英语写作基础考试精品20篇

一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis， she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light， turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

二：删除诸如"who is"或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel， which is written in three parts， told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call. 写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

1.everything has its time and that time must be watched.

万物皆有时，时来不可失。

2.take time when time cometh,lest time steal away.

时来必须要趁时，不然时去无声息。

3.when an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you.

机不可失，时不再来；机会一过，永不再来。

4.make hay while the sun shines.

晒草要趁太阳好。

5.strike while the iron is hot.

趁热打铁。

6.work today,for you know not how much you may be hindered tomrrow.

今朝有事今朝做，明朝可能阻碍多。

7.punctuality is the soul of business.

因循拖延是时间的大敌；拖延就是浪费时间。

8.wisdom is a good purchase though we pay dear for it.

为了求知识，代价虽高也值得。

9.every tide hath ist ebb.

潮涨必有潮落时。

10.knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

11.wisdom is more to be envied than riches.

知识可羡，胜于财富。

12.wisdom is better than gold or silver.

知识胜过金银，

13.wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有钱。

14.doubt is the key of knowledge.

怀疑是知识之钥。

15.if you want knowledge,you must toil for it.

若要求知识，须从勤苦得。

16.a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

浅学误人。

17.a handful of common sense is worth a bushel of learning.

少量的常识，当得大量的学问。

18.knowledge advances by steps and not by leaps.

知识只能循序渐进，不能跃进。

19.learn wisdom by the follies of others.

从旁人的愚行中学到聪明。

[英语作文考试加分句

今天下午上英语课时侯老师说：今天我们英语考试，大家要细心哦！于是侯老师把卷子让大家传下去，然后侯老师说：要写班级姓名，还要检查背面有没有题，我们按照侯老师的话去做了，下午回到家，我上完钢琴课不久奶奶说：告诉你一个好消息，你猜是什么好消息？我猜来猜去猜不着，奶奶提示我了一下说：英语考试我说：英语考试得了100分，奶奶说：答对啦！因为我以前考英语时都没有考过100分，就是因为我没有细心答题、细心检查，这次我的了100分，所以我非常高兴！

我以后要再接再厉，不能骄傲。

一、忌套用材料，一味模仿

套用材料主要是指不少考生相信“万能开头”“万能结尾”之类的话或一味套用高考优秀作文里面的语段或论据，造成“你用我用他也用”的千文一面的状况。主要表现有三种：

(1)套用“开头”或“结尾”。有的语文教辅书上有所谓的“万能开头”“万能结尾”，不少学生如获至宝，作文时经常套用，如出现最多的开头是这样的排比句：“盈盈月光，我掬一杯最清的;落落余辉，我拥一缕最暖的;灼灼红叶，我拾一片最热的;萋萋芳草，我摘一束最灿的;漫漫人生，我要采撷其中最重的——毅力。(“毅力”可以换成其他词语)出现最多的结尾是：“蓝天若水，红叶如鱼，我听见金属的音响一声声穿越了山林。”

(2)套用高考优秀作文里面的语段或论据。近几年高考出现了一批借评价名人论述观点的个性化作文，如2002年山东一考生的满分作文《刺秦》，2003年北京一考生的满分作文《十个海子的复活》，2004年重庆考生的满分作文《菊花飘香的时节》和《独上高楼》，2005年河北考生的满分作文《菊花?泪水》，2005年四川考生的满分作文《在忘记与铭记的两岸》《永远的苏武》等，不少考生靠背过几篇类似的文章，写什么话题都引用名人事迹，尤其是李白、陶渊明、苏轼等文学家的事迹，出现了一大批让阅卷老师“头大”的作文。

(3)套用流行材料。生活中刚出现的东西固然算新，若大多数考生都用，就会失去新鲜感，考场议论文论据的使用忌讳“扎堆”。如近几年央视每年推出的感动中国人物颁奖词固然好，但人们太熟悉，已成为广大考生背诵的材料，有些考生写什么作文都用当年的感动中国人物颁奖词，颁奖词几乎成了“万能论据”。

有位作家曾说过，第一个把女人比喻成花的人是天才，第二个把女人比喻成花的人是庸才，的三个把女人比喻成花的人则是蠢才。刘墉在《创造与阐述》中说：“第一等人创造，第二等人阐述，第三等人模仿。”如果一味套用，不知创新，一味地“拿来主义”，只能让自己的思维僵化，如何写出有新意的文章?考生必须养成勤读书报的好习惯，勤于积累，不断充实自己的“素材库”，在作文时方能驾轻就熟，左右逢源，写出有新意的文章。

二、忌盲目抒情，感情虚假

话题作文主要考查学生语言表达能力、思想认识水平，有些考生写不出对话题所反映现象的深刻认识，便用抒情文段来凑字数。这种盲目抒情的文字大多来自时下流行的高考满分作文或某些报刊登载的所谓精彩文段中，如：没有蓝天的深邃，可以有白云的飘逸。没有大海的壮阔，可以有小溪的优雅。没有原野的芬芳，可以有小草的翠绿…… 它们与话题作文的议论毫无联系，考生只以为它有文采便拿来使用，却适得其反。

还有些考生平时没有丰厚的积累，缺少对话题的深刻理解，考试时临时拼凑一些句子，或赞美老师多么辛苦以博得阅卷教师的好感，或紧跟当前政治形势发一番假、大、空的议论，等等，不一而足。如2005年辽宁一考生的《今年花胜去年红》的第二段：

今年考生增至十六万之多，比去年同期增长几百个百分点，这意味着什么，预示着什么?意味着振兴东北需要我们的力量。这可喜可贺的数字正孕育着无限的生机，我们的辽宁又向前迈出了一步，依旧稳坐东北三省的龙头老大这把交椅。俗话说：“长江后浪推前浪，一代更比一代强。”80年代后的我们有信心超越前辈们，有能力完成各项被指派的任务，有决心为我省乃至我们的祖国写一页光辉的历史!

这一段文字看似扣题，实则望文生义，是典型的假、大、空文章，最后被判为四类卷，一点也不冤枉。

议论性散文不是抒情散文，抒情的文字尽量要少，决不能无病呻吟，故作深沉。也不能头脑简单，哗众取宠，感情虚假。

三、忌罗列事例，不会分析

罗列事例是指考生写作文时从时下流行的一些低浅俗滥的阅读文选中搬出一个个小故事，逐个背写在作文里，议论的语段过少甚至没有，只在结尾时用一两句话联系话题的情况。

议论性散文以议论为主，所写事例要概括而形象，并有到位的分析议论，这种以事例代替分析的现象，反映了部分考生认识水平不高，不会分析的现状。这类考生要学会辩证分析，多读一些规范的议论性文章，掌握一般的分析问题的方法。在列举事例之后，必须扣住话题进行分析，使文章始终围绕中心论证。文段扣题的方法主要有三种：首句扣题、议论描述性扣题、结句扣题。容易犯罗列事例毛病的考生，尤其要注意学会结句扣题，如2005年山东满分作文《尽显双赢智慧》中的一段：

这不禁让我想起了一位睿智的老果农。他数十年如一日的研究果树新品种，他终于研究成功了。令人不解的是，他却将自己的成果挨家挨户的送给自己的邻居。在他的引导下，全村的果园里种的都是他的优良品种。有人便好奇地问他，他回答说：“我是为了自己的果树，如果邻居用的仍然是旧品种，那我的果树也会被传播的花粉污染。”他的话让人恍然大悟，他的这种做法，既保全了自己的果树品质的纯洁，又使邻居获得新的品种，与他人共享进步，才能使自己更加完善。这难道不是一种双赢智慧吗?

