英语写作基础考试【精彩20篇】

一、描述图画

图画作文对图画的描述应在第一段进行，且最好在首句即开始。此类作文大部分是一幅图，也会有两幅图出现的情况。如果出现两幅图，则很有可能是突显对比的情况。

图画上可能没有任何文字，也可能在上面出现了一句话，也可以单个人物说话或两个人物对话，也可能在图画外写了总结性的一句话。大家注意，这一句话或两句话一般是非常重要的，应予译出。

一般说来，对图画的描写不必过长，应以简练、准确为标准。

二、图画类作文结构分析

我们想象中的最典型最理想的图画题提纲应该是下面这样：

1. 描述图画

2. 推导绘画者的意图

3. 做出评论

对于这一提纲我们来做具体分析，其中第三点更要细致研究。首先由图画引出一种社会现象或社会问题，可以是好的，也可以是不好的。在推导绘画者的意图时多是展开说此现象或问题的表现，以证明其引人注目。还有一种可能性是说此现象或问题产生的原因，提纲可直接列出，或还用上述提纲。这时可把简单意图推导直接放到第一段描述图画之后，而在第二段中说原因。

第三段做出评论，有可能只是简单评论、深化主题就结束，但这种可能性越来越小了。这一部分很可能说的是办法，不好的事情就是如何解决的办法，好的事情就是如何进一步发展的方法。

通过上述列表，我们可以看出，多年以来，真实的提纲是怎样一步步地向我们想象中的理想模式靠近的。对于提纲里面出现的变化和规律，我们来分析一下。

我们仔细分析，会发现历年考研真题基本上都呈现"现象或问题——原因解释——解决办法"这样的模式，但变化非常多。因为我们谈论的既可以是一件值得弘扬的好事，也可能是一个令人忧心忡忡的社会问题;针对后者我们极有可能需要提出做法;而对于前者，可能解释一下就结束了，也可能要写出相应的做法。

综上所述，可以看出，比起图表作文来，图画作文要更灵活，更富于变化。我们一定要多练习，以达到一看到图画(含图中和图边文字)和提纲(有时有文章标题)就能有效地审题解题，构造出合理的具体段落的目的。

词汇拼写错误较为严重，词汇选用上会有不当的情况。

应对策略就是平时阅读过程中注意单词拼写，关注单词使用语境，多积累高级词汇和句型。

语法掌握不好，句子的基本构成主谓结构掌握不清。

Due to the fact that the mental state, we have to keep a balance between the physical and the mental.

这句话中，due to the fact that后面需要接一个句子，而上句中只是一个名词性短语，所以错误。另外，between...and...需要连接两个名词短语，上句中形容词physical和mental后缺少名词性成分。改正为Due to the fact that the mental state plays a significant role, we have to keep a balance between the physical well-being and the mental health.

格式不正确，结构不清晰，汉语式英文思维太过明显，翻译的过程中常常不合英文写作要求。

应对的策略是多阅读范文，写作前列提纲，注意使用衔接词。

格式不正确常常出现在应用文中，有人会忘记写落款。这是我们在写作过程中特别需要注意的，否则格式错误就要相应的扣分。另外，有些文章结构不清晰，或者没有分段，或者段落之间的内容混乱。开头段就开始论述问题，第二段提出建议，结尾段又给出原因，逻辑混乱不清，抓不住重点。所以我们在写文章时一定要先打腹稿，明确行文结构和大概内容，这样在写作过程中才不至于不知道说什么，甚至瞎写一通。

总而言之，新大纲非常强调大家的英语写作技能，我们在平时的备考过程中一定要多进行英文文章的写作，养成良好的写作习惯，注意单词拼写、语法检查、逻辑结构，这样写出的文章才能过关。

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

雅思大作文写作构思可以采用宏观微观法，即从宏观微观角度对问题进行思考，这也是雅思大作文写作最常用的一种构思方法。

如考题：It is suggested that all the young adults should undertake a period of unpaid work helping people in the community. Does it bring more benefits or drawbacks to the community and the young people？

关于做义工优点：

宏观：

1 There are many people who need help. Indeed， when an old person feels sick， the volunteers could offer first aid before the doctor or the ambulance arrives. Likewise， if a disabled person has difficulty doing some daily activities such as shopping， the assistance from young volunteers is indispensable.

2 The world needs more love.

微观：

1 as far as the young people are concerned， they could develop the sense of responsibility， independence as well as interpersonal skills in the process of helping others in the neighborhood. In this way， people may live in harmony in the community.

[雅思考试写作的构思方法参考

申论对考生提出的综合概括能力是基本的要求，也是比较合理的要求，能考查国家公务员所必须具备的阅读理解能力和处理各种材料的能力，那么申论的写作有什么技巧呢?以下为你详细介绍：

一、请用不超过150字的篇幅，概括出给定材料所反映的主要问题。

(一)理解题意：

1、字数限定：150字。弹性限度只能在10%以内。过高或过低原则上都不要扣分。

2、表述方式：要求答案覆盖全文主要内孤但表述要求语句精轧简明扼要，不冗长，不罗嗦。一般不直接引用具体事例或数字。

3、范围限定：只能在给定材料中概括，不能跳出材料圈定的内容，而去旁征博引或随意发挥。

4、轻重权衡：反映的主要问题，也即表述的主要事实或观念。答题时不要圃于细枝末节，要统观全局，高瞻远瞩，从宏观的范围来把握主要问题。可以认为，主要问题是在文中带有倾向性的问题，它在文中决定或支配着思路走向或观念的变迁。

(二)答题步骤：

1、阅读的过程中勾划出文中的主要词句。主要词句一般不包括具体事例或数字，也不包括直接阐述内容的语句。

2、将勾划出的句子再进行分析，去除限定性的语句，只留下其主干成分。

3、用通顺的语言把留下的语旬组织起来，就是全文所反映的主要问题。

(三)答题方法

一个完整的答案主要应该包括三个部分：总括句+分述句+道理句。

1总括句的提炼：总括句一句话，高度概括全文主要问题。句式模型为：这是一篇关于主体+事件1+事件2+事件3的文体。其中，主体是文章涉及的主 要人物姓名或主要单位名称。文体是指所给材料的文章体裁，如新闻报道、调查报告、工作总结、讲话，案例等。多数时候是案例。事件1是指主体的第一个动作， 也可理解为事件的第一阶段。对于个别文章只有一件核心事件，就只需要事件1就够了。如：“这是一篇关于纯净水广告论战的报道。”

2分述句：就是把总括句里涉及的内容，分条列项地表达出来。可以根据具体情况采以下几种方法(注意：由于《申论》考试的答案一般都不得是客观的、基本确定的，基本确定的，因而以下各种方法只是切入角度不同，但最终答案都不得应该是相同的，此所谓殊途同归。)

(1)环节分析法。对于那些纵式结构的给定材料，也就是以时间阶段性为序或逻辑上的逐层深入为序的文章，可以使用这种方法。如模拟试题(一)的分 述句可概括为：“(这是一篇反映医药行业药价虚高情况的报道。)生产厂家自己定价，中间商层层加价，医生或医院为了自身利益给病人开高价药，病人购买高价 药品。”这是按医药流通的四个环节来分析的。

(2)参与方分析法。一件事情可能有几方参与。在分述句乳我们可以就各方的行为进行分述答题。如模拟题(六)的分述句可概括九“(这是一篇关于 中国的10家苹果汁生产企业应对方反倾销起诉取得成功的案例。)成本低廉的中国的苹果计进入美国市场，引起美方不满，美方提出反倾销调查起诉。中方积极应 诉，充分发挥有利因素，赢得了诉讼胜利保护了中方苹果汁生产企业的利益。”这种方法最为简便易行。

(3)链式分析法。有时候，一则材料中所涉及的事件是一环扣一环的，各个事件之间有明显的关系，这时就适用链式分析法。如模拟试题(七)的分述 句可概括为：“(这是一篇关于我国玩具市场的调查报道。)9家彩电企业深圳结盟之后，国家有关部门对此提出了质疑，专家认为价格联盟是变相垄断，消费基金 者对此无动于衷，结盟商家内部意见也不统一最终导致彩电限价失败。”

(4)类型分析法。对一则材料所涉及的是不同类别的人或事物，则可进行分类表述。如模拟试题(九)的分述句就可概括为：“这是一篇关于我国玩具 市场的调查报告。调查表明，我国的玩具消费拥有难以估量的发展潜力。家长望子成龙心切，愿意为孩子买更多的玩具，但调查还表明，我国的成人玩具市场基本是 一片空白，存在着巨大的商机。到目前为止，还未出现专门生产成入玩具的企业。玩具的开发和销售面向成人，是世界玩具的新热点。”

