英语作文的写作技巧(热门20篇)

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

在语文课上，很多老师应该都强调过，作文在语文考试中占着举足轻重的地位。作文写作要掌握一定的技巧，这样大家写出的作文才能拥有亮点。

一、自信上考场

自信是写好作文的先决条件，相信自己就不会怯场，不怯场才能使自己的思维处于最佳状态，潜在的能力得以充分地调动。

二、按时写作文

150分钟的语文测试时间，应该留出60-70分钟的时间作文。时间充足，心中不慌，文思才会泉涌;否则仓促成文，难免丢三落四。

三、细心审题目

命题作文，审题时一定要抓住题目中的关键词语，并进一步展开合理的联想，才能真正把握题目的实质。材料和话题作文，要弄清楚在材料作文与话题作文中，命题者所提供材料的不同作用。在材料作文中，所提供的材料既是考生作文立意的出发点，又是归宿点。考生一定要读懂题干，做点分析，明确主旨，再去下笔，确保万无一失。

四、精心选文体

高考作文一般不限文体，这给了考生很大的选择文体的自由，考生应该掌握文体选择的基本原则：一是采用该话题更适宜的文体写作;二是采用考生本人更擅长的文体作文。自己擅长，行文才会得心应手、游刃有余。

五、心中有模式

考生心中要有文章的基本结构式：议论文，破题开篇+分析论证+结题收篇;供料议论文的基本结构式：引材开篇+析材明理+联材写事+点材收篇;写事记叙文的基本结构式：事件发生(清楚明白)+事件发展(生动曲折)+事件结局(含蓄启迪);写人记叙文的基本结构式：契入(用外貌、语言、环境、细节入题)+铺垫(简述几个事件)+高潮(详叙典型事件)+点化(用点睛的议论或抒情句收束)等等，上述结构式不是一成不变的，可以演绎出许多的变式来。

六、巧思出新意

为体现可写性的命题原则，高考的作文不管是命题作文，还是话题作文大多都是宽泛的。例如《责任》这样的题目，范围太宽，无从下笔，这样的题目就要去窄作。所谓窄作，就是对题目所涉及的内容进行修饰、限制，然后再针对被限制后的某个侧面扩大其内涵。若从“我们当代青年的责任”这个角度去写，可能就容易多了。

七、素材书中找

要写好一篇考场作文，除了掌握写作模式，还要有写作素材。当你在考场上因缺少素材而抱笔时，可别忘了你学过的语文课本!那里有你取之不尽，用之不竭的素材。

八、主旨要明确

高考作文主旨不要过于含蓄。由于时间的限制，阅卷老师不会慢慢地斟字酌句，所以如果写记叙文，不管叙事多么生动，也要在行文中适当地用一两句抒情或议论语句点明文章主旨，让阅卷老师一目了然;议论文力求事例简洁新鲜，说理充分，紧扣主旨。文章要实实在在，不要过于另类，在明示主旨的基础上，张扬个性。

九、首尾亮起来

开篇立论的好彩头，在第一时间抓住阅卷老师的眼球，是高考作文赢得高分的关键。而结尾的感染力和吸引力，同样是拿分的一大重点。

开头结尾都要精彩，开头和结尾的写作大有讲究。

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题，使阅卷老师一目了然;美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，那么，必会打动阅卷教师的心;哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。

高考作文由于受时间和字数的限制，开头最好采用“开门见山”的写法：或“落笔入题”，说明写作缘由;或“开宗明义”，揭示全文主题;或“言归正传”，快速开讲故事;或“单刀直入”，挑明论敌谬说。也可以采用“形象化”的写法：或描写环境，以引出人物;或抒发感情，以渲染气氛;或先叙故事，以引出深刻道理;或借诗词谣谚，以为叙事的开端。好的开头，新颖生动，引人入胜。

结尾的方法也很多：总结全文，以揭示主旨;展示未来，以鼓舞斗志;抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力;造语含蓄，使读者掩卷而思仍遐想不已。

十、行文如流水

在语言运用上，除平时要求外，还应特别注意要善于调动各种修辞手段，如比喻形象、对偶华美、排比蓄势、对照鲜明、反复强调、设问抑扬、反语讽刺、暗示等等。此外，长句短句错综搭配，雅句俗语相得益彰，也可使文章生色。

十一、字迹要清楚

高考语文试卷是网上阅卷，潦草的字迹、不洁的卷面有可能给阅卷人带来的不愉悦所产生的后果是可想而知的，如果字迹不清，丢失的可就不只是几分了。

作文是决胜高考语文的关键所在，把握作文拿分的技巧，是考生关心的问题。我们将考场作文经验归纳为：“心中有自信，笔下出好字;手头有材料，胸中有成式;不变应万变，妙手著文章”，同学们只要扎扎实实地按照这几步来做，作文得高分并不是一件难事。

从字面上看，“景”“物”“情”“理”四个方面是相互独立的，然而一旦融入到具体的文字中，又很难将四者截然分开，因为写“物”必然涉及“情”“景”“理”。怎样才能写好“托物寓意”类作文呢?下面，我来给大家支两招。

1.取象于物，立意求深。将一枚铜钱放在手中，有人觉得它就是一枚实实在在的铜钱，有人却从中悟出了做人的智慧，正所谓“取象于钱，外圆内方”，也就是做人应该外表随和，内里严正。的确如此，托物寓意类的文章，写物只是手段，寓意或喻人才是目的。因此，文章要想出彩、有新意，在构思时，必须抓住事物的本质特征展开联想和想象，由此及彼、由表及里地深入挖掘事物所包含的意蕴。要善于打破常规思维深入思考，也要善于反弹琵琶逆向思考。比如看见螃蟹行走，我们既可以联想到“漠视交通规则”，也可以联想到“趾高气扬、横行霸道”，还可以联想到“敢于打破常规，标新立异”，等等。总之，不管是花草树木还是日月星辰，重要的是要找到物与人在形象与品质上的相似之处，要能别出心裁地挖掘其精神内核，做到立意要新更要深。

2012年湖北省黄石市的中考满分作文《沿途的风景》的开篇有段非常美丽的风景描写。如果文章继续罗列沿途的风景，你可能会觉得文章美倒是很美，但是味道淡了一些。怎样才能让作文的语言优美又醇厚呢?作者接着写道：

放眼远眺，我在路途上发现了他们。他们有着黑玫瑰一样的皮肤、历经艰辛依旧坚定的眼神。铁铲、锤子等工具静置旁边。我看呆了，是啊，这风景就是像他们这样的人创造出来的，为了造就一次这样的风景，他们要遭受多少次烈日的炙烤，又要付出多少汗水呢!他们是远道而来的农民工，他们是这风景的创造者，他们也是时代的奠基者。

看完这段“风景”描写，你的心里是不是感觉有些沉重?尽管这不是美丽的自然风景，却是打动人心的独特“景观”。正如作者所说，这些普普通通的农民工“是这风景的创造者，他们也是时代的奠基者”。如此构思立意，既新颖独到又准确深刻。

比如，2012年山东省青岛市的中考优秀作文《我终于明白了你的良苦用心》，作者先从一株白玉兰切入：

一树摇曳的白玉兰，庄严而又圣洁，刹那间纯净了我的心灵。只可惜西边的枝叶比较稀疏，我在心里不禁暗叹那树干能力不济。都说万物皆有自己存在的理由，可看来看去，我还是弄不懂。

如果接下来文章直接转到用白玉来比喻母亲，就显得非常生硬、蹩脚了。读者可能就会发问：那么多的树、那么多的花，为什么偏偏白玉兰像母亲呢?所以，接下来描写白玉兰，对其内涵的挖掘就显得非常有必要了。

我看到了一种极美的景致，远远望去，一朵洁白而又硕大的白玉兰花静静地绽放在高高的枝头，周围是墨绿色的叶片。我不禁惊诧于它的素雅，惊诧于它的高洁。如果你不注意，就会无视它的存在。它不像别的花开满枝头，而是一棵树上只开有几朵，有的树上甚至只有一朵。

增加这样一段细致的描绘，我们就能发现下面关于母爱的抒写就有了载体，读者也就能顺着作者的思路，体会到母爱与白玉兰之间的相似之处。

现在是各大学校放寒假的时间，年后要参加中考的同学们要注意了，趁着假期要好好恶补一下英语哦，下面是小编收集整理的中考英语作文写作指导，希望对您有所帮助。

最近几年的中考英语当中，很多省市已经摆脱了单一作文模式，采用一大一小两个作文相结合的模式。例如，去年辽宁沈阳中考英语作文就是一个小作文，应用文-写假条，加上一个大作文，汉语提示作文构成。今年，北京中考英语作文也将是两个，一个看图作文在加上一个提示作文构成。这一讲，我们先来学习一下看图作文的写法。

看图作文要求考生按照所给图画，通过合理的联想将一组画面的内容正确地表达出来。看图作文与其他类型作文的不同之处在于，它除了要求考生有英语语言表达能力，还要求考生有观察能力、分析能力和想象能力。

写好看图作文应注意的事项1、结合文字提示，正确理解图意。一般情况下，看图作文在提供图画的同时也附带有简要的文字提示，我们可以利用文字提示去正确地理解图意，得到要点。切忌孤立地看图而忽视文字提示。

写作从图画的细节出发。所谓细节，就是指图画中的人物、事件、地点、环境、时间、动作等。依据图画细节，就可以把图画的内容用英语具体而生动地表达出来了。

例题分析(例题)

同学们，看到下面的四幅图片及相应的报道后，你感到最担忧的是哪两种情形?请简述你担忧的理由并提出建议或希望。

要求：

⒈ 从所给素材中任选两种情形进行阐述，不可多选或少选。

⒉ 条理清楚，意思连贯，语句通顺，标点正确;

⒊ 词数 80 ～ 100。

参考词汇： 建议 suggest v. suggestion n.

