell asleep in class. 难怪他在课堂上睡着了。

27)So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 从句 (如此……以致于……)，例如：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

28)形容词+ as +主语+ be，主语+ 谓语(虽然……)，例如：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

29)The + 比较级 +主语+谓语， the +比较级+主语+谓语(愈……愈……)，例如：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。The more, the better. 越多越好。

30)It is time + 主语 + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)例如：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

注意：此句型可以转化为简单句句型：It is time for sth./for sb to do….例如：

It is time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。

It is time they were taught a lesson. 他们该接受教训了

31)To be frank/ To tell the truth, …. (老实说, ……) , 例如: To be frank/ To tell the truth, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.老实说，不论你喜不喜欢，你别无选择。

32)it took him a year to do….( 他用了1年的时间来做……), 例如：As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.到目前为止我们所知道的是，他用了1年的时间来写这本书。It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake. 过了很久，他们才意识到犯错了。

33)spent as much time as he could doing sth.(花尽可能的时间做某事)，例如：He spent as much time as he could remembering new words. 他花了尽可能多时间记新单词。

34)Since + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + 现在完成式，例如：Since he went to senior high school， he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

35)An advantage of… is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)，例如：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

36) It was not until recently that….( 直到最近, ……) ，例如：It was not until recently that the problem was solved. 直到最近这个问题才被解决。

37) We will be successful as long as we…. (只要我们……，我们就会成功的) ，例如：We will be successful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作，我们会成功的。

38) No matter + wh-从句，…, 例如：No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.不管英语有多么难，你都应该尽你最大的努力来学它。No matter what he asks you to do, please refuse him. 不管他让你做什么，请拒绝他。注意：此句型一般可以改为疑问词+ever引导的从句，+主句，例如：Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him.

39)It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. (做……是没有用的) , 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。

40)It’s + a shame / nice/ kind + to do (做.....真惭愧/好)，例如：It’s a shame to lose the match. 输了比赛，真惭愧!It’s nice of you to tell me the truth. 你太好了，告诉我真相。It’s your turn to look after the young trees. 该你照顾这些小树了。

41)It is obvious/clear that + 从句 (…是明显的)，例如：It is obvious that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

注意：此句型中it是形式主语，其后谓语可以有不同变化。例如：

It’s certain that he will win the election. 他肯定会赢得选举。

It is true that we must make our greater efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.是真的，我们要作出更大的努力，不然/否则，我们不能赶上发达国家。

It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很难想象爱迪生每天是怎样工作20小时的。

It’s hard to say whether the plan is practical.这个计划是否实际很难说。

It is a common saying that where there is a will ,there is a way.俗话说，有志者，事竟成。

It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population. 一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。

It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we cannot overcome.从这里可看出，世上没有克服不了的困难。

It has been proved that his theory is right.已经证明，他的理论是对的。

42)It is/ was ….that… (强调句型), 例如：It was on the desk that you put your book. 你把书放桌子上了。It was the doctor that inquired what had happened. 医生询问了发生的事情。

43)I don’t think / feel/ suppose that… (否定前移)，例如：

I don’t think that we shall finish it on time. 我认为我们不能按时完成(工作)。

44)The reason why + 从句 is that + 从句 (……的原因是……)，例如：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

The reason why the river is polluted is that the factory has poured much waste into it.这条河受污染的原因是那家工厂向里倾到了很多垃圾。

注意：表示原因还可用以下句型。请比较：That is the reason why …. (那就是……的原因)，例如：Summer is very hot. That is the reason why I don’t like it.夏天很热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

45)It will (not) + 时间段 + before…(……需要很长时间), 例如：It will be a long time before everything returns to normal. 一切恢复正常需要很长时间。

46) I think / feel/ find it + important/ our duty + to do… (我发觉做……重要/是我的责任),例如：I feel it our duty to help the old. 我觉得帮助老人是我们的职责。

47)Those who…. (……的人……)，例如：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

注意：此句型还可以转化为one/a person who…, 例如：

As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.俗话说，世上无难事，只怕有心人。In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.在某种情况下，一个成功的科学家就是一个绝不满足于自己已取得的成就的人。

以下是YJBYS小编为大家整理的小学生写作技巧100条，希望对大家有所帮助!

一、作文与考试

1.考试前几日，可以有选择地翻阅一些高品质作文图书，以帮助打开思路;

2.考试作文的最低要求是文顺和切题，达到了这两个要求，基本分数就可以拿到;

3.考试时要不要打草稿，这要视各人情况而定，一般来说，因为费时，所以尽量免去;

4.一篇文章起码分有四段，在六七段最为适宜;

5.书写整洁极其重要，阅卷老师的第一好感来自于你的字迹;

6.开头第一段一定要全力以赴，用描写手法描写人物形态、事件过程或景物特色。成功的开头占据全文得分的50%;

7.遇到生冷的作文题，不要害怕，缩小其范围，发现其核心，即可行文;

8.如果考试题已经做过，那肯定是一件大好事，当然，需要你“更上一层楼”;

9.像叙述一个故事给好朋友听一样，口语化的语言就像录音，非常生动有趣;

10.语言幽默一些，增加趣味性，让阅卷老师也忍不住笑出声来，这样的文章一定能得高分;

11.想象类的题目不要表现什么主题，只要写得有趣有益就行;

12.结尾段千万不能用议论或表决心，最后仍然是描写，与开头呼应，如果与开头基本相同，也很有特色;

13.考试中，要求你体裁不限，并不是说你想用什么体裁就用什么体裁，而应该根据“扬长”原则来完成;

14.语文大考时，起码要为文章留好一个小时的时间，基础知识的检查放在作文之后。修改时要使用标准的修改符号，并注意卷面的整洁。

二、作文与竞赛

15.认真的书写是成功的前提。阅读者会在第一眼就对你留下良好印象;

16.写作时，应在选材和形式上多加斟酌，表现出你的智慧、思想和追求，即使阅卷者也自愧不如;

17.文章中应充满强烈的感情色彩，因为唯有强烈的情感才能打动人心;

18.对手中的素材加以小小的修饰，使之更感人，更鲜明和更富有美感，这不是虚假，而是美化;

19.写作中要加进至少一种新颖的尝试，这种尝试是你从未使用过的。唯有你自己都觉得新鲜的东西，别人也才会觉得新鲜;

20.以第一人称写作最适宜抒情，并增加文章的真实感和可信度。

三、作文与形式

22.立小标题，似乎文中有文，给人袖珍感。三四篇集中反映一个主题，或表现一个方面，较为讨好;

23.小标题的用语应该保持一致性，如全部是对话，或全部是古诗，或全部引用广告语等，整齐的形式能够起到一种意想不到的奇效;

24.用a面、b面，或是第一乐章、第二乐章等音乐形式来处理文章的结构，富有美感，能使人产生联想;

25.用“第一幕、第二幕”这样的话剧形式来进行写作，新颖别致;

26.用“第一幅：水彩画;第二幅：”等美术形式，来串联全文，必定会收到上佳的效果;

27.用角色自述的方法，给人亲切感、真实感和趣味性。如爸爸说、妈妈说和我说三部分，来写《我的家》这篇作文。

四、作文与情感

28.想象使情感丰满，并使你进入到一个真正的情感世界;

29.所谓创作的冲动，是指你的情感酝酿已久，到了不得不发和出口成章的地步;

30.好文章，是情感的产物。字里行间，应该有泪在飞;

31.阅读图书和观看戏剧，可使你的情感世界得以丰实;

32.写作时，想象人物在眼前微笑，想象小鸟在书房歌唱，想象树林在窗外静默，你的笔下一定会有幸福和美丽;

33.想象老人的童年，想象儿童的老年，想象女性的哺育，想象男子的耕作，你会慨叹人生的艰辛和无常，时间会改变一切，文字会流出泪水;

34.真挚的情感使人感动，夸张的情感令人不适;

35.让语言浸濡情感的泉水，叫词句表达你内心的涌动;

36.情感的程度通过形容词表现出来，惟一的情感，只有惟一的词语。

五、作文与修辞

37.比喻是最简便的修辞，形象、生动和大众化是它的特点;

38.直接使用喻体能使语句婆娑生姿，产生趣味;

39.在文章中使用与主题或场景相关的喻体，能收到异趣;

40.把a事件比作b事件，这样的比喻方式比较困难，但却有奇趣的艺术效果;

41.运用多个比喻，使其成排出现，这样的语句具有军营气势，如模特方阵正款款而来;

42.比喻应该为人物和主题服务，贬褒之喻都可看出作者的写作取向;

43.运用通感手法，接通五官，让香气变成正方形，叫声音变成花瓣雨，这样的写作手法奇妙无穷;

44.拟人之法是文章的生动之源，你一定要掌握和擅长;

45.夸张使语句产生奇效，夸张亦产生幽默;

46.排比句常用来抒情，对称句常用来描写，相同的句式和大致相似的字数，在文中出现也使形式美观;

47.反复是一种不常用的修辞方法，但你应该了解和懂得;

48.对比的手法很有趣，高山平原，请你去鉴别和感悟。

六、作文与立意

49.作文需要主题，但不一定非得高尚和伟大。你也可以写喜欢一只蚂蚁;

50.欲学作文，先学做人，词语里有你的思想，句子里有你的感情，段落里有你的形象;

51.语文老师常常强调立意，别太听信于他们。只要不是低级趣味，都行;

52.即使一种小小的情绪也能成为文章的中心，比如，夏日中午的一种惆怅和孤独;

53.同一题材能表现不同主题，这要看你的笔力，你的写作重心;