(5)关键词分析法。对于给定的材料，如果一时感到无处下笔进行概括，则可以将文中出现 频率的词语罗列出来，然后结合文中事实或观点把它们串联起来。这对于初学者或应试心理素质较差者有较大帮助。我个人估计，《申论》的评分如果要客观公正， 它一定要有一个客观的评判标准。所以其答案的客观性应当是比较强。我们首先选点。保证选点正确，可以尽量少丢分。如模拟试题(八)，先概括总述句：这是一 篇关于农夫山泉与国内其他纯净水厂家打水战的报道。”分述句的概括，你如果感到有困难，可先列出主要词语，(农夫山泉、科学试验、来自全国各地的纯净水 场、反击、炒作、不正当竞争法、查处起诉标准纯净水、天然、，反不正当竞争法、虚假广告、科学性。)这样，再通读全文，加以分析思考后，就能提炼出分述 句：“农夫山泉宣布不再生产纯净水，给纯净水使了个绊，引起全国各大纯净水生产厂家的反击。这些纯净水生产厂家对农夫山泉的科学试验提出质疑，认为农夫山 泉进行炒作，属于不正当竞争行为。要求国家主管门过问查处此事。引发了各界对此问题的关注和讨论。”

(六)主动方分析法。给定资料，一般来说都是内部蕴含着矛盾的事件或观念。这时，为了保证我们分析的切入，可首先确定谁是事件的主动方，从主动方的角度去表述问题。但这时需要考生站在客观公正的立场表述事件过程，在表述中不随便使用定性词句，以免丧失客观公正的立场。

3、道理句。道理句基本句型结构为：“它告诉(或揭示、反映)了…道理(或规律、性质)。”综观参考答案，有的答案有道理句，有的答案无道理句。 我认为，作为一名考生，为确保万无一失，应当用简洁的语言表述事件对人们的认识或启示作用，道理句要求考生对给定资料有较强的归纳分析能力，能从中引申 出…定的道理来。当然，少数时候，文中也有现成语句，这需要考生认真分析和辨别。

二、用不超过350字的篇幅，提出解决给定资料所反映问题的方案。要有条理地说明，要体现针对性和可操作性。

(一)理解题意：

1、字数限定：350字，弹性限度只能在10%以内，过高或过低原则上都不得要扣分。

2、解题对象：针对给定材料，提出解决方案。问题在给定材料之内，一般是近涉关系，很少是远涉关系。

3、适用性。由于招考的公务员，是管理国家事务的人才，因而，所思所想，都必须站在政府的角向提出的方案一要就事论事，二要可以执行，不能大而空。

(二)答题步骤：

1根据前边所述的方法，勾划出文中反映的主要问题。这是保证对策是否有针对性的重要依据。

2寻找问题发生的环境和条件。这是保证解决问题的方案具有可行性的重要依据。

3根据环境和条件，从不同角度或层面提出解决方案。

(三)答题方法：

1、分层法。有些问题，可以从观念、制度、具体行为三个层面提出解决办法。答题时一般可遵循这样的层次安排：1转变观念，改变现有的。。观念，通过树立。。观念;2.建立…制度(实际行动)

2、职能分类法。很多模拟试题都与法律有关。因而答这类题目时，方案可以是按企业或单位、政府、法律、个人这四个方面来分。通常情况都是“企业应当做些什么”、“政府应当做什么”、“法律应当做些什么”、“个人应当做些什么”的方式。

3、核心元素分析法。抓住核心元素，提出解决方案。需要注意的是，在解决关于人的问题上，一般都需要从观念和行动两个方面来提出方案。如模拟试题 (二)中“撞了白撞’的核心元素是“人、车、路”，那么解决方案就是：1提高路人的安全意识，监督路人的行动(要列举上具体办法，如加强交通安全教育，设 置交通路口、安全监督岗位等)。2车主必须尊重路人生命，不能因为法律授权就任意作为，在可能避免的情况下要尽量避免撞人事件发生。3.路的问题主要靠政 府解决。政府要多修路，修好路(也要列举一些具体方法，如拓宽主要街道，在交通要架架设大桥，修地下通道，或严加管理一些事故多发路口等。)

4、参与方分析法。就是一个事件的双方或多方，各有什么问题就分别解决什么问题。这种方法要避免各打五十大板的做法，要根据具体情况提出解决办法。这种方法也是考生最易接受的，考生平时可多练此法。

5、焦点问题分析法。找出矛盾斗争的焦点，解决它，就如解开争斗的死结一样。模拟试题(十四)中就是如何很好地解决新闻曝光案件的问题。解决这个问题要从法律，政府、新闻的实际出发，可以从宏观的、微观的两个方面来思考提出解决方案。

三、就给定资料所反映的主要问题，用1200字左右的篇幅，自拟标题进行论述。要求中心明确，内容充实，论述深刻，有说服力。

(一)理解题意;

l、文体：议论文。就是对事物或道理进行论述的文章。

2、论述内容：给定材料所反映的主要问题。《申论》考试时都要求考生抓住主要问题，因为招考的国家公务员，行使国家权力，必须注平衡问题。而平衡最重要的就是考虑问题时主次分明，对于轻重利弊能较好地权衡。

3中心明确。就是观点鲜明：肯定或否定，赞扬或贬斥，都必须清楚明了，不含糊其辞。在文中最好使用段旨句。一是方便阅卷教师迅速获知文章主要信息，二是方便考生自己写作时紧紧围绕中心，使文章思路清晰，层次清楚，条理分明。

4、内容充实。就是要求论述过程中理论与事实要能很好地结合，既要讲道理，又要摆事实。事实与道理紧密相连，互相支持，为中心论点服务。《申论》考试写作的一般事例都主要来自于给定资料，理论可以从给定资料中来，也可以从中引发。

5、论述深刻。就是要求论述时能看到事物的本质而不是只看到现象，不能囿于事物的表面，必须深入事物的核心。要一针见血地指出问题的实质并旗帜鲜 明地表明观点。对一件事应不只是看到其操作层面存在的问题，更需要从体制、观念、心理等方面进行分析，进而提出切实可行的解决方案。当然，深刻性的前提是 必须符合党的路线、方针，政策，符合当前实际。不然，就只是水中之花，镜中之月，可望而不可及。

6、有说服力。这是对文章的论点、论据、论证提出的要求。论点要鲜明，论据要有力，论证要合逻辑。

7、从申论考试的目的，也就是录用国家公务员来看，评卷的基本要求是客观公正，因而即使是论述题，答题时虽然有一定的发挥余地，但总地来说规范性也是很强的，占着主导地位，因而作文必须从标题、结构、语言、文面等方面尽可能表现出规范性来。

(二)写作步骤。

1、通读全文，抓住主要问题。

2、思考资料提出的主要问题，提炼出中心论点。注意要从国家机关工作人员的角度，为国家利益着想。

3、围绕中心论点选择能恰当证明书的材料，在头脑中酝酿写作提纲，对全文进行谋篇布局。

4、将头脑中酝酿成熟的文章内容表述出来。注意不要随意修改，不写错别字，保持卷面清洁。

(三)文章写作：

1、标题。统观书中参考答案，标题主要有两种形式。一种是陈述式，基本包括揭示内容和提示主旨两种情况：揭示内容的如关于MBA的思考，揭示主旨 和如加快“针对医院的改革”、为了中国能有更多的海尔、要敢于和洋人打官司、三讲教育绝不允许走过场一一这种标题的好处是让人看便知论述的内容或主题。一 种是设问式，如“你能承受多大的噪声?”——这种标题的好处是能让人产生悬念，引发读者思考。我个人认为，既然是公务员考试，标题多数时候就应当直陈其事 为宜。面对那些见惯不惯的事件，使用设问句则能促人警醒，起到振聋发聩的作用。再有，标题中一般有文字工作者涉及的最常见词语，这样考生就不该随意拔高主 题，作宏篇大论，而要贴近材料。

2、正文一律采用三段式：提出问题——分析问题——解决问题。提出问题要简明扼要，开门见山，一般都选用资料中提供的事实材料和理纶材料来进 行。分析问题要紧密结合材料，不能东拉西扯，要集中力量论述主要问题。论述时有详有略，重点内容详写，次要内容略写，但要兼顾好全局和局部的关系，既要看 到正面情况又要注意到次要问题。解决问题的方案要有条理、有层次，涉及到相关部门时方案要体现备司其职、各尽所能、互相合作的精神。分析问题要按照由此及 彼、由表象到本质、由微观到宏观、由特殊到一般的方式进行。

解决方案要紧承分析问题的步骤。最好是前后对应，一个盖子对应一个杯子式地提出解决方案。解决方案既要有总体上的思路，也要列举切实可行的手段或措施。使之既照顾到全局，又照顾到特殊情况，既解决主要问题，又控制次要问题，特别是杜绝新问题滋生。

在分析问题和提出解决方案时，建议采用分条列项的方式，使阅卷教师一目了然，或者使用段旨句，每一段的第一句话都概括表明本段的大意。总之，考生应当明白，无论从阅卷教师具体情况还是以机关工作作风来衡量，这种简洁快速的作文方式都是值得提倡的。

机关工作作风要求稳重，不能表现出轻浮和幼稚来，因而要使用简明平实的语言，语言服从于文章体裁，《申论》要求写作的文章，重在解决实际问题，一定要便于广大人民阅读和接受，才能切实担负起管理国家事务的重任来。

考生要注意，清洁的文面和工整漂亮的文字能够让评卷教师赏心悦目，也便于他们清楚地阅读和理解，在保证文章内容质量的基础上以帮助考生获得较好成绩。所以作文要想好了再写，写的过程中尽量少修改或不修改.