气体 gas n. 污染 pollution n.

THE POLLUTIONS

① One third of the worlds people dont have enough clean water.

② More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

③ People are disturbed quite often by kinds of noises.

④ Every person in our city makes about 1.8 kilos of rubbish every day.

这道看图作文题，主题和图片连接得不是很紧密。从考查的形式上来说，虽是看图，实质上却属于提示性的作文。这个作文应该结合个人的观点，选择的余地还是很大的。做这个题应该注意几个方面：

1、认真读题。注意，题目虽然给了四幅图，但是却只要求写其中的两个就行。

2、题意要求的是阐述个人的观点-最担忧的两种情形。而不是对图片进行描述。

3、结合所给的提示。提示中，对每种污染都进行了阐述，考生可以这些描述进行写作。

4、注意字数，语法，拼写等，避免错误。

下面是两个例文，大家可以参考一下。

One possible version:

The environment is becoming worse and worse. There are many kinds of pollution I worry about. The most serious two are water pollution and air pollution, because people cant live healthily with dirty water and polluted air, nor can animals. More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

I think factories should not pour dirty water into the river directly or produce more waste gas. Wed better go on foot or by like instead of by car, because more cars mean more waste gas. We should make our world more and more beautiful.

Another possible version:

The first fact I worry about is noise pollution. People cant sleep well if there is too much noise. Thats why so many people prefer to live in the countryside rather than live in the noisy city. I suggest all the factories and cars shouldnt make terrible noises. If they make terrible noise that isnt allowed, they will be fined, and we can also produce the cars which cant make terrible noise.

The other pollution is rubbish pollution. If everyone makes so much rubbish, one day we may live in a world filled with rubbish. Some people throw the waste paper about. I suggest rubbish should be put into different kinds of dustbins or paper bags.

下面，我们来看看这道题的评分标准。一般来说，各地的评分标准都和下面的这个标准差不多。这个最高的标准，实际上也就是我们写作的目标。

评分标准：

1. 内容完整，语句流畅，无语法错误，书写规范，给9-10分;

2. 内容较完整，语句较流畅，基本无语法错误，书写较规范，给6-8分;

3. 内容不完整，语句欠流畅，语法错误较多，书写较规范，给3-5分;

4. 只写出个别要点，语法错误较多，书写欠规范，只有个别句子可读或不知所云，给0-2分。

看图作文不可小视。希望大家掌握答好这种题型的要点，并积累词汇。

导语：英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语写作50条常用短语句子，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

1.一题多变，训练多用文

一题多变，最简单的理解就是从一个基本作文题，变出多个相类似的题目。就好比孙悟空有七十二般变化，所以深得孩子们的。如果我们老师也有“七十二般变化”，学生肯定会非常佩服和羡慕。而“多用文”就更好理解了，就是一篇文章适合多个作文题目。当然，实际操作中也并不像说的那么简单。下面我们就一起来试试。

如人教版六年级上册第五组的习作训练，是写人的作文，练习中有两个角度。角度一，用一两件事介绍自己的小伙伴，注意要写出小伙伴的特点。角度二，发挥想象，将发生在“我”和好朋友间的一件事情的经过和结果写清楚，写具体。在复习要指导学生用先概述后举例的方法写一个人，写出人物优秀品质。在复习时，可以引导学生想一想，还能找出多少相类似的题目?细细回忆一下，学生会发现在五、六年级的习作训练中有好几个题目都是类似的。比如《我熟悉的人》、《一个_____的人》、《我尊敬的人》、《我的好_____》等。

刚才我们看到的是一组写人的作文题，写事的可以吗?写一件事，要写清楚事情的起因、经过和结果。注意语句通顺。在五、六年级的习作训练中有好几个题目都是与其类似的，如《这件事_____》、《一件难忘的事》、《记亲身经历的一件事》、《童年趣事》等。至此，大胆的教师可能会有这样的想法：一篇写人加一篇写事足矣!我们先不下结论，让我们一起来看看往年毕业考的作文题。《一个──的晚上》，《我学会了──》，以《在老师家里》为题续写，给亲友写一封信，告诉对方一件事，《_____进步了》，《想起这件事，我真_____》，写一篇体现情谊的作文，《我给全家带来欢乐》，《我长大了》……其中奥妙留待大家细细体会。当然新课标强调的是语文素养，实行的是元、更。

2.整体把握，增强计划性

教师在指导学生进行作文复习时，以下问题首先必须心中有数：《课程标准》是怎样要求的，教材是怎样安排的，学生的水平怎样，哪些地方还有待解决，复习时间如何分配等等。教师要在复习之前，立足作文复习的总体要求，制订一个较好的计划。

(1)整体把握。把握课程标准。课程标准在情感态度方面提出了明确的写作目的：“懂得习作是为了自我表达和与人交流。”它也指出：第三学段注重培养创新精神，鼓励自由表达，强调习作的个性化，尊重并重视学生的主观感受。比如“有意识地丰富自己地见闻，珍视个人地独特感受，积累习作”。“独特感受”即鼓励学生想人所未想，言人所未言──培养学生地创新意识。在过程和方法方面，课程标准进一步提出了重视修改地要求;在知识和能力方面，课程标准提出“能写简单的记实作文和想象作文”;在作文条理性方面提出了“能根据习作内容和表达的需要，分段表述”的要求。这里要强调的是，一定要落实“感情真实”的要求，要力戒目前习作中普遍存在的“假情”、“矫情”。“真情”表现的不仅是文品，更是人品;要提倡学生自主拟题，少写或不写命题作文。

把握教材。现行语文课本里作文训练主要分为两大类：一是记叙文，包括写人、叙事、科学小实验、想象作文等;二是文，包括感谢信、毕业赠言等。要根据《课程标准》要求和学生作文能力状况，以教材的作文训练系列内容为依据，立足整体，考虑作文复习。

(2)突出重点。整体把握，但切忌平均用力。首先，作文复习要突出重点。如命题作文中的“审题、选材、构思”训练;材料作文中的“围绕中心，重点发散”训练;看图作文中的“观察”训练;应用文中的“格式” 训练等。抓住这些重点复习就能收到事半功倍的效果。其次，对薄弱环节下功夫，比如记叙文中的叙事、状物 ，重在求“序”，即按一定顺序将事情的来龙去脉，物体的形状、作用叙述清楚;写人、写景，重在求“异” ，即抓住，写出该人物、景物与其他人物、景物的不同之处。

(3)有计划性。一是作文复习的时间安排要有计划性。作文复习的时间是有限的，必须根据复习总体目标及学生作文能力的状况合理安排。如记叙文与应用文的复习时间安排，前者要多一些，后者可少一些;再如作文复习的单项训练与综合训练要具有恰当的时间比例。二是作文复习的内容安排要有计划性。可先安排单项复习，然后再相对集中地进行综合能力的复习训练。三是每节课的作文复习要有计划性。每节课复习什么?要达到什么目的?怎样复习?要认真做好作文复习教学。

3.别具匠心，谱写生命文

掌握了“一题多变”，训练了“多用文”，是否就马到功成了?答案当然是非也。不妨让我们先来读读下面三个故事。

“马踏飞燕”是一件古代青铜艺术珍品。该作品巧妙地表现了马跑得快这一主题。看，骏马四蹄生风，后蹄踏在一只飞燕身上，令人叫绝的是，飞燕竟安然无恙!

由此让人联想到“深山藏古寺”一画的意韵：远山绵延起伏，林木茂盛。山脚下的小河中，一个小和尚正弯腰取水，身后石径蜿蜒，隐没于丛林之中。此画真是意境深远。

另传有人对郑板桥说：你画竹之所以栩栩如生，是因你“胸有成竹”，而这正是你天天观竹研竹的结果。你会画风吗?板桥沉吟片刻，泼墨挥毫，一丛丛墨竹做倒伏状，观看的人惊呼，好大的风!这是以有形的物表现无形的物，颇具匠心。这三个例子，有异曲同工之妙，艺术上均以构思奇巧见长，对我们学习写作文也有不同寻常的启示。看同学们的作文，似曾相识的多，老调重弹的多。为什么?构思不巧(内容不新，角度不巧等)，作文没有力，没有表现力，也就没有生命力。

作文怎样才能构思新巧且有生命力呢?可从两个阶段下点功夫。

厚积阶段：加强作文基本功的训练，广开渠道，学会观察、思维、表达、修改的方式方法，此为作文成功的必要前提。

薄发阶段：也是同学们动手写作文的阶段，不仅要充分调动生活积累，运用学会的写作技巧，更要善于捕捉灵感的火花，写出富有灵气，浑然天成的作品。

学生只有具备了深厚的生活底蕴，写起文章来才有可能得心应手。动手写文章时，更要精心选材、巧妙构思，创造性地发挥出自己的作文水平，才能写出令人拍案叫绝的作文来。

4.自编作文选，总结经验和教训

五、六年级，学生课内外写的作文加起来就不只十几篇，这些作文，大部分是在老师指导下写的，由老师认真批改、讲评过的。我要求每个学生利用节假日把自己写过的作文分类编成作文选，每到期末或毕业复习时，让他们重温自己的作文选，以学习小组为单位，每周一次作文展示活动，让每一个学生展示自己认为写得好的作文，读给听或者传阅，然后自己评，小组评，说说好在哪里，哪些地方需要改进，最后每个小组选出一、两位学生在全班交流。活动后，由学生自己再修改完善，然后把最好的作文誊写在班级作文选中。

在班上可以准备一个大作文选，把活动中大家一直认为优秀的作文誊写在上面，谁的作文入选了，就给他一页的位置，学生自己设计版面，除了在那一页誊写作文，还可以绘画、摘抄名言，写上毕业赠言，或者自己的简历等等，再由老师和学生在作文后加上点评。