在这一段的最后，考生对上面的事例进行了简洁的议论，并用一句“这难道不是一种双赢智慧吗”进行扣题;若没有最后几句议论的句子，就会犯罗列事例的毛病。

四、忌不明模式，随意为文

不明模式是指有的考生不熟悉议论性散文的结构模式，写出的作文或罗列材料，或衔接不好，或过于片面等。不少考生写议论性散文不列提纲，想到哪儿写哪儿，甚至于有的考生会犯把写好的一两段文字划掉重写的考场作文大忌，这都与考生不明作文模式有关。

议论性散文常见的结构模式有三种：并列式、引伸式、对照式。所谓并列式即作文主体部分各段之间是并列关系，如2005年高考四川满分作文《烟随风逝，名随史流》采用并列式结构;所谓引申式即作文的主体部分各段之间是递进关系，如2005年高考江苏省满分作文《没有了妖魔的取经之路》;所谓对照式即作文的主体部分段落之间是对比关系，如2004年高考山东省满分作文《相信自己，也要相信别人》。考生写议论性散文时要仔细审读话题，确立自己作文的结构模式，如用并列式结构的可用拟小标题式的写法，用引申式结构的要用好过渡句或过渡词语，用对照式的要正反两方面的事例与分析都有，也要注意过渡语句的使用等等。

五、忌“画龙无睛”，蜻蜓点水

“画龙无睛”是借用了成语画龙点睛，意思是指某些考生的议论性散文缺少或没有深入的议论，只在文章结尾部分如同“蜻蜓点水”般地点一下话题，让人读了以后很容易认为其和话题关联不大而判为离题或打擦边球。最典型的莫过于2003年高考江苏南京的考生费滢滢的作文《人情与节日》了。该生的父亲是一位文学评论家，该生在首届全球华人少年写作征文大赛时，以一篇《平台》打动所有的评委，最终从8万名选手中脱颖而出，荣获头奖，她的写作水平不谓不高，可她的这篇高考作文仅得了25分，尽管当时就有争议，但阅卷教师一致认为判分合理。阅卷老师认为，该文的失败在于审题不准，没有分析二者之间的关系。从阅卷老师的角度看，这篇作文的失败就在于其结尾部分议论不充分，和话题联系不密切，结果，画得很好的一条龙却没有眼睛，当然不能一飞冲天了。不少考生的议论性散文都存在类似毛病。

要想避免“画龙无睛”，考生应该做到，不管采用何种结构模式的议论性散文，其结尾部分(多为最后两段)都必须联系话题，扣住题目，深入议论，这种议论如同“颊上三毛”，能使文章增添更多的精彩，考生也就增加了得高分的机会。如2005年高考山东满分作文《别人的风景你的梦》的最后两段：

其实天堂和地狱相隔的并不遥远。不是为别人，而仅仅是为自己，此谓地狱;不仅仅为自己，更为别人，通过互助来共生双赢，此谓之天堂。走出小我，寻找到双赢，你也就从地狱走到了天堂。

记着，只有你装饰了别人的风景，别人才会装饰你的梦;你若想要别人来装饰你的梦，那么你要学会去装饰别人的风景。因为，这世界，本就是和谐的一体，双赢的存在。

第一段紧承上文地狱与天堂的事例进行议论，深化了主题;第二段回扣题目和话题，使文章的结构更加严谨。若第一段缺失的话，这篇作文的深度就会大打折扣，甚至不会进入一类卷，这表明了“画龙点睛”的重要性。

议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是:观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式;论据基本要是:真实可靠，充分典型;论证的基本要求是:推理必须符合逻辑。

写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明它，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论;也可以先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论。这种写法叫总分式，是中学生经常采用的一种作文方式。也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的疑问，然后一一作答，逐层深入，这是答难式的写法。还要以是作者有意把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论，这是对比式写法。

议论文是用逻辑、推理和证明，阐述作者的立场和观点的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点。新闻报刊中的评论、杂文或日常生活中的感想等，都属于议论文的范畴。

议论文又叫说理文，它是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。

一、 议论文的要素:

详细说明议论文三要素:论点、论据、论证

论点:是作者对所论述问题的见解和主张，是议论文的灵魂。

1.议论文一般只有一个中心论点，有的议论文还围绕中心论点提出几个分论点，分论点是用来补充或证明中心论点的，只要研究这些论点的关系，就可以分出主从。

2.如何找中心论点。论点应该是明确的判断，是作者看法的完整陈述，在形式上应该是完整的句子。位置可分:文章标题、文章开头、文章结尾、文章中间，有的则需要读者概括。

论据: 证明论点成立的材料。

1.事实论据:事实在议论文中论据作用十分明显，分析事实，看出道理，检验它与文章点在逻辑上是否一致。

2.道理论据:作为论据的道理总是读者比较熟悉的，或者是为社会普遍承认的，它们是对大量事实抽象，概括的结果。

论证: 议论文中的论点和论据是通过论证组织起来的。论证是运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法，是论点和论据之间的罗辑关系纽带。论点是解决“需要证明什么，”论据是解决“用什么来证明”，论证是解决“怎样证明”。

论证方法有以下几种:

1.举例论证:列举确凿、充分，有代表性的事例证明论点;

2.道理论证:用马列主义经典著作中的精辟见解，古今中外名人的名言警句以及人们公认的定理公式等来证明论点;

3.对比论证:拿正反两方面的论点或论据作对比，在对比中证明论点;

4.比喻论证:用人们熟知的事物作比喻来证明论点。此外，在驳论中，往往还采用“以尔之矛，攻尔之盾”的批驳方法和“归谬法”。在多数议论文中往往是综合运用的。

二、议论文结构

1.基本结构是提出问题(引论)分析问题(本论)解决问题(结论)。

2.可分两大类

a.纵式:逐层深入的论述结构

例1.“层层深入”式，先提出论点后，先从消极方面论证，然后进一步从积极方面论述.

例2.“起录转合”式:开头破题，引出论述问题;接着承接开头，阐述所论述的问题;“转”是从各个角度证明论点;最后归结，就是“合”。

b.横式:并列展开的论述结构

例如:

有“总论--分论--总论”式，先提出论点，而后从几个方面阐述，最后总结归纳;

有“总论--分论”式，先提出论点，然后从几个方面论证。

有“分论--总论”式，对所要论述的总是分几个方面剖析，然后综合归纳出结论。

总之，分析议论文的结构，先要弄明白中段落层次间的内在联系，还要注意文章中起着承上启下作用的过渡段，过渡句以及过渡词语。

考场如何写好议论文

1.写好字

一篇内质不错的文章，字迹可憎，其分值往往不理想。为何?其一，字和卷面差，按评分要求要扣分，其二，试卷的“面目”在一定程度上控制着阅卷者打分的情绪。美观整洁的书写是文章最好的“外衣”，它对阅卷者评分印象的形成是直接有效的:首先，笔划要清楚。字迹笔划清楚，字体端正，就能给阅卷者留下好印象。相反，龙飞凤舞，一路狂草，但难以辨认，就算文章写得好，也难以让人欣赏。其次，字体要适中。字体过大，卷面有拥挤繁乱之感，观之不雅。字体过小，阅读起来如觉蚁行，极其费神。再次，尽量少涂改。要涂改也须规范地涂改，切忌乱涂乱画，在卷面留下醒目的墨点，造成凌乱之感。

2.拟好题

题目是文章的眼睛，是文章传递显要信息的重要部分。由于它位居文章结构之首，所以文章题目的优劣也会直接影响阅卷者对文章的第一印象。议论文拟题的基本要求是:在准确的基础上力求醒目、舒畅。具体而言，可鲜明，可形象，可简洁，可别致，可整齐，不一而足。总之，以能激发阅卷者阅读兴趣或使之有耳目一新之感为最佳。

议论文的题目要求符合文体特征，要求鲜明，使人见其题而知其旨。观点鲜明的文章最受阅卷者的欢迎，因为它具有清澈感和透明感，能够传达出文章内容之大概，便于阅卷者准确而快速地把握整篇文章的基本内容。