导语：许多同学在观看影片后常会有感而发，尝试写作影评，这对于提高我们的影视鉴赏能力，端正我们的审美观念有相当大的帮助。那么，如何写好影评?

写好影视评论的前提是细心观赏。影视评论不同于书评，书可以反复地看，而影片却一闪即逝，因此，在看电影时不能漫不经心，而要全神贯注，眼观六路，耳听八方，对画面、音乐、对白、音响、表演等方面都要体察精微，并及时捕捉闪光的东西。这样在写的时候才能得心应手，运用自如。

(一)“评什么”

在影片中可评的角度很多。就一部影片而言，可以评主题、评人物、评细节、评场面、评艺术特点、评电影语言的运用等;就多部影片来说，可综合评论一系列影片，阐明某一时期电影艺术创作的倾向和特点;可综合某一类影片(如惊险片、探索片等)进行评论;可综合同一类问题(如古装片的雷同化等)进行评论;另外，还可以进行电影专评，如平添编剧、评导演、评演员、评摄影、评美工、评音乐等。

面对这些可评的内容，初学写影评的中学生具体应如何处理呢?最好的办法是“集中优势兵力歼灭敌人”，抓住影片中给自己留下印象最为深刻、最能激发自己写作欲望的问题来写，这样便于对问题作深入细致的评论，忌面面俱到。

影评写作可以有长有短，可着眼于一部影片的一个镜头，也可以着眼于一种电影现象。对于我们初中生来说，要对一部影片作出全面的评价比较困难，练习写影评，可从评论一个人物形象、一个情节、一个场面入手，可对演员演技。拍摄技巧、导演意图、影片风格、色彩、语言、音乐等进行单一的评析。随着写影评水平的提高，就可对某一人物形象，如影片中的学生、教师、军人等银幕形象发表看法，也可以从纵向谈某一阶段电影的回顾或某一体裁电影的回顾，分析其得失;或从横向谈某一风格的电影，如西部电影、贺岁片、娱乐片等，或横纵向结合，谈一个导演的风格，如谢晋模式、张艺谋现象等到。初涉影评写作不宜贪大求全，而应从一点一滴写起，思考挖掘，连缀成篇。

(二)写影评，应该把握好这样几点

1、捕捉住感受点。

一部电影涉及的方面很广，需要品评的着笔点很多。这就需要对电影反复回味思考，用心灵再度感受，把握往影片中最能动人的地方，并使之在自己的笔下得到理性的升华。如观看了《泰坦尼克号》，不能只简单地叙述这场爱情故事，而要从主人公生与死的考验中感悟到人性的光芒。

2、抓住细节，诠释其深刻涵义。

所谓细节，是影片画面中对表现对象的局部或细微的变化进行精要细致的描绘。细节包括人物的举手投足、一颦一笑，道具的运用，色彩的调度，声音的变化等。典型的细节对展现人物性格、设置悬念、推动情节发展都起着积极作用。如《大转折》中先后三次出现蒋介石的背影，每一次出现都预示着国民党军队下一次的失败，通过三次背影的刻划，将蒋介石政权日薄西山的局面富于象征性地体现出来。

3、立意要新，开掘要深。

写影评要有新意，要有独到的见解，抓往要点，自感而发。要做到有新意，一是要抓住影片内容，结合台社会现买;二是要准确把握住影片的精神实质，挖掘影片本身所包含的深刻内涵。例如对张艺谋电影的分析要紧扣住时代背景，但也不必要都从思想意义角度分析，如巩俐在张艺谋电影中的形象塑造，张艺谋电影中的男性形象等，都是可以开掘的领域。

4、要实事实是地分析评价。

鲁迅先生说过：评论作品必须坏处说坏，好处说好，还要知入论世。他说倘若论文，最好的是顾及全篇，非目顾及作者全人，以及他所处的社会状况，这有较为确凿。对影片作实事来是的评价，要求我们用全面的观点，不是顾其一点，而是观照全片。顾及编导的意图、表演的全部以及当时的社会环境、历史背景等等，作恰如其分的分析与评价。不能强导演、演员、片中人物所难，求全责备。同的，我们在写影评时，也不能人云亦云，如评《情深深雨濛濛》时，有一位同学冷静地指出编导将荧屏中的军阀(如萍、依萍的父亲)形象拔高了——他遇见美丽的女子就抢来作为姨太太，可原因居然是她们像自己的初恋情人。

5、要重视影片的艺术分析。

电影是通过艺术手段来表现主题、塑造人物、抒发感情的，所以影评要重视对影片艺术的高下进行分析。这种分析应具体详细，由表及里，言之有物;评价则应观点鲜明，实事求是。在艺术评析中，字里行间渗透出电影意识，尽可能恰当地运用电影艺术名词术语，还需要有对电影艺术的深刻感受与理性把握。这可以通过阅读电影理论书籍和多欣赏优秀影片来解决。

开始练习写作影评时还应该注意：语言要朴实，要个性化。写影评一定要讲真话，讲自己的话，不要抄袭别人的评论。唯独自己的感受和朴实的语言，才会使自己的评论富有个性和新意，也才会给读者带来清新的感受。

叙议要结合，突出评论。影评离不开叙事。但切忌过多地叙述故事，要突出分析写评价。当然，所评所析不得脱离影片孤立地进行。

设计好影评的标题至关重要。一般来说，它由正副标题构成。正题--揭示文章的中心，必须简明扼要，而又耐人寻味，能够引起读者的阅读兴趣，同时也能给读者带来审美愉悦，它是贯穿全文的主线;副题--点明评论对象，交待片名或评论角度，它是正题必要的补充。二者相得益彰，能使文章增色不少。

读后感就是把自己的一些见解通过文章的形式描述出来，小编收集了读后感必备的写作基础，欢迎阅读。

一、要选择自己感受最深的东西去写，这是写好读后感的关键。

看完一本书或一篇文章，你的感受可能很多，如果面面俱到像开杂货铺一样，把自己所有的感受都一股脑地写上去，什么都有一点，什么也不深不透，重点部分也像蜻蜓点水一样一擦而过，必然使文章平淡，不深刻。所以写感受前要认真思考、分析，对自己的感想加以提炼，选择自己感受最深的去写。你可以抓住原作的中心思想写，也可以抓住文中自己感受最深的一个情节、一个人物、一句闪光的语言来写，最好是突出一点，深入挖掘，写出自己的真情实感，总之，感受越深，表达才能越真切，文章才能越感人。

二、要密切联系实际，这是读后感的重要内容。

写读后感的重点应是联系实际发表感想。我们所说的联系实际范围很广泛，可以联系个人实际，也可以联系社会实际，可以是历史教训，也可以是当前形势，可以是童年生活，也可以是班级或家庭状况，但最主要的是无论怎样联系都要突出时代精神，要有较强的时代感。

三、要处理好“读”与“感”的关系，做到议论，叙述，抒情三结合。

读后感是议论性较强的读书笔记，要用切身体会，实践经验和生动的事例来阐明从“读”中悟出的道理。因此，读后感中既要写“读”，又要写“感”，既要叙述，又必须说理。叙述是议论的基础，议论又是叙述的深化，二者必须结合。

读后感以“感”为主。要适当地引用原文，当然引用不能太多，应以自己的语言为主。在表现方法上，可用夹叙夹议的写法，议论时应重于分析说理，事例不宜多，引用原文要简洁。在结构上，一般在开头概括式提示“读”，从中引出“感”，在着重抒写感受后，结尾又回扣“读”。

叙原文不要过多，要体现出一个‘‘简’’字

雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧

本文来自雅思作文网《介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧》。   西方人有一句话说：Your boss has a big vocabulary than you have，that is one good reason why your boss is your boss. 这句话翻译过来就是说：你老板的词汇量比你大，这是他之所以是你老板的一个很好原因。可见词汇量大不但对一个人的工作起着决定性作用，而且也是获得雅思写作高分最有力的武器之一。