通过在我们班里的实验，学生对这项活动非常感兴趣，因为他们觉得作文选上有自己的文章，这是一件特别荣幸的事情。这本作文选就放在教室的图书角，它是同学们最喜欢的课外读物。学生从作文选中，既能总结自己的成功经验，又能总结出自己的失败教训，而且还能够感受自己的进步，学到别人的长处。临场应考无论碰到哪种类型的题目，就能做到心中有数，思考有路，这比猜题碰运气更有把握。同时对于学困生来说，在这种相互交流的中读读同班同学的好作文，对他们既有激励作用，又有示范作用，容易激发写作欲望。

注意指导高年级段考试作文的方法

小学生到了高年级，已经经过了两年的说话训练，两年的习作练习，对于作文的知识有了一定的了解和感悟。一般来说，从三年级开始，每一学期都要经历作文考试。所以，对于作文考试并不陌生。对于高年级段的作文教学的复习，关于考试作文的方法必须要年年讲，期期讲。考场作文与平时作文有很大的不同，主要是考场作文是在气氛紧张、情绪紧张、心情紧张的情况下进行的，而考试作文的阅卷老师也是极为紧张的(时间紧张)。因此在复习时，教师指导学生在作文内容和形式上掌握一些技巧，会事半功倍，从而占据一定的得分优势。

关于考试作文的写法，我们在复习时应该指导学生过好四个关：

1.指导学生过好审题关

审题正确与否是写好作文的先决条件。如果把作文写得文不对题，作文就会“一败涂地”，因此，过好审题关是写好作文的重要条件。

随着近年作文的开放度和自由度越来越大，作文跑题现象也越来越严重，这也成为我班学生作文中常见的毛病之一、作文课或者考场上，有的同学一见作文题便匆匆忙忙拿起笔就写。由于事先没有经过仔细审题，有时写了很长一篇，才发现写跑了题，于是不得不从头写起，或者根本就无法弥补了，结果事倍功半，欲速不达，这样就严重地影响了考试成绩。所以，不管写那种题材的作文，我都特别强调学生认真审题，审题的目的是为了不偏题，不离题，让写出来的习作符合试卷题目的要求。

怎样指导学生正确审题呢?

(1)指导学会分析，从题目的总体认知上审题。

所谓分析，就是把构成题目的每一个词拆开，逐一推敲，分析每个词语的意义和各词语之间的关系，以区分题眼、中心词和修饰词语等，弄清题目规定的范围和重点。如我的第一位老师是篇命题作文，中心词是“老师”，属于写人记叙文;“我的”“第一位”则是关键词语，是用来修饰和限制“老师”的，这篇作文应当写“我”有生以来的“第一位”老师。至于中心思想，题目没有明确限制，就有待学生根据材料自己确定了。

分析法是审题活动中最常用的一种技法，这种方法要求对题目中的每一个字、每一个词的含义及其相互之间的关系都要认真地推敲、揣摩、辨析、然后综合起来，从总体上把握文章的题目。如“我班最近发生的一件新鲜事”这个句子告诉我们作文要写的是一件“事”，是什么样的事呢?不是平常的小事，也不是一般的好事，而是“新鲜”事。这种新鲜事不是许多件，是“一件”事，而且不是过去发生的，是“最近”发生的。同时，“我班”又对事情发生的空间进行了限制，在作这个题目时忽略了哪一个词都容易造成偏题，所以让学生正确理解题目中的每一个词、一个字的含义，这样题目才能审清楚。也就是说审题要审清题意，就必须弄清题目要写的对象(是写人，还是记事;是写景，还是状物;是日记，还是书信;是记叙文，还是想象作文……)弄清题目要写的范围(明确题目对作者所选材料在时间、空间、数量、对象及内容上有哪些限制)。 (2)指导学会比较，抓住不同题目的“题眼”审题。

所谓比较，就是把类似的两个或三个以上的题目并列在一起，通过比较分析来弄清它们之间取材范围的细微差异，以完成审题过程。如通过对比《我的老师》、《我爱老师》、《我和老师》这组题目，使学生明白：这三道作文题目都是写人的，但各有侧重。《我的老师》以写人为主，重点在于写老师，要具体地写出这位老师是个怎样的人;《我爱老师》以抒情为主，重点在于写“我”，要写出“我”爱老师的原因和具体事例;《我和老师》两者并重，要写的是发生在两个人之间的事。通过比较，学生就能加深对题目的理解，更好地把握每个题目的范围和重点，写出切合题意的文章来。

我针对学生审题马虎、不仔细和粗心大意的毛病。把一些的、意思相近的题目在一起进行审题练习，尽量找出这些题目的相同点和不同点。如：《我这个小孩》和《邻居家的小孩》，虽然都是写小孩，但前者是写自己，后者却是写别人。又如《我钦佩的一个人》与《我喜欢的一个人》，二者的内容虽都侧重于写人，但“题眼”不同，就决定了选材重点不同。前者的“题眼”是“钦佩”，后者的“题眼”是“”，两篇文章的重点分别为“钦佩”、“喜欢”，两篇文章的选材也要从“钦佩”和“喜欢”入手。用这样的方法来复习审题，可以把相似题目的微小差别区分开来，提高学生的审题能力。

当然作文复习时要根据不同体裁突出重点训练。如命题作文重点进行“审题、选材、构思”训练;材料作文中重点进行“围绕中心，思维发散”训练;看图作文重点进行“观察”训练;文则重点进行“格式”训练等，抓住这些重点进行复习就能收到事半功倍的效果，学生写出的作文一般能做到不偏不离。

(3)从反面提醒学生，明确题目的限制。

就是对作文题目提出“不应该那样写”，从反面加以限制，。以《校园新鲜事》为例，如果从反面加以限制，可以提出三个问题：(1)不是写家庭里、社会上发生的事;(2)不是写老一套的;(3)不是写一两件事。这样从反面一限制，学生对题意的理解就深刻多了。

(4)指导学生审题的基本要求。

①审清作文的类型。小学生的的作文要求是能写简单的记叙文和常用的应用文，做到有中心，有条理，内容比较具体，语句比较通顺，感情真实健康。简单的记叙文包括这样一些类型：叙事，记人，状物，写景。审题时首先要审清题目是属于哪一类作文的。如果审错了题目的类型，作文时就会离开作文的要求。怎样识别作文题目对作文类型的要求呢?

叙事的作文。有的作文题目直接点明是叙事作文。如《一件小事》，《一件难忘的事》，《童年趣事》，《家乡新事多》等。这些题目中决定作文类型的词是“事”。有的作文题目虽然没有一个“事”字，但暗含着所叙的是事情。如：《我有一个秘密》，“一个秘密”可以指自己所做的一件不让人知道的事情。《假如我是》。这个题目含着的意思是假定“我”当了什么，我会怎么做。“怎么做”包含着做什么，怎样做，记的是事情。《难忘的第一次》，题目中要填写的是一件事，如洗衣服，做饭，旅行等。《快乐的夏令营》，题目要求叙的是愉快的夏令营。《参观》，题目要求写参观一个地方的过程和感受，是叙述一件事情。

记人的作文。一般来说，记人的作文大多在题目中直接点明。如《我的同桌》，《我尊敬的人》，《新来的老师》，《珍惜时间的人》等，这类作文题很容易识别。但有的作文题不直接点明是记人的，要通过仔细审题才能领会题目的意思。如：《温暖》，不是写气候的暖和使人感到温暖，而是某人在别人有困难的时候给予真诚有帮助和鼓励，使别人在心里感到“温暖”。还比如《胜似亲人》，《老师的微笑》等。

值得注意的是，写人和叙事这两类作文有时较难区别。因为写人必须通过具体的事例来表现，叙事又离不开写人的活动，因为事情是人做的。但这两类作文还是有区别的，它们的对象和目的是不同的。如《爸爸的胡子》，这样的题目所涉及的事情与表现人物品质密切相关，所以是写人的题目。又如《放学以后》，虽然要写“谁”，但重点是写“谁”所做的事情。

状物的作文。状物的作文一般都能从题目中看出来。物体有静物和动物之分。所以，描写静物，动物够的形态，颜色，结构，动作的作文都是状物的作文。

写景的作文。题目中有要求描写季节，时间或游览，见闻意思的，一般是写景作文。如《春》，《 的早晨》，《春游 》，《秋色》等。写景的题目有时与状物的题目难以识别。一般来说，重点写景物中某一物体，那就是状物作文了。如《街头小书亭》，要写小书亭的位置，周围的环境，书亭的陈设等。

②看清题外的要求。有些作文题下面还有一些文字说明。这些大都是附加的要求，如“把事情经过写具体”，“展开合理的想象”，“字数在400字左右”，“字迹端正，格式正确”等。这类题外要求可以概括成两个方面，一是对作者选材，写作思路作出提示;二是对作文的篇幅，行款格式，字迹等作一些具体规定，作者作文时必须遵守。所以作文前要看清题外的要求，这是审题的一个组成部分。 2.指导学生过好选材关

人们常说，中心是文章的灵魂，材料是文章的血肉。在作文教学中，审题并确定中心之后，能否过好选材关，就成为作文成败的关键。指导学生选材时要让学生学会五看、两做到。五看：一看题目的要求;二看中心的需要;三看材料是否真实;四看材料是否熟;五看材料是否新。两做到：(1)宽打算。要训练学生按题目要求打开思路，从各种角度想一想，尽量多找一些材料，以从中择优而用。比如《发生在我们班里的一件事》，就可引导学生先理解“班里”这个词所指的范围，然后再让学生想想：除去课上、课下的事，校外的事算不算班里的事?这样一摆思路就宽了，可供选择的材料就多了。(2)细挑选。思路打开了，摆出的材料多了，就有挑选的余地了。怎样挑?一要细比较;二要严格选。细比较就是要求学生将想到的材料按题目的要求加以鉴别比较。严格选就是让学生在比较中严格地选出最典型、最熟悉、最新颖的材料来。在选好材料的基础上，还有个组织材料的问题。训练学生组织材料，要从四个方面做：一是让学生利用小标题将材料分类，把相同的材料归在一类中;二是让学生考虑一下开头写什么，中间写什么，最后又写什么，安排一个次序;三是寻找文章段落之间的联系手段，想一想怎样衔接好;四是考虑哪些材料详写，哪些材料略写。

