初中英语中考写作指导（精彩20篇）

Traveling is moer and more popular in the modern world.it helps us open our

eyes and learn knowledge differden places.so i thing traveling is helpful for

us.

When we are free during the holiday ,we can go to some beautiful places to

relax ourselves .w hile we are in different pleaces ,we will have a wonderful

feeling in all we see,there we can eat all kinds of delicious food,visit many

places of interest or something else.

On the other hand ,traveling will help us learn lots of local cultures

,people’s lives there ,sometimes you can make some new friends,it also can make

your life colorful.to us students mwe can relax ourselves from the busy studying

life,we can use these experiences in our studying.

So if you have time ,traveling is the best way to relax yourself the more

places you travel,the mare you will learn.

一、四级作文概述

四级作文是提纲作文，一般按提纲写出相应段落即可。在文章内容上无需追求高深新颖，切题合理便可落笔；在思路逻辑上则要求句意通顺，文字流畅；在文字表现上要求无语法错误，个别小错可忽略(如动介搭配，单词拼写等不涉及语法类小错)。另外，值得一提的是，在篇章结构上建议写三段，所以即便题目只给出两个提纲，最好在完成两个提纲后，再多补充一段，所补内容不限，但须跟话题相关。

二、四级作文例题分析

(1) The Shortage of Fresh Water

1. 目前淡水资源非常紧缺

2. 为什么会出现这种情况

3. 该如何解决

96年6月份曾考过此题，今天来看，似乎更有现实意义。这是一道负面社会现象题，那么挖掘其背后根源，并找出解决方案，就成为探讨的主要方面，而提纲也正是如此。三个提纲各属其类，界限清晰，直接按提纲写三段即可。段1为提出现象，确立研究对象。提纲1翻译后仅一句话，作为一段话则显内容单薄，字数匮乏，所以需进一步发挥。不妨从例证角度扩充，举例时即可基于国内现状，也可纵观全球，显然前者更易行。可从我国西南地区的生活缺水，水价上升，以及河流干涸等细节方面铺陈。段2是原因分析，建议分析主观原因和客观原因两方面。所谓主观原因即是基于人的思想意念，心理意识，行为动机以及行为举措，比如人们节约意识的淡漠或者人们误认为淡水取之不尽等不当想法。而客观原因则是从非人角度出发，如社会发展，人口激增，甚至污染的加剧等方面出发，这些因素均使得淡水消耗的增加。当然，考场上由于时间紧迫，无法细想，可能会写出的两个全是主观类或客观类的原因，其实也无妨，只要二者不同即可，谨防虽言明两原因，但实则彼此混淆，出现逻辑不清的窘况。段3是措施分析，措施可从官方措施和民众措施两方面写起，也可加入作为现代年轻人，我该如何约束自己，从生活中小事做起节约水资源等内容。总之，在内容上考生尽可发挥想象力，纵马驰骋，原则依旧：切题者皆可。

(2)Part-time Jobs for College Students

1.目前大学校园里很多学生业余时间做兼职

2.对于大学生是否该做兼职工作，人们看法不一

3.我的看法

这是一道校园话题，在内容上即涉及现象，又涉及观点，能很好地考察到学生的综合分析能力。提纲1依旧是现象提出，看到提纲1，大家脑海里会浮现很多熟悉的场景，如校园布告栏里张贴着的兼职广告，校园论坛上也经常发布的一些兼职信息等等，这些都可反映在段1中。所以当我们第一眼看到话题或提纲时，脑海中常常会浮现出相关场景，把这些画面定格，进行详细描绘即可，即自然又切题。当然，段1也可从学生的兼职渠道以及兼职类型等方面加以发挥。总之，提纲是总领，而符合总领的任何附属内容都可写。段2是人们对此学生兼职的不同看法，一正一反。切记在表达上述两类观点时，提出其相关论据。段3是提出作者本人看法。本人看法既可选择上述任一方(只要不极端)，也可提出与上述均异的第三类观点，对于极度偏激的正反方观点则需做一番调和与勾兑(这个一般很少见)。需要提醒的是，继提出己方观点后，还应补充其他内容，如论据；也可写我的下一步做法，甚至可写我所认为的大家对此问题所应采取的对策云云。

(3)Private Cars of Today

1.目前私家车越来多了

2.私家车为人们带来的益处和问题

这道题只有两个提纲，所以建议在完成提纲要求内容之后再补充一段相关内容，可以在提纲2之后续补段3(如举措类：如何合理地限制私家车的出行以减少废气排放等等)，也可在1，2之间插入一段(如原因分析，即为何私家车越来越多)。先来看提纲1，依然是事实陈述，看到提纲1，会很容易联想到马路上川流不息的过往车辆，以及高峰期令人沮丧的堵车，那么即可将这些内容付诸笔端。再看提纲2，是私家车给人们生活带来的影响，该事实是一中性事实，则需辩证地分析其影响的两面性，一方面它带来好处，如让人们的出行变得更自由更方便，另一方面它带来坏处，如排放废气，污染环境，或造成交通堵塞等等。

English is the international language. Many parents have realized the

importance of mastering English and they spend a lot of time and money to help

their children learn it well. But with the development of Chinese economy, a lot

of foreigners come to China to learn its culture and language, so we cant

ignore the importance of Chinese. I have recited a lot of old poems. It makes me

feel the charm of these classic poems. Every poem uses a different way to show

the history. I find the great joy in learning Chinese. Both English and Chinese

are future language, so we need to master them well.