3.开好头

高尔基说过:“(开头)好像音乐里定调一样，全曲的音调都是它给予的，也是作者花功夫的所在。”议论文的开头要讲究“短、快、靓”。短，即要简捷，最好三两句成段，引入本论。开头短，可避免冗长之赘，而且短句成段，在空间上突出其内容的重要性。快，即入题要快，最好三言两语就点明文章的基本观点或议论的话题。因为评分标准中有“中心明确”的细则。开篇确定中心，有利于阅卷者按等计分，也有利于作者展开论述，不致出现主旨不清、中途转换论题等作文大忌。靓，即要精彩。这也是传统文论中所说的“凤头”。精彩的开头，最突出的效果是吸引阅卷者，给阅卷者留下好的印象。文章开头要精彩，多用比喻、类比、排比等修辞引入论点，还可引述名言，讲述寓言故事导入话题。

4.中间段写好首句和末句

议论文的结构是否严谨，条理是否清楚，论证是否严密，论据是否典型，关键在中间段的写作。而结构、条理、论证和论据等是议论文评分的重要细则，因此，写作议论文要尽量符合这些标准。

常见的论述模式是:首句为小论点或承上启下的过渡词句;中间围绕小论点，运用恰当的事实、理论论据，或针对现实生活中的某些现象，分析说理;最后结合论述内容写一两句小结的话语。其中首句和末句的写作最重要，它能直接勾勒文章的脉络，显示全文的论述思路。另外，文章的整体论证结构常用正反对比式。许多道理只要从正反两面说了，就基本上可做到论述严密。在考场中熟练地运用这种作文模式，可迅速地展开写作，减少失误，节省时间。同时，它可使阅卷者能便捷地依据评分标准，在中档以上分项计分，避免不利于考生的个人评分因素出现。

5.典型而鲜活的论据

论点是议论文的灵魂，分论点是支撑起这个灵魂的骨架，而论据是议论文的血肉。一个人要丰满多彩，光有灵魂和骨架，没有血肉是不可想象的。同样一篇议论文只有中心论点和分论点是不能称为文章的，它还必须有典型而鲜活的论据。

典型的论据是指能充分反映事物本质，具有代表性的事例与名言。它首先要求真实，切合题旨。其次，选用的论据要弃旧用新，要厚今薄古。有些同学作文，记住几个经典论据，如司马迁、居里夫人、张海迪，变换着角度使用，把它们当做万花油。其实，这些论据就算典型，也不能引人注目。相反，选取人无我有、人有我新的论据说理，使阅卷者在阅读时产生新鲜感，效果会更好。另外，有些同学习惯用古代事例阐述事理，整篇文章未能联系实际，无时代的活水，也不能达到充分说理的目的。最好能引述时尚言论和当前媒体普遍关注的事例辅助说理，加强说理的针对性、时代感，使文章更具说服力。

6.结好尾

结尾是全文内容发展的必然结果，是文章结构的重要组成部分。现代著名作家师陀曾说:“写文章不管长短，首先要考虑好结尾。有了结尾，如何开头，中间如何安排，便迎刃而解了。”好的结尾当如豹尾，响亮有力，令人警醒，催人奋进。如鲁迅的《论雷锋塔的倒掉》，结尾只有两个字:“活该!”短短两字，可谓简洁之至，力透纸背。

其实，文章的结尾有时比开头还重要。由于阅卷者看完结尾后即开始打分，因此，它的好坏还直接影响到阅卷者的评分心理。李渔曾说:“篇际之终当以媚语摄魂，使之执卷流连，若难遽别。”结尾如有此种效果，整篇文章将增色不少。议论文结尾的写作，要收束全文，突出中心论点;要体现全文结构的紧凑、完整，不能草率收兵，也不能画蛇添足;语言要干脆有力、清音留响，富有启发性和鼓舞性。

7.语言形象畅达

语言项是作文评分的重要标准。议论文的语言，要准确鲜明，生动形象。有些同学写议论文，常摆出说大道理的架式，将哲学原理和辩证法的术语一股脑搬出来，以求说理的充分、透彻，但效果适得其反。

一个道理有一千种说法，要尽量选用形象生动的说法。要显形象生动之效，除了采用比喻、类比、事例等论证方法外，形象畅达乃至华美的语言必不可少.修饰议论文的语言，注意运用比喻、排比、对偶和反复等修辞，使文章形成华美流畅感;注意运用假设句、反问句或整句，使文章增强不可辩驳之势。修饰语言之功，虽不是一朝一夕可成，但只要积久成习，自然会有长进.

句型1.

It (so) happened(chanced) that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced to do sth. =sb.did sth. by chance. 如：

It happened that he was out when I got there. 当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在。=He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there.

句型2.

It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/to be done/to have been done(还有动词appear等可这样使用)如:

It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.他好象以前去过北京。=He seemed to have been to Beijing before.

句型3.

It is / was+被强调的部分+that(who)+剩余的部分.如：

It wasn’t until he came back that I went to bed.直到他回来我才睡觉。(一定要注意被强调句型中的谓语动词否定的转移)。 It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school today.只因为他有病了今天没有来上学。(只能用because而不能用for, as 或since)

It is I who am a student. 我确实是个学生。(句中am不能用are来代替。)

句型4.

It is high time (time/ about time)+ (that) 主语+should do / did+其它。(从句中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。)如:

It is high time that we should go / went home.我们该回家了。

句型5.

It is / was said ( reported…)+that+从句. 如：

It was said that he had read this novel.据说他读过这篇小说。=He was said to have read this novel.

句型6.

It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause.(从句中的谓语用should+do / should have done，其形式是虚拟语气。)如：

It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪，他这次考试没有及格。

句型7.

It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause.(注意从句中的谓语动词用should do或should have done的形式，但should可以省略。)如：

He didn’t come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. 他直到电影结束才回来。他没有看到这部电影真可惜。

句型8.

It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause.(从句的谓语动词用should do, 但should可以省略。)如：

It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.有人建议推迟会议。

句型9.

It is/was+表示地点的名词+where+从句。(注意本句不是强调句型，而是以where引导的定语从句。)如：

It was this house where I was born.请比较：It was in this house that I was born.(后一句是强调句型。)

句型10.

It is / was +表示时间的名词+when+从句。(注意本句型也不是强调句型，而是以when引导的定语从句。)如：

It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 请比较：It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States.

句型11.

It is well-known that+从句。如：

It is well-known that she is a learned woman.众所周知，她是个知识渊博的妇女。

句型12.

It is +段时间+since+主语+did. 请比较：

It was +段时间+since+主语+had done. 如：

It is five years since he left here.他已经离开这儿五年了。

It was five years since he left here.(同上)

注意下列句型的翻译:It is five years since he lived here.他从这儿搬走已经有五年了。

句型13.

It +谓语+段时间+before+主语+谓语.( before引导的是时间状语从句。) 如：

It wasn’t long before the people in that country rose up.没有多久那个国家的人民就起义了。

It will be three hours before he comes back.三个小时之后他才能回来。

句型14.

It is +形容词(possible, impossible, necessary等) +for+ sb.+ to do. 如：

It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow.我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的。

句型15.