我认为：训练组织材料的最好办法是让学生养成列提纲的习惯，因为提纲可把上面的四项要求用简明的语言明晰化。

3.指导学生过好提纲关

考场作文，一般来说时间很紧张，学生没有的时间打草稿，因此，我班大部分学生写作文，往往对想写的材料不做安排，想到哪里就写到哪里。他们这种随想随写，随写随想的情况，就很容易造成条理不清，层次混乱，详略不当……要想让学生在作文时节约时间，少走弯路，避免或减少刚才所说的种种毛病，我在作文复习时，就指导学生编写作文提纲。他们可以事先大略考虑一下：选取什么材料，哪些材料先写，哪些材料后写，哪些材料要写得详细，哪些材料可以简略，文章分几层意思来说，前前后后怎样把材料连贯起来，然后列个提纲，那样写起来就比较顺利，往往可以做到一气呵成，顺理成章。而且，有助于理清思路，巩固记忆，使学生不至于把原来准备写的某些内容忘掉，避免想到哪里写到哪里，又可以把作文写得重点突出，条理清楚。到了高年级，我们应该指导学生学会运用列写作提纲的方法，以训练学生选材、组织材料和布局谋篇。

怎样指导学生编写提纲呢?

我要求学生编写的提纲内容要简明，语言要准确。“简”，就是简单，没有多余的话;“明”，就是清楚明了，一看提纲，就了解全文的布局，各部分内容及详略安排。就像盖房子一样，先立好框架。在毕业复习的时候，由于时间相对比较紧张，我一般在课堂上出示作文题目和要求后，就只要求学生编写提纲，不要求作文。我觉得这种复习方法很快捷，因为编写提纲实际上是从审题到布局谋篇进行构思的全，不写成文章便于让学生在课堂上有的机会，集中精力考虑作文写什么和怎么写。而且可以有的时间让学生在小组和全班进行交流，这样既增加训练密度、节约训练时间，又培养了学生的快速思维，既能引导学生发现问题，寻找办法，又能互相学习，提高审题，选材和立意的能力。学生对自己的提纲感觉满意了，再进行作文。

：

1.1词汇方面

如果把写英语作文比作建楼房的话，英语词汇在英语写作中起着砖、瓦的作用，是句子的最基本的组成部分，所以词汇是我们高中英语教学中的重点，单词听写是课堂教学必不可少的一个环节，但学生的词汇量毕竟有限，遇到问题时，便会用汉语词汇去补充英语词汇的空缺。

例如：交通十分繁忙。误：The traffic is busy. 正：The traffic is heavy.

她和一位教授结婚了。误：She married with a professor.

正：She married a professor.

英语词语的词义往往比较复杂，并和汉语有着一定区别。这种不同就会会导致学生仅把写作当作一词一句的翻译来做，结果是事倍功半。

1.2语法方面

英语中难点就是时态，语态的掌握。英语中常用时态共十六种，语态分为主动语态与被动语态，语气有陈述语气与虚拟语气之分。不同的时态有它特有的句法结构。如现在进行时态使用be＋v－ing形式来表示。现在完成时则用have／has ＋p．p来表示。一般将来时则用shall／will／be going to＋v来表示。英语中时间意义的表达是通过动词的时和体来加以反映，而汉语中不存在时、体等，汉语则依靠表示时间的副词（如“曾经”、“正在”、“已经”、“将要”）作状语，或利用虚词“了”、“着”、“过”等作补语这一语法手段来体现，动词本身无任何变化。在英语中，“already”和“ever”常常用在完成时态之中，不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。学生常常把上述句子错译成“Yesterday I have been to the park．”“Five years ago，they have known each other．”又如在英语中，我们常常用否定前置来

一、含义

写作技巧就是表现的技巧、方法，是作者为表情达意而采取有效艺术手段。写作技巧受限于作者的世界观、艺术观，同时又作用于他的写作实践，为写作活动服务。

二、特点

有四个特点：

1、稳定性。是指技巧的成熟和稳固。

2、互渗性。文章写作中的技巧和方法，虽因文章门类和品种的不同有所差异，但在文章写作发展的过程中，各种技法又往往是相互参照、相互影响的，于是就形成了写作技巧的互渗性特点。

3、创新性。写作技巧如果仅有代代相承、墨守成规，而无创作发展，那么文章就会僵化、萎缩，乃至消亡。

4、审美性。丰富多彩、灵活多变的写作技巧，将不同时空、不同角度的材料组合成绚丽多姿的文章大厦，因而具有永恒的艺术价值。

三，方法

写作技巧在写作活动中的具有极其重要的作用。

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

那么什么是写作技巧的操作训练呢?

(一)师法生活

生活是写作的源泉，丰富多采的大自然和人类社会，不仅为我们提供了取之不尽的写作材料，而且为我们提供了生动鲜活的关于写作形式与写作技巧的深刻启示。例如，巧合与悬念，往往是某些生活事件展示在人们面前时固有形式或手法对比与映衬，常常是构成大自然优美景观及艺术美感的重要因素和手段人有悲欢离合，月有阴睛圆缺，人生和自然的规律中寓含着曲折美、变化美、节奏美;蝉鸣林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽，常见的景象中包含着动与静相反相成的艺术辨证法则......因此，我们学习写作技巧，必须首先向生活学习。只有勤于观察生活，深入体验生活，才能使自己的写作技巧真正得到提高。

(二)阅读、借鉴

即从古今中外的优秀文章(以及音乐、绘画等艺术形式)中汲取营养。凡优秀的文章，内容和形式的完美程度都较高，其写作技巧往往是娴熟而又富于创造性。多读优秀的文章，在注意思想内容的同时，注意其写作技巧，看作者是运用哪些来表现思想内容，实现写作意图的，并且分析这些写作手法的具体运用情况及其所取得的写作效果。在此基础上，还应结合实际(写作者自身的思想和艺术修养的实际与题材和表现对象的实际)进一步思考，看哪些手法可以拿来，经过改造为我所用。这样，久而久之，潜移默化，自己的写作技巧，自然会有所提高。

(三)经常练笔

这是具有本质意义的技巧操作训练。清人唐彪写道：谚云，读十篇不如做一篇。盖常作则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽甚易，为之则难。沈虹野云：文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不多做。信哉言乎!多写才能熟，熟才能生巧，这是不可更易的规律，任何企图改变或超越这一规律的人，永远也掌握不了写作技巧，永远也写不出好文章。只有经常写，反复写，才可能在写作者身上固定下一个写作技巧的概括化系统，一个自动化的写作行动方式。懂得了这一点，我们就会懂得那些语言艺术大师们为什么谆谆劝诫我们大家都应该写、写、写，写得尽量多了。

写作技巧的掌握是有一个过程的。这个过程可以分为两个阶段。一是技能阶段，一是熟练阶段。技能阶段，是无法之中求有法，能过观察、体验、多读、多写，学习并掌握了一些写作的基本手法，且能将它们运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第一阶段。熟练阶段，是有法之中求变化。在第一阶段的基础上，进而掌握了包括写作的辨证艺术在内的多种写作手法，并能将它们纯熟自如、富于创造性地运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第二阶段。古人说：学诗当识活法。所谓活法者，规矩具备，而能出于规矩之外;变化不测，而亦不背规矩也。识得活法，并能运用活法是掌握写作技巧第二阶段的重要标志。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。但是，我们也不能把技巧绝对化，走到唯技巧论的极端。因为，决定文章价值的主要因素，还是内容，脱离了丰富而深刻的内容，文章的审美价值乃至艺术性，也就不复存在了。这一点，尤其应该引起初学写作者的重视。

人类生活在五光十色的自然之中。高考春、夏、秋、冬，风、霜、雨、雪等气候现象；春种秋收、日出日落等节令时序；鸟兽虫鱼、花草树木等动物植物，还有那数不胜数的名山大川，富饶的沃野、草原，浩瀚的沙漠、海洋，构成了这个丰富的大千世界。我们生活在这个世界中，必须要接触它，并了解、观察、感受它，以至加以描绘。把这些再现于字里行间，就是景物描写。那么，怎样才能写好这样的作文呢？

一、立足于观察

观察是写好作文的基础，尤其对于写景作文，离开了细致准确的观察，是绝对写不好的。

观察必须确立好立足点。立足点可以是固定的 ( 空间方位 ) ，也可以是变换的 ( 移步换景 ) 。但无论怎样必须层次清楚，文章的思路也就清楚了。

二、抓住特征

写景物，要善于抓住在不同地区、不同季节、不同时间里的景物颜色、形态、声响、变化等方面的特征，不能生搬硬套，春天就是春光明媚，秋天就是秋高气爽。这样，你笔下的景象就会生动起来。

三、要层次分明

层次就是文章的内容顺序，也即表达顺序。一般来说，写景文章有如下几种顺序。

1 ．空间方位顺序。上下、左右、前后、远近等等。

2 ．时间顺序。可按季节时令和一日的时间变化 ( 春夏秋冬早午晚 ) 。

3 ．地点转换顺序。也称移步换景，或参观、游览顺序。

四、要动静结合

所谓动静结合，就是指描写景色时，不仅要写出景色的静态，而且要写出它的动态，使他们很和谐地呈现在读者眼前。只有这样、你笔下的景色才能活起来，才能使读者的印象更深刻。