假设你是《21世纪中学生英语报》“heart to heart”专栏的编辑.下面是你收到的一位中学生的来信.请你根据他来信的内容写一封回信.针对他的问题。

Dear Xiaowei,

Weight problem is quite common among teenagers everywhere. So I don’t think you have much to worry about. Here are my suggestions. Eating late at night is OK, but you should to eat more fruit and vegetables, which are good for you.

Also, when you are free, you’d better do more exercise. Running is great. You don’t like running alone, but what about running with your friends? Or you can do some team sports like basketball. I’m sure your friends will be willing to help you lose weight. I hope you have as much success in losing weight as you have had in your studies. “Believe myself, and I will win.” It’s really important for us when we meet difficulties. Don’t lose heart; I’m sure you will succeed one day.

China is a developing country. Many years ago, I remembered seeing a lot of

news about criticizing how Chinese people copied the advanced technology of

developed countries. Nowadays, things have changed. There are some technologies

that are created by Chinese people, which leads the new trend. Online payment is

the most famous change. Alipay and Wechat are the most popular ways to pay bills

and they can be used almost everywhere. When foreigners come to China, they are

surprised by the new trend and cant believe this country could take the lead in

online payment. We are so proud of this big country. Though it is still on the

process of developing, we believe it will become stronger.

The desire for good health is universal. In our competitive society it is important to maintain good health.

On the one hand, people with good health can do work with full confidence and their progress in work in turn contributes to their health and happiness.

On the other hand, a sick person is usually not interested in everything around him and therefore he loses many opportunities to become successful.

There are many ways to keep it. First, those who are always on the go from morning till night should find time to relax because too much stress will affect their health. Second, enough time should be left for sleep because that will help one become rested and refreshed.

Finally, regular physical exercises benefit one‘s health a lot. So one should always keep in mind that a certain amount of exercise is not a waste of time.As for me, I like playing tennis in the morning. I also attach much

good environment can make people feel happy and fit . to improve the environment means to improve our life.

we should plant more trees and flowers around us . we shouldn’t cut them down . we should stop factories from pouring waste water into the river and waste gas into the air.

whenever we see litter on the ground , we should pick it up and throw it into dusbins. never spit in public. don’t draw on public walls. it’s our duty to protect the environment.

One of my favorite celebrities are great nightingale.Florence Nightingale was born in Britain in 1820,a wealthy family.Her parents hope she study of literature and art.Regardless of her parents objection,resolutely choose a nurse.By the 1950s,the Crimean war,Britains battlefield warriors mortality at 42%.Florence Nightingale initiative for field nurses.She tried to eliminate all kinds of difficulties,the solution for injuries to food and supplies for them,the nursing.Every night,her hand,the lamp patrol tele-education affectionately known her for ms lantern.After the war,the nightingale was returned to England,people for a national hero.In 1910,nightingale died.For the expression of her admiration,people put her birthday - May 12th as "international nurses day".After the nightingale died,follow her wills,not a state funeral.Later she is "etc the angel" and "lantern."

Father’s Day is coming and you must be thinking of giving a present to your

father。 Different people like different kinds of gifts。

If you have enough pocket money， you can buy a useful but not expensive

thing， like a tie。 I think your father will like it。 But if you don’t have

enough pocket money， you can do something that you can do， for example， you can

prepare a cup of tea。 When your father comes back from work， he can drink

it。

No matter what you do， the most important thing is to make your father

happy on Father’s Day。 Don’t you think so?

保护环境英语作文篇1

Through observation， I found that plastic bags on peoples harm and pollution is very large。 People often use plastic bags： mother to buy food and plastic bags； to shopping malls with plastic bags； in the restaurant to eat rice is also packaged with plastic bags to take home； even I buy stationery also with plastic bags。 People do not know what they do to the environment caused by pollution， their own body caused any harm。 Such as： people often put useless plastic bags thrown into the garbage， plastic bags in the rubbish will be smelly， so that the pollution of the air。 People also throw plastic bags anywhere， a wind， plastic bags flying in the sky， the branches also see the tree is a plastic bag， and even the river there are plastic bags。 This plastic bag in addition to pollution of the air， but also polluted our water resources。

We should raise peoples awareness， tell us the neighbors and friends and family together to beautify our environment。 On the road to see the plastic bag quickly picked up， immediately took it to the garbage disposal。 We want to start from my use less plastic bags， so that my mother every day to buy food or shopping when they first take their own bags， this is not very environmentally friendly？ Or can use their own holding things as far as possible by hand， no plastic bags。

As the saying goes： "to protect the environment， everyone is responsible" We have to protect the home environment out of a force。