It is +(心理品质方面的)形容词+of + sb. +to do.= 主语+ be +形容词+to do.(常用的形容词有：kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等。)如：

It is kind of you to help me.=You are kind to help me.你真好给我提供了帮助。

考研英语写作：应用文写作之感谢信

大纲对应用文写作的评价目标是：考生应能根据所设情景，写出不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。写作时。考生应能：

1） 做到语法、拼写、标点正确、用词恰当；

2）遵循文章的特定问题格式；

3）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；

4）根据写作目的和特定读者，选用恰当语域。

应用文写作不需要华丽的辞藻和多变的句式，只需要能够用简洁概括的语言将事情叙述清楚就能够取得不错的成绩。应用文写作作为考研英语中性价比比较高的题目，考生必须重视对其复习。应用文写作可以充分借鉴模板，以达到更好的复习效果。下面，就为考生介绍一下感谢信的基本写作方法。

感谢信的目的是感激对方为自己的付出，感激之情要传达得真挚自然，不要刻意夸大。感谢信所涉及的内容多种多样，比如可以感谢对方替自己做了一件事情，在自己痛苦时安慰了自己，出席了自己的宴会等等。其内容包括：1)表达感激之情2)回顾事情的经过 3)肯定对方帮助的价值以及对自己的影响，表达自己回报的愿望。

常用套语有：

1表达感激之情：

Thanks so much for…;Abundant thanks to … for…

Im writing to express my heartfelt thanks for …

On behalf of my whole family, I wish to extend our heartfelt thanks for all the trouble you had taken in …I must write to thank you for inviting me to…

2肯定对方帮助的价值及影响：

You will never know how much we appreciated your kind and practical help. Your …meant more than I can express in words. Nothing can be more precious for me than your…

3表达回报的愿望：

I hope I can return the favor someday … Do call on me if I can ever return the favor. 感谢信中比较特殊是求职者面试后给面试官写的信。

此类感谢信的内容不只是感谢，而是一般感谢信和求职信的结合。其主要内容包括：(1)感谢对方给你面谈的机会，并注明你面试的时间和所求的职位;(2) 说明你对该公司、该职位的兴趣，强调你的知识与技能符合公司的需要，表示自己能为公司的发展做出贡献。也可以补充说明或澄清在面谈中忽略或没有讲明的问题 (3)重申你对该职位的兴趣，主动提供更多的材料，表示期待他们的消息。

Directions: You have just attended an interview in Apfel Incorporated for the position of marketing analyst. Write a letter of appreciation to the interviewer Mr. David Wayne. Your letter should include the following points:

1) express your appreciation for the interview

2) tell about your job-related skills and experience

实例：

Dear Mr. Wayne，

Thank you very much for taking the time from your busy schedule last Friday to interview me for the marketing analyst position at Apfel Incorporated. After our meeting, I am convinced that your company is an excellent place for my career.

I am extremely excited about the position and believe that my skills are a good match for the company. As you may remember, I completed a project that is similar in nature to the work I

would be doing at your company. I believe that I could make an immediate contribution to Apfel Incorporated.

Please let me know if I can provide you with any additional information about my background or goals. My email address is LiMing@yahoo.com, and my phone number is 12345678. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Sincerely,

Li Ming

大自然物换星移、雨雪云雾，一山一水，一草一木，甚至人们生活的一些环境。下面是小编分享的小学生写景作文的写作基础，欢迎大家阅读！

一、仔细观察，抓住景物特点。

第一要抓时序的特点。春夏秋冬，一年四季或晨、午、黄昏一天早晚，景色自然不一样。比如：《高大的皂荚树》中：“春天，下小雨啦。皂荚树为我们遮挡着，雨滴就不会很快调下来。我们就能够像平常一样，在操场上做体操，做游戏。夏天，暴烈的太阳当头照。有了皂荚树的遮挡，烈日就只能投下星星点点的光斑。我们活动在操场上觉得格外凉爽。秋天，皂荚树上许许多多得皂荚儿成熟了，那样子，就像常见得大扁豆。高年级得同学爬上树去，用带钩子得小竹竿把皂荚儿钩下来。小同学呢，把它们捡进筐里，交给老师。冬天，皂荚树落叶了。枯黄的小叶子，打着旋儿，不断地飘落，在地上铺一层一层。这时候，我们就把树叶扫到一起，堆放在墙脚下。”这些片断作者抓住了皂荚树在一年四季的不同特点，反映了作者对校园皂荚树的喜爱和赞美之情。

第二要抓场所的特点。

写景的文章有的指明了场所的，如《街头一景》、《校园春色》，就要把“校园”、“街头”、等这些场所的特点写出来。

第三要抓景色的特点。

不同的风景点特点是不同的，如有的是山景为主，有的以奇石闻名，有的借江湖增光，就应当抓住这些不同的特点，写出景物的个性。如：《火烧云》中：“这地方的火烧云变化极多，一会儿红彤彤的，一会儿金灿灿的，一会儿半紫半黄，一会儿半灰半百合色。葡萄灰，梨黄，茄子紫，这些颜色天空都有，还有些说也说不出来，见也没见过的颜色。”这个片断作者抓住了火烧云的色彩绚丽的特点进行描写的，从而反映了火烧云的美。

二、动静结合，写好景物特点。

在写景作文中，景物有静态与动态的区别。自然景色总是沉静的，但又都在不断地运动与变化之中。写景时既要注意静态的景，又在善于看出景中的动态，做到静中有动，动中有静，动静结合。描写时或先写静态后写动态，或先写动态后写静态，使景物处于静态与动态时的特征和谐完美地呈现在读者面前，只有这样，才能使文章中的景色特点“活”起来。如《第一场雪》中：“落光了叶子的柳树上，挂满了毛茸茸、亮晶晶地银条儿；冬夏常青地松树和柏树，堆满了蓬松松、沉甸甸的雪球。一阵风吹来，树枝轻轻地摇晃，银条儿和雪球儿簌簌地落下来，玉屑似的雪末儿随风飘扬，映着清晨的阳光，显出一道道五光十色的彩虹……

三、以情观景，借景抒情。

写景物的作文，不是为了写景而写景，它最终的目的是要表达人的一种情感。关键在于处理好“景”与“情”的关系。景与情贵在溶合，景中有情、情中有景，才能达到水乳交融、不可分离的境界。在方法上，可多加运用比喻、拟人等修辞手法，使景物带有人的特点，让写实与想象完美结合在一起。一篇优美的文章只有渗透了作者的真情实感，才能更好地表达文章中心，准确地抒发作者的情怀，使读者也能从课文美的文字中真切体会到景美物美，以及作者对景物的喜爱。如：《夕照》中：“太阳被裹上了橘黄色，没有了刺眼的光芒，稳稳地站在那排杨树上，没有丝毫衰老的样子。柔柔的光泻下来，给砖瓦房镀上一层华丽的金黄；房顶顿时化作一汪晶莹的湖水，每一片瓦都跳跃着的：“波纹”是夕阳得意的杰作。那平静的“湖面”难道不是被它踩碎的吗？啊，它和我一样调皮！”作者运用一连串的比喻和巧妙的拟人手法，写出了夕阳的柔美，落山时调皮的模样，使夕阳有了情感，有了生命活力，充分抒发了作者对夕阳的赞美，对夕阳的喜爱之情。

总的来说，写好景物就要抓住景物的特点，根据所写景物的特点，有所侧重地选择景物描写方法，写时要展开丰富的联想，并融入自己的真情实感。平时要多观察、多练习，把你所看到的最美的景色写出来，让读者感到鲜明生动，有身临其境之感。

[小学生写景作文的写作基础

1、作文一定要注意卷面的整洁，一笔一划地把字写好。要养成好习惯，只要拿笔，就要写出端正的字来。在写字的时候，最好在格子上方留下点空隙，使每行之间，显得清晰。

2、必须学会5分钟内列提纲，要面对卷面的格子，想好哪个段写什么，写到卷面的什么位置。列提纲的时候，开头和结尾必须想详细，最好事先写出来。

3、开头结尾，不要很长。开头几句话就接近中心思想，三四行结束开头，不要弄大头作文。结尾是抒情或者归纳主题，语言优美，三四行结束，不要弄大尾巴结尾。注意，不要出现大肚子作文。

4、写记叙文，要想好叙事的层次，按时间或者按地点，或者按故事发生的节奏，一个层次一段。注意，假如某一段需要详细些，文字比较多，注意分段，死拉硬拽也要分段，不要一段超过七八行。如果写议论文，开头论点提出后，接下来的每段都是论证过程，一个论据就是一段。结尾可变相重复论点，稍微抒情。