五、要抒发感情

任何景物都是客观存在的，但这种客观存在的景物却能给人不同的感受。我们写景要写自己热爱的景色，表达一定的主题思想，要表达出对自然的热爱，这就是借景抒情。

六、要文辞优美

自然景色是美丽的，令人陶醉的。因此，我们在写景色时，一定要文辞优美，语气生动形象，恰当地运用一些修辞方法。这样，文章才会给读者以美的享受。

学生写作时，如果仅局限在把内容交代清楚的水准上，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，或一律使用简单句平铺直叙，那么，这样写出来的文章就会像一碗白开水，呆板、单调，没有可读性。下面是小编整理的英语作文写作10大技巧，欢迎阅读。

1. 灵活改变句子开头

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语位于句子开头。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如使用倒状语或以状语开头等，会使文章增强表现力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去;如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

古人写文章很讲究开头，称之“凤头”，西方的谚语也这样说：好的开头是成功的一半。

开头的方法有很多，如比喻开头法(山如眉黛，小屋恰似眉梢的痣一点。——《我的空中楼阁》)、引言开头法(鲁迅先生有两句诗：“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。”这是他自己的写照，也是他作为伟大作家的全部人格的体现)、议论开头法(生命是一个选择的过程。在这过程中，有人“利”字为先，好处抢尽;有人“荣”字当前，虚实兼收;亦有人“德”字为重，铁肩道义。)、入物开头法(很久很久以前，也许在我的生命之树发芽的时候，我的生命之神就告诉我，我是一只火凤凰。那时幼稚的心灵无法参透凤凰的含义，长大了也是。)、写人开头法(夏日炎炎。鲁林从省城公安大学放假回家，来到A城地面，此地距离其老家梁山泊尚有一段路程，须乘班车，方可上路。)、叙事开头法(一年夏天，我和妻坐着海轮到了一个有名的岛上。——鲁彦《听潮》)、描景开头法(陌生的山花已有无数的开了。冷月下，却只见一犁春水，蓦然回首，总是充盈着泪水的双眼遥望寂灭的星空，总是随风飘动的思绪感叹树叶的凋零。——一考生《美丽一次》)、绘境开头法(十五那天，天热得发了狂。太阳刚一出来，地上已经像下了火。一些似云非云，似雾非雾的灰气低低地浮在空中，使人觉得憋气。——老舍《在烈日和暴雨下》)、定情开头法(我与父亲不相见已二年有余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。——朱自清《背影》)。

但究竟如何开头需要因文而定，因人而定，“文有定法，文无定法”就是这个问题。只要能够使阅卷者更好地理解和把握文章，且富有感染力和吸引力，就是成功的文章开头。

不管做什么是，找对技巧很重要。下面语文迷网整理了英语六级的写作技巧，供大家阅读参考。

一、 长短句原则。

工作还得一张一弛呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、 主题句原则。

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

三、 一 二 三原则。

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、短语优先原则。

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。

其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。

比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable 之类的形象词。

再比如： 走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则。

1)加法(串联)都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：When to go, Why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don’t enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏) 要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、挑战极限原则。

既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀!原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 如果你可以写出这样的句子，不得高分才怪!

在写作文的时候都会有这样的疑问：什么叫“有文采”？作文怎样做到“有文采”？下面是小编整理的高考作文7个写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读！

一、化抽象为形象

请比较下面两个句子：

1．繁忙的工作之后，女孩开始有些想家了。

2．繁忙的工作之后，女孩喜欢一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳。（颜文静《寻人启事》）

两句话虽然都表达“女孩想家了”，但前一句只是一般性的交代，“想家”是抽象的、模糊的，而后一句是通过女孩“一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳”的意象，蕴蓄思念萦怀、感伤别离的孤独感、凄凉感的，很容易使人想起“乡书何处达？归雁洛阳边”“断送一生憔悴，只消几个黄昏”之类的诗句，所以给人的印象特别深。

二、化静态为动态

莱辛在《拉奥孔》中说，动态之美是一纵即逝却令人百看不厌的美，比一般的美能产生更强烈的效果。正因为如此，对那些静态的事物，我们要善于“化静为动”，使之富有生气，充满活力。例如孔孚的《千佛山龙泉洞某佛前即景》，是这样描写佛像和绿苔的：

他微笑着，看苔爬上脚趾，他微笑着，听苔跃上双膝，他微笑着，任苔侵佛头……

佛本是静态的，就是生长着的苔在我们看到的一刹那也是静止的，作者却用“微笑、看、听”“爬、跃、侵”等动词，使佛和绿苔动态化了，仿佛有了生命似的。山水名胜，多为静物，静则无势，无势则不能动人，所以，要善于让静物动起来，让无生命的东西活起来。

三、绘形绘声绘色

所谓“绘形绘声绘色”，就是把自然界的声响、物体的形状与色彩等具体地描写出来，使人有身临其境的感受。陀斯妥耶夫斯基举过一个例子，他说“有个小银圆落在地上”，这个句子不够好，应该写成“有个小银圆，从桌上滚了下来，在地上丁丁铛铛地跳着”（转引自秦牧《语林采英》）。这样一来，就有声有色了。

四、幽默俏皮活泼

表达过于严肃，不免给人沉重感、压抑感，来一点幽默，讲一点俏皮话，能使文章形象生动，活泼有趣。请看高考满分作文《跟时代一起改变》收尾部分：

我们并不一定要追赶潮流，完全可以做自己；并不需要一味地学着人家的样儿，完全可以做更“高级”的事。

改变自己，使自己有高尚的品行，而不是只知“忙”。

改变自己，使自己有爱国的情操，而不是“爱大米”。

改变自己，使自己有出色的修养，而不是只看搞笑和言情。

改变自己，让自己有鹤立鸡群的素质，如今个性也是潮流，像这种特点，无疑是最“in”的。

周围的一切，正在对我们的成长形成影响，而它们常常是负面甚至颓废的，真是“一点技术含量也没有”。但只要改变自己，我们一样可以拥有过人的气质。否则，“后果很严重”。

作者娴熟地运用杂文笔法，写得亦庄亦谐，轻松自如，使文章具有了特殊的情调，读之令人忍俊不禁。

五、善用修辞手法

根据表达的需要，恰当地运用比喻、拟人、借代、夸张、对偶、排比、设问、反问等修辞方法，可以有效地增强文章的表达效果。请看数例：

1．蜘蛛也惜春归去，网住残红不放飞。

以“残红”代落花，鲜明生动；用拟人手法，生动地表达出惜春之情。

2．水清鱼读月；山静鸟谈天。

用对偶，有音乐之美；用拟人，不仅表现出环境的优美、幽静，而且渲染了一种让人心旷神怡的浓郁的书卷气。

3．那双眼睛，如秋水，如寒星，如宝珠，如白水银里头养着两丸黑水银……（刘鹗《老残游记》）

用博喻刻画白妞的眼睛：“秋水”见其清澈纯净，“寒星”见其晶莹明亮，“宝珠”见其圆润光泽，“水银”见其黑白分明、水灵生动。这双眼睛真是顾盼传情，美丽动人。

4．春听鸟声，夏听蝉声，秋听虫声，冬听雪声；白昼听棋声，月下听箫声，山中听松声，水际听欸乃声，方不虚此生耳。（张潮《幽梦影》）

运用排比，列举一连串悦耳之声，令人浮想联翩，心旌摇荡。

5．少年读书，如隙中窥月；中年读书，如庭中望月，老年读书，如台上玩月。皆以阅历之浅深，为所得之浅深耳。（同上）

以赏月喻读书，表达读书所获与阅历相关的道理，深入浅出。

6．这个地方花朵是太少了，颜色全被女人占去；石头是太少了，坚强全被男人占去；土地是太贫乏了，内容全被枣儿占去；树木是太枯瘦了，丰满全被羊肉占去。（贾平凹《延川城》）

用对比的手法，凸现延川少花少石、土地贫瘠、树木枯瘦和女人美丽、男人坚强、枣大羊肥的特点，造语新奇，让人过目不忘。

7．石墨黑不溜秋，稀松平常，价格低廉；而金刚石光彩熠熠，坚硬无比，价值连城。两者相比，如同鱼鳅与蛟龙，宛若毛虫与彩蝶，好比麻雀与凤凰，犹如地上的癞蛤蟆与碧霄的白天鹅……（《悦纳压力》）

鲜明的对比，生动的比喻，不仅突出了石墨与金刚石之间的天壤之别，而且给人审美的享受。

8．白生生、轻飘飘、软绵绵的棉花糖，在风中颤颤悠悠，好像一片洁白的云要从我手上飞走，我赶紧把它们往怀里靠一靠，拢一拢。我一跑，棉花糖似乎又要飞走，我赶紧把它们团一团，捏一捏……（王珂《甜丝丝的回忆》）

“洁白的云”的比喻形象、贴切，委实引人入胜。

六、注意句式变化

整句和散句、长句和短句灵活搭配，交替使用，语言就会变化多姿，产生特殊的美感。比如2006年浙江卷满分作文《且息且行》中的一段话：

有的人征服了高峰，又举目遥望更险峻的山崖；探得了魂宝，又跃跃于另一次奇异的冒险；策马路过梅园，却一心想着直奔边关，戍国杀敌。

这样的人不是痴顽，而是执著，他们在奔波里冲击生命的极限，在征服里体验生命的快乐，在“无所息”里实现自己的终极意义……最伟大的战士，都渴望战死沙场，在死神带来的永恒憩息面前，他们粲然微笑，死得其所。