通过观察，我发现塑料袋对人们的危害和污染非常大。人们还经常用塑料袋：妈妈买菜用塑料袋；去商场购物用塑料袋；在饭店里吃不完的饭也是用塑料袋打包带回家；连我买文具也用塑料袋。人们却不知道他们这样做对环境造成的污染，对他们自己的身体造成了什么危害。如：人们常把没用的塑料袋扔进垃圾堆，塑料袋在垃圾里会发臭，这样就污染了空气。人们还把塑料袋随地乱扔，一刮风，塑料袋在天空中漫天飞舞，树枝上也看到满树都是塑料袋，就连小河里也有塑料袋。这样塑料袋除了污染了空气，还污染了我们的水资源。

我们应该提高人们的认识，告诉我们身旁的邻居和亲朋好友一起来美化我们的环境。在路上见到塑料袋就连忙捡起来，马上把它拿到垃圾场处理掉。我们要从我做起少用塑料袋，让妈妈每天买菜或购物时都先拿上自己做的布袋，这样不是很环保吗？或者能用自己手拿的东西就尽量用手拿，不用塑料袋。

俗话说的好：“保护环境，人人有责”我们也要为保护家乡环境出一份力。

保护环境英语作文篇2

Green， is the true nature of life， is the intentional and unintentional destruction of the day by day to reduce the disappearance， and take it that is pollution， is rubbish。 Our mother — the earth！ She was originally fenghuangmao， but she was old， sick， wounded： human beings， wake up！ Let us protect our mother， let her return to the young bar！

How can we protect the environment？ First of all， we must establish a sense of protection， to establish peoples civilized fashion， to eliminate the phenomenon of littering， which is followed by one， then the second is what？ Is rubbish。 Speaking of garbage， then we pay attention to the more of the。 1， we set the attention of garbage health。 Garbage， we have to use a garbage bag to wrap up and keep the sanitation environment。 2， garbage to be classified。 In the classification process， we should put the waste paper。 plastic。 Waste bottles cans and other renewable resources can be recycled， can not be recycled into the garbage poke， but never allowed to throw the old battery， you must put the battery into the recycling station， so that the recycling staff to deal with the third With or without plastic bags， disposable lunch boxes of these white pollution， these aspects are introduced how to protect the environment， the following let me introduce how to save resources！ 1， saving water， in the use of faucet in the process， we To keep the faucet away from any drop of water。 Some people will think， is not a drop of water？ What can be worth a fuss？ But you have not thought that Chinas fresh water this year， a sharp reduction， do not cherish， the last drop may be your tears！ So please be sure to cherish this drop of water！ 2， cherish every grain of rice。 I think we all hear who knows the plate of Chinese food， grain are hard this sentence it！ A grain of rice， a drop of sweat， some children can also develop a snack， do not eat bad habits， so not only a waste of food， Also harmful to the body， is not it tasteless？ So， you should correct this bad problem as soon as possible。

In addition， we have to carry out and participate in the city， the town of some environmental activities， consciously to the masses to promote some knowledge of the ring， but also the use of some waste to produce a variety of small production。 In addition， you can also in March 12 to carry out tree planting activities， continue to add green to their homes。

People only ah！ Only let the green to restore the original beauty， can we let our mothers on behalf of the reproduction， enduring。 Let us work together to create a happy and happy world！

保护环境英语作文篇3

I came to my neighbor to find my friends Huan and dream， there are Tao， told them that we went to pick up garbage it。 They are very happy。 Huan said： "No tools how do we pick up trash？" I brought four plastic bags， give you one one one。 The following are the same as the "

The following are the same as the "

Environmental team opened， we unit action， I came to my backyard， found a bamboo paper in a bamboo， then bent down to pick up the group of paper into the plastic bag。 Continue to move forward and found a group of paper， which must be I usually do not pay attention to throw， was the wind blowing to the bamboo forest。 I regret， I am a class of labor in the class， in charge of my class in the dry area health inspection work， some students littering hated， did not think he actually 。。。 。。。 today I can personally pick up their own garbage heart finally A little comfort！ I secretly remind myself： Juan， you have to remember， do not repeat this kind of ridiculous stupid！ The following are the same as the "

The following are the same as the "

I keep patience to pick up the rubbish。 After more than 20 minutes， garbage pick up light， and we came to the collection of places， I saw， everyones hands are full of a plastic bag， really "rewarding" "Even if we clean up the garbage on the ground， but the garbage in the river can not stop， and get rid of there will be。" Huanfan said， Tao took the stubble， said： "If we make a billboard with wood， "Well get the attention of the people，" he said。 "Well get the board and write it on the top。" Please do not forget to throw the rubbish！ "" Protect everyone from the environment！ " 。。。 we wrote a total of five pieces of wood， we were put them on the river the most prominent place， the task is completed， we are happy to go home。 The following are the same as the "

The following are the same as the "

Whenever I see the garbage on the ground I will be filled with emotion： to protect the environment， everyone is responsible！ But the most critical thing is to arouse peoples awareness of environmental protection。 Now our government， most of the citizens have a certain sense of environmental protection， but also pay attention to protecting the environment， but the destruction of the environment behavior is still repeated in some people。 Hope that we can start from me， from small things to start to develop good health habits， do not throw litter， see the garbage can bend around pick up pick up， then， our environment will be more beautiful！

Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.