5、时刻注意“的、地、得”的用法，这是语言的硬功夫，不能懈怠和马虎。平时形成好习惯，考试时不要出错。

6、注意句子的完整性。一般来说，一句话有主语谓语宾语等，这句话基本就结束了，这时就要用句号了。假如句子之间是同一类，可适当用分号。不能一逗到底。结尾或者合适的地方，可用感叹号、省略号等。标点符号要规矩，也要丰富。

7、语言的精彩有奥妙。一是语言的华丽和词汇的丰富。二是比喻修辞的运用，比喻和排比，是最通用的方法。记住，不要干巴巴地讲述，注意引用点古诗词、修辞等等。

8、小学和初中作文考试，就按记叙文准备。开头结尾要准备好几套方法，什么类型用什么开头，你用什么方法比较拿手，考试前一两天，尤其是头天晚上，默记一下。准备结尾，要背好一两个结尾的语言类型，可以有排比、比喻或者反问。实在不行，就用做梦式结尾法。

1.至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.I think that ____。

2.总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……

In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future。

3.但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如，……，而……然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于(喜欢)……

But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example, _____, while_____.Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______。

4.就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……

Personally, I believe that_____.Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______。

5.随着社会的发展，……因此，迫切需要……如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society, ______.So it“s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better。

6.至于我(对我来说，就我而言)，我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……

For my part, I think it reasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____。

7.对我来说，我认为有必要……原因如下：第一，……; 第二，……;最后……但同样重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to____.The reasons are as follows.First _____.Second ______.Last but not least,______。

8.在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……

It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However, from a personal point of view find______。

9.综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____。

10.如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____。

一、审题的“精确性”

在上篇中，笔者已经介绍了部分考题中的“绝对性”的应对措施，而根据专家对于过去2年独立写作考题的分析，发现有90%以上的题目属于“支持/反对”型：

2011.01.30

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Because the change of the society is so rapidly, people are less happy or less satisfied with their life than people did in the past time.

而剩下的则是由“对比论述型”构成的：

2011.03.13

Some people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores. What’s your opinion?

在审题时，考生必须首先把题目通读1-3遍，彻底把握题目主旨后，方可进行段落布局。在这里，笔者结合自己的经验给考生们一些建议：首先，判断题目是否包含“绝对”含义的词，若有，则按照上篇讲过的建议布局，若没有，则对于同意或者反对的理由进行快速的brain storming, 然后根据分论点的数量及论点的可延展性来敲定立场：

Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree:

1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities

2) Environment balance

3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country, so they are more valuable than farmlands

Agree:

1) life quality is the top priority

2) endangered animals can be raised in the zoos

经过一番考量，假如考生得出了上述的一些分论点及想法，这时候，主体段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向了。第一种就是完全反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，每个主体段论证上述三个分论点中的一个;第二种也是反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，但是前2个主体段从三个分论点中选二个去论证，而第三个主体段从“同意”的二个分论点里去选一个，最后的结论还是倾向于反对的。第三种是采用四段式结构布局，即第一个主体段从三个反对意见中选择二到三个分论点去写，而第二个主体段则从赞同的分论点里去选择，数量上比前一段少一个即可，最后结论还是倾向于反对多一点。这样说是不是有些同学看了会有点“晕”呢?那下面笔者就再举个简单点的例子吧：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.

Disagree:

1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones

2) Famous people stand for some fashion

3) Constrain the public figures

4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity

又经过了几分钟思考，我们得出了上述的四个分论点，但是一时半会赞同的理由实在是想不出。若考试的时候遇到这种情况，千万别犹豫不决，马上从已经想好的观点里面进行挑选。于是，这个题目我们就采用完全反对的立场，以五段式结构布局全文，主体段的分论点从上述四点中挑选三个展开论述即可。这样一来，大家是不是明白一点了呢?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree: Parents make decision for children.

1) Parents have more experience

2) 15-18 years old children are not adults, so they cant take responsibility

还有一种情况就是我们只能想出两个分论点，这时候考生应该果断采用四段式布局，而这一次，两个主体段都分别论述一个同意的理由，而在结尾时，可以顺便提一些反对的理由，这样也不失为一种灵活的方法，希望考生们可以借鉴。

二、分论点的排列原则

专家提醒考生们，在布局的时候我们不是随意编排分论点的先后顺序，而是需要有一定的逻辑性和合理性。一般说来，五段式的三个主体段，若都是同意或者都是反对的理由的话，一般这些分论点有两种逻辑顺序，即第一种按照“重要性”来排，将你认为最主要的理由放在第一个主体段中详细论证;第二种是按照“小到大”的原则，即个人方面的理由先写，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社会，国家等。倘若所有的论点都是在一个范围内的，比如都是属于个人的论点，则这个时候要看这些分论点后续的论证内容的多少，比如某一个分论点你既举得出例子，又可以进行对比或者因果论述的话那肯定应该先写这个分论点，若某一个分论点后续能够阐述的理由只有一句话的时候那就应该果断地将其排在后面写。若文章是四段式的结构，则在一个主体段中的排列顺序和前面讲的原则是一致的。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.

As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and dont work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.

In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. Whats more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.

这次的英语考试我没有考好，主要原因还是归咎于我平时不够刻苦，没有在英语上面花上足够的时间。

我知道老师对于我有着很大的期望，可是我还是没有考好。对于这点我感到十分抱歉。但是既然犯了错误就要改正，所以，通过考试我也想了很多以后一定要学习的东西。 首先我要改掉考试不细心读题目的坏习惯。有时候我往往看着题目前面就顺手把后面的问题写上了，但是却错了很多。这也许也和答题技巧有关系。总之，通过以后的练习，我一定要在考试的过程之中认真审题，自习读题，把题目看准、看好。时间允许的时候要多检查几遍，绝对不允许自己再犯类似于这样的无谓的错误。

【摘要】考研英语作文的评分，首先关注的就是单词、句子、格式的正确性。因此，在作文的复习中，不能只关注高端句型，正确的格式也是不容忽视的。

写作格式错误主要包括题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。

题目的写法

题目是首先映入读者眼帘的，所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离，即比正文行距稍宽一些。

其次，要注意题目的大小写，实词的首字母一定要大写。其它虚词如冠词、连词（但如连词的字母多于5个时则大写)和介词首字母不需要大写。比如：

跳动的心（例子）

误：Attitudes Toward Money

正：Attitudes toward Money

文章的格式

1、四边留空：卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观，给人以清晰、明快的感觉。

2、空格：文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格（一般缩进4-6个字节）。

大小写方面的错误

在考研文章的评改过程中，有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷，这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说，大写规则有以下几条：

1、大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母

如：He said,He is going to Shanghai next week.

2、大写专有名词，或用作专有名词的部分普通名词，通常是缩略形式

如：DrG .G . East

3、大写缩写字母

如：MPA ,MBA ,BBC

4、文章标题要大写

5、头衔在专有名词前要大写，在专有名词后就小写

例如：Captain SmithSmith, the captain；Uncle GeorgeGeorge ,my uncle

标点符号

考生在写文章时，一定要注意正确使用标点符号，切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法，尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。

三段式作文注意事项

1、作文卷面要保持整洁，不要连笔，不要涂改，这是获取印象分的重点。很多考生由于在考场过于紧张导致作文的单词老是写错，这是致命伤啊，会直接让你越写越没感觉就越没信心了，所以平常要加强练笔！

2、全文的第一句和各段的第一句必须是文章的中心句，最好能用复杂句表达。这是因为阅卷老师一般没有那么多的时间去看作文，所以只能大概浏览下各段的首句，这是获得高分的关键。

3、全文结构布局：全文分为三段，第一段3句，第二段5句，第三段4句，可根据具体情况调整。段落中，第一句是topic ，第二三句是detail ，第三句是conclusion 。

另外为了方便大家学习，提高复习的效率。小编为广大学子整理了考研技巧和考试大纲，更有历年真题提供测试等等。针对每一个科目进行深度的探讨和技巧挖掘。欢迎各位考研的同学进行了解和资讯。考研的痛苦是难免的,不要丧失信心,坚信苦尽甘来。预祝各位学子取得成功！

[考研英语作文常见的四个写作格式错误

1. I would appreciate the privilege of an interview. I may be reached at the address given above，or by telephone at 32333416.