这几段文字风格典雅，词语丰富，使用了许多成语、典故；从句式的角度看，以整句为主，兼用散文的章法，注重整散、对称与呼应，形成了一种整散结合的美。

七、引用化用名句

阅读面广、知识面宽、文化底蕴丰厚的同学，在符合题意的前提下不妨多引用、化用名言警句，以尽情展示自己的才华。例如2006年福建卷《月圆是画，月缺是诗》一文中写道：

秋雨先生曾说过，堂皇转眼凋零，喧腾是短命的别名。在流光溢彩的日子里，生命被铸上妖冶的印记。此时此刻，所谓生命的空白，或许就是一种“花开花落两由之”的淡泊心境吧。有哲人云：圣者，常人肯安心者矣。有时候，生命需要隐匿，心灵需要蜇居。在蜇居之中，为未来做准备，就是在蓄势，蓄水以后开了匣放水，便可以灌溉大地。

记得海德格尔曾说过，生命充满了劳绩，但还诗意地栖居于这块土地上。要感谢海德格尔，这位精神的探索者，为我的心里留下了一隅空白。让我在心烦意乱之际，能够冷静地思考，吟上一句“人生天地间，若白驹过隙，忽然而已”；让我在忙碌中，能够偷得浮生半日闲，欣赏一段“他年傍得蟾宫客，不在梅边在柳边”的还魂爱情。如五柳先生，“怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘籽”；如东坡先生，“诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章”；如守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，如遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……他们都是诗人，在属于自己的空白天地中，诗意地栖居。

这位考生旁征博引，撷英掇华：从余秋雨的名言，到海德格尔的精神；从鲁迅的诗歌《悼杨铨》，到庄子的语录；从《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的吟咏，到五柳先生的理想展望，再到东坡先生的赤壁放歌；从守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，到遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……其视野之广阔、材料之丰赡、信息之密集、语言之精美，令人叹服。

今天小编为大家整理了作文的开头写作技巧，欢迎大家查阅。

⑴欲扬先抑，开发胃口

唉，老师怎么让我和他坐一个桌呢?她可是我班最凶的女生啦!就因为这，大伙都叫她"虎妞"。--《同桌》

⑵开门见山，直截了当

我和阿敏的交情可不一般--初中三年的同桌。对她，我有一肚子的话要说。--《同桌》

⑶描形绘神，印象逼真

她，长得真丑：黄瘦的脸;尖尖的下巴;淡得几乎看不见的眉毛下，一双细眯的眼睛;鼻子扁而大;一口参差不齐的牙齿，略有黄色……唉!甭提了，她的外表真不符合这么动听的名字--祝丽丽。--《同桌》

⑷自然交代，平引下文

新学期一开始，我就注意到一个问题：我们班三十三名男生，二十七名女生，男生两人一桌恰好多一名，女生亦如此，必将出现一个男生和一个女生同坐一桌的危机。可万万没想到这个危机会降临到我的头上。--《同桌》

⑸歌词开头，响彻云际

"明天你是否会想起/昨天你写的日记/明天你是否会惦起/曾经最爱哭的你……"一曲悠扬的《同桌的你》从路边音像书店传了出来，那带着绵绵情思的乐曲，把我的思绪带回了三年前的时光……--《同桌》

⑹排比反复，创造旋律

朋友，就是我可以为他献出真挚情感的人;朋友，就是我可以对他付出全部信任的人;朋友，欢乐时与我分享，危难时与我同行。人生中没有朋友，就像生活中没有阳光。我就有着这样的一个好朋友。--《朋友》

⑺设问开篇，无沿无边

往事如烟，随着时光的流逝，大都渐渐淡忘，而那双眼睛，怎能使我忘怀?--《朋友》

⑻名言指路，开宗明义

培根说过："无真实朋友之人，可以谓之真可怜而永陷于孤独生活之人。"他的话道出了朋友的重要。是的，假如一个人丧失了友情，他简直无法生存在世界上。--《朋友》

⑼对比映衬，突出重点

随着岁月的流逝，许多人渐渐被我淡忘了，然而，有那么一双眼睛，一种声音一个身影，至今萦绕在我的心头，久久不能忘怀。--《朋友》

⑽倒叙开头，吸引读者

当我们乘着离开国防教育学校的时候，不知道为什么，泪水竟然在我的眼眶里打转。难道是留恋吗?是留恋那一段虽苦虽累但充满活力的生活，还是留恋那待人苛刻却真诚亲切的军人，我们的教官?--《朋友》

⑾拨乱反正，拨云见日

有人说，淡泊就是看破红尘，看透一切，认为一切都是假的、虚伪的……这种看法是对淡泊的曲解。如果我们翻一下词典就会明白，"淡泊"是不追求名利的意思……--《淡泊》

⑿泰山压顶，观点强现

目前，校园攀比之风肆虐，我认为这种风气确实需要刹一刹。--《攀比风，可休矣》

⒀联想象征，奇妙无穷

一个梦，曾经在西方强盗的炮舰下埋葬，留下的是老一辈辛酸是泪珠不止的心痛和望眼欲穿的期盼作为见证。伴随着流泪的长江长大的我们也就少年已尝愁滋味，踩着前辈留下的印证期待，期待着有那么一天……--《期待》

⒁环境描写，渲染气氛

十月九日又到了，鲁迅先生已经逝世六十年了。从傍晚到子夜，静静地，一个人坐在窗前，任冷雨打着窗棂。灯下一盆吊兰淡淡地涂抹一壁翠色书柜。夜风荡起，身上微微泛起寒意。想起了鲁迅先生，泪水就滑落下来。

⒂题记为冠，哲理为先

世间万物皆难逃自然辩证法，孰是孰非，孰优孰劣，孰喜孰忧，岂可一言以蔽之?--《假如记忆可以移植》

⒃博览群书，信手拈来

据说，在非洲的原野上，有一种食虫的花朵，色彩绚丽，芳香异常，许多飞虫抵御不了"诱惑"而葬身其中……--《抵御"诱惑"》

暮色中，几缕炊烟从农舍里袅袅升起。我捧着一束栀子花，站在张老师的窗前。张老师，您还是那样忙碌?该歇歇了吧，今天是您的节日--教师节。我带着我的收获来看您来了。--《琐忆》

⒅以物喻人，含义深长

在一望无际的旷野上，一棵古老的树，虽然生命已到了最后一刻，但它仍然倔强的生长着。在它的身旁，一棵小树正在抽出嫩嫩的芽。老树的根枯了，它把生命的汁液输给了小树;老树的叶黄了，它把绿色的生命注入了小树。老树历经沧桑，走完了它艰难的历程。如今，小树刚刚抽枝吐叶，老树却离开了它……这正像外公离开了我，他来不及接受我对他的报答之情，就匆匆离开了我。--《琐忆》

⒆解题铺陈，明示中心

责任，就是一个人分内应该做的事。军人，有保家卫国的责任;医生，有救死扶伤的责任;教师，有培养接班人的责任。工人、农民、职员、商人……人人都有自己的责任。在我们的社会里，各行各业都有许多尽职尽责的人，他们组成了一道道最美的风景--请允许我，从这道道美丽的风景画卷中撷取一幅动人的画面吧。

⒇设置矛盾，引人入胜

"我就不信，你在这个班生活了两年多，对这个集体就会没有一点感情?……"这是今天早晨班主任陈老师对我说的话。我望着陈老师愤怒的目光，委屈的眼泪直在眼眶里打转，心理说："陈老师，你误会了……我怎么能不爱我们的班级体呢?"

【导语】英语写作是中考中检测学生语言应用能力的最重要部分。提高中考写作水平，需要有效的训练。下面关于英语作文的写作方法，一起来阅读下文吧!

学生写作时，如果语句平平，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，那么，这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行，就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样，让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望，呆板、单调，没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度，同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章，突出这篇文章的彩头，使文章增添文采，给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句：

1. 画龙点睛，一篇文章的开头很重要。

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头，这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

我们经常写记叙文了，不知道你有没有总结去技巧呢?下面是小编整理的叙事文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

在会写记叙文之前我们首先要学会怎么去记叙好一件简单的事情

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

在写记叙文的时候，我们要有条理性，先要想好先写什么，后写什么，安排好记叙的顺序，不然就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么我们要怎么写才能让文章条理清楚呢

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

英语写作想要拿高分，经典的句型不可少。下面是语文迷整理的8种英语句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

四.举例句型

1.Lets take...to illustrate this.2.lets take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.3. Here is one more example. 4.Take … for example. 5.The same is true of….6.This offers a typical instance of….7.We may quote a common example of….8.Just think of….

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.多年来，……一直被视为……，但今天的情况有很大的不同。

3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意这一观点的… I believe….

5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….有一个长期运行的辩论，是否…

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B in….5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….

七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。

2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占...，但以下是最典型的。

3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。

5. The reasons are as follows.

八 因果推理法常用句型

1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight. 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight. 吃太多导致超重。

下面是由语文迷网小编精心为大家整理提供的英语句子，供大家写作参考。

1、Time flies.

时光易逝。

2、Time is money.

一寸光阴一寸金。

3、Time and tide wait for no man.

岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。

4、Time tries all.

时间检验一切。

5、Time tries truth.

时间检验真理。

6、Time past cannot be called back again.

光阴一去不复返。

7、All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

8、No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again.

昨日不复来。

9、Business neglected is business lost.

忽视职业便是放弃职业。

10、One today is worth two tomorrows.

一个今天胜似两个明天。

11、The morning sun never lasts a day.

好景不常;朝阳不能光照全日。

12、Christmas comes but once a year.

圣诞一年只一度。

13、Pleasant hours fly past.

快乐时光去如飞。

14、Happiness takes no account of time.

欢娱不惜时光逝。

15、Time tames the strongest grief.

时间能缓和极度的悲痛。

16、The day is short but the work is much.

工作多，光阴迫。

17、Never deter till tomorrow that which you can do today.