少用关系代词

学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时，仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。

Example:

Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

(用两个 that’s，读起来很别扭)

Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

-- Jane Austin

注：被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。

Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.

Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.

Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.

Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.

Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.

Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.

Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.

Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.

Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.

Do you agree that your parents have a second child? Different students have

different opinions about it.

Some students agree with the idea. They think, if so, they wont feel

lonely and there will always be someone to play with. Besides, if their parents

get older or ill, they can take turn to look after them. However, some students

disagree. They worry that they will get less love from their parents if another

child comes to the family. Whats worse, they may not get along well, or even

fight against each other.

As for me, Id love to have a brother or sister as company, so that we can

share our happiness and sorrow anytime.

我有一个非常严厉的英语，老师我的英语老师姓郝，中等个，戴一副近视眼镜平时她一头如波浪线一样的美发，秀美且整洁，非常漂亮。

每天的英语课总有意象不道的知识，但是也有如水一样多的作业。我认为老师是为我们好，为了提高学习成绩，为了拿着一份满意的分数，为了打好英语的基础。老师您辛苦了，您劳累了。

老师您知道吗？记得初一上册，我是一个错单词很多小女孩，有一次您找我谈话，对我教育告诉我记单词的方法，通过和您与我的谈话启发了我，与现在相比我的错单词是越来越少，奥秘也一点一滴积累。老师我谢谢您！

其实每次您布置的作业避免很多。也会遭遇许多同学的默默言辞，但是我明白您是有您的道理的，您也为我们花了不少时光，您也为我们操出了几根银丝。

在我心中有一支永不熄灭的蜡烛，永远燃烧着生命之火，永远都充满着生机与活力，这支蜡烛是不是很像在我们身边的一位很值得我们敬佩的人呢？他在课上给我们讲做人的道理；在课后是我们的益友，如果同学遇到不明白的问题，她还会耐心地教导我们，没错，他就是我们的老师，“蜡烛时刻在提醒着我们，要处处为他人着想。”这也许是老师常说的吧！

一年了，老师曾为了我们掉过多少“珍珠”？而我们呢？却时常惹她生气，心中真是难过，也很后悔：我，一名中学生，没有全身心地努力。老师，我想对您说：“您为我们操劳，任劳任怨；您带我们进入知识的海洋，在那里遨游，使我们懂得书中的乐趣；您精心备课，与我们一起品味书中美妙的午餐；您如好朋友似的关切我们；是您，是您，还是您！您像一根红烛，为后辈奉献出所有的光和热！您的品质和精神，可以用两个字来形容那就是——燃烧！不停的燃烧！您像一只会说话的小鸟，来为我们讲课，是那么得丰富多彩，每一个章节都仿佛在我面前打开了一扇窗户，让我看到了一个斑斓的新世界……

老师谢谢您！

[我的英语老师初中叙事作文

Christmas as a grand festival of the west, in addition to the Christmas

tree, also cannot little taste delicious food. Before Christmas Turkey dinner is

a case card main course, people might do in a microwave oven, the holidays a lot

of people now is in outside restaurant to have dinner, merchants can also use

the opportunity to make money out of customers, of course, there are many

Christmas food, ginger bread, candy, and so on.

In addition, people also give gifts to each other, this is the childrens

favorite, often can get lots of presents.

"Green" the eternal topic, let us better to understand the importance of

environmental protection.

Green environmental protection is to make us live a happy life in a clean

environment, however, the environment around us in a worse if we dont alarm,

then, our motherland will be a mess in our hands! Green environmental protection

starts from me. My dad used to drive his car to work, listen to my advice, to

protect the environment, he ride a bike from now on, he thought that not only

the exercise of his body, also for the green environmental protection.

My mother began to contribute to the green environmental protection. Before

she went to vegetable market to buy food, she used plastic bags, a village green

environmental protection propaganda on TV, she understood the green

environmental protection is sustainable, in order to we can have a better

environment. In order to we live healthier lives, so mom from that moment on,

every day go to vegetable market with the own basket, instead of plastic

bags.

As a new era of junior middle school students, and I will response to the

green environmental protection call for, I had at school are all use one off

chopsticks, but now I can bring their own chopsticks to school. I think, though

this is a small matter, but I do my responsibility.

Happiness of life to let China land everyone be permeated with happy smile,

rich products, long history, noble quality, the plot environment. Nowadays, the

environment is polluted, the green environmental protection starts from me, let

us together to protect the environment!

在中国现代文学中，散文指与诗歌、小说、戏剧并行的一种文学体裁。小编收集了叙事散文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

散文重在抒情，也贵在抒情。因此，如果是写人叙事，则要借事写出自己对某人的深深眷念或者对曾经岁月的悠悠情怀;如果是写景状物，则要托物抒发个人对生活或者人生的感悟。真情实感，散文之魂。

那么，散文中的“事”是如何呈现的呢?一般以两种形式呈现：1.不是牵动社会神经的大事，而是日常生活中的丝丝小事，或曰琐事;2.即使是发生在一个人身上的较为完整的一件事，也不是像写记叙文那样将事件的起因、过程、结果写得清清楚楚、明明白白，而往往只撷取其中的一个或两个片段。但是，我们在写这些琐事或片段时，又一定要流泻一片真心、倾注一段真情：或尊师爱长，心绪奔腾;或恸亲伤逝，悲痛难抑;或遭逢困厄，郁愤难平;或怀乡思人，婉转缠绵。如果能将这些琐事或片段用情感的线索巧妙地组合起来的话，那就是韵味深长的散文，此之谓“一粒沙里看世界，半瓣花上说人情”。