（一）词汇运用的层次

通过对雅思写作评分标准，官方范文以及考生所写的文章的分析，考生在用词方面可以分为以下几个层次：

1. 正确（Correct）：表达你想表达的意思，对于同一个意思可能有好几个词，那么同义词基本上都是正确的。

2. 合适（Appropriate）：在不同语境下要使用不同的词，比如在肯定的语义中要用褒义词，而在否定的语义中要使用贬义词。

3. 精确（Exact）：要联系上下文，尽可能用词到位，因为有些词是不够精确的。比如： allocate part of the fiscal revenue，allocate是分配，不能用divide来替换。

4. 灵活（Smart）：英语本身就有很多约定俗成的表达方法，用我们的话来说，就是有很多潜规则。因此，我们要注意培养地道英语表达，还要注意词汇的固定搭配。

（二）词汇的变换技巧

在写作评分标准里有明确的关于词汇的标准： Lexical Resource： 词汇资源。它考察词汇的运用是否多样恰当且准确。词汇的多少并不能决定文章的好坏，但用词精确性是可以加分的。一般来说，词汇的准确表达可以通过两个方面达到，一是在用词的难度上拔高，二是在近义词的多种表达上提升。值得提醒的是，不要过分堆积华丽的，会给考官留下华而不实的感觉。

1. 使用同义词进行替换

使用同义词的好处在于首先可以向考官展示考生词汇量的丰富，其次也可以使文章富有变化。因此，同义词的运用是衡量考生英语水平的一个很有力的标准，考官认同你的同时，自然也会给你高分。请看下面的例子：

School teachers used to be the source of information. However，some people argue that teachers are not as important as before because there is an increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion？ （08年4月24日考题）

2. 使用各种形式的同根词进行替换

.html 雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧

英语里面有很多同根词，通过单词的变换来吸引阅卷者眼球并获得高分是一个很好的办法。一些单词通过添加前缀或者后缀的方式可以衍生出很多新的词汇。而使用这些词汇可以避免重复原文当中的词条，也可以向阅卷者展示你变化词汇的技巧。

比如写作中我们经常会用到“知道”这个概念，我们可以用know这个词以及它的其他形式和它们的同义词来表示“知道”这个意思。

感谢您阅读出国雅思频道()为您提供的《介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧》一文.

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[雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文用词和句法的技巧

1、终于熬到领卷纸的日子了，这次成绩一下来，我差点兴奋的跳了起来，原因吗，可想而知。

2、上个星期五我们进行了期中考试，我原本以为我的成绩会很好的，可是出人意料的是，卷子一发下来，我就傻眼了。我的成绩很不理想，特别是语文，只得了85.5分，光作文就被扣掉了12分;数学97分，还算说得过去;英语虽说只考了90.5分，但是由于同学们大部分都考的不是太好，分数相对来说在班里面不怎么低。总之，我对这次期中考试的成绩很不满意。

3、这次的考试我们班有四门功课100的同学，这使我觉得自己有很多不足，让我觉得以后必须更加努力学习，灵活掌握知识，要奋起直追赶上和超过比我学习好的同学，学习同学们好的学习方法，加倍适应初中的学习环境，这就是我的感想!

4、第一节课，英语老师走了进来，说：“这次我们班98,99有很多人，好像还有99.5的，是谁啊!”前后同学都指着我，老师走过来，拿起我的试卷看，当老师看到我扣了0.5分的作文，指着错误说：“我觉得这一点错误不用扣0.5分!”同桌羡慕地说：“100分哦!”我满心都溢满了喜悦。

5、考试的俄文我得了很高分，而阅读不理想，基础知识还扣了好多分，唉!可能我语文本来就不好。阅读的概括主要内容我总是写的不全。看来在语文上我得多下功夫才能得高分，而数学没的说。英语因为没发卷子，所以我不知道那一分扣在哪里了。

6、今天，我怀着忐忑不安的心情去学校领期末考试的成绩单，刚坐到座位上，莫芷尧就对我说：“李尧，你语文92，数学89，英语第一，99.5.”什么，我数学才89!我问：“那你三科多少分?”莫芷尧说：“我语文92.75，数学93.5，英语94.5.”什么，莫芷尧都两科比我高了，那我不是很差!

7、数学老师走上了讲台，老师说：“我先报倒数的，再报正数的，某某某80，81，81.5，82，82.5，孙婕83.5分”。原来，我不是三门都好啊，数学怎么考这么少呢?本以为数学也能考到95分以上，唉，才考83.5分;本以为数学也能考前五名，唉，却来个倒数第6名。再仔细看试卷，都是因为我粗心计算出错。如果把粗心改掉，那不就是100分了吗?看看语文试卷和英语试卷，也都因为我的粗心扣了分数。

8、通过这次考试，让我感受到了考好的那种心情。考好时心里就想吃了蜜一样，不，应该说比吃了蜜还甜，从心头一直甜到心底。那种喜悦是任何语言都无法形容的，这就是我考试后产生的感想。

9、我觉得自己太失败了、太马虎了、太大意了。还是平时努力程度不够啊。我要发奋学习，“学而时习之，不亦乐乎”。我要发扬“锲而不舍，金石可镂”的精神。“失败乃是成功之母”我要化悲痛为力量，下次一定用优异的成绩来回报父母、老师，在学海上扬帆，奋勇前进!

10、第二天，一看到语数英三门老师走过来时，我心里总是有一种怪怪的感觉。一直到第二天下午，英语老师才报分数，开始报了某某某100分、某某某100分，98分，98分，97.5分，97分。我的心像是提到了咽喉一样。终于，“孙婕97分”。我才松了一口气，心想，如果语数也能考97分就好了。顿时，大家有的笑眯眯，有的低下了头。我也兴奋了，因为我英语分数超过了妈妈给我定的95分的目标。

11、数学我主要是错在一道判断对错题上，问题是“3.5和3.50的意义相同”，我选择了正确，我一交卷子就后悔了，因为我知道，它们虽然大小相同，但是意义不同，一个是精确到十分位，一个是精确到百分位，我怎么会选择打对号呢，我真是糊涂啊!还有就是在一道列竖式的题上面，我错得更是离谱，竟然会在乘法计算上面出错，本来是二五一十的，我却写成二五十五，尽管保留两位小数，四舍五入之后，我的答案是正确的，但是这道题的两分还是没有了，我不甘心……

14、语文我错的多着了，有生字、词语、语句等等，特别可恨的是作文，40分的作文我竟然只得了28分，作文要求是把“今天，我……”省略的内容先补充完整，然后再写一篇作文，而且提示有，不要把今天理解成写作文的那天。我是这样补充题目的“今天，我很自豪”，可是第一句话我写的是“去年暑假的一天，我……”，就这一句话，4分就没了。还有看拼音写词语，荣获的“荣”我写成了“容”。还有默写古诗《山行》，我把第一句“远上寒山石径斜”的“径”给写错了，这个字我应该会写的呀，亏死的亏呀!!!

15、我每次期中、期末考试，考的都不怎么好。记得一次期末考试，我的数学才考了69分，语文和英语也都不怎么理想，为这，妈妈还说：“你这闺女啊，让我怎么说你呢。不是这错就是那错，你就不能用一点心吗?”爸爸带着帮腔的调说：“你说填空、判断、选择你不理解，那也就算了。你赖好把计算题作对呀，计算题你也不理解、做不对吗?”那一个暑假，我几乎每天都在补习数学，我后悔莫及。在这次期末考试来临前，妈妈对我说：“小雨，你这次考试你数学考到85分以上、语文考到90分以上，尽量考到95分以上、英语必须考到95分以上，如果考到了妈妈就带你去郑州玩，但是有前提条件，刚放假的时候必须能做的作业做完。如果考不到，你可知道后果。”我点了点头。

16、通过了这次学习能力检测，我的感想是：数学一定要多做口算书，不懂的题自己要去钻研;语文嘛，就要多做课外阅读题和多看课外书，提高阅读能力，能积累一些好词好句，提高写作水平;英语就肯定要多做英语阅读题，还可以自己记一些新单词。

17、我感觉自己考得还不错。令我翘首企盼的成绩也揭晓了，可卷子一发来，出乎意料的事情发生了。“33”这两个鲜红的、显眼的数字映入我的眼帘，在那一瞬间，我目瞪口呆。我原以为是发错卷子了，但仔细一看是我的名字。我的心砰砰乱跳，两手不禁颤抖起来。拿起卷子上下一看，那一个个红错叉像一把把坚韧无比的刺刀，扎在我的心上。更可恨的是选择题没写在指定的格子里，导致四十五分的题一分也没给。

18、名题金榜、人镜芙蓉、天子门生、小题大作、异路功名、朱衣点额、朱衣使者

19、高中时一次政治考试，最后一排一男生将课本摊在大腿上奋笔疾书，不料监考如乱马般悄无声息绕到其后，轻抚其肩。该生惊觉，面不改色曰：对不起，桌子里东西太多，放不下，只好让它待在腿上。随即低头继续疾书。全班皆晕倒。

20、这一学期我升入了初中，虽然我学习尽了最大的努力，但我的成绩还是不大理想。我的语文考了96分、数学87分、英语考了100分、历史98分、生物93分、地理91分，政治分数还没有公布，估计在90分以上。最让我不理想的是数学，在卷子发下来以后，有好几道题我都不会做，就因为这几道题，拉了我的分数。

21、总的来说，这次考试数学和英语应该可以考满分的，语文也至少应该在95分以上，这些扣分的地方大多是粗心造成的，这可不行，如果你想要考大学，错了一分就可能上不了你想上的大学，所以我一定要克服粗心，不要让粗心毁了我的一生!我不要让粗心改变我的命运呀!!!我要努力，争取期末再不犯类似的错误了!