54.表现主题、表明中心和文章立意，说法不同，但内容一样，这对于语文学习也很重要。

七、作文与题材

55.所谓的题材，就是根据题目而选择的材料。题目是主人，而题材是居室。题材应该是主人认为最适合的和最好的;

56.在作文评分标准中，题材的分值占了相当的比例，你应该高度重视;

57.第一个出现的材料基本不是最好的，第二个会稍好一些，而独特优良的题材会在第三、第四个才可能被挖掘到;

58.把预选的题材写在纸上，作一比较，然后确定其中之一，这是一个选材的笨方法，但很实用;

59.独特的经历是最好的题材，不要觉得丢人，也不要认为现丑，真情展露方为写作真谛;

60.小题材是美的，以小见大，给人丰富的联想，正所谓一粒沙里看世界，一朵花上见天堂;

61.观察是积累素材的最主要途径，但经历和体验更是人生的重要内容;

62.在上学路上，要注意每一条新的标语，每一家新开的商店和每一处美的变化，这些就是你生活的这个城市的脚步声;

63.在身边准备一本《随身记》，巴掌大小，忽有所思，忽有所见，随手录下，是积累素材的一种好办法;

64.世界上最感人的故事常常发生在你的身边，只是，它在你的眼皮底下仅仅逗留59秒钟;

65.留心从你身边匆匆经过的每一个人，注意他们的衣着、步态和眉宇间的忧乐，这些人会在某一天成为你的笔下的人物;

66.读生活，读天地，读大街，读一棵树的变迁，读一只昆虫的命运，你会获得源源不断的生活素材;同时，你也在生活的阅历中丰富着自己;

67.从别人佳作的阅读中发现和积累素材，然后在写作发生困难的时候取用，也不失为一种应急的办法;

68.发生在美妙情境中的事件令人难忘，比如“春夜”、“月下”和“河边”等，读之如在诗中;

69.写同学朋友类的作文时，应尽量避开那些班中的“高官名人”。因为这些人“受人瞩目”，并且已经个性尽消。相反，那些所谓的“皮大王”、“假小子”和“小胖墩”却个个活灵活现，满身趣事;

70.写“自己”的一类作文时，最好能通过一个较小的角度，比如一件物品的变迁，写出自己的成长过程和青春烦恼等，较为深刻;

71.写不同职业的人最好写最底层的，如摆小摊儿的、刷马桶的和送煤球的等，越普通越亲切，越亲切越感人;

72.写其他人时，最好写那些一听就产生爱怜或职业使人充满向往的人，如离家出走的小女孩、生命垂危的姑娘或地质勘探队员、探险家等，这类题材最能抓住读者;

73.写同学朋友的事时，写美好不如写遗憾，写密切不如写分手，写优秀不如写缺陷，写美丽不如写丑陋，写同性不如写异性，写成功不如写蠢事

74.写家中的事情时，最好选择那些极端的事例来写，如大悲：亲人去世、父母离异;或大喜：彩票中奖、爸爸出国等，如此，方能给人印象深刻;

75.写校园外的事件时，题材要注意新颖有趣，富有时代气息，与其写在第一百货公司发生的事情，就不如写在麦当劳发生的事情，与其写一家老字号门前的鞭炮齐鸣，就不如写一种新品上市时，所推出的文学时装秀节目;

76.不要抱怨生活的贫乏和经历的苍白，即使是一座空空的房间里，也会有无尽的可写之材;

77.写回忆性的文章，最能引发心中的感慨和文笔的缠绵。往事如烟，物是人非，谁不心潮涌动;

78.趣味性是作文教学薄弱的地方，有的老师认为趣味不是立意，其实，趣味就是快乐人生，是最大的立意;

79.在题材的选择上，讲究一点意境，追求一点高雅，接近一点诗意，体现一点古朴，这样的材料是最易打动读者之心的;

80.美丽的故事、美妙的人生和优美的意境，是题材的三大唯美卖点，读者会为之沉醉;

八、作文与语言

81.把一句话分成两句或三句来说，能避免病句的出现;

82.倒装句能起到突出某个词语的作用;83、在文章中适当地引用古诗名句，能够使文章文采大增;

84.开头段不能太长，控制在30到50个字内最佳;

85.写记叙文时,如果无法开头,可以从“时间+时令+景色”开始;

86.写人时，如果不会开头，那么就从“人物姓名+一个外貌特征+一个性格特点”开始;

87.写景作文，可以从景色的一处细小的美丽开始;

88.在第一段中出现一次妙语或一个妙句，是一种很讨好的开头方式;

89.如果叙述事例一止一个，一般来说，中间和最后的那个材料要安排得更为详细;

90.叙事中如果交待时间和地点，可以通过写景的方法来间接地说明。

九、作文与首尾

91.最好把最为抓人的场面放到叙事文的开头来写;

92.用几个字来归纳动物的特点，然后分别说明的描述，这是高超的写作手法;

93.说明文中加入谜语和诗歌等材料，能表现出你的文化素养，也能使说明的对象更为亲切;

94.用省略号结尾，既含蓄又节约，是一种“价廉物美”的结尾方法;

95.用人物对话结尾，有时会收到意想不到的文学效果;

96.用一句精辟的语句作结尾，也是一种含蓄有力的结尾方法;

97.用大段的议论结尾，是赶跑读者的最好方法;

98.在结尾处大呼口号、大表决心和大作检讨，是最幼稚愚蠢的做法;

99.倒叙法的结尾应该与开头相呼应

100.引用诗词或者歌词结尾，是一种余味悠长的收尾方法。

事业单位综合写作被很多考生称为事业单位路上的“拦路虎”。纵观事业单位考试发展历程，作文也是事业单位考察的题型之一。下面是小编收集的事业单位写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、标题

要求：简明扼要，抓住材料的主旨;从小切入，切忌假、大、空;长短合适，最好不要加副标题。

比较好的题目

[例] “旅游田”需要“文明”灌溉、“处处留意皆民生”、“圆城市低收入家庭安居梦”、

比较差的题目

[例]“以政府监管促进市场规范化”、“加快推进以民生为重点的社会建设”

二、正文

就文章的第一部分简单的举例：

方法：开篇点题，陈述现象、阐明危害和解决好的意义

[例] 随着我国经济持续快速发展，养老问题日渐凸现出来，在社会经济和国家安全中的位置越来越突出。养老问题主要表现在人口老龄化加剧，社会赡养问题突出，421家庭的无奈等。 目前产生的诸多养老难问题逐渐进入人们的视野，已引起人们的高度关注，成为社会的热点问题，引起强烈反响，如果该问题不能得到及时和妥善地解决，直接影响到人民群众的根本利益，必影响到经济的发展，社会的稳定，影响到党和政府在人民群众中的光辉形象，进而影响到建成小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会。

三、社会热点素材积累

对于社会热点的话题要做到积累记录总结，例如：

医疗体制改革：医疗卫生服务特殊性和群众必需性，不同于其他服务行业;以药养医，药厂和医院自主经营，自负盈亏，独立核算;医疗制度不完善，管理不到位;医疗服务市场化，利益驱动;医风医德有待提高;群众社会医疗保障体系不健全;农村医疗卫生事业欠发达，投入不够，条件差，设备少，水平低，缺少专业人才，缺少重大疾病预防，控制机构和卫生监督机构等。

三农问题：即农村、农业、农民问题。城乡二元化的历史原因;农民与城镇居民待遇不同;社会保障体系没有覆盖到农民;看病难，就业难，上学难，三难为题在农村体现尤为突出;农民工流动频繁，职业不稳定，收入相对较低，文化素质、安全意识、自我保护意识普遍不高;农村公共服务缺乏，农业受气候影响极大，收益难以实现保障，入不敷出等。

贫富差距：区域性差异、行业性差异、城乡间差异、个体间差异;宏观政策、市场机制、法律体制不健全、制度不规范导致;不公平现象等。

事业单位考试中综合写作能力具体考察形式变化多端，不一而足。中公教育提醒各位考生，基本的逻辑结构很容易掌握，但关键是需要广大考生养成经常观察生活、留心现象、分析热点的能力，如此方能灵活自如地应对事业单位考试中的重点和难点题型，取得高分!

现在是各大学校放寒假的时间，年后要参加中考的同学们要注意了，趁着假期要好好恶补一下英语哦，下面是小编收集整理的中考英语作文写作指导，希望对您有所帮助。

最近几年的中考英语当中，很多省市已经摆脱了单一作文模式，采用一大一小两个作文相结合的模式。例如，去年辽宁沈阳中考英语作文就是一个小作文，应用文-写假条，加上一个大作文，汉语提示作文构成。今年，北京中考英语作文也将是两个，一个看图作文在加上一个提示作文构成。这一讲，我们先来学习一下看图作文的写法。

看图作文要求考生按照所给图画，通过合理的联想将一组画面的内容正确地表达出来。看图作文与其他类型作文的不同之处在于，它除了要求考生有英语语言表达能力，还要求考生有观察能力、分析能力和想象能力。

写好看图作文应注意的事项1、结合文字提示，正确理解图意。一般情况下，看图作文在提供图画的同时也附带有简要的文字提示，我们可以利用文字提示去正确地理解图意，得到要点。切忌孤立地看图而忽视文字提示。

写作从图画的细节出发。所谓细节，就是指图画中的人物、事件、地点、环境、时间、动作等。依据图画细节，就可以把图画的内容用英语具体而生动地表达出来了。

例题分析(例题)

同学们，看到下面的四幅图片及相应的报道后，你感到最担忧的是哪两种情形?请简述你担忧的理由并提出建议或希望。

要求：

⒈ 从所给素材中任选两种情形进行阐述，不可多选或少选。

⒉ 条理清楚，意思连贯，语句通顺，标点正确;

⒊ 词数 80 ～ 100。

参考词汇： 建议 suggest v. suggestion n.

