关于春节计划的英语作文五句话(汇集20篇)

my plan of next year

a new year ，a new start，when i stand on the edge of a new year，i cant help thinking about my plan of next year.

just as the old saying：“well began is the half of the success.”so i decide that i should be at work while the others are still relaxing ，and then ，at the beginning ，im quicker than the others and of course i will get better result than the others.

but ，what i really decide to do is that i must make good of anytime i can spare though it seems impossible. while，i will do my best to live up with what i have planned，and the result will prove it.

关于春节的英语作文带翻译四：

我明年的计划

新的一年，新的开始，当我在新的一年的边缘立场，我不禁在想我明年的计划。

正如古人云：“。好开始是成功的一半“，所以我决定，我应该是在工作，而另一些性传播疾病就会放松，然后，在开始时，我比其他人更快，我当然会得到比别人更好的结果。

但是，我真正决定做的是，我必须利用好，我可以随时备用，虽然它似乎是不可能的。虽然，我会尽我所能，用我生活已计划了，结果将证明这一点。

Summer holiday is coming. How excited! I have made a plan for my summer holiday. First of all, I will go to Hong Kong to visit my aunt. And then I will stay with her for a while. As Hong Kong is the shopping paradise, of course, I will ask my aunt to go shopping with me. I will also eat the delicious food there. And then I will go home. I know that study comes first. So I will finish my homework first. After that I will go out play with my friends. And then I will take a good rest to prepare for my coming back to school.

作文翻译：

暑假即将来临。多么的兴奋啊!我已经为我的暑假制定了计划。首先，我会去香港拜访我的婶婶。之后我会和她呆一段时间。因为香港是购物天堂，当然我会叫我婶婶陪我一起去购物。我还要吃那里美味的食物。然后我就会回家。我知道学习是最重要的。所以回去之后我会先完成我的暑假作业。之后我就会和我的朋友出去玩。再之后我就会好好的休息来为回校做好准备。

Hi, I’m He Zhizhou. I’m going to have a happy weekend! On Saturday, I’m going to the zoo by bus. I want to see the monkeys. Then, I’m going to go home and play computer for one hour. On Sunday morning, I’m going to the supermarket with my mother. Then, I’m going to the cinema. In the afternoon, I’m going to the bookstore and buy some books. Then, I’m going to read the new books at home. It will be very interesting!

The Spring Festival is a traditional festival in our country. Every Spring Festival, people always want to paste Fu characters, couplets, firecrackers. You see, every family has a decorated, the scene bursting with happiness.

Our family is no exception. I picked up a pair of spring couplets, stuck the glue on the door and put it neatly. Dad will "blessing" upside down on the door. Her sister was also busy in the room. She picked up a few red lanterns and hung them in the room, and put a bunch of small colored lights on the wall. The small color lights flicker like a small star in the blink of an eye.

"The year" the sound of firecrackers, the new year has passed. I love fireworks and love the Spring Festival more.

The street, people mountain people sea, beaming, against the colorful lights, neon lights, flash; Auto lamp, bright white, various, fantastic! Xinda street, heavy traffic, on both sides, the stall owners are selling beautiful balloon, different colors: red, yellow, blue, green, purple... . Form that vary: some blow grow winding, like a snake, somelike people smile face, there are various kinds of shape. Peoples vehicle is also different from ordinary, the car has a different decoration, like balloons, streamers and flowers and so on. Building, decorating, decorated, from the inside, outsidebusiness busy. Dance, the sky only colorful balloons, added the cheerful atmosphereto the Spring Festival. Most make a person happy that beautiful fireworks, firecrackers. Square, enthusiastic people putting the colorful fireworks, the best and the biggest shot a gun to shoot in the air, spread out a flower. And the flower on the ground, although it is small, power is also quite big, a light, spin, immediately issued a light, opened a little flower. Led adjustment by the smiling, like really, air spinning, then dance, finally finished BiBao shell exploded. A deafening noise, thefireworks blossom, beautiful!

Are happy New Year, Spring Festival is a festival, peoples life will be getting better and better.

Summer holiday is going on.But the vacation is too short,my new-term will come soon.Oh,I should make a new-term Plan ,because I must get ready to welcome my autumn term.In last term,my marks of the end exams are not good,since I did not study well enough.I was angry with myself.So I will learn harder and harder.I want to be a winner.Also,I will do these:

暑假就要过去了,但这个假期对于我来说太短了,我的新的一学期马上就要开始了.天呐,我应该做一个新学期的学习计划,因为我必须以崭新的面貌来面对新的一个学期,我上学期的学习成绩不是很好,因为我没有用功去学习课程.我很懊恼我自己当初没用功学习,所以我在新的一个学期一定要好好学习,为做一个好学生,我要做到如下几点：

First,I will review all the subjects,especially English,maths,history and physics.

其一,我要好好复习功课,尤其是英语和数学还有历史、物理.

Second,I decide to listen to the English every morning.

其次,我要每天坚持听听力.

Third,I must hand in my homework to the teachers on time.

其三、我要按时将家庭作业交给老师.

Finally,I will ask my teachers and classmates for help more often.

最后,我要主动向老师及同学帮助解决学习方面遇到的困难.

My target is to get good marks.

我的目标就是为得一个高分.

I think I can.

我行!

The Spring Festival, all the people seem to accumulate a year of happiness, is released at this moment, no matter where you go, meet what kind of people, their whole person from the inside out with happiness.

Speaking of happiness, theres plenty of our family happiness. This not, my parents work hard for a year, all the advanced workers was named units, is not only a wage increase, more bonus.

It cost me through a year of efforts, the final exam also has obtained the good result, all say joy puts heart into a man, was, in this happy festival New Years eve, we also celebrated his 60th birthday, grandma to give grandma a surprise, we in the early planning.

Night had fallen, we are all busy. I point on a huge cream cake on the dozens of root birthday candles, happily cried out: "grandma, have a meal!" Grandma came a look at the cake on the table, seem a bit surprised. Before she speak, my sister and I replied together: "grandma, I wish you a happy birthday!" Father big step forward, hurriedly grandma in my arms and give grandma a big hug, skinny grandma under daddys burly figure more dependent.

Mom took out the down jacket already prepared, grandma to put on, grandma put on mom bought a new jacket more spirit. Grandmas eyes flashing that happiness, like a childlike cannot hide...

春节，所有的人好像积攒了一年的幸福，就在此刻释放似的，不管你走到哪里，遇到什么样的人，他们整个人身上从里到外透着幸福劲。

说起幸福，我们家幸福的事还真不少。这不，我的父母辛苦了一年，个个被评为单位的先进工作者，不仅涨了工资，更发了奖金。

而我呢通过一年的努力，期末考试也取得了好的成绩，都说人逢喜事精神爽，还真是的，在这个欢乐又喜庆的除夕，我们也迎来了奶奶的六十大寿，为了给奶奶一个惊喜，我们早早的筹划着。

夜幕刚刚降临，我们都忙碌起来了。我在一只很大的奶油蛋糕上点上了几十根生日蜡烛，高兴的喊着：“奶奶，吃饭了!”奶奶走来一看桌上的蛋糕，显得有点诧异。没等她开口，我和妹妹就齐声说道：“奶奶，祝您生日快乐!”爸爸大步上前，一把把奶奶拥在怀里，给奶奶一个大大的拥抱，瘦小的奶奶在爸爸的魁梧的身材下更显得小鸟依人了。

妈妈把早就准备好的羽绒服拿了出来，要奶奶穿上，奶奶穿上妈妈买的新羽绒服更精神了。奶奶眼里闪烁着的那份幸福，似孩子般的不能掩饰……

As The Spring Festival  is coming, I decide to tell you something  about Spring Festival  .

Spring Festival ,known as the Chinese New Year,which counts from the first day in the lunar calendar ,and is the most important holiday in China.From late January to early February,Chinese people are busy preparing for the New Year.They clean their houses ,have their hair cut,and buy new clothes .Jiaozi or dumpling is most popular.To those who live far away from their home,this festival is also a framily reunion occasion.