22、行香挂牌、及第成名、开科取士、连战皆捷、屡试不第、名落孙山、朱衣点头

23、考试必要技巧：三长一短选最短;三短一长选最长;长短不一要选B;参差不齐就选D。以抄为主，以蒙为辅，蒙抄结合，一定及格。

以下是《九年级英语作文:我和哥哥的历险记》翻译。

It was sunny that day. Our parents were out, so there were only my brother and me at home. We were bored. So we decided to go boating. We played happily. But when we went to the middle of the river, the weather changed. It rained suddenly. We didn t bring umbrella and our boat was bamboo raft. As the rain was more and heavier, we were afraid to sink in the river. We tried our best to make our boat in shore. But our bamboo raft had more water on it. I was afraid to die. My brother was also very anxious. At that time, my mother came and she pulled us back to the ground. It was thrilling.

那是一个晴天。我们的父母都出去了，所以只有我和哥哥在家。我们很无聊。所以我们决定去划船。我们玩的很开心。但当我们走到河中央时，天气变了。突然下起雨来。我们没带伞，而且我们的船还竹排。由于雨越来越大，我们担心会沉到河里去。我们尽力使我们的船靠岸。但是竹筏上的水越来越多。我害怕死了。我哥哥也很着急。那时，我妈妈来了来了，她把我们拉回到地面。真的惊心动魄啊。

导语：高考英语书面表达想拿高分并不容易，首先你要避免一些在学生中比较常见的几种错误才行。下面小编为大家整理了高考英语写作常见的错误，希望大家在考试中能够避免。

有的同学对于否定的概念模糊，不知如何否定，有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。

1. 我认为没有必要买大的。

误：I think its not necessary to buy the bigger one.

正：I don’t think it is necessary to buy the bigger one.

析：有些动词如think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, fancy等的主语是第一人称单数且一般现在时，表示否定的观点应用I don’t think…，而I think… not则属于汉语式表达习惯。

2. 我们直到天全黑了才到家。

误：We arrived home until it became completely dark.

正：We didn’t arrive home until it became completely dark.

析：此汉语句子里面尽管没有否定词，但until用于肯定句时意为“直到…为止”;用于否定句时，其意为“在…以前”。因此，表示“直到…才”用not…until。

3. 如果没有受到邀请的话，我是不会去参加舞会的。

误：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m not invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party if I’m not invited.

析：unless“除非”、“如果不”，常可用if…not来替换。误句中的条件状语从句双重否定表示肯定，结果与原句意思相反。

4. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。

误：The child is not old enough not to go to school.

正：The child is not old enough to go to school.

正：The child is too young to go to school.

析：这是学生最容易写错的句子。enough to“足以、足够”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”，故应译为not old enough to go to school。

5. 他们两个都不说英语。

误：Both of them don’t speak English.

正：Neither of them speaks English.

析：中国学生特别对于all…not 和both…not等这种部分否定结构，很容易理解成全部否定。两者全部否定用neither, 三者以上用none。

6. 开车时再小心也不过分。

误：You can be too careful in driving a car.

正：You can not be too careful in driving a car.

析：cannot…too“无论作…也不过分”。

事务文书是机关、团体、企事业单位在处理日常事务时用来沟通信息、安排工作、总结得失、研究问题的实用文体，小编收集了事务文书的写作基础，欢迎阅读。

常用事务文书写作

——调研报告,工作总结,经验材料的写作 ——调研报告,工作总结,经验材料的写作

马正平 教授

四川师范大学文学院 四川师大写作思维研究所

马正平,四川师范大学文学院教授,四川师范大学写作与思 马正平, 马正平 维研究所所长;写作学专业研究生学科负责人,领衔导师; 教代会主任.美国亚当史密斯大学荣

誉文学博士.

授 课 人 简 介

国务院享受特殊津贴专家,四川省首届有突出贡献的优秀专 家,四川省首届高校教学名师,四川省高校优秀教学团队带 头人. 中国写作学会副会长,中国思维科学学会常务理事,中华美 学学会会员,四川省写作学会执行会长,四川省人大代表. 研究方向 研究方向:美学,中国古代文论,写作学,思维学,语文教 育学 代表性论文:《50年来意境研究述评》,《50年来 代表 论文: 境界阐释述评》,《知行递变论》,《写作文化论》,《写 作分形论》,《非构思写作学宣言》, 《思维本质与分类 新论》,《第三条路:走向生成主义语文教学观》,《21世 纪作文教学应该有一个什么样的体系?》等.

授 课 人 简 介

代表性专著:《写作行为论》,《写作文化论》, 《写作生长伦》,《现代写作教学原理与实践》, 《现代写作学批判与建构》,《生命的空间:〈人间 词话〉当代解读》. 代表性教材:国家教育部"面向21世纪课程教材"— —《高等写作学引论》,《高等写作思维训练教程》, 《高等文体写作训练教程:基本文体》,《高等文体 写作训练教程:实用文体》,《中学作文教学新思 维》. 代表性获奖:曾先后获3次获省政府优秀科研成果三 等奖,1次获四川省高等教育优秀成果一等奖.

一 前 决 策 事 务 公 文

一,前决策公文:论说类 前决策公文 论说类 (一)研究类 调研报告——迫切性,考察性, ——迫切性 1,调研报告——迫切性,考察性,析因 献策性,系统性, 性,献策性,系统性,参考性 工作研究(理论文章) 2,工作研究(理论文章) (二)对策类 3,工作计划[纲领,纲要,办法,细则, 工作计划[纲领,纲要,办法,细则, 方案]——前瞻性 目标性,措施性, 前瞻性, 方案]——前瞻性,目标性,措施性, 阶段性, 阶段性,未来型

二 决 策 性 事 务 公 文

二,决策类公文:论述类 决策类公文: (一)论说类 4,讲话稿——演说性,概括性,指示性 讲话稿——演说性,概括性, ——演说性 (二)记述类 (1)凭证类/非行文 凭证类/ 会议记录——记载性,凭证性,全面性, ——记载性 5,会议记录——记载性,凭证性,全面性, 现场感 (2)历史类/非行文 历史类/ 6,大事记——重要性(政军经法科文),奇 大事记——重要性(政军经法科文),奇 ——重要性 ), 异性,突发性, 异性,突发性,资料性

三 后 决 策 事 务 公 文

三,后决策·论说类 后决策· (一)周知类 7,简报 汇报类/上行文 (二)汇报类 上行文 8,工作总结——回顾性,反思性, 工作总结 回顾性,反思性, 回顾性 概括性,规律性,未来性, 概括性,规律性,未来性,调整性 经验材料——成绩性,细节性, 成绩性, 9,经验材料 成绩性 细节性, 经验性,做法性, 经验性,做法性,榜样性 10,述职报告—— 10,述职报告

一,传统预成性写作

例如: 例如:

壹

"理论文章"的写作方法 理论文章" (一)标题: 标题: 公文式标题:——关于 关于…… 1,公文式标题:——关于…… 2,论文式标题:——《……的启示》 论文式标题:——《……的启示》 的启示 提问式标题:——如何……?为何…… 如何…… ……? 3,提问式标题:——如何……?为何……? 4,复合式标题: 复合式标题: 正文: (二)正文: 提出问题( ):根据现状 提出需要解决的问题. 根据现状, 1,提出问题(总):根据现状,提出需要解决的问题. 分析问题( 分析现状,探讨存在问题的原因, 2,分析问题(分)分析现状,探讨存在问题的原因,为解决问 题提供有效途径. 题提供有效途径. 解决问题: 3,解决问题:提出解决问题的对策

传 统 预 成 性 写 作

几个重点问题

要精心选材. 1,要精心选材. ——怎样才能做到精心选材 怎样才能做到精心选材? ——怎样才能做到精心选材? 要掌握剪裁艺术. 2,要掌握剪裁艺术. ——怎样才能掌握剪裁艺术 怎样才能掌握剪裁艺术? ——怎样才能掌握剪裁艺术? 合理设计文章结构. 3,合理设计文章结构. ——怎样才能设计合理文章结构 怎样才能设计合理文章结构? ——怎样才能设计合理文章结构?