如何让情感融入散文呢?首先，面对题目，我们要搜寻自己生活中有关的人物、事件乃至画面;接着，用心过滤出其中的情感因子，即曾经使你的心弦颤动过的某一个点;最后，把这样的点点滴滴串连起来，用形象生动的文字表现出来，让字里行间溢满绵绵情意和幽幽诗意。

当然，在对琐事或片段的叙述中，为了增加散文的情感底蕴，也要适当运用一些写作技巧：

第一，画面神化。在写人叙事散文的写作中，为了增加抒情性、文学性，往往要适当地来一点写景状物，模山范水，这就有了画面描写;而散文的画面如果没有飘逸神韵诗意的话，那就是“死”画面。试想，杜甫如果不是孤独悲秋，笔下就不会出现“萧萧”的“无边落木”;李清照如果不是“凄凄惨惨戚戚”，就不会绘出“梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏、点点滴滴”的图景。因此，“画面神化”就是美景丽物与神韵诗意的融合。其神韵，是感人的情趣;其诗意，是灵动的文字。

那么，如何使画面神化呢?概言之，即绘声绘色，描情摹态。具体言之，除了要用眼睛去看、用耳朵去听、用鼻子去闻之外，还要运用“想象掘进”法。一般来说，在开始生成画面时，也需要想象、联想等思维活动，但那指的是生成现实之景;而作为写景状物的散文，还要在现实景物之上加一点想象之景，而且这个想象的层次还要尽可能逐步掘进，使散文的神韵诗意在这个过程中自然地体现出来。下面举一习作《生如葱兰》中的一段话为例：

葱兰的颜色是如此的洁白，没有浓墨重彩的渲染，只是纯粹的白。白得无畏无惧、肆无忌惮，纯粹得叫人嫉妒。她的花瓣是如此舒展，毫无保留地露出她金黄色的花蕊——像是一颗炽热的心。那滚烫的金黄啊，我真怕会溅出来。而她的花柱高高地立起，卑而不微，纤而不弱。从侧面看去，她则呈现一种拥抱的姿态——张开双臂企图把蓝天拥在怀里。

这一段话写了葱兰的颜色、花瓣和花柱三个方面，这是现实之景的主线。但作者并没有仅仅停留在对景物主线的感知上，而是借助想象不断延伸。例如作者写了葱兰的“金黄色的花蕊”，接着说“像是一颗炽热的心”，这就是展开的浅层想象;“那滚烫的金黄啊，我真怕会溅出来”，这是更深层次的想象，因为它完全是建立在一个想象“炽热”之上的。由于有了这两个层次的逐步掘进，作者对葱兰的礼赞向往的神韵就飘逸而出了。

可见，“画面神化”可以让画面既充满动感，又溢满人情，从而见出内情与万物相生、心声与天籁交融的韵致，此之谓“体物赋情”，“形神兼备”。

写作方法属于艺术表现方法（即：艺术手法和表现手法，也含表达手法（技巧）），常见的有：夸张，对比，比喻，拟人，悬念，照应，联想，想象，抑扬结合、点面结合、动静结合、叙议结合、情景交融、衬托对比、伏笔照应、托物言志、白描细描、铺垫悬念、正面侧面比喻象征、借古讽今、卒章显志、承上启下、开门见山，烘托、渲染、动静相衬、虚实相生，实写与虚写，托物寓意、咏物抒情等。表达方式就是常见的叙述、描写、抒情、议论和说明。（其实也属于艺术表现手法）。

1、第一人称叙事法

【特点】由于文章的内容是通过“我”传达给读者，表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见，亲耳所闻，或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历，使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。采用第一人称，由于叙述人是当事人，所以叙述的人与事，只能是“我”活动范围内的人物和事件。活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。

2、第三叙事法

【特点】用第三人称叙事，叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制，也不受生理、心理的限制，可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前，能自由灵活地反映社会生活。但第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。

3补叙法

【特点】补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明，一般是片断性的、简要的，不具备完整的事件，也可以把解释或说明的文字放有前面，以引起下文。补叙的作用，一般不发展情节、事件，只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。

4插叙法

【特点】插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙；有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要，做到不节外生枝，不喧宾夺主。在插入叙述的时候，还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接，不能有断裂的痕迹。

5倒叙法

【特点】倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述，而是除了把某个部分提前外，其他仍是顺叙的方法。采用倒叙的情况一般有三种：一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要，把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面，加以突出；二是为了使文章结构富于变化，避免平铺直叙；三是为了表现效果的需要，使文章曲折有致，造成悬念，引人入胜。倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处，要有明显的界限，还要有必要的文字过渡，做到自然衔接。特别要注意，不要无目的地颠来倒去，反反复复，使文章的眉目不清。

[初中作文写作有什么方法

根据下面的汉语提示写一个60字左右的口头通知：

假如你是班长，你们要举办英语讲座(lecture)。

1 时间：3 月1日星期五下午3 点至五点

2 地点：阶梯教室(lecture theatre)

3 讲座人：北京大学李平教授

4 报告的内容：怎样学英语

5 要求大家准时出席 (attend)，并且可以向他咨询有关的问题

例文：

Announcement

Girls and boys / Ladies and gentlemen，

May I have your attention，please ? / Attention，please.