And they often go back home to celebrate the festival with their family.At the time,the children will play the fireworks and firecracker。further more，once the children greet to olds，  for return,the olds will give the children lucky money.and last The first day of the new year is the time when people visit their friends and wish each other good luck in the new year,remember to be happy！

春节习俗英语作文10篇- 用英语介绍春节习俗

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春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：

Chinese New Year or Spring Festival is the most important of the traditional Chinese holidays. It is sometimes called the "Lunar New Year" by English speakers. The festival traditionally begins on the first day of the first month (Chinese: 正月; pinyin: zhēng yuè) in the Chinese calendar and ends on the 15th; this day is called Lantern Festival. Chinese New Years Eve is known as chú xī. It literally means "Year-pass Eve".

Chinese New Year is the longest and most important festivity in the Lunar Calendar. The origin of Chinese New Year is itself centuries old and gains significance because of several myths and traditions. Ancient Chinese New Year is a reflection on how the people behaved and what they believed in the most.

Celebrated in areas with large populations of ethnic Chinese, Chinese New Year is considered a major holiday for the Chinese and has had influence on the new year celebrations of its geographic neighbors, as well as cultures with whom the Chinese have had extensive interaction. These include Koreans (Seollal), Tibetans and Bhutanese (Losar), Mongolians (Tsagaan Sar), Vietnamese (T?t), and formerly the Japanese before 1873 (Oshogatsu). Outside of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, Chinese New Year is also celebrated in countries with significant Han Chinese populations, such as Singapore, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. In countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States, although Chinese New Year is not an official holiday, many ethnic Chinese hold large celebrations and Australia Post, Canada Post, and the US Postal Service issues New Years themed stamps.

Within China, regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese new year vary widely. People will pour out their money to buy presents, decoration, material, food, and clothing. It is also the tradition that every family thoroughly cleans the house to sweep away any ill-fortune in hopes to make way for good incoming luck. Windows and doors will be decorated

with red colour paper-cuts and couplets with popular themes of “happiness”, “wealth”, and “longevity”. On the Eve of Chinese New Year, supper is a feast with families. Food will include such items as pigs, ducks, chicken and sweet delicacies. The family will end the night with firecrackers. Early the next morning, children will greet their parents by wishing them a healthy and happy new year, and receive money in red paper envelopes. The Chinese New Year tradition is a great way to reconcile forgetting all grudges, and sincerely wish peace and happiness for everyone.

Although the Chinese calendar traditionally does not use continuously numbered years, outside China its years are often numbered from the reign of Huangdi. But at least three different years numbered 1 are now used by various scholars, making the year 2009 "Chinese Year" 4707, 4706, or 4646.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：春节正月习俗的英文介绍

The Chinese New Year celebrations are marked by visits to kin, relatives and friends, a practice known as "new-year visits" (Chinese: 拜年; pinyin: bài nián). New clothes are usually worn to signify a new year. The colour red is liberally used in all decorations. Red packets are given to juniors and children by the married and elders. See Symbolism below for more explanation.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Preceding days 春节前

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On the days before the New Year celebration Chinese families give their home a thorough cleaning. There is a Cantonese saying "Wash away the dirt on ninyabaat" (年廿八，洗邋遢), but the practice is not usually restricted on ninyabaat (年廿八, the 28th day of month 12). It is believed the cleaning sweeps away the bad luck of the preceding year and makes their homes ready for good luck. Brooms and dust pans are put away on the first day so that luck cannot be swept away. Some people give their homes, doors and window-frames a new coat of red paint. homes are often decorated with paper cutouts of Chinese auspicious phrases and couplets. Purchasing new clothing, shoes, and receiving a hair-cut also symbolize a fresh start.

In many households where Buddhism or Taoism is prevalent, home altars and statues are cleaned thoroughly, and altars that were adorned with decorations from the previous year are also taken down and burned a week before the new year starts, and replaced with new decorations. Taoists (and Buddhists to a lesser extent) will also "send gods" (送神), an example would be burning a paper effigy of Zao Jun the Kitchen God, the recorder of family functions. This is done so that the Kitchen God can report to the Jade Emperor of the family households transgressions and good

deeds. Families often offer sweet foods (such as candy) in order to "bribe" the deities into reporting good things about the family.

The biggest event of any Chinese New Years Eve is the dinner every family will have. A dish consisting of fish will appear on the tables of Chinese families. It is for display for the New Years Eve dinner. This meal is comparable to Christmas dinner in the West. In northern China, it is customary to make dumplings (jiaozi 饺子) after dinner and have it around midnight. Dumplings symbolize wealth because their shape is like a Chinese tael. By contrast, in the South, it is customary to make a new year cake (Niangao, 年糕) after dinner and send pieces of it as gifts to relatives and friends in the coming days of the new year. Niangao literally means increasingly prosperous year in year out. After the dinner, some families go to local temples, hours before the new year begins to pray for a prosperous new year by lighting the first incense of the year; however in modern practice, many households hold parties and even hold a countdown to the new lunar year. Beginning in the 1980s, the CCTV New Years Gala was broadcast four hours before the start of the New Year.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：First day 初一

The first day is for the welcoming of the deities of the heavens and earth, officially beginning at midnight. Many people, especially Buddhists, abstain from meat consumption on the first day because it is believed that this will ensure longevity for them. Some consider lighting fires and using knives to be bad luck on New Years Day, so all food to be consumed is cooked the day before. For Buddhists, the first day is also the birthday of Maitreya Bodhisattva (better known as the more familiar Budai Luohan), the Buddha-to-be. People also abstain from killing animals.

Most importantly, the first day of Chinese New Year is a time when families visit the oldest and most senior members of their extended family, usually their parents, grandparents or great-grandparents.

Some families may invite a lion dance troupe as a symbolic ritual to usher in the Lunar New Year as well as to evict bad spirits from the premises. Members of the family who are married also give red packets containing cash to junior members of the family, mostly children and teenagers.

While fireworks and firecrackers are traditionally very popular, some regions have banned them due to concerns over fire hazards, which have resulted in increased number of fires around New Years and challenged municipal fire departments work capacity. For this reason, various city governments (e.g., Hong Kong, and Beijing, for a number of years) issued bans over fireworks and

firecrackers in certain premises of the city. As a substitute, large-scale fireworks have been launched by governments in cities like Hong Kong to offer citizens the experience.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Second day 初二

The second day of the Chinese New Year is for married daughters to visit their birth parents. Traditionally, daughters who have been married may not have the opportunity to visit their birth

families frequently.

On the second day, the Chinese pray to their ancestors as well as to all the gods. They are extra kind to dogs and feed them well as it is believed that the second day is the birthday of all dogs.

Business people of the Cantonese dialect group will hold a Hoi Nin prayer to start their business on the 2nd day of Chinese New Year. The prayer is done to pray that they will be blessed with good luck and prosperity in their business for the year.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Third and fourth days 初三

The third and fourth day of the Chinese New Year are generally accepted as inappropriate days to visit relatives and friends due to the following schools of thought. People may subscribe to one or both thoughts.

1) It is known as "chì kǒu" (赤口), meaning that it is easy to get into arguments. It is suggested that the cause could be the fried food and visiting during the first two days of the New Year celebration.[citation needed]

2) Families who had an immediate kin deceased in the past 3 years will not go house-visiting as a form of respect to the dead, but people may visit them on this day. Some people then conclude that it is inauspicious to do any house visiting at all. The third day of the New Year is allocated to grave-visiting instead.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Fifth day 初五

In northern China, people eat jiǎo zi (simplified Chinese: 饺子; traditional Chinese: 餃子), or dumplings on the morning of Po Wu (破五). This is also the birthday of the Chinese god of wealth. In Taiwan, businesses traditionally re-open on this day, accompanied by firecrackers.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Seventh day 初七

The seventh day, traditionally known as rei 人日, the common mans birthday, the day when everyone grows one year older. It is the day when tossed raw fish salad, yusheng, is eaten. This is a custom primarily among the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Singapore. People get together to toss the colourful salad and make wishes for continued wealth and prosperity.