贰 当 代 生 成 性 写 作

二,当代生成性写作

写作的材料,结构,语言, 写作的材料,结构,语言, 材料 标题是运用一套思维操作方法进 标题是运用一套思维操作方法进 行生成和不是预设,构想, 行生成和不是预设,构想,猜想 的写作行为,写作学与写作教学. 的写作行为,写作学与写作教学.

案 例 演 示

例 1:

关于沙尘暴的思考

非 构 思 主 义 写 作

构成分析或过程分析:——我所看到的疯狂的沙尘暴 我所看到的疯狂的沙尘暴? 一,构成分析或过程分析:——我所看到的疯狂的沙尘暴?

构成分析:描写你看到的沙尘暴到来后的世界的样子; 1,构成分析:描写你看到的沙尘暴到来后的世界的样子;或—— 2,过程分析:叙述你看到的沙尘暴到来的故事. 过程分析: 叙述你看到的沙尘暴到来的故事.

二,原因分析:——为什么会出现沙尘暴? 原因分析:——为什么会出现沙尘暴? 为什么会出现沙尘暴

内蒙沙漠的南移; 1,内蒙沙漠的南移; 原始的过度放牧; 3,原始的过度放牧; 1,不但影响人们健康; 不但影响人们健康; 3, 森林的乱砍乱伐; 2,森林的乱砍乱伐; 田鼠对草原的破坏. 4,田鼠对草原的破坏. 2,而且影响社会经济的发展; 而且影响社会经济的发展;

功能分析:——沙尘暴的危害 三,功能分析:——沙尘暴的危害

精彩的文章开头能一下子打动读者的心。古人说，文章的开头要像“凤头”。这种说法形象地说明文章的开头要短小漂亮。好文章的开头应具备哪些标准呢？

1．简洁流畅。

简洁是议论文开好头的保证，尤其是复述材料时更是只能对材料进行简要概括，切不可详细叙述。

2．表达主题鲜明，给人印象深刻。

议论文的开头一定要让读者一下子就知道你要说什么，即一定要向读者亮出你的论点。所谓开宗明义就是这个意思。

3．使用一定的表现手法，使开篇富有文采。

写议论文的开头，可以运用修辞手法，如比喻、引用、设问、排比等，使其焕发出夺目的光彩。

能写出议论文“凤头”的方法有那些呢？

1．引用名言。

就是议论文一开篇就直接引用一句名言作为全文的中心论点。比如，《说勤》的开头：

中国有句俗话叫“一勤天下无难事”。唐代大文学家韩愈也说过“业精于勤”。这都是说学业方面的深厚造诣都来源于勤奋好学。

2．开门见山。

即在文章的开头就不是亮出论点就是导出论点。比如，《谈骨气》一开篇就开门见山地提出中心论点——“我们中国人是有骨气的”，既简洁明了，又中心突出。再如，毛泽ze东在《改造我们的学习》中，一开篇就写道：“我主张将我们全党的学习方法和学习制度改造一下，其理由如下。”这一开篇，既提出了问题，又表明了中心论点，非常直接。

3．故事导入。

4．设问开篇。

就是在文章的开头先就要议论的问题提出自己的疑问，然后再在回答问题中提出自己的观点。例如，毛泽ze东的《人的正确思想是从哪里来的》的开头：

人的正确思想是从哪里来的？是从天上掉下来的吗？不是。是人的头脑里固有的吗？也不是。人类的正确思想只能从社会实践中来。

再如，《愚昧比富有更可怕》的开头：

有人说，愚昧比贫穷更可怕。难道富有了愚昧就不可怕了吗？无数事实已经证明，愚昧比富有更可怕。

议论文采用设问开头，不仅能引起读者的注意，启发读者思考，还能在自问自答中自然亮出全文的中心论点，真可谓水到渠成。

5．解释概念。

就是在文章的开头明确地解释与论点有关的概念的含义，从而点出文章的中心论点。例如，《自强、自负、自卑》的开头：

自强，就是自己努力向上。一个人要有所作为，就应该具备这样的品质：既不自卑，也不自负，而是要自强。

这种开头的好处是可以通过诠释概念挖掘论点的深意，明确论述的方向，给人清晰明确的印象。

6．对比开头。

7．设喻开篇。

就是先在文章的开头写一个故事、一则寓言或者一个笑话，然后以其设喻引出中心论点。例如，《哨子》就是先写自己小时候为得到一个哨子付出了很大的代价，现在很后悔，然后把哨子比作“权势”“名望”“财产”“寻欢作乐”“远远超出自己生活水平的享受”等引出自己的观点：许多人遭受悲苦，都是由于自己对事物的价值作出错误估价造成的。

以设喻开篇能够借助形象说理，使文章生动活泼，并增强文章的表现力和感染力。

8．欲进先退。

议论文的论点与传统观点相对时，可以在文章的开头先提出传统观点，然后再提出自己的见解。例如，写《近墨者未必黑》，就可以先提出传统的观点——“近朱者赤，近墨者黑”，然后再提出自己的观点——“近墨者未必黑”。

这种欲进先退的开篇方法往往可以使读者体会到作者观点的独到、新颖，从而使文章与众不同。

9．树立靶子。

写驳论文，最好是在文章的开头就先亮出对方的谬论，并将其当做靶子深入批驳。例如，《个人与集体》这篇文章，作者就是先提出“有人提出这样一种人生哲学，叫‘人人为自己，也就是人人为大家’”，接着便具体分析这种错误的人生观，并进行了抨击。

总之，议论文的开头方法多种多样，每种开头的方式都有其优势，学生只要多练习，多思考，就一定能找到适合作文与自己的开头方法。

scores are undoubtedly important for students。 so today when i saw the score， 96，on my chinese test paper， my happiness was beyond words。 i believed that mum would also be very happy and perhaps she would reward me。

as soon as i got home， i raised the test paper before mum and said proudly， "mum， look at my score!" out of my expectation，mum said calmly， "good， but i hope you can find out the reason why four points were taken away。" hearing the words， i stood in amazement at first。 then i understood mums words and nodded with all my strength。

then iunderstood that the most important thing that we get from examinations is not whether we have got high scores but whether we know what we have grasped and what we havent。

“考试之后”英语作文译文：

成绩对学生来说无疑是重要的，所以今天当我看到语文试卷上的96分时，我高兴得无以言表。我相信妈妈也会为此高兴，可能她还会奖励我呢。

我一到家就将卷子高举到妈妈面前，骄傲地说：“妈妈，看我的成绩!”出乎我的意料，妈妈平静地说："很好，但是我希望你能找到丢掉另外四分的原因。”听到这些话，一开始我惊愕地站在那里，然后我理解了妈妈的话，用力地点了点头。

我明白了我们从考试中得到的最重要的东西不是我们是否得到了高分，而是我们是否知道自己学到了什么，没有学到什么。

升初作文怎么写，怎么才能构思一篇好作文。孩子在忙碌的同时，家长也开始为孩子忙碌着，或在图书大厦买作文书，或要孩子背诵一篇好文章按题目套文，其实这样的方法是有一定风险的。撞中了叫运气，反之则倒霉。

那么在小升初的作文中，孩子们到底该从哪些方面去着手准备呢?

一、素材的多角度立意

意大利着名画家达芬奇的老师对达芬奇所说的自己画蛋的体会：即使是同一只蛋，只要变换一下角度，形状便立即不同了。这告诉我们对生活中发生的事件我们可以多角度分析。文章源于生活，它的立意亦应多角度进行。

我们以一个发生在同学们身边的事件为例。

今年春天，我和爸爸来到高尔夫球场，第一次学打高尔夫球。看教练做很简单，我按照教练的要求去做，却发现和想象的不同，要么杆碰不上球，要么球出去就偏离了方向，经历了一次次失败，我终于成功了。

就这一事例，我们可从如下角度立意：

1、最大的敌人是自己，战胜自己就会走向成功;

2、一招一式，看似简单，做起来难，失之毫厘，谬以千里;

3、成功需要方法;四、运动带来快乐

这样，一个素材，可以根据命题的不同，确定立意，设置情节，确定描写重点。但无论从哪个角度立意，打球的动作细节是不能丢的。

二、练习写好文章的细节

学生练习作文的过程中，很多孩子注意了情节的起伏，语言的流畅，但总感觉文章空泛，这是为什么呢?忽视了细节描写。

怎样写好细节，简单地说，细节描写要还原生活，去发现场景细节、服饰细节、语言细节、动作细节、心理细节等，按照生活本来的面目去描摹。一篇文章，恰到好处地运用细节描写，能起到烘托环境气氛、刻画人物性格和揭示主题思想的作用。