气体 gas n. 污染 pollution n.

THE POLLUTIONS

① One third of the worlds people dont have enough clean water.

② More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

③ People are disturbed quite often by kinds of noises.

④ Every person in our city makes about 1.8 kilos of rubbish every day.

这道看图作文题，主题和图片连接得不是很紧密。从考查的形式上来说，虽是看图，实质上却属于提示性的作文。这个作文应该结合个人的观点，选择的余地还是很大的。做这个题应该注意几个方面：

1、认真读题。注意，题目虽然给了四幅图，但是却只要求写其中的两个就行。

2、题意要求的是阐述个人的观点-最担忧的两种情形。而不是对图片进行描述。

3、结合所给的提示。提示中，对每种污染都进行了阐述，考生可以这些描述进行写作。

4、注意字数，语法，拼写等，避免错误。

下面是两个例文，大家可以参考一下。

One possible version:

The environment is becoming worse and worse. There are many kinds of pollution I worry about. The most serious two are water pollution and air pollution, because people cant live healthily with dirty water and polluted air, nor can animals. More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

I think factories should not pour dirty water into the river directly or produce more waste gas. Wed better go on foot or by like instead of by car, because more cars mean more waste gas. We should make our world more and more beautiful.

Another possible version:

The first fact I worry about is noise pollution. People cant sleep well if there is too much noise. Thats why so many people prefer to live in the countryside rather than live in the noisy city. I suggest all the factories and cars shouldnt make terrible noises. If they make terrible noise that isnt allowed, they will be fined, and we can also produce the cars which cant make terrible noise.

The other pollution is rubbish pollution. If everyone makes so much rubbish, one day we may live in a world filled with rubbish. Some people throw the waste paper about. I suggest rubbish should be put into different kinds of dustbins or paper bags.

下面，我们来看看这道题的评分标准。一般来说，各地的评分标准都和下面的这个标准差不多。这个最高的标准，实际上也就是我们写作的目标。

评分标准：

1. 内容完整，语句流畅，无语法错误，书写规范，给9-10分;

2. 内容较完整，语句较流畅，基本无语法错误，书写较规范，给6-8分;

3. 内容不完整，语句欠流畅，语法错误较多，书写较规范，给3-5分;

4. 只写出个别要点，语法错误较多，书写欠规范，只有个别句子可读或不知所云，给0-2分。

看图作文不可小视。希望大家掌握答好这种题型的要点，并积累词汇。

文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。

作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种：

1.开门见山，揭示主题

文章一开头，，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。

例如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头可以写成：I Spent my last vacation happily.

"Honesty"(谈诚实)的开头可以写成：

Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people.

2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头

在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。

例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头可以写成：

The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.

3. 回忆性的开头

用回忆的方法来开头。

例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是：

I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.

4.概括性的开头

即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。

如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：

People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.

5.介绍环境式的开头

即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。

如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头可以写成:

It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.

6.交待写作目的的开头

在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。

如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头： In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

我们在高中时期就已经接触论文写作了，上了大学更是离不开论文，因此，下面是小编为大家整理的论文的写作技巧，希望能帮到您！

一、论文写作的要求

下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。

(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。

(二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。

(三)论文——引言是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。

(四)论文——材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。

(五)论文——实验结果 应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。

实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。

(六)论文——讨论 是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。 论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。

(七)论文——结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。

(八)论文——参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。

一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法；在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料；在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。

一切粗心大意，不查文献；故意不引，自鸣创新；贬低别人，抬高自己；避重就轻，故作姿态的做法都是错误的。而这种现象现在在很多论文中还是时有所见的，这应该看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中，不查文献、漏掉重要文献、故意不引别人文献或有意贬损别人工作等错误是比较明显、容易发现的。有些做法则比较隐蔽，如将该引在引言中的，把它引到讨论中。这就将原本是你论文的基础或先导，放到和你论文平起平坐的位置。又如 科研工作总是逐渐深人发展的，你的工作总是在前人工作基石出上发展起来做成的。正确的写法应是，某年某人对本题做出了什么结果，某年某人在这基础上又做出了什么结果，现在我在他们基础上完成了这一研究。这是实事求是的态度，这样表述丝毫无损于你的贡献。有些论文作者却不这样表述，而是说，某年某人做过本题没有做成，某年某人又做过本题仍没有做成，现在我做成了。这就不是实事求是的态度。这样有时可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人，但只需内行人一戳，纸老虎就破，结果弄巧成拙，丧失信誉。这种现象在现实生活中还是不少见的。

(九)论文——致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的，不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意，不能拉大旗作虎皮。

(十)论文——摘要或提要：以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写，有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影，或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外，还应给出几个关键词，关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇，不要硬凑一般性用词。

二、写好论文的关键

(一)论文写作——材料、观点和文字

材料是写好论文的基础，观点是论文的灵魂，文字是论文的外在表现。材料和观点是论文的内容，文字是论文的形式。形式是表现内容的，内容要通过形式来表现。三者的完美结合是内容和形式的统一。

材料来源于实验。设计的好坏直接影响材料获得的效率与质量。整篇论文是由若干工作单元组成的，每一工作单元又是由每次实验材料积累起来的。因此要善待每天的实验。每天工作时都要考虑到这一数据在将来论文中的可能位置，对每一张影像记录都要认真收集保存。材料要真实可靠，数据要充足。有了异常，要及时分析处理，要保证所得结果可信，排除假象。一篇论文总要有新现象、新处理、新效果、新观点。

观点应明确，客观辩证。不要、也不能回避不同观点。从论文定题到结论，处处有观点，所以观点是论文的灵魂，是贯穿始终的。讨论观点时不要强词夺理，不要自圆其说，力戒片面性、主观性、随意性。要和国内外文献上的观点相比较，也要和自己实验室过去的观点相比较。在比较中分析异同，提高认识。也不要怕观点错误，不要怕改正错误。要百家争鸣，通过争鸣，认识真理。

论文的文字要自然流畅，“言而无文，行之不远”。但也不要华丽雕琢，目的是“文以载道”。论文叙述要合乎逻辑，层次分明，朴素真实，分寸恰当。

(二)论文写作——准备和动笔

论文写得好坏，关键在于准备。会写论文的人，一般总是三步过程。论文写前深思熟虑，全局在胸;充分打好论文腹稿，提起笔来，一气呵成;写出论文初稿后，放一段时间，反复吟读，千锤百炼。

不会写论文的人相反。肚子里空洞洞，脑子里乱烘烘，笔头上千斤重。他们拿起笔来就写，写几下就停。写写停停，停停写写。忽儿找材料，忽儿查数据，忽儿补实验。忽儿撕掉一页，忽儿抄上几句。忽儿哀声叹气，搔头摸耳，咬笔杆，踱方步。这两种人的差别在于准备状况的不同，这是很多初写论文的人意识不到的。写论文的良好准备应该有三个阶段。

1.论文写作——近期(写时)准备

是指实验结束后到着手写作论文前一段时间的准备。应该收齐材料，处理好数据，制备好图表，完成统计处理。然后打好论文腹稿，列出 论文提纲，明确基本观点和主要结论。与指导者和合作者讨论，取得共识。深思熟虑后，一气呵成。其中“打腹稿”是写论文的关键阶段。这时应将所有工作和数据通盘考虑，全局在胸。这就像战斗打响前的运筹帷帽一样，是作者脑力劳动最紧张的时刻。

2.论文写作——中期(做时)准备

会写论文的人不是做完实验后才开始考虑写论文的，而是在研究工作的全过程中都考虑着写论文。论文“题目”和“引言”是论证时各种思考的凝炼。“材料和方法”是在找方法、建方法时形成的，写论文时只要如实叙述就可以了。“实验结果”是在实验设计、实验操作、阶段归纳、资料整理等过程中不断积累、整理而来的。“讨论”是综合平时的思考，同周围人员经常讨论商量，查阅和分析文献等过程后最后归纳而成的，是将平时思考过的众多问题集中几个主要观点以讨论的形式表达出来。“结论”则只须将最终结果归纳一下就可以了。所以会写论文的人，是在做研究的整个过程中不断地自然形成着最后的论文。这整个过程就是论文的中期准备。可见，中期准备以论文题目之始为始，以题目之终为终。题目结束之日，也就是论文中期准备完成之时。

3.论文写作——远期(学时)准备

如果只是着力于做好论文近期准备和中期准备，往往还不能写出上乘的论文，这就要看论文作者的远期准备，也就是学习阶段的基础准备了。这种准备是指对研究动态的掌握，专业基础的积累和逻辑思维、文字表达、分析综合等各方面能力的总体水平。这决不是一朝一夕所能企及，而是终生积累训练而就的。这就是为什么要强调“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，“尔果欲学诗，功夫在诗外”了。这些平时积累的功夫，决定着作者 论文的写作水平，而论文写作水平又影响着论文的传播。这种能力不是临用时提得高的，而是要作者从年轻时就下苦功的。

(三)论文写作——审稿与修改

一气呵成写好论文稿件后，是要反复修改、千锤百炼的。不仅自己应该反复锤炼，还应请有关人员提意见，最后还要通过编辑部请相关专家审阅。 论文修改时凡是属于写作规格和篇幅方面的问题应按刊物规定的要求修改。作为论文作者，自己辛勤努力取得的实验数据当然十分珍惜，总希望在论文中尽量表达。但 论文审稿者旁观者清，往往提出一些合并或删除的意见。这时作者应该冷静考虑，该列入论文的列入，不必列入的不要列入。写论文只有“删繁就简三秋树”，才能“领导标新”地开出“二月花”。