For many Chinese Buddhists, this is another day to avoid meat, the seventh day commemorating the birth of Sakra Devanam Indra.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Eighth day 初八

Another family dinner to celebrate the eve of the birth of the Jade Emperor. However, everybody

should be back to work by the 8th day. All of government agencies and business will stop celebrating by the eighth day.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Ninth day 初九

The ninth day of the New Year is a day for Chinese to offer prayers to the Jade Emperor of Heaven (天宮) in the Taoist Pantheon. The ninth day is traditionally the birthday of the Jade Emperor. This day is especially important to Hokkiens. Come midnight of the eighth day of the new year, Hokkiens will offer thanks giving prayers to the Emperor of Heaven. Offerings will include sugarcane as it was the sugarcane that had protected the Hokkiens from certain extermination generations ago. Incense, tea, fruit, vegetarian food or roast pig, and paper gold is served as a customary protocol for paying respect to an honored person.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Tenth day 初十

The other day when the Jade Emperors birthday is celebrated.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Thirteenth day 正月十三

On the 13th day people will eat pure vegetarian food to clean out their stomach due to consuming too much food over the last two weeks.

This day is dedicated to the General Guan Yu, also known as the Chinese God of War. Guan Yu was born in the Han dynasty and is considered the greatest general in Chinese history. He represents loyalty, strength, truth, and justice. According to history, he was tricked by the enemy and was beheaded.

Almost every organization and business in China will pray to Guan Yu on this day. Before his life ended, Guan Yu had won over one hundred battles and that is a goal that all businesses in China want to accomplish. In a way, people look at him as the God of Wealth or the God of Success.

春节习俗英语作文- 用英语介绍春节习俗：Fifteenth day 正月十五

The fifteenth day of the new year is celebrated as yuán xiāo jié (元宵节), otherwise known as Chap Goh Mei in Fujian dialect. Rice dumplings tangyuan (simplified Chinese: 汤圆; traditional Chinese: 湯圓; pinyin: tāngyuán), a sweet glutinous rice ball brewed in a soup, is eaten this day. Candles are lit outside houses as a way to guide wayward spirits home. This day is celebrated as the Lantern Festival, and families walk the street carrying lighted lanterns.

This day often marks the end of the Chinese New Year festivities.

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The Spring Festival is our traditional festival, the common saying is that it is a new year.

One day before the new year, people would go to the shops in the sea of people to buy things. Some people buy chickens, ducks, goose, some people buy fish and meat, and others buy Biscuits, chocolate and other snacks...

One day at noon, my father took the broom and sweep around the house. Mother wiped the table and the window with a rag. And what about me? It is to put the ornaments of the new year on the wall. The whole house became clean and beautiful. We are very happy.

The new year, for our children, is the most addictive, I look forward to that day early.

Me in the eyes of the Spring Festival is a ancient customs and traditional festivals, whenever the Spring Festival to, full of beautiful things in eyes of goods on the counter, the pedestrians on the road more and more, people mountain people sea, traffic.

Me in the eyes of the Spring Festival is a reunion festival, each to the Spring Festival, people visit family and friends, every family gather together, every family have saved yourself a years food, and share, wine, meat, vegetables... , see table out of the unique flavor, all kinds of food, of course, the guests who also youre welcome, devoured, the whole room is immersed in a warm fragrance, annual lunar calendar people came back to grandma and grandpa, and people together, the dinner, showing a child lovely smiling face and grandparents amiable smile.

In my eyes a loud at Chinese New Year holiday when it came to pass, when the Spring Festival, is the childrens favorite holiday, I saw the children "kick" in hand, another hand holding a cigarette lighter, one point one throw, pa! Sweet crisp with interest, absorbed the adults staring at the firecrackers, Brian! In sunny days a few lightning, really loud! .

Me in the eyes of the Spring Festival holiday is a slip of paper, when it came to pass, when the Spring Festival, he is one of the most auspicious time, he is a symbol of the good fortune, wealth, peace festival, people on both sides of the door labeled couplet about peace in the coming year happiness finds peace in his home, the door in the middle one big happy family, mean blessing coming is really a bustling scene!

The Spring Festival is like a lamp, lit up the way forward in life, to warm the cold of the world, he is a good holiday, is a favorite holiday, is a blessing of the festival, said the truth I really want to day before the Spring Festival.

我眼中的春节是有着古代风俗而又传统的节日，每当春节到的时候，柜台上的商品琳琅满目，路上的行人多之又多，人山人海，车水马龙。

我眼中的春节是个团聚的节日，每到春节来的时候，人们走亲访友，家家都欢聚在一起，家家都把自己存了一年的食物拿出来，和大家一起分享，酒、肉、菜……，只见桌子上摆出了风味独特，各式各样的饭菜，当然客人们谁也不客气，狼吞虎咽的吃起来时，整个屋子都沉浸在了一种温暖的香味里，大年初二的时候人们都回到了爷爷奶奶那里，和亲人们欢聚一堂，晚宴上，呈现出孩子可爱笑脸和爷爷奶奶和蔼的微笑。

我眼中的春节时一个响亮的节日每当春节来的时候，是小孩最喜欢的节日，只见孩子们手里拿着“二脚踢”，另一只手拿着打火机，一点一扔，啪!声音清脆悦耳饶有兴趣，大人们全神贯注的盯着鞭炮，啪啪!入晴天的几道闪电，真响呀!。

我眼中的春节是一个纸片的节日，每当春节来的时候，他是一个最吉祥的时候，他是一个象征着福气、财富、平安的节日，人们往往把门的两侧贴上关于平安来年幸福家庭和睦的对联，门中间贴一个大大的福家，意味福气的到来真是一片热闹的景象啊!

春节象一盏灯，照亮了人生前进的道路，温暖了人间的寒冷，他是一个美好的节日，是一个人们最爱的节日，是一个福气的节日，说心里话我真想天过春节。

the summer vacation had come round again. i was happy that i could forget about school at least for a while. lest i fool around all through this summer vacation, i made a plan as to how to spend it. first, i thought i should go over all those things my teachers taught in the previous term so that i could have a better understanding of them.

then i thought i should take up some forms of exercise, such as walking, running and rowing, to keep me physically strong. it stood to reason that with such a good plan i should make the best of my vacation time. i did, because i lived up to what i had planned.

我们祖国有悠久的历史，有着许多传统节日，还有一些各具特色的民风民俗。但我最喜欢的传统节日是：春节。除夕过了，春节也就到了，新的一年开始了。

Our motherland has a long history, there are many traditional festivals, and there are some distinctive folk customs. But my favorite traditional festival is the Spring Festival. The new years Eve has passed and the Spring Festival is coming, the new year begins.

除夕那天真热闹，家家赶做年菜，到处是酒肉的香味。男女老少都穿起新衣，门外贴上了红红的对联，屋里贴好了各色的年画。除夕夜家家灯火通宵，不许间断，鞭炮声日夜不绝。在外边做事的人除非万不得已，必定赶回家来吃团圆饭。这一夜，除了很小的孩子，没有什么人睡觉都要守岁。春节的光景与除夕那天截然不同：铺户都上着板子，门前堆着昨夜燃放的爆竹纸皮，全城都在休息。男人们午前到亲戚家朋友家拜年。女人们在家中接待客人。城内城外许多寺院举办庙会，小贩们在庙外摆摊卖茶，食品和各种玩具。小孩子们特别爱逛庙会，为的是有机会到城外看看野景，可以骑毛驴，还能买到新年特有的玩具。庙会上有赛马的，还有赛骆驼的。

The new years Eve that day lively, every new year is full of rushes, wine and meat smell. The men and women and the young and the young were all wearing new clothes, the door was red and red couplets, and the house was pasted with various years of painting. On New Years Eve, lights all night, no interruption, the sound of firecrackers day and night. Outside work unless people cannot but, must come home for family reunion dinner. That night, in addition to a very small child, not what people have to sleep staying-up late on new years eve. The Spring Festival was very different from the Lunar New Years Eve: operators are on the board, in front of a pile of cardboard last night fireworks, the city is at rest. The men before noon to relatives and friends at home pay New Years call. Women receive guests at home. In many temples outside the city, temple fairs were held. Peddlers sold tea, food and various toys outside the temple. The children loved visiting the temple, as is the opportunity to look at the scenery outside the city, you can ride a donkey, can buy new year special toys. There are horse racing and camels on the temple fair.