如何将陌生叔叔帮我把车修好写细，我们首先要还原生活场景，在头脑中勾勒出雪中修车图，再从这一图画中去寻找描写的细节。

这是一位同学的作文片断：叔叔迅速地摘下手套，用右手拿着链条，左手帮着把链条搬过去，链条一点点地扣上去了，一节一节地扣住了后轮的齿轮。咣当一声，链条滑了出来，这一次努力前功尽弃。我的心咯噔一下，万一叔叔告诉我修不好，我该怎么办呀!可事情并非如我想象，只见叔叔向拢起的双手呵了呵气，又蹲下了身子。他为了不让链条弹开，用右手把链条往前面齿轮上套住，然后右手拉住链条往后齿轮上移，左手护住链条不让它再滑出来。后来，他看到位置有些偏，就用左手把它移正再装，洁白的雪花落在了他冻得通红的满是油污的手上，我知道他的手一定很冷，很冷，可他的心一定很热，很热。终于，链条一节一节地和齿轮扣住了。他猛一转脚踏板，车子居然又完好地转动起来。文章中最直观的细节是叔叔修车的动作细节，摘、拿、套、拉、护、移、转等动词的使用，写出了叔叔雪中修车的不容易，突出了人物精神。其次应当是外貌细节和心理细节的描写衬托了人物美好的心灵。

每个人观察生活的角度和经历不同，再现的生活场景也就不同，但无论采用怎样的方法，我们达到这样一种境地为最好做到写人则如见其人，写景则如临其境。

三、整理生活中的素材

努力回忆六年来的校园生活，家庭生活中记忆尤为深刻的小事，哪怕是一次单手磕鸡蛋的经历都不要放过。因为孩子有对生活的观察、积累，有真实的体验、感受，他的表述一定会具体而生动，他所表达的情感一定是真实的。翻翻过去的作文、周记，从多个角度，搜集这样的素材，将细节完整地记录下来，进行分类整理。

有些家长大量地看作文选、杂志，想帮助孩子从上面搬些素材下来。我不大同意这样的做法，因为那不是孩子的生活，他很难像成人一样具有缜密的思维，进行合理的想象情节，他也很难描摹当时的细节，这样的作文不能打动读者。不如让作文选、杂志成为勾起孩子回忆生活的媒介，从与作者相似的经历中挖掘写作素材。如：从作文选上看奶奶为我掖被子的细节，想到冬天，妈妈买药回来，为我滴眼药时怕我嫌凉而搓手的动作，这样一来写母爱的文章就有了素材。

四、努力锤炼文章的语言

佳酿总是经过酿造才有它独特的芳醇，文章也是一样，经过锤炼的语言才是有生命力的语言，孔子说言之无文，行而不远。说的就是这个道理。

我们可尝试这样的几种方式，让语言焕发色彩。

在句式变换上下工夫。在表达强烈的情感时，可以将陈述句用反问、设问或感叹句的形式表达。

在准确地运用词汇上下工夫。在文章中可以用一些拟声词来丰富表达;另外，可使用叠词使描绘更加准确，而且能使语言具有节奏感，从而让语言富有音乐美。再有，四字词语和成语的使用，会使语言表达更为简练。 在恰当地运用修辞上下工夫。修辞不但使文章语言生动活泼，而且能调节音节，增强语言的音乐美，提高语言的表达效果。例如：风追着雨，雨赶着风，风和雨联合起来追赶着天上的乌云，整个天地都处在雨水之中一句，意思是说大雨来了。但是作者使用了拟人的手法，把风、雨当作正在奔跑的人，飞快地追赶天空的乌云，这样一说比大雨来了更能表现出雨来的之快、之急、之大。当然，修辞方法还有引用、夸张、排比、设问、反问等等，我们应根据需要采用。

It is generally believed that a high diploma guarantees a promising future. Some people identify high diplomas with profound knowledge and exceptional competence. Companies also tend to emphasize the academic achievement of a job candidate. Like it or not, there does exist a social reality – the higher diplomas one gets, the more popular he becomes。

On the contrary, other people claim that a high diploma doesn’t automatically translate into knowledge. A diploma, in their eyes, is only the acknowledgment of one’s educational experience rather than a guarantee of one’s ability. Therefore, we can never measure the depth of one’s knowledge by the grade of one’s diploma. Besides, many knowledgeable people don’t have a high diploma. Take Bill Gates for example. His dropping out of college cannot deny the fact that he is one of the world’s most learned men。

So I must say no one should ever equate a diploma with knowledge, because a diploma is nothing but a proof of a short-term study while genuine knowledge needs one’s lifelong devotion。

时间如流水般淌过，转眼间期中考试也已经结束了，成绩也已经公布了。望着试卷上的分数，我惊讶了。因为这并不是我真正想要的分数。六年级下册的第一次英语期中考试开始了这次考试已成为我学习生涯中最低分的一次考试。在这次英语考试，我竟然考了73分，从三年级开始，到六年级，我从未考过如此低的分数，于是，我开始自我检查。

我次，一到考试的时候总因紧张而很着急，为此，我总结了我没考好的原因：

1.平时没有养成细致认真的习惯，总是不把题目读完就答题，考试的时候答题粗心大意、马马虎虎，导致很多题目会做却被扣分甚至没有做对。

2.在做阅读理解的时候，我根本看都看不懂，这个脑袋都是晕乎乎的，就随便乱蒙了一下，这都是因为单词没有记熟，看到认识的单词，更本想不出意思来，所以，我的阅读理解扣了8分。

3.在考试的前一个晚上没有复习，以前每次英语考试我都会在前天晚上复习好，而在这次考试，我因放了两天假就忘得一干二净了，到了学校才想起来要考试，但我以为这次考试也会像以前考试一样很容易，在考试前10多分钟也不复习，从而导致了考得很不理想。

4.平时回到家的时候，不复习一下英语，但到了星期六、星期天也不把英语书拿出来复习一下，只顾看电视、玩电脑。

5.在平时听单词的时候，总是死记硬背，就在听的时候默得出来，蒙混过关，到了第二天，就全不记得了，导致了在做选出不同类的单词这一题的时候，扣了6分。

自己有很多兴趣，作为一个人，一个完整的人，一个明白的人，当然不应该同机器一样，让自己的兴趣被平白无故抹煞，那样不仅悲惨而且无知，但是，如果因为自己的兴趣严重耽搁了学习就不好了，不仅不好，有时候真的是得不偿失。第一，这次失败的原因是什么?要认真思考，挖掘根本的原因;第二，你接下来要干什么?确定自己的目标，不要因为失败不甘心接着走，而是要正确地衡量自己。看看想要什么，自己的优势在什么地方，弱势是什么;第三，确定目标。明确自己想要的，制定计划，按部就班的走。

时间仿佛过的很快，一眨眼的功夫，却已学期过半。我仔细的倾听钟表的声音，仿佛感到了时光的流淌，生命的流逝。时间仿佛是一片大海，我仿佛是在大海中行舟的那个人。我在着大海中慢慢的成长，进步。刚上海时，由于不适应海上的生活，很长时间里，没有找到行舟的诀窍，因此，并没有比别人划得更好。等到花了六分之一时，才发觉原来划船在海中遨游是如此愉快，虽然需要费力，虽然需要慢慢的学习划船的技巧和精确度。但，我却依然感到快乐无比。因为在这个探究的过程中，我发现了一种超越自我的快乐。

任务的动作的表达形式有很多，例如站、坐等，但是形容人物动作的词语是更加的多。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于写好人物的动作的方法，希望可以帮助到大家！

一提到动作描写，肯定要准确运用动词。比方说，表示“看”这个动作的词语就有“瞄”“瞟”“盯”“瞥”“端详”等，我们在写人物动作的时候，就不能总是“我看了一眼”可以根据当时的情况，写成“我漫不经心地瞟了他一眼”或“我死死地盯着他”。这样，通过准确运用动词，就能把人物的动作写得准确、具体、鲜明。

妙招一：动词+修饰语的方法

这种方法很简单，就是我们在描写人物的动作的时候，首先要准确运用动词，这是基础。然后在这个动词前或后加上表示“方向”“程度”“轻重”“快慢”“数量”的词语。

如：方向+动词--他高高地举起了手；我向右侧了侧身。

轻重+动词--老师轻轻地摸了摸学生的头；他的脚重重地踢在了墙上。

快慢+动词--厨师手里的菜刀飞快地舞动着；他一下子就跳了起来。

程度+动词--爸爸狠狠地打了小明一巴掌。

动词+数量--他向前跑了几步。

以上这些类的词语可以单独用，也可以结合在一起用。大家试一试，用这样的方法写出来是不是很具体呢？

在介绍第二种方法之前，我们来做一个简单的动作--敲门，注意是“敲门”，而不是“拍门”或“推门”。这个动作看似简单，但要把它写好，其实包含着“大玄机”。

妙招二--动作拆分法。

其实，再复杂、连贯的动作，都不是一下子就能完成的，在观察和描写时，如果把动作分解成若干步骤，一步一步仔细观察，并选择恰当的动词一步一步地描写，就不难把人物动作写具体了。动作拆分法，简单来说，就是把一个大动作分成几个连贯的小动作，用慢镜头的方式一一描绘出来。我们都知道，在传统的武打动作或电视的慢镜头中，往往把一种行为分解成若干个部分，或者是把一个大动作细化为几个小动作，然后分别对每一个部分、每一个小动作按一定层次具体展示或描写，使整个动作行为栩栩如生。