论文审稿者也常会对所论观点提出意见。这是需要认真推敲决定是否采纳修改的。论文作者毕竟对自己的工作己有过长期实践和思考，逐渐形成了观点。应该说这些观点是有相当根据的。只要言之有理，述之有据，可以对审稿人的意见进行解释，保留自己的观点。但有时 论文作者自己局处一隅，想法越来越钻牛角尖。论文审稿人从更高的角度宏观审视，一针见血地指出论文立论和观点中的问题，这种情况也是有的。这时论文作者就应该认真思考意见的实质，调整思路，反复推敲，决定取舍。既不固执己见，也不曲意迎合。抱着探讨真理的态度，相互交流，共同提高。

论文通过审稿，有些意见不大，稍事修改即可发表。有些要有较大的改动才能发表。有的论文甚至认为基本事实不可靠或基本观点有误而无法发表。论文作者应冷静分析这些意见，妥善处理。一切都应坚持科学的、实事求是的态度。如果自己确认结果和观点无误，那么可以在 论文退稿后改投他刊。同一时候是不能一稿二投的。

一、话题作文审题指要

近几年高考全国卷考查的都是话题作文。话题作文为发挥考生的写作才能而缩小了限制性，加大了自主性，相对材料作文而言，题面的要求说得比较明白，所以审题难度有所下降。但是，如果考生审题意识淡薄，既不重视把握题目内涵，也不注意审清要求，还是会造成“一着不慎，满盘皆输”的严重后果。这方面的教训并不少。比如2017年上海卷要求以“忙”为话题写一篇文章，按理说不存在什么审题障碍，但仍有考生出现偏差，例如写成“帮忙”。“忙”的内涵应该是显性的，变成复合词“帮忙”，也就改变了它的本来涵义。另外，有考生由上海方言中的“帮帮忙”、电话术语“忙音”等切入话题，也都偏离了“忙”的原意。2017年高考分省命题，共涌现出九道话题作文，考生审题不准、偏离题意的情况依然突出。像全国卷一的话题为“出人意料和情理之中”，可能是引出话题的玻尔的回答（“因为我不怕在学生面前显露我的愚蠢”）让部分考生难以理解，于是他们就反复考虑这句话，在这句话上大做文章，大谈“愚蠢”“聪明与愚蠢”“天才与愚蠢”“成功与愚蠢”，以致与话题谬以千里。有必要提请考生注意，话题作文审题时应做到三点：

首先要全面。即凡是命题者给出的材料、提示语、要求或注意事项，都要一一看明白，不能遗漏。与材料相比，命题人给出的提示语更应认真阅读。比如2017年高考试题的提示语是“也许不是人人都会碰上这种生死的抉择，但是每个人却常常遇到、见到、听到一些触动心灵需要作出选择的事情”。这就交代得很清楚，试题用登山者的故事作为材料，但并没有限定考生一定要写生死抉择或帮助别人的题材，所以也就不一定按照这个故事的帮人救人的道德观念、价值观念来立意，事实上，许多心灵的选择是不属于帮人救人的，有一大批优秀的考场作文没有写帮助他人，而是从自己的阅读和生活中寻找素材，同样产生了以理服人、以情感人的艺术效果。

其次要吃透话题的内涵。比如面对“假如记忆可以移植”，要明确以下几点：（1）“记忆”是指“保存在脑子里的过去事物的印象”，不是“思维”“性格”“精神”，当然更不是“身份”“地位”“面貌”。（2）“移植”在这里是指“将机体的一部分组织转移到另一机体上的一种医疗手术”，不是“克隆”“复制”，也不是单方面的“删除”，而是有“移”有“植”。通过这样的分析，就不会闹出移植爱因斯坦记忆后自己也长出大胡子之类的笑话，也不会写出“借尸还魂”等荒唐故事了。（3）“假如”，表明这是一个假设的判断，即已经假定这是一种“事实”，接下来只能对由此而产生的结果作出判断和评价，而不必对移植技术本身的可能性、可靠性发表什么意见，决不能死抠住材料中“当然，人的记忆移植要比动物复杂得多，也许永远不会成功”，自说自话地以“记忆是不能够移植的”为观点作文，否则得分必然少得可怜。又如写“纪念”，要弄清：不能把它等同于怀念，因为它不仅仅是内心情感的涌动，还是思想与行动的结合，即“用一定的方式对人对事表示怀念”。

近年来，关系类话题作文是高考测试热点中的热点。对于此类试题，审题时须将两者（甚至三者）之间存在的关系揭示出来，不可偏废，否则就有可能偏离题意。从何处着手呢？搞清各自所属的领域或范畴，搞清各自的本质、特点，更要搞清这两者在何时何地、何情何景下有何联系——是直接影响还是间接影响，是正面作用还是负面作用；是显性关系还是隐性关系，是偶然联系还是必然联系；是单向联系还是多向联系，或者是互动关联、互为条件、互为因果，等等。搞清关系之后，再从中挑选出自己准备准确表达的一种关系，进而形成观点或判断，并以此来构思作文。

最后一点，要围绕话题选材。根据话题范围确立主题后，还要精选材料，充分表现主题，这样才算真正符合题意。有些考生没有注意这一点，作文开头也能抓住话题，但主体部分却不能围绕中心行文，这也是不符合题意的表现。

二、命题作文审题指要

（一）咀嚼含义。即弄清题目的意思。比如2017年北京卷要求“以‘转折’为题”作文，“转折”的意思是“事物在发展过程中改变原来的方向、形式等”（《现代汉语词典》）。可见，这是一个中性的名词性概念，古今中外，称得上有“转折”的人与事都可入文，且不分是向好处转，还是向坏处转——向好处转可以提供经验，向坏处转可以提供教训。但是从审题上看，“转折”不同于“转变”“转化”“挫折”，更不同于一般的“变化”。又如以“自嘲”为题作文，须用辩证的眼光审视题目——自嘲作为一种正视尴尬、自我宽慰的人生态度是值得提倡的，但如果失去了一个度，就会转变为自卑和颓废，会沦落为阿q式的心理麻醉。

（二）明确重点。即要找出“题眼”。比如“我的财富”，重点在“财富”，而财富包括物质财富和精神财富；“近墨者未必黑”，重点在“未必”，不能把“近墨者未必黑”混同于“近墨者不黑”；“今年花胜去年红”，重点在于一个“胜”字，隐含着“今年”与“去年”的优劣比较。

（三）确定范围。即弄清题目对文体、时间、地点、数量、对象和内容等方面的要求。比如“我的财富”，内容上应扣住“我”来展开；“我们生活在同一块土地上”，“同一块土地上”应指比较广大的地域，假如写教室、宿舍、家庭等很小的范围，就不够切题。

三、材料作文审题指要

（一）努力抓住“关键词”。材料作文一般有多项“指令”，这些“指令”往往以“关键词”的面目出现，考生应当努力抓住这些“关键词”。比如2017年福建卷要求“把图给你的联想或感悟写成一篇900字左右的文章”，有三个“关键词”巧妙地“嵌”在试题中——“请你联系提示文字”的“联系”，“对它们加以比较”的“比较”，“联想或感悟要与两幅图都相关”的“都相关”。“联系提示文字”，启发考生准确而深刻地理解“规范”与“新颖”、“稳定”与“多变”、“周长短，面积大”与“周长长，面积小”等彼此间的关系；“比较”“都相关”，则要求兼顾两幅图，而不能只说一幅。那么，怎样抓“关键词”呢？南京师大何永康教授的建议是：一要一个词、一个词地在心中默读考题，强迫自己定下心来，把试题中的每一个字看清楚。二要在找出“关键词”后，先用铅笔把它们圈出来，这样可以有一个“物质依托”，防止在“心里盘算”时丢三拉四；审题结束后，再用橡皮把铅笔圈过的痕迹擦去。

（二）尽可能多地找出材料的含义，准确确定论点。材料作文的材料绝大多数是多义的，单义的材料十分少见。比如“达·芬奇画蛋”的材料，至少有三种含义：一是“天才出于勤奋”，二是“要练好基本功”，三是“名师出高徒”。找出材料的多种含义后，应注意通过比较鉴别，选出你认为最直接、最佳的一条来，作为将写的作文的主旨。试以1995年高考试题为例。这一年所给材料是寓言诗《鸟的评说》（“麻雀说燕子/是怕冷的懦夫/燕子说黄鹂/徒有一身美丽的装束/黄鹂说百灵/声音悦耳动机不纯/百灵说最无原则的/要算那鹦鹉/鹦鹉说喜鹊/生就一副奴颜媚骨/喜鹊说苍鹰好高骛远/苍鹰说麻雀寸光鼠目……”）。本则材料含义甚多，选择时千万不能抓住其中的某一个局部，由此扯开去，讲到其他问题（比如由“黄鹂”“徒有一身美丽的装束”，讲到要追求心灵美）。正确的做法是：由个别到一般，抓住材料中七种鸟共同存在的带有倾向性的问题，那就是——要全面地、辨证地、正确地对待他人和自己，不能“看别人一块疤，看自己一朵花”。这是材料最直接的含义。此外，还可以察“前因”（为什么会这样），探“后果”（这样会带来什么结果），确立“要以正常的心态待人”“要注意调查，实事求是”“要加强团结”等论点。