I ve got announcement to make./ I m very glad to tell you that an English lecture will be held in the lecture hall / theater from 3 p.m .to 5 p.m. on Friday，March 1st.It will be given by Professor Li Ping from Beijing University. The topic is How to learn English well .You may take notes if you like. And you may ask any question on English learning / study after the lecture. Please attend the lecture on time / don t be late.

That s all，thank you.

[英语作文题目专项训练题中考备考

一、什么是说明文？

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。

二、说明文分类

按照不同的标准，说明文可分不同的类别：

依据说明对象与说明目的的不同，把说明文分为事物说明文和事理说明文两大类。事物说明文的说明对象是具体事物。通过对具体事物的形状、构造、性质、特点、用途等作客观而准确的说明，使读者了解、认识这个或这类事物,例如：《中国石拱桥》、《苏州园林》等。事理说明文的说明对象是某个抽象事理。将抽象事理的成因、关系、原理等说清楚，使读者明白这个事理“为什么是这样”是其主要目的，例如《大自然的语言》、《奇妙的克隆》等。 根据说明语言的不同特色，把说明文分为平实的说明文和生动的说明文两种。

根据说明文的体系不同，还可以分为自然科学类和社会科学类。

三、说明文的特点

以说明为主的表达方式是说明文与其他文体的主要区别。在各种文章样式中，说明文体是一种客观的说明事物,阐明事理的一种文体。说明文的特点是“说”，而且具有一定的知识性。这种知识，或者来自有关科学研究资料，或者是亲身实践、调查、考察的所得，都具有严格的科学性。

说明文的语言特点

准确、简洁、平实是说明文语言的主要特点。当然，说明文的语言风格也是多种多样、各有特色的，有的以平实见长，有的以生动活泼见长。以此为据，可概括为平实说明和生动说明两种方式。一般来说，以说明事物为主的说明文，重在抓住事物的特点，用简明的语言平实地加以说明。而科学小品，讲究趣味性、文艺性，须要作必要的生动、形象的说明。

四、说明文的顺序

1.时间顺序。时间顺序是文章常见的记叙、说明顺序之一。 即按照事理发展过程的先后来介绍某一事物的说明顺序。凡是事物的发展变化都离不开时间，如说明生产技术、产品制作、工作方法、历史发展、文字演变、人物成长、动植物生长等等，都应以时间为序。 时间顺序在文章中使用恰当就可以起到画龙点睛的效果，说明清楚，使读者一目了然，所以在文章时间顺序也是一种独特技巧。 2.空间顺序。空间顺序。即是按事物空间结构的顺序来说明 ，或从外到内，或从上到下，或从整体到局部来加以介绍，这种说明顺序有利于全面说明事物各方面的特征。一般说明某一静态实体（如建筑物等），常用这种顺序。；《故宫博物馆》按照先总后分的顺序，先概括说明故宫建筑物的总体特征，然后再具体介绍太和门、太和殿、中和殿、保和殿、乾清宫……御花园，而在介绍每一座建筑物的时候，则又按照先外后内、先上后下的顺序。

3.逻辑顺序。逻辑顺序即按照事物、事理的内在逻辑关系，或由个别到一般，或由具体到抽象，或由主要到次要，或由现象到本质，或由原因到结果等等一一介绍说明。逻辑顺序主要分成12种——从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体、从现象到本质、从具体到一般、从结果到原因、从次要到主要、从部分到整体、从具体到概括、从本质到现象、从一般到具体。不管是实体的事物，如山川、江河、花草、树木、器物等，还是抽象的事理，如思想、观点、概念、原理、技术等，都适用于以逻辑顺序来说明凡是阐述事物、事理间的各种因果关系或其他逻辑关系，按逻辑顺序写作最为适宜。

五、说明文的结构

说明文的结构一般有两种：总分式，事物说明文常用的结构形式：（1）总——分，如《苏州园林》（先总体的概括，再分说。结尾没有总结性的语言），（2）总——分——总，如《故宫博物院》；递进式，各层之间的关系是由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质。各层之间的关系为递进关系。如《向沙漠进军》。

六、说明文常用的说明方法

(1)下定义。用简明的语言指出被说明对象的本质特征。从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。下定义能准确揭示事物的本质，是科技说明文常用的方法。

(2)分类别。把被说明对象按一定的标准分成不同的类别，一类一类地加以说明，叫分类别。如《食物从何处来》把生物获得食物的途径和方法划分为"自养"和"异养"两类，然后分别说明。