今日事须今日毕，切勿拖延到明天。

18、Have you somewhat to do tomorrow,do it today.

明天如有事，今天就去做。

19、To him that does everything in its proper time,one day is worth three.

事事及时做，一日胜三日。

20、To save time is to lengthen life.

节省时间就是延长生命。

21、Everything has its time and that time must be watched.

万物皆有时，时来不可失。

22、Take time when time cometh,lest time steal away.

时来必须要趁时，不然时去无声息。

23、When an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you.

机不可失，时不再来;机会一过，永不再来。

24、Make hay while the sun shines.

晒草要趁太阳好。

25、Strike while the iron is hot.

趁热打铁。

26、Work today,for you know not how much you may be hindered tomrrow.

今朝有事今朝做，明朝可能阻碍多。

27、Punctuality is the soul of business.

守时为立业之要素。

28、Procrastination is the thief of time.

因循拖延是时间的大敌;拖延就是浪费时间。

29、Every tide hath ist ebb.

潮涨必有潮落时。

30、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

31、Wisdom is more to be envied than riches.

知识可羡，胜于财富。

32、Wisdom is better than gold or silver.

知识胜过金银。

33、Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有钱。

34、Wisdom is a good purchase though we pay dear for it.

为了求知识，代价虽高也值得。

35、Doubt is the key of knowledge.

怀疑是知识之钥。

36、If you want knowledge,you must toil for it.

若要求知识，须从勤苦得。

37、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

浅学误人。

38、A handful of common sense is worth a bushel of learning.

少量的常识，当得大量的学问。

39、Knowledge advances by steps and not by leaps.

知识只能循序渐进，不能跃进。

40、Learn wisdom by the follies of others.

从旁人的愚行中学到聪明。

41、It is good to learn at another man’s cost.

前车可鉴。

42、Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.

知识之于精神，一如健康之于肉体。

43、Experience is the best teacher.

经验是最好的教师。

44、Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.

经验是知识之父，记忆是知识之母。

45、Dexterity comes by experience.

熟练来自经验。

46、Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

47、Experience keeps a dear school,but fools learn in no other.

经验学校学费高，愚人旁处学不到。

48、Experience without learning is better than learning without experience.

有经验而无学问，胜于有学问而无经验。

49、Wit once bought is worth twice taught.

由经验而得的智慧，胜于学习而得的智慧;一次亲身的体会，胜过两次的教师教导。

50、Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

拓展阅读：段首万能句子

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?

一、关于任务驱动型作文题的认识

任务驱动型作文写作是201X年高考语文作文新出现的题型。旨在着重考查阅读能力、写作能力，特别是思维能力。要求学生读懂材料，在读懂的基础上按照任务指令作文，所以审题时的阅读能力和领悟能力要求较高。所以从能力划分角度看，作文题型可分为阐释型作文和任务驱动型作文。

与以往传统作文不同的是，任务驱动型作文写作具有一定的封闭性。写作目的、要求，更加明确、单一。考生在真实的情境中辨析关键概念，在多维度的比较中说理论证。如全国一卷要求考生给“女儿举报”事件相关方写信来入情入理地谈问题、讲道理，全国二卷要求考生在深入思考“当代风采人物”推选标准的基础上优中选优，都会引导考生就一个具体明确的要求来写作，从而更有效地规避套作和宿构，实现写作能力在应用层面的考查。

这种任务驱动型材料作文更能贴近社会生活；注重材料的启发和引导作用，更能体现学生分析问题、解决问题的能力；任务驱动型材料作文在角度、立意、文体和标题等方面，给考生留出更大的自主选择空间。

二、任务驱动型作文写作的解题思路

1、体式驱动——写成议论文

2、内容驱动----内容的规定

3、思维驱动----争议的焦点

4、对象驱动----对以上事情你怎么看

任务驱动型作文写作分为两部分，阅读材料审题和任务写作部分。要注意：

（一）阅读材料并要读懂材料。我们只有在掌握材料的范围、含意后才能进行写作，所以第一步阅读非常重要；

（二）任务驱动型作文写作要求考生去发表议论的主题，往往就是材料要揭示的某种主题。所以，考生可以从命题者给出的论题里找到中心词，关键语句，防止离题。

（三）往往这样的命题材料不止一个，所以要仔细分析材料间的异同，为写作做好准备。

（四）任务驱动型作文写作既然是先“读”后“写”，是读后有感而发，那么，“读的内容”和“感的内容”要有机地联系起来，开头要引述材料，后面要针对材料，联系写作任务而写作。

（五）就材料的范围而言、就写作任务而言是就事论事；就材料含意、行文中说理论证而言是就事论理。说理就是思辨，就要比较辨析，就要具体问题具体分析。

（六）写作任务是什么？一定分析透彻，否则累死也无功。

三、任务驱动型作文写作的应对策略

1．在阅读中培养感悟能力。任务驱动型作文写作要对材料进行分析理解，要求考生要理解材料，把握材料的主旨。因此，考生在平时的阅读训练中要有意识地去概括文章的内容要点或中心思想。提高认识能力。

2．扩大阅读面，积累素材。除了课程内的阅读，考生在平时要多阅读，尤其是要多读报，要多关注一些时事话题，如环保、教育、娱乐、科技等。而且，一般读了以后多少会有些感悟，那么一旦在写作中真的碰到这类题材，由这个材料引发议论就是很自然的事情了。在备考时，考生也可以把平时所做的阅读理解作为很好的素材库并积累一些相关话题。

3．培养理性思维。考生在上课时要积极参加各类话题的讨论、辩论等，在课间休息、茶余饭后、睡前闲聊等时间也要多与身边的人交流思想，对发生在身边的事情发表自己的看法和观点。同时也要留意他人对同一事物的看法。这样，评论就能做到有理有据，写作起来水到渠成。

4．进行大运动量的写作练习。俗话说，熟能生巧。只有经过不断的练习，才能培养出良好的写作习惯，流畅的表达能力。也只有这样，才能做到“下笔如有神”。特别要多写时评。

5．勤练书写，保证卷面整洁。考生一定要养成书写整洁的习惯，给人以美好的第一印象。

四、任务驱动型作文写作六法：

1、析材料 2、论危害 3、挖根源 4、提办法 5、联现实 6、作结论（作呼告） 常用结构模式：

引简洁（简引材料、提出观点、褒贬分明）

议充分（正反对比、假设因果、点面层进）

联紧扣（明析原因、直指危害、阐明意义）

结点题（寻找对策、倡议劝勉、呼吁号召）

范例

1、阅读下面材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的议论文。

在上海地铁上，一男子因随地吐痰遭到指责后，竟不停地用污言秽语和指责他的乘客对骂，一黑衣壮汉忍不住，拨开人群走到“吐痰男”跟前踢去一脚，吐痰男顿时安静下来，一语不发，此时，有出来劝架的乘客指责“黑衣男”：“打人是不对的。”更多的人则认可黑衣男的做法。这段视频被上传到网络后，引起更大范围、更多角度的讨论。

对于以上事情你怎么看？请你就其中某一个或某一群人的表现，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法，要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，标题自拟。

初始作文：

正义不可灭，公道在人心

①一男子地铁车厢内随地吐痰遭一女士指责后，不但不听劝，反而用“滚，JIAN人！”等污秽语言反复辱骂女士，连身边的小孩和老人都毫不顾及，最终被一名黑衣壮汉踢脚教训，反而一言不发，终得网友“渣男”的恶名。事件发生后，义愤填膺者有之，拍手称快者亦有之。但无论何种反应，都意味着正义尚在、公道犹存。这正是这一事件让人欣慰的地方，让人能触摸到人性温暖的地方——正义不可灭，公道在人心。

②正义公道维系着国家的尊严。

③享·乔治说：“声张正义和扶植自由，是革除时弊的关键。”韦伯斯特也说：“正义是人类最大的利益。”正义与自由是一对孪生兄弟，没有正义公道，也就难有自由。正义的缺失，有时甚至关系到国家的尊严。国威正，则民气旺。古代燕国勇士荆轲，毅然挺身而出为太子排忧解难。“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复还！”虽然没有成功，但他在生命的最后关头依然守护着燕国的正义。陶潜说：“其人虽已没，千载有余情”。荆轲不畏QIANG暴，不怕牺牲，在国家多事之秋挺身而出、不避艰险的精神和气概捍卫了国家的尊严。

④正义公道维系着民族的存亡。

⑤韦伯斯特说：“只要提着正义之剑攻击，再柔弱的手臂也会力大无穷。”正义是校正邪恶的一把利剑，面对社会的负面势力，我们必须迎难而上，绝不退缩。退缩容忍就是缩头乌龟，退缩容忍就是毁灭与死亡。一个民族，要有民族的气节，气节不能倒。革命烈士夏明瀚被捕后，敌人对他施以各种酷刑，逼他交出党的组织。夏明翰坚贞不屈，宁死不降。最后留下了那首大义凛然的就义诗：“砍头不要紧，只要主义真，杀了夏明翰，还有后来人！”为了中华民族的解放事业，夏明翰英勇就义，他和他的就义诗，激励和鼓舞了一代又一代中国共产党人为了理想信念，为了民族独立、国家富强而英勇奋斗。 ⑥正义公道维系着百姓的利益。

⑦培根说：“就是因为有正义感，人才成为人，而不成为狼。”人与人之间，人与单位之间，有时权义压倒一切，但邪不压正。而往往，正义被邪恶遮挡。如果一个社会缺乏必要的正义感，作为生活在社会底层的百姓的利益就受到威胁。健康社会，除了法治外，也要有正义的力量维护百姓的利益。新时代维权英雄杨剑昌，多次为百姓伸张正义，主持公道，面对各种人生威胁，杨剑昌大义凛然。他办公桌上的两部电话每天总响个不停，每天接待几十批人，可杨剑昌为百姓办事，始终不觉累，杨剑昌一身正气不怕邪，他的正义公道维系着万家百姓的利益。