提高孩子的写作技巧，这好象是一个老大难问题，一直以来都困扰着众多的学生、老师和家长。大家都觉得，要提高写作的能力是一件很不容易的事。

国外的孩子一样有这方面的困扰，不少孩子也苦于不会写作。针对这个问题，教育专家詹妮弗-李提出了一些建议供大家参考。

给孩子准备一个安静、亲切的环境，作为写作的专用区域。当然这里面要具备一些必要的设备：书桌、字典、笔、一些纸，如果可能的话还可以准备一台电脑。这些准备不仅是必要的，同时还可以由此告诉你的孩子，你认为写作是一件有意义的、特别的活动。

孩子需要机会去尝试写各种各样类型的文章，而不是只盯着一种文体来练习。

你可以让孩子给他的好朋友写一封友好的信，给玩具公司写一封信提出自己的一点要求，或写一封邀请亲戚来吃饭的信。这样孩子可以看到自己写作真的取得了成果，就会对写作产生好感。

另外一个鼓励孩子写作的好办法，就是让他写日记。这种方法可以帮助孩子形成写作的个人风格。但你和孩子要约定好，别的家庭成员是否可以读他的日记。如果你答应孩子不看他的日记，那么就一定要保护他的隐私。

还有一个可以帮助提高孩子写作技巧的办法——电脑软件。现在有很多出色的软件，里面提供故事的开头、想象画以及段落结构的建议等内容，这些都可以激发孩子自己写作的愿望和灵感。

许多孩子都经历过写作的瓶颈状态——即脑子里一片空白，不知道写什么好的情况。比如孩子被要求写一个有创造性的故事，但他不能想出有什么有趣的东西可写。这时父母就可以帮助孩子了。可以给孩子一本笔记本，记下平时突然产生的奇特想法，家人开的玩笑，或者是描述一幅以前的具有纪念价值的相片。也可以让孩子从杂志中获得有用的点子。

一旦孩子决定了一个文章的主题，就应该让孩子先写一下草稿或是打一下腹稿。这样可以保证所有要写的重要细节都包括到文章里去了，并且可以调整文章的结构，你还可以就草稿跟孩子一起谈论，寻找最好的写法。在学校里，老师也用各种办法，帮助孩子在开始写文章之前，先组织好要写的内容。

家长还可以和孩子一起朗读不同文体的好作品，比如诗歌、小说、新闻故事甚至是一封有趣的信，只要是孩子会感兴趣的东西都可以。无论是大人还是孩子，在阅读了大量的好的作品之后，都会在写作上学到很多东西。

通过阅读，家长可以问孩子：“你喜欢什么样的作品?不喜欢什么样的作品?”“文章的作者能抓住读者的注意力吗?”“你觉得这个题目有意思吗?”这样可以提高孩子的兴趣。鼓励孩子认识到写作是一个不断发展的过程，写作水平也不是一成不变的，而是可以通过努力不断提高的。告诉孩子可以从对已有作品的改写、缩写、扩写中，开始自己的写作。

孩子需要在完成自己文章之后的一、两天，甚至更长时间以后，再回头看看。这样做可以让孩子用一种全新的眼光来看待自己的作品，发现其中的错误和被遗漏的细节。

一个作家在写作时要考虑，自己写的内容是否切题?所有的细节都包括进去了吗?描写太多会不会显得罗嗦?孩子虽然不是专业作家，但这些问题也需要想一想。

让孩子把自己完成的文章大声地读一遍，如果他自己不能发现其中的明显错误，那么就需要有人为他再读一遍，好让他自己意识到错在哪里。还要注意孩子在文章中有没有错别字。

爸爸妈妈还要为保持孩子的写作积极性做一些努力。比如在孩子犯错误的时候给他一些口头上的批评，但注意重点在为孩子指出错误，而不是教训他。还可以把孩子的好作品贴在墙上，让每一个来家里的人都能看见，这对孩子是一种奖励。这样孩子很快就可以体会到写作的重要和乐趣了。那么他的写作水平就自然会提高。

主要是指由网络写手创作并首次在网上发布，进而流传的小说形式。小编收集了网络小说的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、要强化写作的难度

当代小说普遍越写越轻、越写越粗糙,很多小说都是作家闭门造车的结果:从经验层面上说,没有生机勃勃的细节和场景;从精神层面上说,没有自身的体验和心灵的说服力——苍白和虚假,几乎成了当代小说写作的通病。消费潮流在过度地消耗小说,小说写作已经失去难度。没有难度的写作,不过是一种平庸的复制——无论是经验的自我重复,还是精神的变相克隆,都意味着对写作的创造精神的放弃。重申写作的难度(艺术的难度和心灵的难度),就意味着作家必须对艺术世界有独特的发现,对人性世界有崭新的认识,因为小说写作的使命并不仅仅是讲一个故事,它还需要完成一种故事精神,还需要书写广大的世道人心,从而为当下的生存境遇作证。然而,就当下的长篇写作的现状而言,叙事上的探索几乎已经停止,写作似乎演变成了一种经验的较量。一些能对经验进行精细摹写的作品大行其道,但很少人会去追问:在这些经验的下面,作家对世界、对人心究竟有多少新的发现?比如,毕飞宇的写作才华是显著的,他的《玉米》就以精细著称,获誉良多,大概是受了外界的鼓舞,毕飞宇近年的写作,包括他新出版的长篇小说《平原》,都往《玉米》的路子上用力,可在我看来,他之前的《青衣》,无论是对存在的发现还是对人心的洞察,都远在《玉米》之上——毕飞宇如果选择的是沿着《青衣》的写作路子往下走,他的成就我想会大得多,因为《青衣》是真正对人性的书写有创见的小说;而如何获得写作创见,许多时候,就是一个作家所面临的最大的写作难度。长篇小说尤其如此。它的核心品质,任何时候都应该是复杂和丰富,而不是一些作家所说的简单和直接;一旦取消长篇小说在精神书写上的复杂性和在人性展开上的丰富性,也就取消了它在写作上的难度,这样,长篇小说的泛滥也就不足为奇了。

二、要扩展经验的边界

尽管本雅明在二十世纪上半叶就预言经验已经“贫乏”和“贬值”,并对故事表现出了强烈的不信任,但随着消费主义的迅猛崛起,经验和故事在小说写作中的地位依然牢不可破。只是,在这些盛行的挂着个人标签的经验丛林中,许多的“个人经验”,都带着公共价值的烙印,它并没有脱离某些思想总体性的支配。正因为如此,今天的长篇小说才会呈现出那么多相类似的经验类型——无非是身体的或肉欲的,官场的或商场的,野史或者传奇;不仅经验投合了市场的趣味,就连经验推进的方式都大同小异。相反,二十世纪中国那些沉痛的现实却少有人正面触及。胡适在《建设的文学革命论》一文中说:“近人的小说材料,只有三种:一种是官场,一种是妓女,一种是不官而官,非妓而妓的中等社会,(留学生女学生之可作小说材料者,亦附此类。)除此之外,别无材料。”

今天的小说材料,又何尝不是翻来覆去地用这三种?

“除此之外,别无材料”之困境,在当下的长篇小说界,反而有越发严重的趋势。当作家那点有限的个人记忆、个人秘史被腾空之后,写作将何以为继?当“作小说的人的报酬也丰富起来了”、作家的生活日益优越之后,他和自己身外那更广阔的现实如何再建立起亲密、内在的关系?或许因为看到了这一危机,我才特别推崇像莫言的《檀香刑》和贾平凹的《秦腔》这样的长篇:莫言处理的是他没有经历过的历史事件,贾平凹所写的是他已经远离多年的乡土生活,但都写得逼真而惊心动魄——他们对自己的叙事对象,显然是下了苦功去研究的。这样的写作确实大大扩展了当代小说经验的边界。所以,我认同格非所说的话:“中国作家在经过了许多年‘怎么写’的训练之后,应重新考虑‘写什么’这一问题。”——怎么写固然重要,但写什么也同样考验作家面对世界发言的能力。世界不能沉默,人必须站出来说话,这是我对长篇小说写作的一个迫切期待。

三、要有叙事的说服力

小说有了好的材料、新的经验之后,还要找到一种好的叙事方式来表达它。

关于叙事,许多中国作家都是受了训练的,他们在大的方面很有想法,但在叙事推进的细节上,却往往因为漏洞太多而缺乏说服力。有些是语言的情境不合,有些是情节的逻辑不对,有些是人物性格前后断裂———这些看起来微不足道的疏忽,往往会瓦解整部长篇小说的真实根基。王安忆在《大家》二○○五年第六期发表《小说的当下处境》一文,里面专门谈到了小说中的“生计”问题,也就是小说中的人物是靠什么生活的?她认为,作家必须谨慎地回答这个问题。“如果你不能把你的生计问题合理地向我解释清楚,你的所有的精神的追求,无论是落后的也好,现代的也好,都不能说服我,我无法相信你告诉我的。”这话说得真好。小说一旦写得叫人“无法相信你告诉我的”,这个小说肯定就失败了。今天的作家们,有多少人真正在意那些微小的细节对读者的说服力?