(3)举例子。举出实例进行说明，使内容具体化，叫举例子。《中国石拱桥》通过介绍赵州桥和芦沟桥，使人们具体了解中国石拱桥的特点，用的就是举例子的说明方法。

(4)列数字。用准确的数据说明事物的某些方面，这种方法叫列数字。如"笔全长13.5厘米，笔身约占3/5，笔帽约占2/5。顶端的活动小枢纽能自由伸出和缩进，像个乌**，长0.7厘米，笔挂长3.9厘米。"(《我的圆珠笔》)

(5)作比较。就是通过比较说明事物和事理。例如《苏州园林》中，用苏州园林建筑的不对称与我国古代宫殿和近代的一般住房的对称进行比较，突出苏州园林的自然之美。

(6)打比方。说明某些抽象的或者是人们比较陌生的事物，可以用具体的或者大家已经熟悉的事物和它比较，使读者通过比较得到具体而鲜明的印象。"石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。"形象准确地说明了石拱桥的外形特征，这句话就用了打比方的说明方法。

(7)画图表。为了把复杂的事物说清楚，还可以采用图表法，来弥补单用文字表达的缺欠，对有些事物解说更直接、更具体。使读者直观，一目了然地了解事物的特征。

(8)引资料。资料的范围很广，可以是经典著作，名家名言，公式定律，典故谚语等。

(9)摹状貌。为了使被说明对象更形象、具体，可以进行状貌摹写，这种说明方法叫摹状貌。（和描写要区分开，两者虽一样，不过是在不同的文体中的。）

(10)作诠释。 从一个侧面，就事物的某一个特点做些解释，这种方法叫诠释法。

七、简单说明文的写作方法

1、必须抓住特征。所谓特征，就是指事物所具有的独特的地方。任何事物都有各自的特征，这也是它区别于其它事物的主要标志《活板》介绍我国古代的印刷术，就当时说："活板"这种印刷术的主要特征是"活"。因而文章在介绍中自始至终抓住了这个特征，把活板的印刷历史、制作方法和使用方法，介绍得十分清楚，使读者有了确切的了解。能不能抓住事物的特征，主要取决于作者对事物有没有细致的观察和深入的研究。

2、合理安排顺序。事物大多是具有复杂性的，必须从多方面去介绍，才能讲清楚它的特征。依据事物本身固有的条理，是将说明文写得条理清楚的根本保证。事物本身固有的条理顺序，一般说来，有以下几种：

(1)空间顺序。是指按照物品的空间方位进行说明。或由远及近，由近及远;或由内到外，由外到内;或由上到下，由下到上;或由前到后，由后到前等等。说明物品的形状、构造，一般采用这种顺序。

(2)时间顺序。是指按照时间发展的先后进行说明，先发生的先说，后发生的后说。说明事物发展变化的过程，往往采用这种顺序。如《看云识天气》中有一段描写天气的变化，由晴转阴，由阴转雨(雪)有时间先后的顺序，天空的云随着这个时间的推移，也变化着不同的形态：卷云--卷层云--雨层云。就是按时间先后的顺序写的。

(3)逻辑顺序。是指按照事物内部的联系和人们认识事物的规律来安排说明的顺序。由

整体到部分，由主要到次要，由浅入深，由简到繁，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质等，因此，说明文作者在考虑文章思路时也必须符合这些认识规律，才能使自己的文章正确地反映人们对客观世界的认识过程，同时又能适应读者的接受能力和欣赏习惯。如《大自然的语言》说明物候现象来临的因素，共写了三段：第一段说，"首先是纬度"，第二段指出，"经度的差异是影响物候第二个因素"，第三段指出，"影响物候的第三个因素是高下的差异"。这个层次顺序的安排，就是由主次决定的。

3、选择说明方法。说明事物的方法很多，我们选择什么样的说明方法要根据自己的文章而定，因为运用一些说明方法的目的，是为了更正确地说明事物。

4、语言描述准确。说明文的语言，和其它文体一样，都讲究用词准确，表述明白，这是写好各类文体章的基本要求。但是，说明文作为一种独立的文体，对文章的语言又有自己的特殊要求。说明文是以介绍知识为主的一种文体，无论是解说事物，还是阐明事理，都必须讲究科学性，按照客观事物的本来面目，老老实实地说清它们各自的特点和本质，既不允许虚构夸大，哗众取宠，也不允许艰深晦涩，佶屈聱牙。这样，说明文的语言就应该简洁明了，质朴无华，也就是语言要"平实"。

小学语文教材所选课文，体裁全面，文章内容丰富，语言优美，事例典型，描写生动、形象，如果能以课文为例，指导学生写作，会收到良好的效果。边学习课文，边指导学生写作，重点放在指导学生学习作者的写作方法上，从文章的结构和写法进行习作练习。我主要从以下两方面入手进行指导。

一、质疑课题，学会审题

审题，是写命题作文的基础，也是作文成败的关键之一。审题，就是仔细分析题目，弄清题目的意义和要求，确定选材范围，决定与题目相适应的体裁、内容、写作方法和主题确定。审题的成功与否，关系到文章材料的选择，只有审清了题，才能紧扣主题构思选材。要想准确无误地审清题目，就能掌握一些审题方法。如何才能使学生学会审题，我通过引导学生质疑课题，来学习审题的方法。