2. I would be glad to have a personal interview，and can provide references if needed。

3. Thank you for your consideration。

4. I welcome the opportunity to meet with you to further discuss my qualifications and your needs. Thank you for your time and consideration。

5. I have enclosed a resume as well as a brief sample of my writing for your review. I look forward to meeting with you to discuss further how I could contribute to your organization。

6. Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to speaking with you。

7. The enclosed resume describes my qualifications for the position advertised. I would welcome the opportunity to personally discuss my qualifications with you at your convenience。

8. I would welcome the opportunity for a personal interview with you at your convenience。

9. I feel confident that given the opportunity，I can make an immediate contribution to Any Corporation. I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you to discuss your requirements. I will call your office on Friday，to schedule an appointment. Thank you for your consideration。

10. I look forward to speaking with you。

1。我会赞赏采访的特权。我在上面给出的地址可能达到,或者通过电话32333416。

2。我很高兴能有一个面试,如果需要,可以提供参考。

3。谢谢你的考虑。

4。我欢迎机会与您进一步讨论我的资格和您的需要。谢谢您的时间和考虑。

5。我随信附上了我的简历以及一个简短的示例编写为您的回顾。我期待着与你进一步讨论如何为您的组织。

6。感谢你关注这件事。我期待着与你说话。

7。附上的简历描述我的资格为广告位置。我会欢迎机会与您亲自谈论我的资格在您的便利。

8。我欢迎机会个人采访你在你方便的时候。

9。我有信心,有机会,我可以立即对任何公司的贡献。我很高兴能有机会与您会面,讨论您的需求。周五我将打电话给你的办公室,安排一个约会。谢谢你的考虑。

10。我期待着与你说话。

第一章：应用文写作基础知识（学习笔记）

一、应用文基础知识

1，应用文是直接用于处理公私事务的实用性文章。它以解决实际问题为目的，以说明论证为主要表达方式，有相 对固定的格式。

2

------------

------------

------------

4个阶段。

收集材料 写作的主旨，

掌握信息 谋篇布局。 文字化。 斟酌、润色，到定稿。

确定文件

3，应用文四个要素：立意、谋篇、语言、修改。

4，应用文写作的目的性一般表现为：

1）、阐明写作者的主张、观点和意图。

2）、下达指标、传达政策、布置工作和通知事项。

3）、传递信息、交流情况和总结经验。

5

6，应用文主旨的含义：就是写作者（个人或单位）通过全篇内容表达出来的贯通全文的写作意图，观点和公务活 动的行为意向。

7，应用文主旨的主要体现：

1

2）应用文写作者通过全篇的内容表达出来的观点。

3

8。

二、立意

1，应用文---立意的含义：是写作者酝酿、斟酌的过程，主旨是立意的结果；有十分明确的目的性。 立意直接影响主旨的质量优劣和成败。立意就是确立应用文的主旨。

2，应用文---立意的特点：

1）客观性，从客观材料提炼和产生。

2）主观性，作者对客观材料消化、提炼的结晶。

3）观念性，是作者对事物的认识和评价，是作者的核心意图。

4）时代性，是时代精神的产物。

3，应用文---立意的要求：

1）准确：指应用文符合四项基本原则，对事物的正确认识，反映社会生活的本质和主流。

2）深刻：紧抓矛盾的关键环节，揭示客观事物的深层本质，阐明事物之间的必然联系。

3）鲜明：文章的基本思想和基本观点十分明确。

4）集中：文章一般只有一个主旨，突出表达。

5）新颖：反映作者的思想不落后，有独特的见解。

4，应用文---立意的依据：

1）

2）

3）

5，应用文---立意的方法：

1）对比筛选：材料具有客观性和多义性，加以对比筛选，择其精辟。

2）分析归纳：对材料去粗取精，然后进行分析归纳。

3）集思广益：实地调查、集体讨论，征求他人意见，弥补不足。

4）选准角度：任何事物都有多侧面、多层次，正确选择角度。

三、谋篇

1，应用文---谋篇的含义：指写作者组织材料，设计、安排结构的过程。

2，应用文---谋篇的内容：

1）材料的组织

①材料的含义：指写作者为了完成文章的写作，体现自己的写作意图和目的，从现实生活中和文献资料中选取， 使用的一系列事实根据和理论根据。

②材料的作用：

a、材料是提出问题的依据。

b、主旨依靠材料加以说明和支撑。

“博”、“透”、“细”