我读过一个著名作家的长篇小说,他里面为了表现一个绝望的诗人如何想同文坛决裂,就说,他把每天收到的各种杂志报纸拆都不拆就扔到厕所的马桶里放水冲掉——现实中能找到那种可以把成堆的杂志都冲掉的马桶吗?我还读过一个更著名的作家的长篇小说,写的是二十世纪六十年代初期的故事,里面写到:“他知道自己在厕所里偷看到的五个屁股,有四个是不值钱的跳楼甩卖价,可是林红的屁股不得了,那是价值连城的超五星级的屁股。”“他不再供应免费的午餐”等等。——“跳楼甩卖价”、“超五星级”、“免费的午餐”这样一些二十世纪九十年代才出现的词,将它用在六十年代的现实语境里、用在主人公的自叙(“他知道”)里,语言上的粗糙自不待言,叙事上的说服力也随之土崩瓦解。这样明显的叙事漏洞,我还可以在今天的长篇小说写作中找出许多。必须看到,小说的真实是在叙事中一点点地建立起来的,忽视细节,滥用词语,都会导致叙事说服力的丧失;没有说服力,就无法唤起读者对小说的基本信任——无“信”,就无“立”;立不起来的小说,绝不会是好小说。这让我想起瞿世英在《小说的研究》中所说的:“小说怎样才有好材料呢?最要紧的是一个‘信’字。”“材料不可靠,布局不会好的。”秘鲁作家巴尔加斯"略萨在《给青年小说家的信》一书中,也举《堂吉诃德》和《变形记》等小说为例子,指出作家在讲述的内容和讲述的方式上的统一,才使得这些作品“被赋予了一种不可抗拒的说服力”。这些都是写作的金玉良言。摹写现实的小说假若在材料(情节和语言)上无“信”,在叙事上

四、要有“文章”的从容

当下的长篇小说大多数都写得太紧张了,叙事缺乏耐心,写人记事也不放松,过分强调故事和冲突,反而失了写作的平常心;小说虽然写得好看,但没有味道。特别是二十世纪八十年代之后,中国作家越来越受西方语言哲学和形式主义美学的影响,写作的技术日益成熟,可写作所要通达的人心世界却越来越荒凉——小说如果只是故事的奴隶,而不能有效地解释人心世界的秘密,小说存在的价值也就变得非常可疑了。近读王蒙新出版的长篇小说《尴尬风流》,感触很多。它里面的三百多个小故事,都是些闲散的生活笔记,这些闲心、闲笔,使《尴尬风流》看起来不像长篇小说,而更像是一篇篇“文章”。我以为,这种“文章”传统的恢复,恰恰是得了中国小说的神髓的。中国小说的叙事精神,从来不是只跟着情节走的,它在制造故事的同时,往往也把小说叙事当作“文章”来经营。比如,《水浒传》第二十五回,写潘金莲毒死武大郎,这么凶险、狠毒的场面,可作者仍然不忘来一句“看官听说”:“原来但凡世上妇人哭,有三样哭:有泪有声谓之哭;有泪无声谓之泣;无泪有声谓之号。当下那妇人干号了半夜。”——这就是写“文章”时才有的闲笔,这就是一个小说家的从容。中国古典小说中常常穿插诗词歌赋,甚至故意将故事情节停下来,大写一个人的穿着或者一桌酒菜的丰盛,其实就是为了缓解小说本身的紧张,使小说因为具有了“文章”的味道,而变得从容、沉着——这是中国小说独特的叙事艺术,在今天,它差不多就要失传了;而《尴尬风流》的出现,再次提醒我们,中国当代小说的困境之一,就在于许多作家把小说写得太像小说了。为了满足读者的阅读期待,作家在小说中不断地加快叙事节奏,编造曲折情节,几十万字的小说写下来,没有一处是体现作者的闲心和闲笔的,也毫无“文章”该有的那种从容、潇洒的风采,这不能不说是一个巨大的缺憾。

五、要对世界存一颗赤子之心

刘半农说,小说家最大的本领有二,“第一是根据真理立言,自造一理想世界。……第二是各就所见的世界,为绘一维妙维肖之小影。”(《诗与小说精神上之革新》)我想,联系“理想世界”和“所见的世界……之小影”之间的绳索,就是作家的“心”。“心”是一部小说的魂灵。张横渠说“为天地立心,为生民立命”,由此引申,最好的文学,也该是找“心”的文学、寻“命”的文学,在作品中建立起了人心世界的丰富维度的文学。这方面,《红楼梦》是最杰出的范本。曹雪芹写林黛玉“泪尽而亡”,突出的正是她的心死。在第四十九回,黛玉对宝玉说,“近来我只觉心酸,眼泪恰像比旧年少了些的,心里只管酸痛,眼泪恰不多。”———以眼泪“少了”来写一个人的伤心,这是何等深刻、体贴、动情的笔触。所以,脂砚斋指出,曹雪芹在写林黛玉“泪尽而亡”的同时,他自己也是“泪尽而逝”。这点可在脂砚斋对“满纸荒唐言,一把辛酸泪”这句的批语上看出:“能解者方有辛酸之泪,哭成此书。壬午除夕,书未成,芹为泪尽而逝。余尝哭芹,泪亦待尽。”没有一颗对世界、对人类的赤子之心,又何来“泪尽”、“泪亦待尽”这样的旷世悲伤?王国维赞李后主的词“不失其赤子之心”,叶嘉莹评李后主的词“春花秋月何时了,往事知多少”,说他一语直指宇宙之心,这些都和脂砚斋评《红楼梦》有异曲同工之妙。可是,当代小说能让作者弹泪、让读者摸到作者的赤子之心的又有几部?从新闻里找材料,从影碟里找灵感,从流行里找元素,这几乎成了当代小说写作界的一大景观。写作正在失去基本的诚实,作家之“心”正在死亡;虚构成了和“心”无关的编造,写作就越来越像是一种精神的作假。基于此,长篇小说写作的理想出路,极为重要的一点,就是要恢复“心”之尊严,使写作再次深入到人心世界,重铸真实、感人的力量。金代元好问有两句诗说:“心画心声总失真,文章宁复见为人?”意思是一个人写的文章若不是发自内心的真话,又怎么好意思拿出来见人?

这话用在小说写作上也合适。尽管小说所写的多为虚构,但它内部的精神潜流,却需扎根于那颗真实、温润的“赤子之心”——如果说,短篇小说的写作还能靠技巧取胜,那么,长篇小说的写作所考验的就完全是一个作家的心灵质量了。

当然,关于长篇小说写作,所要重申和强调的,远比我上述所论的要多得多。

但所谓的常识,其实就是基本的事物,是写作所要遵循的最低限度的原则。难度、说服力和赤子之心,是长篇小说写作不可或缺的精神品质;扩展经验的边界,重获“文章”的从容,也是长篇小说写作应该正视的问题。

从这里出发,长篇小说才有可能获得新的写作尊严和精神气度。而对于那些无视这些写作常识的人,我愿意借略萨在《给青年小说家的信》一书末尾所说的话来劝告他:“请忘掉一下子就动手写长篇小说的念头。”

在情节紧张的时候,要采用短小精悍的句子,句子中要采用短词,少用结束语,要写得突如其来。当你做到这些的时候,紧张气氛就可以油然而生了。与此相比,在气氛比较沉闷的情节中,到处笼罩着寂静和安宁,此时就要使用较长的句子,较长的词语,较长的段落,以及更多的结束语。这样做就会自然缓和紧张气氛。当你在构思小说时,就要确立写实的态度。只在通过观察、思考你才能准确地描绘出一幅幅场景,使人物具有可信性。他们以固有的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉和味觉进行着他们的日常工作。好了,正如我前面说的,味觉是最难写进小说中的,但是五种中有了四种也不算坏。

应用这五种感觉,利用句子结构来创造或缓慢或紧张的气氛,这样你写出来的小说读者就不能丢下了,因为它们是那样真实可信。

Love,It would have to be to you

[爱，它只属于你]

Softhearted is sick, but you are life.

心软是病，可你是命.

island is the scar of the sea

[岛是海的疤痕]

You ever far is my fixed lattice

(你永远是我的定格.)

The time that you are my most fatal.

时光深知你是我最致命的爱

Learn to sorrow blind eye.

[学会熟视无睹对于悲伤]

You dont laugh tears away.

[你别笑了眼泪都掉了]

I want to be your bride .

【 我想成为你的新娘 】

Lets make thing better.

(让我们做得更好)

Does not belong to me,I will let go

不属于我的 我会离开.

I am not greed but I envy.

我没有贪婪 我羡慕海枯石烂.

Let the time tell the truth.

任由时间说真话

Promises are often like the dust

承诺像尘埃

Everybody wants to be loved

谁都想被疼爱

I will always be, even if love pale.

我会一直在,纵使爱变苍白

The time that you are my most fatal

时光深知你是我最致命的爱人

Let me make you whole life youth

[愿我许你一生青涩年华]

You are my most adventure youth dream

[你是我年少时最冒险的梦]

If through time, through love

[倘若看透时光看透爱]

Who gives us meet but not concurrently give us forever.

是谁赐我们遇见 却不一并赠我们永远。

I think I will love you for a long time

我想我会爱你很久

Laugh Until You Cry; Cry Until You Laugh

笑到终于哭出来;哭到终于笑出来。

You were never mine to lose.

你从来就不属于我，谈不上什么失去

Since ancient times first, laba is used to worship our ancestors and gods (including the goalkeeper, door god, house, kitchen, JingShen) sacrifice ceremony, praying for harvest and good luck., according to the si ji jiao, features "records, la is the" age of December, and get together to share everything without cable also."Dynasty called LaRi jia ping, shang dynasty to the qing si ", the zhou dynasty as the "big wax";Because the held in December said the month for the twelfth month, called the Greek festival this day LaRi.LaRi of pre-qin period after the winter solstice of the third day of the Buddhism was introduced later, at home in order to expand the influence by lines of traditional culture on the laba festival as the Buddha into way.Buddhism prevailed, followed the Buddha into day and LaRi fusion, known as a magic weapon "festival" in the field of Buddhism.Northern and southern dynasties began to fixed in the day.

According to the load: "three xu-gou after the winter solstice day god Greek festival."Visible, the third xu-gou days after the winter solstice was LaRi.Since Buddhism after intervention, LaRi change on December 8, since xiangyan into the vulgar.