运用这种动作拆分的方法，“敲门”这个简单的动作可以分解为如下几个小动作：①走到门前②停下③举起（右）手④弯曲手指⑤敲门。准确地描述出这几个连续动作，组成流畅的句子，就能具体地写出人物“敲门”的经过了。

运用这种方法，“敲门”这个大动作，我们就可以写成一段话：他穿戴整齐地来到妈妈的门前，轻轻推了一下，门紧闭着，里面似乎有亮光。他迟疑地举起了右手，想了想，慢慢弯曲食指，轻轻地敲在门上，里面没有反应，又敲了三下，仍然没有动静。他鼓起勇气，又轻轻地敲了敲，还是没有人出来开门，他一下子愣在了那里。

同学们，运用这种动作拆分的方法，我们是不是一下子就能把动作写具体了呢？希望同学们在自己的作文中也能运用这种方法，让自己的文章更加具体。

妙招三：准确运用词语

这里的“准确”，包括两层含义：一是体现人物特点，二是结合具体情境。这就要求在写人物动作的时候，避免使用那些“万能词”。什么是万能词呢？就是那些无所不能，多用途的词语。比方说下面的句子

我走到门前。

我走到妈妈面前。

我走过去。

“走”就是一个万能词，还有“看”“拿”“吃”等等。这些词用起来看似没有任何问题，可以用来写人物的动作。但是要知道，这些万能词有时却是万万不能的，因为它们不够准确。

我们都知道，世界上没有完全相同的两个人，人物的性别、性格、年龄、身份不同，他们所表现出来的行动的特点也一定是不同的。所以，在描写人物动作的时候，要充分结合人物的性别、性格、年龄、身份等，要表现出人物的特点。

例如：一个家境富裕的孩子，他是把一块钱拿在手里。而一个贫穷的孩子，他会把一块钱攥在手里。

再如：一个腼腆的人，笑的时候是“抿着嘴，嘴角微微翘起”的微笑，而一个爽朗的人笑得时候是“咧开嘴巴，露出牙齿”的开怀大笑。

第二点，人在不同情景、环境中，行动的特点更是不同的，更需要注意准确用词。

比方说，你在饭后散步时的“走”和上学要迟到时的“走”是一样的吗？肯定是不一样的。你在平时喝水时，可能是“拿起杯子，把杯子凑到嘴边，一仰脖，喝一口。”而当你渴极了或者是时间紧急的时候，你会怎样喝水呢？肯定是“一把抓过杯子，凑到嘴边，一仰脖，‘咕咚’灌下一大口”，你看，同样是你这个人，同样是喝水，因为情境不同，表现出来的动作不同，所选用的动词肯定也是不一样的。

提醒同学们一定要注意，在描写人物行动时，务求做到“准确”二字--抓住人物行动的特点写，抓住人物在特定情境中行动的特点写。这样才能把人物的动作写准确，把人物写活。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

议论文是申论考试的重头戏。如何才能写出符合申论写作要求的议论文，赢得笔试的胜利，迈出关键性的一步?这是很多考生的疑问。为帮助广大考生，小编为大家整理了议论文写作的基本要求。欢迎阅读。

一、文体准确

申论考试中，给出的题目并没有明确限定文体，但是，在题目的“要求”部分会写上“观点明确”、“内容充实”，这正和议论文中要求中心论点明确、观点突出相契合。此外，申论考试阅卷时间短，在短时间内要使得阅卷老师快速抓住文章观点、明确文章结构，议论文无疑是最好的选择。

二、观点明确、正确

观点明确，就是要求考生要明确地表达出肯定什么、否定什么，赞成什么、反对什么。我们认为对某件事情、某种现象发表议论，必须态度明朗，观点明确，要让阅卷老师直观的看出文章的基本观点是什么。

观点正确，要做到三点，一是，观点符合命题人的命题意图，没有偏题。二是，观点符合客观实际，符合普遍认识规律。三是，观点符合官方看法，符合社会主流价值观。

三、内容充实

内容充实，是指文章要论点全面、分析充分。

一是论点全面。要求考生在提出中心论点(即总论点)的基础上要对中心论点进行深化和细分，提出分论点，以丰富中心论点的内涵。

二是分析充分。这要求文章不能仅仅停留在提出观点阶段，还要对观点进行分析阐释，比如分析观点提出的依据、现实的意义、面临的问题、问题可能造成的影响、具体的措施等。

三是有理有据。既有给定资料提供的内容，又有自身积累的素材(名人名言、理论政策)，有理有据，言之有物。

四、结构完整

首先，要求文章要有题目、开头、主题内容和结尾。一篇文章，开头和结尾最好是各自成段，不可与主题内容混在一起。其次，文章的开头部分就能提出中心论点，主体部分重在分析问题和解决问题。最后，结尾部分在得出结论的基础上，能做到反扣主题，深化主题的话，这样的文章一定是上乘之作。

文章在结构完整的基础上，还要做到条理清晰。我们认为申论文章要想有清晰的文章脉络，就要做到以下两点：一是要按照正确逻辑顺序组织安排文章的段落，如：按照“提出问题-分析问题-解决问题”的逻辑顺序书写文章。二是，文章层次划分不宜过多。在字数限定下，申论文章一般较短，1000字左右的文章分为五至七段较为合适。

五、语言丰富

随着申论考试形势的发展，为了在用词以及句式上更加丰富，申论文章已经摒弃了以往单一的用词造句方式。举例如下：

1.对策宾语前加修饰词，以体现专业性。如“加强网络监管法律法规”、“加大网络过滤技术的研发”等等，体现针对性，而非一味的套用模板。

2.表示意义词语的多样化。除了“前提”、“基础”、“保障”、“关键”之外，还可以使用更多的词语，以避免重复。如“核心”、“抓手”;“助推器”、“着力点”;“主攻方向”、“力量源泉”等。

3.句式回环复沓美。“回环”句式是指运用相同的词语或句子形成的循环往复的语言形式。如：“政治越能改进，抗战越能坚持;抗争越能坚持，政治越能改进。”这句话构成了一种封闭式的圆环式，使韵律旋转回环，给人一种新鲜、奇巧的复沓美。

中公教育特别提醒考生，写作之前最好列好框架，草稿上写好各段要点，需要引用的论据，便于申论的顺利完成。

Sam Walton(1918-)

Contrary to popular belief, Sam Walton (the founder of Wal-Mart) was not from Arkansas. He was actually born in Kingfish, Oklahoma on March 29, 1918. He was raised in Missouri where he worked in his fathers store while attending school. This was his first retailing experience and he really enjoyed it. After graduating from the University of Missouri in 1940, he began his own career as a retail merchant when he opened the first of several franchises of the Ben Franklin five-and-dime franchises in Arkansas.

This would lead to bigger and better things and he soon opened his first Wal-Mart store in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. Wal-Mart specialized in name-brands at low prices and Sam Walton was surprised at the success. Soon a chain of Wal-Mart stores sprang up across rural America. Waltons management style was popular with employees and he founded some of the basic concepts of management that are still in use today. After taking the company public in 1970, Walton introduced his "profit sharing plan". The profit sharing plan was a plan for Wal-Mart employees to improve their income dependent on the profitability of the store. Sam Walton believed that "individuals dont win, teams do". Employees at Wal-Mart stores were offered stock options and store discounts. These benefits are commonplace today, but Walton was among the first to implement them. Walton believed that a happy employee meant happy customers and more sales.

Walton believed that by giving employees a part of the company and making their success dependent on the companys success, they would care about the company.

By the 1980s, Wal-Mart had sales of over one billion dollars and over three hundred stores across North America. Wal-Marts unique decentralized distribution system, also Waltons idea, created the edge needed to further spur growth in the 1980s amidst growing complaints that the "superstore" was squelching smaller, traditional Mom and Pop stores. By 1991, Wal-Mart was the largest U.S. retailer with 1,700 stores. Walton remained active in managing the company, as president and CEO until 1988 and chairman until his death. He was awarded the Medal of Freedom shortly before his death.

Walton died in 1992, being the worlds second richest man, behind Bill Gates. He passed his company down to his three sons, daughter and wife. Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated (located in Bentonville, Arkansas) is also in charge of "Sams Club". Wal-Mart stores now operate in Mexico, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, South Korea, China and Puerto Rico. Sam Waltons visions were indeed successful.