⑧阿拉伯谚语说：“对正义事业保持沉默，等于为非正义事业呼喊。”正义公道是应该弘扬的价值观，弘扬正义，主持公道，是一个正常国家文明素养的表现，是一个健康社会应有的文明气度，是一个公民必备的精神气质。

正义不可灭，公道在人心

男子地铁车厢内随地吐痰遭一女士指责后，不但不听劝，反而用“滚，JIAN人！”等污言秽语反复辱骂女士，连身边的小孩和老人都毫不顾及，最终被一名黑衣壮汉踢脚教训，反而一言不发，终得网友“渣男”的恶名。事件发生后，义愤填膺者有之，拍手称快者亦之。但无论何种反应，都意味着正义尚在、公道犹存，这正是这件事让人欣慰的地方，让人能触摸到人性温暖的地方。

正义公道维系着国家的尊严，维系着民族的存亡，维系着百姓的利益。亨.治说：“声张正义和扶植自由，是革除时弊的关键。”正义和自由是一对孪生兄弟，没有正义公道，也就难有自由。正义是校正邪恶的一把利剑，面对社会的黑暗势力，我们必须迎难而上，绝不退缩。退缩容忍就是缩头乌龟，退缩容忍就是毁灭与死亡。“黑衣男”愤怒的一脚，就是替天行道，对于地痞流氓式的臭男，就是要痛打落水狗。但正义常常被邪恶遮挡，如果一个社会缺乏必要的正义感，作为生活在社会底层的百姓的利益就受到威胁，健康就会受到影响。健康社会，要有正义的力量维护百姓的利益。正因为此，韦伯斯特说：“正义是人类最大的利益。”

社会公德是全体公民在社会交往和公共生活中应该遵循的行为准则，它以“礼”为核心，“吐痰男”的行为是对社会公德的践踏，但假如劝说的那位女子能用温和的语气礼貌劝说，假如“吐痰男”在听到指责后能以礼相待，矛盾冲突就不会发生。和谐社会中，我们正大力倡导以文明礼貌、保护环境、遵纪守法为主要内容的社会公德。

公民素养是中国人思想概念中一位好公民所应该具备的基本素养，表现在能自觉遵守伦理道德和有关法律法规。随地吐痰是不文明不道德的行为，是缺乏素养的表现。公民素养主要包括知识文化素养，法律和自律意识以及弘扬传统美德等道德修养，“吐痰男”显然缺乏自律意识。

公共空间保护其实也是一种环境保护意识，自觉遵守并培养符合环境道德要求的生活习惯和行为方式，既是对自己生命尊重，也是对别人生命的尊重。一个没有生命意识的人，很难对生命表现出关怀来。

阿拉伯谚语：“对正义事业保持沉默，等于为非正义事业呼喊。”正义公道是普世的价值观，弘扬正义，主持公道，遵守社会公德，养成良好的公民素养，遵守公共空间秩序，是健康社会应有的文明气度，是公民必备的精神气质。

25分

升格作文：

“黑衣男”的正义可以更具温情

男子地铁车厢内随地吐痰遭一女士指责后，反而用污言秽语辱骂，连身边的小孩和老人都毫不顾及，终被黑衣壮汉踢脚教训。事件发生后，义愤填膺者有之，拍手称快者亦之。但无论何种反应，都意味着正义尚在、公道犹存。这正是这件事让人欣慰的地方，让人能触摸到人性温暖的地方。

按理，出脚伤人，以暴制暴等反文明的行为总是不对的，但民调显示，认为“黑衣男”该踢的占七成，原因就在于“黑衣男”的“暴”并非简单的“暴”，至少在特定情境下特殊时间里可控状态下的“暴”，是轻微暴力，而非流氓暴力，是一定限度内可控范围下且裹挟着正义与公道色彩的暴力。（概念厘定与概念区分）

为什么说“黑衣男”的“暴”是具有公道色彩的呢？在近于失控的情况下，面对一个基本素养严重缺少又无法明理的人，道德约束乏力，法制管教艰难，选择“暂时性轻暴力”可能是“吐痰男”最熟悉最易接受的路径，这可能正适合他当下的认知水平。“黑衣男”暴力的动机是想控制局势，结果也达到了目的；程度上有分寸，那一脚的效力连轻伤的级别都达不到，且毫无穷追猛打之势，旨在局势的掌控，所以，尽管这种具有正义色彩的暴力依然是反文明的，不能被提出和被鼓励，却可以被理解。与“理中客”相比，人们的情感更激赏”黑衣男“，这既是人性光亮的所在，更是正义与公道本身的力量体现。为“黑衣男”设身处地所想的这份“情”只要建立在对社会公序的维护与人性最深沉的爱的基础上，都可以被理解。

这不是替“黑衣男”开脱，身具正义的勇士也无需别人担责。整个事件中我反而觉得“吐痰男”才是最可怜、最值得同情的一个。不能随地吐痰、不在妇幼老弱面前大声辱骂，这连几岁大的孩子都熟知的常理，“吐痰男”却浑然不觉，且似乎“理直气壮”，可见受弊之深。显然，与正常人相比，“吐痰男”有太多的教育缺失，这种缺失是一种不公平，因为它很大程度源于社会的各种因素。心理上的病痛较之身理上的病痛更严重，更凄惨。既如此，社会就有责任帮他，而不是在道义上遗弃他。

所以，当地文明办如果不把工作止于发发文件，写写总结，至少遇到特殊个案时能走出户外，协同“黑衣男”一起**，握手言和，并晓之以理，动之以情，帮吐痰男弥补缺失的礼仪知识，甚至解决他生活上的一些困难，相信“中国制造”的将不再是被网有定性的“渣男”，这称谓，毕竟搁在谁头上都会不好受。若是“正义”之上更有“温情”弥漫，于公于私都将是好事。

对于“过失者”，要具体情况具体分析。人性都是从肉里长出来的，特定情况下的激愤或冲动，也有可能是人性的温暖之处，没有必要上纲上线，倘能握手言和，并最终使人性归良，就是美的呈现。出手是被动无耐，握手方为主动建构，既打之，则安之。细致走心的工作，不应只止于压倒，还要安抚，治病还得救人，这就需要出手后的握手。握手是智慧、善意与温情的表达，是人生的大胸怀，大境界。

六、课后作业

请根据以下材料写一篇任务驱动型作文。

1、201X年除夕清晨，一名跟随父母到美国旅行的4岁南京男童，在纽约零下13℃的暴雪中裸跑，在跑步过程中，“裸跑弟”不时的叫着“爸爸抱，爸爸抱”。201X年2月这段视频被孩子的家人放到网上，4岁“裸跑弟”迅速引来了网民关注爆红网络，短短几天点击率高达26万多。对这种被称为“鹰爸式教育”的极限教育方式，网民是议论纷纷，褒贬不一。

对于以上事情，你怎么看？请就这件事表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。要求综合材料的内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，标题自拟，不要套作，不得抄袭。

2、201X年2月16日晚，北京市东直门的一家餐饮店发生火灾，消防车在赶赴救火现场途中，大量社会车辆不仅不让行，反而抢道超车。有网友将此情况拍成视频上传到网络后，一时引发热议。有网友说：“和消防车抢道，堵塞的是公共道德。” 有网友说：“如果着火的是我们自己家，我们也要抢消防车的道吗？” 还有网友说：“即使不是开车，我们抢道占道的事情还少吗？我们都习惯了！”

这件事引起你怎样的联想和思考？请阐述你的看法。要求综合材料的内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，标题自拟，不要套作，不得抄袭。

[任务驱动型作文写作技巧分享

导语：小编给大家总结了所有的写作技巧，如果需要详细说明，请到www.ruiwen.com上交流学习，希望对大家有所帮助。

一、表达方式：

记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论?

二、表现手法：

象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托(正衬、反衬)

三、修辞手法：

比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语?

四、记叙文六要素：

时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

五、记叙顺序：

顺叙、倒叙、插叙?六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写?

七、描写人物的方法：

语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

八、描写景物的角度：

视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉?

九、描写景物的方法：

动静结合(以动写静)、概括与具体相结合、由远到近(或由近到远)?

十、描写(或抒情)方式：

正面(又叫直接)、反面(又叫间接)

十一、叙述方式：

概括叙述、细节描写

十二、说明顺序：

时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

十三、说明方法：

举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用?

十四、小说情节四部分：

开端、发展、高潮、结局

十五、小说三要素：

人物形象、故事情节、具体环境

十六、环境描写分为：

自然环境、社会环境

十七、议论文三要素：

论点、论据、论证

十八、论据分类为：

事实论据、道理论据

十九、论证方法：

举例(或事实)论证、道理论证(有时也叫引用论证)、对比(或正反对比)论证、比喻论证

二十、论证方式：

立论、驳论(可反驳论点、论据、论证)

二十一、议论文的文章的结构：

总分总、总分、分总;分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。

二十二、引号的作用：

引用;强调;特定称谓;否定、讽刺、反语

二十三、破折号用法：

提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。

就我个人而言，我已经写了17年了，各式各样的文体出版物都写过：小说，报刊杂志，博客等等，但是我现在还在努力着，以使自己写出更好的文章。对于任何作家都是一样的：没有最好，只有更好。回顾我近二十年的写作生涯，其中有过痛苦的经历，也有成长的喜悦。下面和大家分享一些体会，我想，无论你现在是什么水平，这些建议(至少第12条)对你而言，觉得会有所启迪，共勉吧。

1. 阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

2. 尽可能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

3. 随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

4. 专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

5. 随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

6. 集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

7. 先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

8. 创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

9. 修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

10. 简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

11. 富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

12. 获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

13. 是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

14. 采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

15. 好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。