自先上古起，腊八是用来祭祀祖先和神灵(包括门神、户神、宅神、灶神、井神)的祭祀仪式，祈求丰收和吉祥。据《祀记·郊特牲》记载，腊祭是“岁十二月，合聚万物而索飨之也。”夏代称腊日为“嘉平”，商代为“清祀”，周代为“大蜡”;因在十二月举行，故称该月为腊月，称腊祭这一天为腊日。先秦的腊日在冬至后的第三个戌日，后来佛教传入，为了扩大在本土的影响力逐附会传统文化把腊八节定为佛成道日。后随佛教盛行，佛祖成道日与腊日融合，在佛教领域被称为“法宝节”。南北朝开始才固定在腊月初八。

《说文》载：“冬至后三戌日腊祭百神。”可见，冬至后第三个戌日曾是腊日。后由于佛教介入，腊日改在十二月初八，自此相沿成俗。

在我们当前的小学英语教学中，教师往往只组织大量的听、说、读的活动，而忽视对写的有效训练;就是在训练“写”，也只是写写单词、写写句型和课文，并没有深入到培养学生“写”的综合技能。部分教师甚至还存在着一些错误的认识，认为写作教学和训练过于费时，影响教学进度;写作作业难批改;写作教学枯燥，易降低课堂的活力;英文写作对小学生而言太难了等等。但是，儿童语言能力的发展是综合的，听、说、读、写各项能力之间互相制约，互相促进，任何一项能力的滞后都会影响到其他能力的发展。我们应该更新教学观念，设计一些符合学生认知规律、实效性较高的写作活动，促进学生英语技能的全面发展。下面是我对小学英语写作教学一些浅显的看法。

一、 由易到难，培养学生的写作兴趣

对于小学生来说创造性地运用语言确实有一定的难度，所以在写作教学中，教师应针对儿童的年龄特点和语言水平，设计难易适中且充满童趣的写作任务。俗话说得好，兴趣是最好的老师。要培养学生对英语写作的兴趣，首先就要有对英语学习的兴趣。而且要将低、中年级学生的直接兴趣慢慢培养成高年级学生的间接兴趣。尤其是对于低年级的学生词汇量有限，教师更要根据教材的主题或语言内容设计学生易完成的写作任务。如对于中年级的学生，教师可能将阅读材料中的一些关键词或词组挖空，让学生联系上下文猜词填空。如通过填词练习让学生描述动物：

My pet

I have a _______. It is _______ and ________. It has got _____. It has got _______ and ________. It can ________. It can _______, too. It eats _______. My parents like _______ very much. We are ______ friends.

这种填词的练习，既能训练学生的阅读能力，又能培养学生初步的语篇意识，并为高年级的写作打下了基础。循序渐进的学习，既能让学生体验成功，也能让学生建立写作的信心和兴趣。

二、抓好课本教学，夯实英语基础

要想写好一遍好的英语作文，离不开单词的积累。单词是一篇作文最基础的部分，过分强调它是不妥，但却也不能忽略。强大的单词积累是写好一篇作文的后盾。所以，不管在课堂上，还是在课后，都要强调学生掌握好单词的拼写和单词的运用，夯实英语写作的基础。

在小学，学生的主要学习时间是课堂学习时间。学生的主要知识来源于课本，课本是学生学习的根本。课本给学生提供基本的句型,语法知识，词汇等。所以，对于课本中的内容，可适当要求学生背诵，小学生善于模仿，通过背诵课文，一些句子就会在学生心中生根发芽，学生就会有意无意地模仿这样的句子进行写作。课文中的句子一般来说是很规范的，学生的写作也会较规范。记忆中的课文也是学生写作时句子处理的依据。凭语感和课文结构，利用个人的智慧和对作文题目及要求的理解，学生会写出语法正确，句意通顺，结构严谨规范的作文。

三、 广泛阅读，拓展知识面

古人云“读书破万卷，下笔如有神” ， 阅读是写作的基础，大量的、广泛的阅读，才能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于巩固和扩大学生词汇量，增强语感，丰富学生的语言知识，了解英语国家的文化背景。实践证明，学生平时课外阅读面越宽，语言实践量越大，运用英语表达自己的能力就越强。通过日积月累的积累，学生在自然的习得中学得大量了的英语单词、句子，形成较好的语感。为学生更好地写作打下了坚实的基础。但在选择课外阅读材料时，还要注意：文章太易，不利于知识的提高，文章太难会挫伤学生阅读英语的积极性。这就需要教师做好充分的阅读准备，选择好难易适中的文章

广泛的英语阅读还可以让学生尽可能地了解英汉差异。许多学生写英文短文，都习惯用汉语去思考。写出来的句子，读起来很拗口，句意生硬，令人费解。甚至有的学生将汉语句子逐一对照译成英语单词，拼凑成句子。如：上个星期天，我爸爸坐船去了上海。译文成了：Last Sunday ,I father sit ship go to Shanghai. 令人啼笑皆非。究其原因是学生不明白英汉两种语言表达上的差异。如，汉语中没有时态和语态的复杂变化，只借助于助词“着，了，过”。而英语则有复杂的时态和语态变化以及动词短语，介词短语等一些固定搭配，动词与其主语的一致，称谓的一致等等。让学生进行广泛的英语阅读可以降低这样尴尬的机率，在不断的阅读中拓展知识面。这样才能在实际运用中应用地恰到好处，英语写作才能更规范，更标准，更符合英美人的表达习惯。

四、培养学生的写作热情

众所周知，写作和口语都是语言输出的重要方面。写作是人们学习、运用英语的综合技能的表现，教授学生英语写作能够检验和巩固学生综合的语言知识，在写作过程中，学生有一定的时间去思考、组织、修改、判断，有利于培养和提高学生的语言综合能力;能让学生去辨别口语语体和书面语体的异同，尤其是不同的句型、表达方式和选词造句;能增强学生的自信心，哪怕正确地写出一句、两句话或一小段，一旦受到鼓励，学生都会欣喜若狂，学习英语的兴趣会更加强烈;有利于培养学生直接用英语思维的习惯，尤其是限时写作，学生必须在规定的时间内完成规定的内容，他们就不可能先用母语思考，再译成英语，而是直接用英语来思考;写作可给予学生发挥自己的想象力和创造力，作为老师应仔细观察并珍惜学生的每一次创举，并能及时地对该同学给予肯定和高度赞扬，鼓励他大胆地、尽情地去想象，那么学习英语就没那么枯燥了，写作的热情也会日渐高涨了。

积极带领学生参加教育在线，让他们把自己的作品放在网络上，一方面向别人学习的同时也可以感受到众人欣赏自己作品的那种欣喜;选择优秀的学生作品进行投稿，如《双语阅读》和《小学生英语报》等这些学生常见的刊物，对作品发表的同学进行奖励，这样更能够激发他们的写作欲望。

五、由浅入深，开展扎实的写作训练

写作和任何形式的知识一样都是可以通过训练加以提高的。基础知识和能力并重，听、说、读和写并举。在平时的教学中可应充分利用一切可以利用的机会启发、引导学生提高自己的写作水平。如遇到优秀的句、段或篇提示学生注意欣赏作者的表达法，把它们作为范例，在自己写作中加以模仿和运用。又如遇到英汉表达方法不同之处，提示学生注意英语的正确表达法，切忌出现汉语式的英语。要帮助学生养成正确运用标点符号的好习惯，切忌一点到底的错误方法。

1、坚持循序渐进的训练原则。

用学过的词、短语或句式，模仿课文中的表达法造句。换课文中的人物、时态、语态或体裁等改写课文。将打乱顺序的句子按事件发展的时间顺序或逻辑关系等整理成一篇完整的短文。总而言之，写作要先易后难，先短后长，先写好正确的句子逐步过渡到围绕一个人、一件事、一个观点去写有中心的文章，由不限定时间到限定时间，由限定字数少到多，由一句话日记到一段话日记，由看图作文到命题作文，经过日记，看图写作的训练，学生在写作能力上有了一定的提高，英语表达能力也有很大的进步。这时，可根据学生的教材，就每个单元不同的学习内容提供一个命题作文给学生练笔。这些题目紧扣他们学习的内容，书本上的内容给他们写作提供了模仿的对象，而且跟他们的生活也息息相关。

2、分层要求，注意讲评，鼓励优秀，耐心帮助差生。

对学生的要求不能一刀切，对学习好的要求要高，对学习差的要求要适当低一些。充分利用板报、专栏进行优秀作文展览，经常帮助差生树立信心，掌握写作方法和技巧。英语作文讲评过程中要经常指出优点，以利模仿，指出缺点，警示避免。在训练写作时，要少给学生完整的范文。因为如果经常给学生范文，很容易让学生产生依赖性，不愿意自己动手去写。而是等着老师念范文，自己去背。长此以往学生肯定会背烦的，背烦了就更不愿去写了。会造成一个恶性循环。不利于提高学生的写作水平，更不用说培养语言能力了。

3、小组合作，共同提高

对于一些难度较大、范围较广的写作内容，可以通过开展合作写作来完成。在合作写作的过程中，他们有机会互相交流，集思广益，取人之长，补已之短;他们可能学习写作，指导写作，分享作品。例如：在六年级教学My favourite festivals 这一主题时，让学生以小组形式搜集各节日的有关资料，然后集体讨论，一人执笔写作，最后交流。在合作中写作，既给学生留有独立思考的空间，又可促进他们互相帮助与学习。