这些比赛并不为争谁第一谁第二，而是在观众面前表演马，骆驼与骑者的美好姿态与娴熟技能。“嘭”天空中五颜六色的。原来每年必放的烟花开始了，家家户户都把自家最美的烟花放上了天空，烟花在黑色的夜空中绽开来，一个比一个光彩夺目，天空中似乎正在举行一场选美比赛。美极了！所有人顿时停留在了那一刻，只听到烟花绽放时的惊叹声，大人们脸上露出了童真的笑容，开始回忆起自己的美好童年。

These games do not compete for the first second, but the good posture and skill of the horses, camels and riders in front of the audience. "Bang riotous with colour in the sky". The original annual fireworks will begin, every family had their most beautiful fireworks in the sky, the fireworks in the black sky split apart, than the one in the sky seems to The brightness dazzles the eyes., held a beauty contest. Beautiful! All of them stopped at that moment. They only heard the exclamation of fireworks. Their faces showed a childlike smile and began to recall their happy childhood.

同时，我们都悄悄许了愿望：希望今年我能以一个优秀的成绩考上一座中学！新的一年，新的开始。希望今年六年级的同学都一齐努力，用一个好成绩来创造自己的未来。

At the same time, we all quietly made a wish: I hope I can go to a high school with a good result this year! A new year, a new start. I hope that all the students in grade six will work together to create their own future with a good result.

As the most important festival in China since ancient times, the Spring Festival is always being excepted by we kids. Because we dont need to do any homework during this time very year.Its really a precious holiday for us. And our parents are free from their work too. We go to our grandparents to get together with them to enjoy the moment when the new year comes.

I will priciate if the holiday to be longer.

作为一直以来中国最重要的节日，春节总是带给我们这些小孩美好的期待。首先，在这春节期间我们不用写作业了。这对我们来说真是弥足珍贵的假日。我们的父母也放假，所以我们能一起去爷爷奶奶家欢度新年，一起享受新年钟声敲响时的快乐。

当然，如果这假期长一点的话我们会更开心的。

Winter vacation is short holiday in learning life, in order to expand knowledge, improve accomplishment, I can fit about good friends go to the bookstore reading a book. And I think watching TV is a good opportunity to learn. I want to know the recent state affairs, see news. Across China, take a look at our country around the ethical amorous feelings; See the world, look around the world, learning artistic talent...

I also hope and students can safety for winter vacation, according to the safety check list one by one check, be careful when you set off firecrackers and fireworks. And, of course, also should share the housework for the family in the home, help my mother clean the floor, wipe the table, wash the dishes, cleaning... Easily for winter vacation, I will go to visit the museum of cultural relics, with my family go to the amusement park to play, to explore science and technology museum in the future, to the planetarium in the exploration of the universe... Study together with extracurricular knowledge of literature.

The world expo is coming, every one of us should learn knowledge, do contribution for the world expo. I will get some students into the society, common habit, do a civilized, moral good students. Civilization is as a little host should have the quality of the Shanghai expo, whether in any place, I will also remind others, do yourself. In the winter holiday, I will be better to meet the expo, with good manners in the face of domestic and foreign tourists, let they saw from Shanghai side.

I hope you can like me, also do a winter vacation plan, make the winter vacation life rich and colorful, make this year a bullish, have a good and pleasant winter holiday life.

寒假是学习生活中短暂的假期，为了扩展知识，提升修养，我可以抽空约好朋友一起去书城看书。而我也认为看电视是个学习的好机会。我要了解最近发生的国家大事，看新闻;走遍中国，看一看祖国各地的民族风情;增长见识，放眼世界，学习艺术才华……

我也希望和同学们能安全过寒假，根据安全检查表逐一检查，放鞭炮、烟火时要当心。当然，在家里也应该为家人分担家务，帮妈妈扫地、擦桌子、洗碗，整理房间……轻轻松松过寒假，我还会和家人去博物馆参观文物，去游乐园玩耍，去科技馆探索未来，去天文馆探索宇宙……一起学习课外的文学知识。

世博会即将来临，我们每一个人都应该学好知识，为世博会做贡献。我将召集部分同学走进社会，共同找陋习，做一个讲文明，讲道德的好学生。文明是作为上海世博会的小主人应有的品质，无论是在任何地点，我也会提醒他人，做好自己。在寒假，我会更好地迎接世博，以文明的举止面对国内外的游客，让他们看见上海人的一面。

希望大家也能像我一样，做一份寒假计划，使寒假生活丰富多彩，使这年牛气冲天，度过一个美好而又愉悦的寒假生活。

Spring Festival is the most important festival in China .Its to celebrate the lunar calendar s new year .In the evening before the Spring Festival ,families get together and have a big meal .In many places people like to set off firecrackers .Dumplings are the most traditional food .Children like the festival very much ,because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes .They can also get some money from their

parents. This money is given to children for good luck . People put New Year scrolls on the wall for good fortune .

The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long .People visit relatives and friends with the words “Have all your wishes ”. People enjoy the Spring Festival ,during this time they can have a good rest .

The winter vacation is coming,I have made a plan for my vacation.I want to spend time with my family,so I will return to my hometown .I am for back to my hometown for preparation.I miss my grandparents very much ,so I will visit my grand parents at first.I will chat with my uncle and aunt ,play with my cousin .It will be very intereting .I hope I will have a great time there.

Just in the month of this month, xu wenxu, a farmer of the village of jiaxi, the tujia miao autonomous county in chongqing, was busy. In order to prepare for this New Years eve dinner, some of the essential traditional entrees are not available for the first ten days and a half months. The most important of these are "dunking" and "pepper irrigation". Xu wenxu said, "the cut meat" seems simple, but to be really fat and not greasy, soft and smooth mouth, is to take a hard time. "Irrigation HaiJiao" is to mix in the glutinous rice noodles HaiJiao ingredients after fill in the empty one by one, and then into a pickle jar sealed half a month, in the New Years eve, take out a Fried oil will be ready to serve.

Tujia attaches importance to the two dish, because before all the year round on a few back to meat rare, glutinous rice is also a rare thing, so every family take this chance to show your skills as a family reunion dinner two dish, is also the family in order to reward hard work for a year.

Surprisingly, the kelp was once the main dish of the tujia family reunion dinner. Because the former tujia region to eat salt and water is difficult, medical conditions are also poor, often people have a large neck disease due to iodine deficiency. In order to provide the family with iodine, the family members of the family in the lunar New Year dinner together with a kelp, in order to replenish the iodine needed by the human body. Under the conditions at that time, the kelp was a "delicacies" to the family, and it was impossible to eat them regularly, so it became a good dish for the annual dinner. Today, the kelp has long been out of the stage.

After the family had eaten the New Years eve dinner, each family would have a log of firewood, and everyone would sit around and listen to the old man telling the story. The old man was waiting for the first day, and he was called "the ridge of the field" to express his love for the field.

Ethnic Korean: "wine" and "degu" occupy a special place

The yanbian Korean autonomous prefecture of jilin province is the main settlement area of Korean nationality in China, and the Spring Festival is also the traditional and most important festival of Korean nationality. The Korean lunar New Year meal has its own traditional food and features.