A

B

C、正面材料和反面材料（正确和先进性的材料；错误和落后的材料）

D

E ④收集材料的方法：a、观察与体验

b、调查研究

c、积累、查阅资料

A、以主旨为中心（材料和主旨有直接对应的关系，根据主旨需要选择材料）

B

C 不能够张冠李戴，移花接木。 3

D、要选择新颖的材料 a、指新近发生的事实。

b、虽非新近发生却为新新发现而鲜为人知的事实。

c、虽为人知却因被变换视角而具有新意的材料。

A、要主次有序

B、要详略得当

C、要归类使用

2）结构的安排

①结构的含义：结构是文章的内部构造，是文章内容的重要形式，是写作者思路在文章中的体现。 ②结构的内容：a、确定文章的基本格式；b，安排好正文的组织结构。

a

、可以根据主旨的需要，把全部内容纳入恰当的结构形式中，使主旨得到正确体现，材料有

所依附，文章构成一个有机整体。

b、可以按照作者的思路，把观点和材料加以适当组织，使文章有条理、有层次，纲举目张， 和谐有序。

A、格式化（固定的、惯用的格式）

B、单一化（哪一种文体如何写，都有一定程式）

C、条理化（文章结构有条理性）

D、严密化（结构应该严谨，组织周密）

⑤结构的安排：主要环节包括设计开头语结尾、安排层次与段落、处理衔接（过渡）。

表明行文目的 总结式

援引行文依据 强调式

表明成文程序 呼应式

概述基本情况 请求式

提出问题 倡议式

复合式开头 展望式

层次间的结构形式：并列式、总分式、递进式、主次式。

整体结构形式：自然段形式、小标题形式、条款形式。

段落的表现形式：条款式、提行式。

过渡方式：词语过渡、句子过渡、段落过渡。

⑥结构的形式：纵式结构、横式结构、纵横式结构、条款式结构、一段式结构（常用的5种）。

3，应用文---谋篇的原则：

1）服从文章主旨的需要

安排结构的目的就是服从主旨的需要，为主旨服务。

2

应用文是对现实生活、客观事物的反映，安排文章的篇章结构也必须符合客观事物发展的规律。

3

文体（写作格式）不同，结构的样式和要求也会不同。

4

应用文是处理和解决实际问题的文章，大多数具有特定的读者。

四、语言

1，应用文---语言的含义：语言是思想的载体，是人类最重要的交际工具，是使应用文文章内容得以完美表达的文 字符号。

2，应用文---A

B、专门性 （专用词汇和术语） C、平实庄重

3，应用文---

a、含义明确、清晰、完整和无歧义。 b、搭配要适当

c、成分要完整

d、语序要妥当

A、精简文意，压缩篇幅。

B、合理安排层次，避免重复。

C、推敲词语，锤炼句子。

④平易（指文章语言浅近易懂）

4，应用文---语言的表达方式：表达方式成为识别文体特征的重要标志之一。

①叙述：含义---又称记叙，是陈述事件的来龙去脉，记述人物活动、经历、行为的一种表达方式。

a、常用来介绍人物的经历和事迹，记叙生产、工作的过程；

b、在论证中，用来引述事实，提供论据。

c、在说明中，用来介绍事物发展变化的形态，提供典型事例，以具体说明事 物的特征。

叙述的6（第一人称和第三人称） 按叙述的顺序划分：顺叙、倒叙、插叙、补叙。

按叙述的性质和用途划分：概述和详述。

叙述时应该注意的问题 ②说明：含义---是对客观事物进行解释、阐述的表达方式。

说明的作用：它具有解说、剖析事物的状态、性质、内容、成因、规律、关功能等作用。 解释说明法、分类说明法、6种方法

在运用说明的方法时的注意事项A、要注意内容的科学性，

B、要注意表达的客观性，

C、要注意语言的简洁、明晰、准确、朴素、通俗易懂。

③议论：含义---就是作者对某一问题、某一事件或某一事物进行分析、评论，以表明自己的观点和态 度的一种表达方式。

五、修改

1，应用文---修改的含义：是立意的深化和继续，也是运用增、删、调、补等手段，加工初稿，完善文章的过程。

2，应用文---

标题的修改 结构的修改

主旨的修改 语言的修改

材料的修改 行款格式的修改

标点符号的修改

3，应用文---修改的方法：

4，应用文---修改的方式：纸上修改和计算机修改2种。

中国第一个电影文学剧本1925年发表于《东风杂志》上的由洪深编的《申屠氏》，小编收集了关于电影写作基本知识，欢迎阅读。

一、基本情况

中国第一个电影文学剧本1925年发表于《东风杂志》上的由洪深编的《申屠氏》

电影剧本与小说的区别：小说可夹叙夹议、评论但剧本必须注重造型。

剧本特性：造型性(叙事与造型合一)，鲜明的表现性和动作性，多用动词，少用形容词

分别表现在人物的视觉造型上、场面的选择上，环境、气氛的渲染和把握上。

情感是影片最重要的力量。

心理描写，以往多用视觉形象来传达，如惊讶，睁大眼睛等，老套，做作。充分利用特写镜头渲染人物心情。

可以通过场景、环境对比和服装等视觉造型反映人物心理活到。

叙事也与声音结合：无论什么故事，故事情节都最重要。音乐有交代时代背景，烘托气氛，传达情绪的作用。画面外道德音乐烘托主人公情绪。要注意剧本所用音乐与剧本风格是否相符。

悲剧中加入喜剧成分，更渲染了悲剧色彩的对比力量。

二、结构

线索：单线结构，如《小鞋子》

网状结构

双线结构：一人一事结构，传记性结构，群像式结构

以两个人关系变化为设置结构，如《中央车站》、《秋天的童话》

戏剧式结构：激发情节——开端因素

复杂因素——人物在达到目的前遇到的困难、障碍

危机——处理障碍时遇到的

逆转——峰回路转

高潮

结局

美国西德菲尔德认为可分为三部分，开端四分之一，目标障碍中间的二分之一，结局四分之一

现代电影从单一封闭走向多义和思辨，更需要诚恳的年代，如《生活秀》

电影写作90-120页

开端10-15页 发展、高潮、矛盾高潮、矛盾激化、障碍与危机

结尾25-30页

非戏剧式结构

散文式结构——行散而神不散，情感的细微变化，不再是以故事为主，不注重冲突性，而注重情节性。如《城南旧事》，淡淡的哀愁，沉沉的乡思。

线性段落特点：不再讲述故事情节，而是着重人物思想感情变化。几个故事串联，不再注重大的情节，更注重细节。没油特别强烈的因果关系，淡化情节。如侯孝贤《恋恋风尘》、《冬冬的假期》

块状结构：段与段间无明确、必然的联系，无高潮冲突。

意识流结构：直觉性影响，潜意识，非理性的逻辑关系。代表：瑞典的伯格曼《野草莓》，法国左岸派电影《广岛之恋》，阿伦雷乃《八又二分之一》

三、电影剧作主题

人类文化的基本母体是两个：政治和性，这是最基本最永恒的。

政治是人生存生活的外部环境，而性是人的自然欲望。人性。

情节主题：要求达到某种目的。主题思想：创作者对生活的感悟。

主题的体现：叙事的渠道：情节——情节的选择要对主题体现有所帮助，否则不要

语言——对话、独白、旁白，忌说教

若主题先行过于明显，作品缺乏生活化。

造型的渠道——长短镜头和固定镜头营造的人与大自然的契合，自然美的画面，如侯孝贤的长镜头冷冷的角度却包含了他的悲天悯人的情怀。

主题的要求：1、单纯，不等于简单和肤浅。如《城南旧事》——故乡是生命的源泉，无论以后走多远。

2、传达主题的内涵要清楚，方式要含蓄。

中国人不喜欢一览无余，喜欢曲径通幽——意境

多义性：不同的人有不同的理解，主观性强

多主题：如爱情主题同时兼具其它主题

类型：1、爱与浪漫：障碍如何写：政治压力、阶级差异、疾病、外表、人内在的因素、偶然性因素、中年危机

2、危难与幸存：自然界，人类自己的失误和非理性

3、复仇：主人公不公平的待遇，伤害

4、成功与成就(励志片)：外在障碍、挫折，内在的渴求、毅力与奋斗

5、探求与追寻：寻找：具体的找，展现过程，如何去找

抽象：寻找自我，寻找理想

6、团体、家庭纽带

特殊环境条件下相互关系，一班是群像人物，但也会有个中心人物

7、回归：具象：人、东西、出现，对现状重新审视

内在东西：人性的回归

8、奇幻：科幻，动画片，幻想带来心理上的满足

剧作如何分析，从声画关系、题材选择、叙事风格、剧作结构样式、情节构思、人物设置与性格塑造、细节运用、对话写作、主题内涵

对暴力的消解：暴力的正义化(好人胜利)、暴力的美学化(过程美)、暴力的娱乐视觉化

四、电影创作的情节

情节：经过作者加工后的故事

故事：直接的现实

关键两点：人物间相互关系和构成的历史

戏剧性情节：侧重于故事，完整性、生动性、趣味性

基础是矛盾冲突包括，个人与社会时代的冲突，个人与个人的冲突，人物内心想法的冲突。

开头，悬念的设置，怎么办和为什么

中间，保持悬念，设置障碍

使矛盾不断深入

增加人物、情节

不要偏离情节主线

结尾，释放悬念

一次性释放，合理性铺垫，出乎意料

大悬念中小悬念的不停释放

情节线索分为简单无副县和复杂两条或以上多条线索

淡化型情节：散文式情节，人物间细微情感的变化，生活中事件片段化，节奏散漫，形散要慢慢品位。

荒诞性情节：通常用夸张手法，有娱乐效果

意识流情节，人与过去、梦境、幻觉搅合在一起，生活流情节，生活的原生态类似于纪录片。

写作时一些原则和技巧：

1、转折，高潮时如何转折

2、蓄——放

3、不要过多揭示

4、时间跨度大时，历史感较强的影片，把历史事件编进去，可以有真实性和历史感

5、写好渐变，学会用细节写作

6、如何看待巧合与煽情：巧合即偶然性，煽情制造情感高潮时注意度的把握

五、悲剧

能给观众产生悲的审美感受

把有价值的东西撕碎给人看

摹仿比生活中更悲的人

性格悲剧，机遇悲剧

两种力量，来自正义一方受到失败，挫折

中国悲剧中往往缺乏哲学思考，西方悲剧侧重对人，对生命的探讨，而中国悲剧侧重于人在社会中命运的呈现。

悲剧体现出一种深沉的力量

悲剧类型：悲壮悲剧：英雄悲剧，英雄人物抗争中，死在悲壮中

悲苦悲剧：好人悲剧，在隐忍中毁灭

悲哀悲剧：主人公身上存在某种缺陷，源于无知，愚昧

悲剧的写作要领：

冲突双方对立的强烈性

必须让观众站在悲剧主人公一边

主人公内心世界充分展示

结局不要让大团圆结局来冲淡悲剧的整体，悲不一定要让主人公死去，让观众产生同情，并不一定要让正面人物以死结束。

悲与喜的艺术结合：悲的色调更浓，爱情悲剧是人生悲剧命题的永恒，将喜剧作悲剧的外包装，喜剧形式，悲剧命题。

六、喜剧的创作技法

错位，打破习以为常的生理秩序和心理秩序，些别、身份、时空错位

夸张

误会，非常态，尴尬

巧合

怪诞，变形

反差，身份反差

原则：要有生活基础，情感共鸣，重情节，细节，喜剧通俗性和广泛性

拼贴：经典画面，经典语言再利用

七、人物塑造

文学——人学——人文关怀

大众百姓：人的命运

大众情感

把人物留在观众心里是对电影人物塑造最高评价

人物塑造的基础是关于性格的塑造，性格决定命运。

人物在和社会环境发生冲突时，人物性格表现出来。

人物和人物的冲突，人物内心的冲突：两难选择(国家与个人，生与死，关于情感方面的选择)