4、适当指导

学生动笔写作前，教师要给予必要的指导，不是给个题目或者一幅图，就要求学生动笔写。为了使他们少犯错误。教师还要经常性地列举错误的表达法，提醒学生注意避免。在批阅作文时教师要随时标出学生错误之处，并要随时记录学生所犯错误，把学生的错误加以归类总结，把普遍性的错误提出来，让学生集体改错，使他们的语言表达尽可能的正确规范。

六、鼓励学生资源共享，共同进步

在平时的教学中，我鼓励学生大胆地阅读课外英语资料，鼓励学生搜索网上的英语资料，学生的作品通过不同的方式与读者交流，读者包括教师、同学和家长。让学生各自交流作品的方式有朗诵、出墙报、制作英语小卡片，制作手抄报，写好读书笔记等，将全班学生的手抄报装订成册，搜集全班学生的各种作品，本班学生的作品互相交流，同年级不同班的学生作品也互相交流阅读，集中群体的智慧，内容丰富多彩，五花八门，既适合他们的年龄特征又能供学生课余阅读，拓展视野，达到交流学习的目的，我还设想将学生的电子手抄报发送到我校校园网，以供更多的学生欣赏。除此之外，在评价学生的写作作品时，做到有的放矢，灵活有序，实施本人评价、小组评价，家长评价和老师评价，对学生的进步及时充分的肯定。

总之，英语写作需要平时一点一滴的积累，每一步都不能少，持之以恒的训练。作为英语教师，需要不断的探索和总结。

删除诸如"who is”或"that is"类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活、精干的文学体裁。作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明。

同时，这也就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。也如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”，写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在，这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

首先，必须明确一个散文写作观念，即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有的教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人、写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者的业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。感情体验，是散文的内在结构，有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。

有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显，而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。

只要弄清这些，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

作状物作文能够培养和提高同学们观察事物、认识事物的能力，提高同学们的语言表达能力。下面小编为你介绍一下状物的作文写作技巧吧！

一、仔细观察，了解物体的外部特征

观察是作文的基础，要想写好状物作文，就必须留心观察。对于动物，我们不但要观察其外表，如大小、形状、颜色等，还要特别注意观察其静态和运动时的神情和姿态，了解其生活习性。对于植物，我们不仅要对其根、茎、叶、花等部分进行观察，还要懂得植物生命的周期性，了解其色彩、形状、大小等随四季变化而变化的特性。对于静物，我们不仅要观察其形状、大小、颜色、还要了解其构造、用途等。总之，观察是状物的第一步，只有仔细观察，作文时才能栩栩如生地再现物体的形象。

二、选取描写的具体内容，有序写作

状物作文必须按照一定的顺序写，这样才能让人读了以后，觉得层次清楚，对所描写的内容才能清楚地了解。由于描写的物体不同，因而写作顺序也不一样。一般来讲，写动物，往往按照先写其外表，后写其习性的顺序写作。写其外形时，可以按从头到尾、从体到肢的顺序有详有略地描述。写植物，可以按照根、茎、叶、花、果的顺序一步步观察描写。写静物，可以按照从整体到部分来描写。

当然，状物作文的描写顺序是多种多样的，可以按时间顺序写，按生长规律写，按由远及近或从外到内等不同方位顺序写。因此，我们在作文时要灵活运用。

三、抓住物体的个性特征

好的状物作文，应力求所写物体形象逼真，让人喜爱、如见其物之感。而要做到这一点，就要抓住物体的个性特征描绘。

“描虎不能像猫，画叶不能像花”。由于物体的类型不同，形态、习性各异，我们在描摹物体时，只有抓住它们与众不同的特征加以刻画，才能把物写真、写活。如松柏苍劲挺拔，柳树柔软多姿，小鸟雀跃在枝头歌唱，高粱笑红着脸在微风中招展……不同的物，各有特征。

四、融入感情，为文章的中心服务

一篇好的状物作文，不应只是为写物而写物，而应当通过对物的描述，表达其人格化的精神品质。在状物的同时，如果能“水到渠成”而又巧妙地表达出作者积极的、向上的、健康的情怀，对作文就能起到“托物言志”、画龙点睛的作用。“托物言志”、“借物抒情”，这是对状物作文的更高层次的要求。优秀的状物作文不仅能表达作者对物的外形之爱，而且能由表及里地表达出作者对物的实质之爱，让人读后从中受到感悟，得到教益。

一、从写作内容角度上看。

公基作文一般是议论性质的文章，字数一般要求在800--1200字之间。公基作文要求结合材料进行写作，属于材料作文类，考生不能脱离材料自行写作。此外，考生在写作的时候一定注意不要跑题，不要脱离总论点。因为作文的阅卷是先定档后给分，这就要求我们一定不能跑题，而且虽然都是议论文但是不能跟高中初中作文那样随意抒发议论，要找到自己的角度，站在报考岗位的角度去思考问题，不能盲目抒情、大发特发议论，此乃作文大忌。

二、从文章标题角度来看。

标题即论点，刚才我们谈到作文阅卷先定档，因此，如果能标题就是论点的话能够大幅度减轻阅卷人的压力，使得自己更容易获得高分。对于标题给大家简单提醒一下，通常情况下标题不建议大家使用标点符号。

三、从文章结构上来看。

一定要保证文章结构的完整性，在阅卷规则当中，有重要一条就是逻辑完整，因此适当运用逻辑结构词就显得特别重要。这里提示广大考生，我们的逻辑词经历过四个阶段，第一个阶段是第一、第二、第三、第N个，这种结构因为第多少个没有上限，因此不建议采用，第二个阶段是首先、其次、再次、最后，第三个阶段是一方面、另一方面、与此同时、此外、加之等。这里推荐大家使用第二第三个阶段，逻辑结构比较完整，第四个阶段是运用过渡句过渡段，这种逻辑不推荐大家使用。

四、公基作文一定要写对策。

考查公基作文的目的就是考查考生进入单位之后分析与解决问题的能力，因此，考生必须在文章中必须有所体现。从文章写作对策段落来说，建议大家在对策段落里面运用“结论+原因+措施”的写作结构，这种结构简单理解就是是什么、为什么、怎么办逻辑，比如说某地的某个行业出现一定的发展问题，那么对于这个行业的发展政府起主要作用，那么我们应该先说政府大概应该如何去做，如政府应该多渠道扶持，此即结论，接下来就应该叙述政府为什么要去扶持，也即原因部分，最后要写明政府如何扶持也即具体措施，如运用宏观调控、减免税收、提供政策支持等。

五、从结尾段落来说，结尾要做到与首段呼应。

浑然一体的结尾与开头要相呼应，写出既呼应开头，又不简单重复的语句，这种结尾方式是各类文章极常见的收束方法。这种收束方法能唤起读者心理上的美感，产生一种首尾圆合，浑然一体的感觉。

公共基础知识写作点拨

第一：理解、分析、研究文体。事业单位写作其实就是议论文写作，因为只有议论文这种文种才能够承载对一个事物的确定观点和论述。所以对议论文来说，要把握一点，就是议论文是围绕一个观点进行展开，这对议论文来说是最重要的，也就是要有确实的观点，即总论点，目前来看事业单位考试的总论点一般都是已经确定的。

第二：确定了总论点之后，再去议论观点。例如：上海是个好地方，那么整个文章展开的核心就是证明观点，也就是为什么说上海是个好地方，再比如：要勤奋，整个文章展开的核心就是论述为什么要勤奋。

近几年来公职类考试的写作命题有了新的变化。首先，会有给定材料，材料围绕着一个主题展开，主题通常是社会问题或者施政要点。例如：要推进民生改革;要提高政府公信力;要推进服务型政府建设;要勇于探路等。其次，针对这样主题的变化，论述的方向也随之有所变化。例如：要提高政府公信力。基于这样的总论点，文章展开的逻辑就是为什么要提高公信力、如何提高政府公信力。再比如：要勇于探路，那么文章展开的逻辑就是为什么要勇于探路、如何探路。通过以上事例，小伙伴们能基本理清两个最重要的内容：议论文就是围绕一个确定的观点展开，整个文章的核心要求就是把观点论述清楚。解决了这两个问题后，接下来就是填充内容了，在此根据情况来说明。

第一：如果平时比较关注新闻、热点时事，自然有内容可写，而且能够做到内容充实、立意高远、理解透彻。如果是这样的情况，就摸索出适合自己表达的语言风格即可。

第二：如果是平时看书比较多，有自己对事物的思考。这样的基础能让写作体现出比较好的人文素养和知识储备，如果是这样的情况，就把看书多的优点发挥出即可。

第三：如果是既不看新闻、也不看书、学习马马虎虎或者工作后没有时间复习，这样的情况比较普遍，如果是这样的情况，就需要找一些捷径了，比如选择培训班等等。

下面是语文迷网整理提供的35个初中英语写作会用到的句型，大家一起来看看吧。

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + haveever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：

Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：

Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句：

We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)

例句：

There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...)

例句：

It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...)

例句：

There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...)

例句：

An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...)

例句：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...)

例句：

So precious is time t

that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...)

例句：

Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more+ Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...)

例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...，..能够..)

例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..)

例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...)

例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了)

例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...)

例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...)

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

没有人不渴望上大学。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)

It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)

例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因)

例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it.

夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式.(过去...年来，...一直...)

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)

例句：It pays to help others.

帮助别人是值得的。

二十四、be based on (以...为基础)

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事)

例句：We should bring home to people the valueof working hard.

我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关)

例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.

做运动与健康息息相关。

二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving= make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯)

We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~(因为...)

例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!)

例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意)

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响)

例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

三十三、do good to (对...有益)，do harm to (对...有害)

例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁)

例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。

三十五、do ones utmost to + V = do ones best (尽全力去...)

例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。