The Korean people have a lot of food, large and small plates, or even hundreds of dishes. The special place is the old wine and degu.

On the eve of the Spring Festival, reporters in the villages of yanbian Korean autonomous prefecture saw that many ethnic Korean villagers were brewing "old wine". The Korean people have the custom of drinking "wine" at the feast. This wine is often brewed before the "year of the year". The festival is equivalent to the Spring Festival of the han nationality, and the "year old wine" is mainly made of rice, which is a kind of medicinal liquor. During the Spring Festival, they drink and entertain themselves. They believe that drinking this wine can ward off evil spirits and long life.

"Is" is a kind of bread, soup is to big rice noodle and steamed, pounded into big stick, and then rub into oval round bar, sliced, pour into chickens, pheasants, beef soup pot, to eat again when put some sesame oil and sesame oil and seaweed, taste delicious.

On the thirtieth day, Korean women wear beautiful national costumes. Most families start making cakes in the early morning. Despite the fact that there are now machines for making cakes, they still prefer to use the hammer for themselves, because they still taste different.

On New Years eve, a family reunion dinner is a very happy time, and the whole family will stay up all night. Unlike the han Chinese, the Korean family will dance and dance with the old Korean gayqin and pipe music to welcome the New Year.

刚进腊月，重庆市酉阳土家族苗族自治县板溪乡红杏村农民许文旭家就忙开了。为了准备好这顿年夜饭，一些必不可少的传统主菜不提前十天半月准备是不行的。其中最主要的当数“扣肉”和“灌海椒”。许文旭说，“扣肉”看似简单，但要做到真正肥而不腻、嫩滑爽口，是要下一番工夫的。“灌海椒”则是把糯米面拌上作料后填入一个个掏空的海椒中，然后放入咸菜罐子里封存半个月，到了除夕，拿出来用油一炸就可以上桌了。

土家人之所以重视这两道菜，是因为以前一年到头难得吃上几回肉，糯米也是稀罕东西，因此家家都把这两道菜当作年夜饭展示手艺的机会，同时也是为了犒劳辛劳了一年的家人。

令人意外的是，海带还曾一度成为土家年夜饭的主菜。因为以前土家族聚集地区吃盐巴都困难，医疗条件也差，经常有人因缺碘患上大脖子病。为了给家人补碘，土家人就在年夜饭上一道海带，以补充人体所需的碘。在当时的条件下，海带对土家人来说，真可谓 “山珍海味”，经常吃根本不可能，因此成了年夜饭上的一道好菜。如今，海带早已退出年夜饭的“舞台”。

土家人吃过年夜饭后，各家都会燃起一根木柴，大家围坐聆听老人讲故事，守岁到天亮，名叫“守田埂”，以表达对田地的热爱。

朝鲜族：“岁酒”和“德固”占据特殊位置

吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州是我国朝鲜族主要聚居地区，春节也是朝鲜族的传统的和最重要的节日。朝鲜族的年夜饭有着自己传统的食品和特色。

朝鲜族的年夜饭丰常丰富，大大小小的盘子七八十个，有的人家甚至达上百个。其中占特殊位置的是‘岁酒’和‘德固’二种。

春节前夕，记者在延边朝鲜族自治州的各乡村看到，很多朝鲜族村民都在酿造“岁酒”。朝鲜族在年夜饭有喝“岁酒”的习俗。这种酒多在过“岁首节”前酿造。岁首节相当于汉族的春节，“岁酒”以大米为主料，配以多味中药材，是一种药酒。用于春节期间自饮和待客，他们认为饮用此酒可以避邪、长寿。

“德固”是一种汤饼，就是将大米面和好蒸熟后，捣成大粘团，再搓成椭圆形圆条，切成薄片，倒入鸡、野鸡、牛肉汤锅中，吃时再放些麻油或香油以及紫菜，味美可口。

在年三十那天，朝鲜族妇女都要穿上漂亮的民族盛装。大多数家庭从一大早就开始做打糕。尽管现在有卖做打糕的机器，但他们还是喜欢用打糕槌自己动手做，因为感觉味道还是不一样。

除夕夜一家都围在一起吃年夜饭，是非常幸福的时刻，全家都会守岁通宵达旦。与汉族不同的是，朝鲜族大年夜这顿饭会载歌载舞，伴着朝鲜族古老的伽耶琴和筒箫乐曲迎接新年的到来。

I will have a seven-day holiday next week. In these days, I have many things to do. First, I must finish the exercises left by teachers, Chinese, math and English. It may take me two days to finish. I plan finish them in the first and second day. And then, I will go to see my grandparents with mom and dad. I miss them very much. So do they. I will stay there for three days. The last two days, I want to have a good rest or play with my friends. It’s my own time, so that I want to spend it with my friends. This is my plan for the holiday. What about yours?

下周我将有七天的假期。在这几天我有很多事情要做。首先，我必须完成老师布置的作业，有语文，数学和英语。完成这些作业要花我两天的时间。我打算在第一天和第二天完成，接着我会和爸爸妈妈去看望爷爷奶奶。我很想念他们，他们也很想念我们。我会在那里待上三天。最后两天，我想好好休息或者和我朋友一起玩。这是我自己的时间，所以我想和朋友一起度过。这就是我的假期计划。你的计划是怎么样的呢?

学习策略指学生为了有效地学习和使用英语而采取的各种行动和步骤以及指导这些行动和步骤的信念。学习策略对提高学生的学习效果、养成学习习惯以及培养终身学习能力具有重要意义。

1. 关于学习策略的背景

自20世纪70年代以来，外语教学研究有一个重要的转向，即从研究教师如何教转向学生如何学。在过去很长一段时间里，外语教学研究主要是研究教师如何教，产生了各种各样的教学方法。但是经过很多年的实验，认为教学方法固然重要，但是我们更需要了解学生如何学。所以从20世纪70年代开始，很多专家开始关注学生如何学习的研究。

在这个研究领域的一个重要问题，就是关于学习策略的研究。因此，学习策略成为第二语言学习的研究，成为外语教学研究的一个重要领域。经过四十多年的研究和实践，学习策略的研究已经从理论走向实践。我们说从理论走向实践，主要是指在20世纪70年代和80年代，主要研究关于学习策略的一些基本理论，比如说什么是学习策略，哪些因素影响学习策略，学习策略是如何培养的，以及各种不同的语言学习者所采用的学习策略。其中最早的人研究关于优秀语言学习者采取的策略和其他的语言学习者采取的策略有哪些不同。经过一二十年的研究，到了20世纪90年代的时候，学习策略研究逐渐地走向实践。所谓走向实践就是指在课堂教学中如何渗透学习策略，如何培养学生的学习策略。在这个背景下，学习策略已经成为语言教学实践领域的一个不可或缺的领域。所以在过去的三十多年里面，学习策略已经成为外语课程设计、教材编写、课堂教学的一个重要方面。很多国家和地区的外语教学大纲，或者外语课程标准，都把学习策略列为主要的课程目标之一。就我们了解的情况来看，从20世纪90年代到现在，大约二十多年的时间里面，很多国家在做外语课程改革的过程中，在重新制定教学大纲和课程标准的过程中，都把学习策略列为一个重要的领域。当然有的叫学习策略，有的可能还叫学习方法，或者有的地方有其他的名称。就我知道在香港制定的英语教学大纲，副标题就是learning how to learn，这里就是说强调学会如何学习，也就是学生在学校期间，学会如何学习。这在一定意义上可能比学习具体的知识，发展具体的语言技能更加重要。所以各个国家都非常重视学习策略使用能力的培养，或者说更广泛一些，就是自主学习能力和终身学习能力的培养。