具体方面包括肖像、语言、行动(关键行为、细节也能决定成败或改变命运)

注意：要避免性格的类型化、概念化，按代际划分一群人不太合适

避免性格的简单化、多面化

主人公应凸显性格特点

性格展示：定型展示

发展式：根据人、事、社会的变化

人物构思——剧作重要元素

包括人物、人物的行为动机需求(故事从头到尾的原动力)、行为

人物行动的具体情境、命运或结局

1、需求是剧作的原动力，主动需求如情欲、爱情、友情、亲情、性欲、物欲、利己欲、爱

被动需求如人与自然，人与社会关系

人与人区别在于性格和看待世界的方式所形成的处理问题的观点，个性与态度由观点与个性决定的精神上的气质

2、设置障碍：最大障碍莫过于生命的终结

客观障碍：战争、社会变革、灾难、疾病、死亡

人为障碍：内心障碍

3、人物的行动和态度

4、导致结局(命运)

人物小传

前史——内在的生活——形成人物性格(主要部分)——回顾从前(反常行为，包括童年经历、小时的人际关系、父母因素)

剧情——外在生活——揭示人物性格的部分

人物外在生活的组成部分，三部分生活，包括职业的、个人生活方面(爱情、家庭生活)、私生活(离开职业、家庭，自己独处时的个性)

确立人物谱系

人物关系变化——情感变化(情感经历)

包括亲情、友情、爱情

人物与事件的关系

人物决定事件

事件创造人物

对话写作

功能：交代说明，塑造人物性格，推动剧情发展

对白设计原则：低调的姿态表达高调的灵性

对话符合人物性格

符合特定的人物关系

符合特定的场合、情境

对白设计忌：过于重复、过于直截了当、过于零碎、过于冗长、过于雷同、过于呆板、过于说教、过于虚假

旁白和独白

主观式第一人称、客观式第三人称

忌大白话，文字性较强，意味深长，旁白的声音与文学不可分，要有味道，诗一般的语句，诗一般节奏出现。

独白：话外音出现的剧中人物内心的表达，叙述性语言，景物描写、人物肖像、人物行动。

There is a famous saying goes like that “Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.” This saying shows the relationship between knowledge and practice vividly.

As far as we know, if we don’t have corresponding knowledge of some fields, we cannot do well in the fields. There are innumerable examples to illustrate this point. For instance, a singer can sing well only if he or she possesses musical knowledge; a dancer can dance well only if he or she knows how to dance; a worker can get the job well-done only if he or she is familiar with the basic principles of the job, and so on. But in turn, if we do not apply what we have known to practice, knowledge cannot play its role. For example, if we have learned different methods of cooking vegetables, but we do not cook, then the different methods of cooking vegetables do not produce value for us.

Therefore, if we do not have knowledge, we have nothing to practice, but if we have knowledge without putting it into practice, knowledge is of no avail. So we should acquire as much knowledge and put it into practice.

五一劳动节，旅游不停歇，领略风光好，提升新境界，亲朋遥相聚，说笑不分离，身体虽疲惫，心里自然美，人间情珍贵。节日虽忙碌，没忘送祝福：劳动节快乐!

Labor Day, travel non-stop, enjoy the scenery, to enhance the new realm, relatives and friends. Together, talking and laughing are not isolated, is physically tired heart, the beauty of nature, the world precious love. The holiday is busy, dont forget to send blessings: a happy labor day!

五一到，扛一筐快乐，背一袋开心，真心送你送顺心;顶一卷如意，举一群幸福，真诚送你送温馨;揽一堆安康，扒一块吉祥，真情送你送舒心，愿你笑容绽放每一秒，五一劳动节快乐!

Five one to carry a basket, happy, happy heart to send back a bag, send you my best; each volume, for a group of happy, sincerely give you send a bunch of warm embrace; Ankang, with a piece of luck, love to send you to comfort, wish you smile every second, Labor Day happy!

编一个短信送给你，写份祝福送给你。五一来临之际，为您送上一份衷心的祈祷与祝福，诚祝您与您的家人度过一个愉快的劳动节!

Write a message to you, write a blessing to you. Five one approaching, to pray and bless you a heartfelt, sincere wish you have a nice day with your family!

携着一缕缕阳光心情妙，伴着一春浓浓芬芳笑容爽，发一段长长祝福万事吉，添一段甜甜回忆情意浓，道一声幸福悠长体安康，愿你五一劳动节生活美满，幸福常。

With the sun continuously wonderful mood, with a thick fragrant spring smile bright, send a blessing all long Ji, add a sweet memories of affective thick, say happiness long body of Ankang, I wish you a happy life Labor Day, happiness always.

劳动虽光荣，心情要放松，平常工作忙，身体好辛苦，五一假期到，外面风光好，快乐和健康，朋友要享到，愿君少烦恼，幸福粘你跑。

Labor is glorious, the mood to relax the body, usually busy with work, good work, five one holidays to the outside scenery, good, healthy and happy, to enjoy friends, wish you happy worry, stick you run.

平时工作太劳累，假期可以按时睡;清除烦恼忘琐碎，开心乐观不后退;真挚友谊诚可贵，短信祝福真实惠;劳动节里心情美，快乐和你永相随。

I work too hard, the holidays can sleep; clear trouble forget the trivial, happy dont retreat; sincere friendship is precious, SMS blessing real benefits; labor day in the mood beauty, happiness and you forever.

又是今年五一到，平安吉祥没烦恼：骑上顺利的单车，背起开心的背包，走上自在的小路，闻着甜蜜的花香，给自己身心一个放松的旅行，自然会得到生命更美好的记忆!五一提醒：必须开心，必须放松!

This year is the five one, peace auspicious not worry: ride smooth bicycle, carrying happy backpack, to ease road, smelling the sweet fragrance of flowers, give yourself a relaxing trip, will naturally be more beautiful memories of life! Five one reminder: must be happy, must be relaxed!

五月微风好春光，槐花栀子竟飘香，五一劳动节又来临，短信祝福送给你，外出旅游要小心，爱护文物和古迹，悠闲自得莫疲惫，健康排在第一位，饮酒千万别开车，平平安安才是真，祝朋友劳动节快乐!

In May a good spring, flower fragrance of Gardenia unexpectedly, Labor Day comes again, SMS blessing you, travel, be careful, protect cultural relics and historical sites, leisurely not tired, health in the first row, dont drink and drive, peace is the true friend, I wish a happy labor day!

平常忙，难游玩，工作多，好疲惫，五一到，假期来，爬爬山，观观海，赏赏花，陪陪家，远烦恼，多欢乐，心情愉，身体健，好朋友，常挂心，送祝福，万事顺。

Usually busy, difficult to play, work, good tired, five one, holidays, mountain climbing, sea view, appreciation of flowers, spend time with family, far more joy, worry, feel good, good health, good friends, often worry, send blessings, maestro.

I woke up early this morning. I went out to play with my neighbor. We watched cartoon at his home. After I went home about 4 Oclock in the afternoon, I helped my mother to do some house work. She is very happy so I am happy too.