1.质疑体裁，确定文章类型

审题首先要确定文章体裁。因此，每当出示课题时，我都让学生从体裁方面质疑。文章体裁分为记叙文、说明文和议论文，记叙文是中年级常见的体裁，也是作文训练的重点。记叙文又分为写人、记事、活动、状物、写景五种类型。而课文中都有它自身的“标志”，抓住了显现习作类型“标志”的关键词语质疑，就可以确定课题是属于哪种体裁，如《燕子》、《翠鸟》、《荷花》等，是以动植物名字为题的，学生质疑时就已确定是状物的文章；《燕子专列》、《路旁的橡树》、《可贵的沉默》等课文，学生在质疑时无法确定是什么类型，当提出“燕子能自己飞行，为什么还设专列？”“长在路旁的橡树怎么了？”“沉默为什么是可贵的？”等问题后，同学们一下子就确定了是记事的文章。《卖木雕的少年》、《她是我的朋友》，提出“卖木雕的少年是一个怎样的人？”“她是怎样的人？我又是怎样的人？”可以确定是写人的文章。

2.质疑要求，确定文章范围

通过对课文的质疑，在确定课文体裁类型的同时确定题目所划定的范围。在题目所给定的范围内选材，才能使文章内容切题，重点突出。如，《卖木雕的少年》一文，我先提出“卖木雕的少年是一个怎样的人？”“他具有怎样的特点？”等问题，通过质疑，确定了主要内容是写人物形象。通过具体的言行描写来突出人物特点，也就是人物的精神风貌、性格特征、道德情操等。《争吵》一文质疑课题时提出“为什么发生争吵？”、“是怎样争吵的？”、“争吵的结果怎样？”这是紧扣记事文的要素来写的，要把诸要素交代清楚，把事件的脉络及发展过程叙述明白。《荷花》、《燕子》、《翠鸟》质疑时提出“荷花（燕子、翠鸟）长什么样？”这就要抓住外形来写，抓住物体的形状、颜色等，按一定的顺序写下来，这就按状物文章的范围确定。

3.质疑“题眼”，确定文章重点

质疑课题还要根据题目所给的条件来把住“题眼”质疑，把握住了“题眼”就把握住了文章的重点。如，《可贵的沉默》的题眼就是“沉默”，学生质疑时提出“为什么沉默？”也就把握住了“沉默”的原因是什么这个重点。由抓住课文题眼质疑，引导学生分类区别，把握写作重点，如《我学会了……》，题眼就是“学会”这个过程；《贴鼻子》，题眼就是“贴”的方法；《发生在教室的一件事》，题眼就是“教室”这个特定空间，这样学生在质疑时就确定了文章要写的重点。

二、联系课文内容，学习恰当选材

课文中选材，作者是根据题目来定的，在学生学会审题的基础上，指导他们学习作者是怎样紧扣题目来选材，是写好作文的关键，因此在平常的教学过程中，我十分注重对学生选材能力的训练。上学期的作文指导课，尽管我从多角度指导学生选材，但大多数学生的作文题材仍普遍流于一般化，原因是学生不会把握重点选材料，往往是有材料就匆匆动笔，导致了以上问题。本学期，我每上一课，都注重指导学生学习作者是怎样选材的。

以《争吵》为例。我指导学生选择经历过的真实的事来写。写文章贵在写出自己的真情实感，而自己的日常生活就是作文取之不竭的源泉。凡是日常生活中所听到的、看到的、想到的、遇到的，不论大小好坏，都可入文，都可作为作文的素材。《争吵》的作者就写了自己和同学发生的矛盾，写得真实，让人读来觉得很亲切。学习完课文后，我指导写《发生在教室的一件事》，同学们选材就很恰当，大多数同学选了本周杨宁同学生病了在教室里呕吐的事，因为是一件真实的事情，学生有话可说，写得有条理，突出了主题，而且内容充实。

我们的生活本来就是平平淡淡的，学生的生活更是简单，每天从家里到学校，再从学校到家里，两点一线，要求学生写出不平凡的事儿来，就等于逼迫学生抄袭和胡编乱造，而且会使学生视作文为负担。因此让学生选择身边的事来写，这样学生就有话可说，有内容可写。在学习《绝招》一课时，我让学生从课文中所写的人物具有的绝招来分析，让学生明白，其实他们身上有的本领，我们同学身上就有，作者正是选择了很平常的事来描写人物，才能让读者产生共鸣。在指导《我学会了……》习作时，我指导学生选择自己真正掌握的一项本领来写，一定会更感人。结果有同学写了自己学会了叠被子、学会了扫地、学会了洗碗，甚至有同学写了“我学会了喂猪”，都是自己的亲身经历又很平常的事，反而显得“新颖独特”。

“授之以鱼不如授之以渔”，让学生掌握方法，领悟其中的道理后，再去实践，作文教学其实就在课文教学的过程中逐渐地完成了。

The Spring Festival

The Spring Festival comes in winter。 It is the most important traditional festival in China。

People usually go home to spend the festival with their family。 They have a big family get-together。 The Chinese people have big meals and watch TV during the Spring Festival。 They also visit their friends and relatives。

Children like the Spring Festival very much because they needn’t go to school and they have a lot of time to play。