2. 学习策略是英语课程的重要目标

我们国家在2001年制定的英语课程标准也把学习策略列为五个主要的课程目标之一。应该说，在十年前我们把学习策略列为课程目标是一个非常正确的举措。在当时也引起了广泛的关注。经过十多年的实践，大家对学习策略的了解更多。广大一线教师在课堂上实践学习策略的实践情况也越来越好。但是还是有一些认识不清楚的地方。

我们为什么要把学习策略列为课程的目标?十年前我们就这么做了，老师们也有一定的认识。但是现在还有一些模糊的认识。在这里我们再简单地研究一下学习策略的意义和价值。第一，大量的研究已经证明，学生使用学习策略能有效地提高英语学习的效果。从20世纪70年代开始，我们就在研究语言学习者的策略。主要的研究领域是使用学习策略比不使用学习策略效果更好。研究已经表明，不管是初级语言学习者，中级学习者，还是高级学习者，他们使用学习策略都对语言能力的提高有极大的促进作用。不仅是在西方国家，在西方以外的国家，也做过这样的实验。我们国家虽然起步晚一些，但是从20世纪80年代以来也有大量的研究，也证明了使用学习策略能够提高学习效果。就我看到的研究成果来看，有小学的，有中学的，也有大学的，有青少年的，也有成年人的，这一条应该是不可怀疑的。第二个原因是培养学习策略有利于实现个性化学习。什么叫个性化学习呢?就是我们每一个学习者都有自己的特点，有自己的学习目标，有自己的学习方式，有自己的学习方法，这就是个性化学习。既然每个学生，或者每个学习者都有自己的特点，那么他们采用的学习策略也应该是不一样的。由于个性学习的需求，我们每个人需要找到适合自己特点的学习方式，学习策略也正是对此能够有所帮助。因为学习策略实际上是每一个人根据自己的需要采取的策略。虽然说每一个人的策略不太一样，但是总体来讲，学习策略还是有规律的。所以我们在课程标准里面，在教材里面渗透学习策略，也能够帮助学习者逐渐地发展个性，具有个性化特点的学习方式、学习方法。第三，发展学习策略有利于学生形成自主学习和终身学习的能力。我们现在的教育非常强调自主学习和终身学习的能力。比如说香港地区，它特别强调在学校期间，学生要学会如何学习。终身学习能力也好，自主学习能力也好，它都建立在一定的学习方式、学习方法、学习策略的基础上。我们掌握了学习策略，就可能实现自主学习。也就是说，学生在没有教师的指导和帮助下，能够独立地学习，有了独立学习能力，或者自主学习能力，那么才有可能培养终身学习能力。所谓终身学习能力，就是说学生离开学校之后，进入社会、走向工作之后，还要继续学习，就是我们通常所说的“活到老，学到老”。这三者之间是密切联系的。学习策略的培养有利于形成自主学习能力，自主学习能力有利于形成终身学习能力。

3. 学习策略的定义

那么，到底什么是学习策略呢?或者具体来讲，就英语学科而言，究竟什么是英语学习策略?这里让我们看一看英语课程标准的定义。义务教育英语课程标准对学习策略的定义是这样的：“学习策略是指学生为了有效地学习和使用英语而采取的各种行动和步骤以及指导这些行动和步骤的信念。”应该说这个定义是比较全面的。在现有的文献中，关于学习策略的定义很多，有的很简单，有的很复杂，有的具有比较强的学术味道，有的比较通俗。考虑到课程标准这个文件的特殊性，我们既要使这个定义科学全面，同时也易于老师们理解，所以我们给出这样一个定义。在这个定义里面，我们希望老师们把握几个关键词。首先，这个定义中的关键词是“学生”，因为策略是学生在学习和使用英语过程中的策略，而不是教师，也不是其他人，所以我们要注意学生。这与学生的自主学习、终身学习是相关的，与学生的背景是相关的。学习策略研究的来源是从研究教师如何教转向学生如何学。也就是说，学生如何学是我们关注的重点。学习策略也是以学生为主体的，虽然我们强调教师在学习过程中的作用，但是学习策略主要是学生使用的策略。第二个关键词是“有效地学习和使用英语”，这里面其实又关系到三个关键词，“有效”、“学习”和“使用”。“有效”是指我们采取学习策略以后，我们的效率会更高一些。“学习”和“使用”语言，这里除了学习语言，还包括使用语言。老师们要注意，我们一般认为先学完英语，再去使用。其实这有点儿片面，学英语的过程，也是使用英语的过程。英语课程标准特别强调，在学习英语过程中要使用语言，同时强调在使用英语的过程中学习语言。所以我们这里特意强调学习策略。虽然在术语上讲叫学习策略，但是实际上它包括的意思是学习英语和使用英语的策略。第三个关键词是“行动和步骤”。对这两个词怎么理解呢?行动，可以是比较大的行动，也可以是微观的行动，步骤往往是比较微观的具体的做法。比如说我为了完成某一个事情，要采取某一个行动，这个可能是一个短期的，也可能是个长期的行动。步骤，就是我们做某件事情具体的程序，先做什么，再做什么。比如我们在阅读过程中，遇到生单词，我们可能去查词典，那么这就是一个小的行动。查词典本身有可能涉及很多小的步骤。比如关于词典的选择，查词典过程中，是查一个词全面的意思和用法，还是有选择性地了解这个词的用法，这都是一些小的步骤。第四个关键词是“信念”。策略可能是学生采取的行动和步骤，但同时也是信念，所以这个定义的最后一部分是“以及指导这些行为和步骤的信念”。信念就是思想，就是学习者对语言学习的一些看法、认识。我们每个人做任何事情都是有一定的思想前提的。也就是说，我们有什么样的想法，就可能采取什么样的行动。传统意义上的教学方法，一般是不包括行动后边的信念。学习策略则包括这样的信念。比如说，我认为学英语就需要大量的阅读，这就是一种信念，那么在这种信念的指导下，可能采取一些步骤和行动。因此，学习策略既包括学习者采取的具体的行动和步骤，同时也包括这些行动和步骤背后的信念。这是一个基本的定义，希望老师们在研究学习策略的时候，注意把握这个定义中的这几个关键词。

也许有些老师会问，学习策略和学习方法有没有区别。我也注意到，有的文献，包括我们国内出版的有关新课程的文献也经常提到，有的还专门阐述学习策略与学习方法之间的区别。虽然大家觉得这个区别并不重要，但是有的老师还是比较关心。这里我们简单地做一个讨论。通常学习策略是指学习者对学习的认识以及为提高学习效果而采取的步骤和行动。策略的概念比方法的概念更加全面，涵盖的内容更为丰富。传统意义的学习方法，就是做事情的一些具体的方式方法，包括技巧。当然这个方法在我们中国人的心里是一个广义的概念。它可以包括很具体的做法，也可以包括一种大的方法。但是一般情况下我们还认为方法就是做事情的方式、方法，但不包括信念、思想。学习策略是应该包括思想和信念的。所以说学习策略这个术语应该是比学习方法涵盖的内容更多一些。我们的课程标准之所以没有采用“学习方法”这个术语，而采用“学习策略”这个术语，第一是希望这个术语能够涵盖更多的内容，第二个也是与国际现有的学术文献，以及其他各个国家课程改革相关的内容接轨。据我们了解的情况，很多国家和地区都采用了“学习策略”这个术语。第三，应该指出的是，传统意义的学习方法也都属于学习策略，但是有些学习策略则可能不属于方法。比如刚才提到的，学习英语需要大量阅读这就是个信念，是一个策略，那么这个信念恐怕就不能叫方法。

为了使各位老师更加清楚地理解方法和策略的区别，我们再举一些例子请大家来看一看。我给大家呈现的这些陈述，到底是方法呢，还是策略呢?

1.每天早晨朗读课文。

2.应该通过大量阅读来增加词汇量。

3.根据阶段学习情况调整学习计划。

4.注意寻求各种英语实践机会。

5.在英语角主动与人交谈。

6.学单词时想象单词代表的物体的形状。

7.注意收集各种英语资料。

8.把新学的单词抄在笔记本里。

“每天早晨朗读课文”这是一个策略，还是一个方法呢?显然，很多老师会说，我们觉得这个是策略，也是方法。因为按照现在策略的定义，所有的方法都可以叫做策略。“应该通过大量阅读来增加词汇量”，这个是传统意义的方法呢，还是我们现在说的学习策略呢?根据我们刚才的分析，这句话算一个信念或者算一个思想。因为它认为应该通过大量的阅读来提高词汇量，关键是这个陈述里面有一个“应该”这个词，这就是一种思想，那么这种思想是一个学习策略。它本身并不是一个做事情的方式、方法，但是这句话所表达的含义可能影响我们做事情，影响我们做事情的方式方法，所以可以说是一个策略。第三个“根据阶段学习情况调整学习计划”，这个肯定是策略，同时也可以说是方法。传统意义的学习方法也包括做计划、注意寻求各种英语实践机会，它是注意寻求机会，并不是说真正的用英语实践，它是一种思想、一种态度，所以我们认为这个是策略。还有“在英语角主动与人交谈”，这个和第四个非常接近，应该也是学习策略。第六个，“学单词时想象单词所代表的固体的形状”。我们学习苹果apple这个词的时候，同时想一想apple代表的具体的物体，比如说它的形状、颜色、味道等，这毫无疑问是传统意义的学习方法，也是学习策略。第七个，“注意收集各种英语资料”，这个和第四和第五个是一样的，对“注意收集各种资料”有两种理解。一种是自己经常收集学习资料，可以说是具体的行为，同时也可能说是一种态度，比如说我“注意”，文中的注意表示重视，这也是一种思想，也是一种理念，这个应该是学习策略。第八个，“把新学的单词抄在笔记本里”，这是我们大家非常熟悉的一个学习行为，毫无疑问是学习方法，同时也是学习策略，但是这是一个比较微观的学习策略。我们从刚才举的这八个例子可以看到，学习策略与学习方法非常接近，但也有一些细微的差异。总体来讲，策略涵盖的内容可能更多一些。

4. 学习策略的分类

英语学习策略分类是学习策略研究的一个重要领域，也是现在的一个难题。之所以是一个难题，是因为分类的标准是多样的，不同的标准就会导致不同的类别。这里我给大家介绍几个常用的分类标准和常用的分类框架。对事物进行分类能够增进我们对事物的理解。如果很多事物堆在一起不分类，杂乱无章，我们看不出它们的规律，或者规律看得不够清楚。所以我们经常要对事物进行分类。

首先根据策略与认知过程的关系进行分类，那么这个分类标准就是策略与认知过程的关系。什么叫认知过程呢，认知过程就是我们人类认知周围世界的过程。由于我们认知事物的过程是多种多样的，或者是变化的，那么我们采取的策略也是不一样的。根据这个标准，我们把学习策略分为四大类：

第一类是认知策略。什么叫认知策略，就是我们认知事物的过程中采取的策略，也就是说，当我们人类在认知一个事情的时候，采取的角度和方式。比如说，我为了更好地记住某个事物的形状，颜色特征等，用一个具体的方式来加深印象，这就是认知策略。第二类是元认知策略。当然元认知策略这个术语本身学术成分比较高，很多老师不太欣赏，所以我们在课程标准里面有意回避了这个术语。但是这里我们还希望老师们能够理解。所谓的“元”，就是在原来的基础之上，提高了一个层次，那么原认知就是对认知本身的认知。比如说有一个方法，我就让他们做，但是我不去思考这个方法本身的效果，以及方法本身的科学性。假如某一天，我们对这个方法的效果产生怀疑，我们反思这些方法的使用情况以及这一方法的使用效率，这就是元认知。换句话说，对认知本身的认知。又比如说通过阅读来提高词汇量，这既是一个认知过程，也是一个学习过程，那么这个过程本身怎么样，它的价值如何，这可能需要从另外一个层面进行认知。如果我认为通过大量的阅读提高词汇量是很科学的，这就是对这个行为本身的一个评价，这个评价就是一个认知。基于这样的认知，基于这样的语言认知的策略或者思想，就叫元认知策略。

在这里再举两个例子说明认知策略和元认知策略的区别。我们在学单词的时候，为了更好地记住这些词，或者了解、把握这些词的意思和用法，往往采取把单词按词性进行分类的策略，这个分类过程就是认知过程，这个策略就是认知策略。那么什么叫元认知策略呢?我认为把单词按词性进行分类有利于加深记忆，这就是元认知。把单词按词性分类是一个具体的做法，是一个思想，是一个认知策略，我们又对这个认知策略进行“认知”，通过观察、实验，我们认识到这样做有利于加深对单词的记忆，也许另外有人认为它不利于加深单词的记忆，甚至有人认为，这样分类不利于理解单词，这也是一种思想，这也是一种策略。对策略进行认知的策略这就是元认知策略。如果老师们对它们之间的差别理解得很含糊的话，问题也不太大，因为这个定义的区别主要在学术界，与我们一般老师解释关系不是很大。

第三个是情感策略。我们很多老师对这个策略比较陌生。情感策略是什么呢?就是在学习过程中调整、调控、控制自己情绪情感的策略。人有丰富的情绪情感，外语学习者在学习过程中有很多情绪，那么这些情绪有积极的，有消极的，它们直接或间接地影响学习过程。紧张、焦虑是情感，高兴、动机、兴趣等也是情感。这些情感是积极的。我们如何尽量保持积极的情感，尽量控制消极的情感，这就需要采取策略，这就是情感策略。

第四类叫交际策略。交际策略就是在使用语言过程中，为了提高交际的效果，为了克服交际困难而采取的策略。我们在学单词mood的时候，mood这个词本身表示情绪，四个字母，mood。有的学习者为了对这些词理解得更深刻，记忆得更深刻，在写这个词的时候，故意把中间这两个字母o，写成两个人脸的形状，一个是高兴的表情，一个是沮丧的表情，那么这两个表情就能代表这个单词部分的含义，mood情绪的变化。有的学生通过这样做，对这个词本身的含义就加深了理解，这就是一个情感策略。

第二种分类方法是根据策略里语言学习领域的关系进行分类。语言学习领域包括很多子领域，比如说语音学习、语法学习、听力训练、口语训练、阅读训练等，按照这个角度可以把学习策略分为以下这些类别：听力训练策略、口语训练策略、阅读理解策略、写作训练策略、语感学习策略、词汇学习策略等。

第三种分类方法是根据策略使用者进行分类。有初学者，中级学习者和高级学习者，有成功学习者和不太成功的学习者，如果根据学习策略使用对象的背景进行分类，可以分成成功学习者与不太成功者的学习策略。这实际上是学习策略研究最早的一种分类方式。因为当时较多地研究成功学习者学习策略，用于指导不太成功的学习者。还可以分成初级学习者与高级学习者的策略。初级学习者不一定从年龄角度分，可能是从语言学习的水平，或者是阶段来分的。显然初级学习者和高级学习者采用的策略是不一样的。当然学习者本身不存在高级和初级的问题，而是指他们的学习水平。

5. 学习策略使用能力的培养

学习策略使用能力的培训也是课程标准非常强调的。学习策略使用能力是后天发展的，不是天生的，它的发展需要学生自己努力，同时也需要教师的指导，还需要同伴的帮助。学习策略能力发展的过程也比较复杂。根据过去几十年的研究，有的学生可能发展得快一些，有的则很慢，有的发展得比较有效，有的虽然经过努力，仍然不能有效地成为学习策略。所以关于学习策略的培训就成为值得大家思考的问题。这里谈关于学习策略使用能力培养的几个关键问题。

第一，有些策略属于认识或意识，对于这样的策略，主要通过引导和潜移默化的方式进行训练。一个人做某件事情，他肯定是有一些思想的，我们把这个思想叫认识，或者叫意识。认识和意识是人主动形成的，而且不易在短时间内改变。认识和意识往往还是看不见、摸不着的。这类策略有：积极与其他同学合作、注意听教师的指令、表达时不怕犯错误、在交际中注意到中外交际习俗的差异、积极参与课内外英语学习活动、积极培养对英语的好奇心等。这一类策略的特点就是都有认识或者意识在里面，有一些可能是具体性的，但是大多数都是关于一种想法的。这类策略应该如何培训呢?应该是解释、引导、鼓励，所谓解释，就是让学生知识这些策略的价值、策略的内涵;引导就是鼓励学生朝这些方向努力，鼓励学生形成这种认识;鼓励学生去努力去尝试，鼓励学生在这些思想的指导下，采取具体的行动。

第二，有些策略属于学习习惯、学习方式、学习方法和学习技巧。对于这一类策略可以通过介绍、示范等方式，鼓励学生大胆尝试。因为这一类策略比较具体，老师可以示范，学生可以模仿，老师还可以观察。有些策略与语言技能的训练密切相关，那么这类策略最好与具体的语言学习活动结合起来。在某种意义上讲，听力策略、阅读策略是一种听力技能和阅读技能。比如说，在阅读过程中，根据上面的内容猜测词义就是一个策略。它既是一个学习策略，也是一个阅读技巧。这一类的策略最好和具体的语言教学活动结合起来。这类策略有积极尝试、使用所学英语及表达、对所学内容主动复习和练习、制订简单的英语学习计划、对所学内容能主动复习并加以整理和归纳、经常与教师和同学交流学习体会、必要时借助母语知识理解英语。这些都是一些具体的学习习惯和学习方式、学习技巧。对于这类方式技巧，我们采取什么样的策略培训呢?主要是介绍示范。首先要让学生知道有这样的策略，或者让不太成功的学习者知道成功学习者经常采用这些策略，这是解释介绍。同时我们要示范，可以当场示范。比如说制订学习计划时，可以把其他同学的学习计划进行展示介绍，还可以请一部分同学向其他同学介绍他们的学习经验，这也是示范。再比如说“有效地借助母语理解英语知识”，这个是我们很熟悉的策略，不用示范学生也会做。

第三类是与语言技能相关的策略。这类策略有，语言表达时利用手势、表情;想象单词代表的物体的形状、颜色、味道，比如我们学习一个词汇的时候，学习一个表达法的时候，我们在听别人讲话的时候，我们都可能去想一想，他说的这个事情是什么东西，大概是什么形状;还有根据提示猜测单词的意思，利用图片等信息理解阅读我听到的内容。这一类策略主要通过示范和介绍来培训。当然这种学习策略的培训是很一个很复杂的过程，不像我们讲得这样简单。

最后我们强调几点，如果教师在课堂中渗透学习策略的训练的时候，应该注意几个问题。第一，学生的学习策略并不是整齐划一的，也就是说所有的学生，都可能采取不同的学习策略。不要希望，也更不能要求学生采取整齐划一的学习策略。不同学习者使用的策略有差异。学习策略是有差异的，主要是不同学习者他们采用的方式各有不同。第二，在不同阶段形成和使用策略也不同。这一条当然也是容易理解的。小学生、中学生、大学生，他们用的策略肯定不一样。初级学习者和中级学习者，高级学习者用的策略也不一样。所以要注意阶段性。第三，有一些策略是逐渐形成的，从简单到复杂，逐渐提高，也就是说，这些策略可能在初级阶段就有，中级阶段也有，高级阶段还有，但是呢，在不同阶段它们的内涵不一样，使用的频率不一样，使用的环境不一样，使用的目的可能也不一样。这些策略要逐渐形成，学生使用这些策略的能力，也是逐步地提高的。比如说猜测词义，小学生也可能猜测词义，中学生也可能猜测词义，就是大学生，也需要在阅读过程中猜测词义。第四，在实际学习过程中，策略的使用情况受学习目的和学习内容的影响。也就是说，策略本身可能具有普遍性，但是在具体的某个学习阶段，某个学习环节，学生使用的策略取决于学习目的和学习内容。

6. 学习策略使用情况的评估

为什么谈这个问题?因为我们要进行学习策略培训，首先要了解学生使用策略的情况，学生使用学习策略之后，我们也要对学习它使用的效率来进行评估。对学习策略使用情况评估一般包括以下几个方面。

第一，观察学生在学习活动中的行为表现。相当一大部分学习策略首先是学生采取的行动和步骤，其次是学生的认识。行动和步骤是可以观察的。教师可以在课堂上完成，也可以在课后完成，也可以通过学生之间的相互观察，还可以学生自己通过观察来完成。当然学生自己不能看见自己，但是可以通过自己的反思的方法进行后观察。

第二，分析学生的作业。有人说通过作业怎么能看出学生的学习策略呢?首先，通过学生作业我们可以了解学生在哪些方面学得比较好，哪些方面需要改进。这就间接地反映了他的学习策略。当然这里的学生作业是广义的，并不只是学生写的一篇作文，或者做的一道书面练习题，而是学生在课外课内做的各种各样的事情的集合。

第三，以小组形式交流讨论。我们可以通过师生小范围的座谈交流，或通过学生之间的交流，让他们相互介绍最近采取了什么样的策略，效果如何，等等。这都是小组的交流讨论。

第四，问卷调查或者叫自评表。目前的学习策略评估主要是通过问卷调查和自评表。

Time flies, the twinkling of an eye, and a semester has passed, we welcomed our long-expected winter holiday, celebrated our joy. This, of course, happiness is not to play computer to watch TV every day of the "happy", but a reasonable arrangement of holiday time, mix to get happiness. Here is my winter vacation plan, please review.

A, serious finish the teacher leave each homework. During the holiday season, we want to learn, practice and play these three aspects, of course, learning is the most important. So, we should finish the teacher leave each homework seriously, do playing and learning.

Second, to take part in more social practice. In the study, we cant at home and watch TV every day, more out of their homes, to participate in some meaningful social practice activities.

Third, read some good books. About two months of winter vacation, we cant just want to play, but also read some good books, broaden our horizons. Truly "min and studious, fools".

Four, out of the door, go to outdoor exercise. Holiday life, little of course not stay healthy. We should make full use of vacation time, enhance their own resistance, make your body more healthy.

Fifth, preview the content of the next semester to learn. I hope I can during the holidays, understand the contents of the next semester to learn, and to prepare, at the same time also want to review what we have learnt last term.

Holiday life is like a colorful pebbles, a less intense colour, also a more relaxed joy.

时光飞逝，转眼间，又一个学期过去了，我们迎来了我们期盼已久的寒假，迎来了我们的一份快乐。当然，这快乐不是每天玩电脑看电视的“快乐”，而是合理安排假期时间，劳逸结合得到的快乐。下面就是我的寒假计划，请大家多多点评。

一、认真完成老师留的每一项作业。在假期中，我们要以学习、实践和玩耍这三方面入手，当然，学习还是最重要的。所以，我们要认真完成老师留的每一项作业，做到玩耍和学习两不误。

二、多参加一些社会实践活动。在学习之余，我们不能每天都在家里看电视，要多走出家门，参加一些有意义的社会实践活动。

三、阅读一些有益的书籍。长约两个月的寒假，我们不能只想着玩耍，还要多读一些好书，开阔我们的眼界。真正做到“敏而好学，不耻下问”。

四、走出家门，去户外锻炼身体。假期生活，当然少不了强健体魄。我们要充分利用假期时间，增强自己的抵抗力，让自己的身体更健康。

五、对下学期要学习的内容进行预习。我希望能在假期里，了解下学期要学习的内容，并进行预习，同时也要复习上学期学过的内容。

假期生活就像一个色彩丰富的鹅卵石，少了一分紧张的色彩，也多了一分轻松的喜悦。