英语议论文的写作技巧热门20篇

高考已经进入倒计时了，这时候多看看写作技巧准没错。下面是语文迷为大家整理的英语写作高分技巧，希望对你有帮助。

一、把握文体

话题作文往往不限文体，允许考生自由发挥。但是，不限文体并不等于不要文体。话题作文的“文体不限”其实是指不限于一种文体，让学生有选择文体的自由。当你选定了一种文体时，还得按照这种文体的特点来谋篇布局进行写作。有的同学观察能力强，生活积累丰富，不妨将生活中精彩的片断撷取出来写成一篇生动感人的记叙文;有的同学想象丰富，擅长编写故事，不妨写写童话、寓言或科幻小说;有的同学逻辑思维能力强，擅长推理，不妨写成一篇理据充分的议论文;有的同学感情细腻丰富，不妨写成一篇优美抒情的散文，肯定会非常出色。

二、缩小范围

话题作文只提供写作的话题，而没有中心、材料、结构、文体、语言等等的限制;给了考生一个比较开放的构思空间，使考生能最大限度地发挥想象力和创造力。但是，如果不注意把握话题，缩小写作的口子，就会出现“下笔千言，离题万里”的毛病。因此，不管所给的话题多么宽泛，我们都要善于缩小“包围圈”，要选择一个小小的切入口，如一件事、一个人、一样物品、一种感受、一点看法等等，集中笔力加以突破，把你所选择的话题角度写细写深写透，做到“以小见大”。

三、拟好题目

标题是文章的“眼睛”。俗话说：“题好一半文”。话题作文允许自己拟题目，因此，我们要努力提高拟题水平，力争使自己拟的题目准确、凝炼、含蓄、新奇，使阅卷老师“一见钟情”。

四、善于联想

话题作文是一种开放性的作文形式，要求考生放开手脚，尽情地驰骋在想象的空间，善于多方位地展开联想，这样，才能生发出丰富多彩的思路来。比如话题“风”，你可以联想到自然界的风：微风、大风、狂风、飓风、龙卷风等等;你还可以联想到社会风气：拍马风、送礼风等等;你可以联想到一种像风一样的流行时尚：金庸热、韩寒热等等;你甚至可以联想到假如你是风，假如你遇到风等等。

五、写出新意

话题作文既然是应试作文，总得给评卷老师一个好的感觉，得—个好的分数。因此，写出特色、写出新意是十分重要的。我们在写作时，要善于“独辟蹊径”，也就是要求我们在立意上要有特的感悟，不入云亦云;选材上要有独到的眼光，不陈题旧话;构思上要独具匠心，不四平八稳，波澜不惊语气上要有独到的魅力，不平铺直叙泛泛而谈。

写人的英语作文在高考中不少见，什么样的作文更能吸引人呢?下面请看语文迷为大家带来的技巧。

写人记叙文，一般为肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，应根据要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

【几点注意】

1.使用正确人称和时态。

①时态：

一般现在时--描写人物外貌、性格、兴趣等

一般过去时-- 描写人物出生、教育背景、经历、事迹

②人称：第一人称或第三人称

2.介绍人物的姓名、年龄、外貌、学历、经历、专业、爱好、特长、事迹、性格等，包括所给的全部信息点，不能遗漏或随意添加。

3.对所给的信息进行适当重组，安排好写作顺序，突出重点信息。

4.正确运用描写人物的词汇和句型。

【常见词语】

①外貌特征：

pretty, beautiful, good-looking，handsome,ordinary-looking, with a big nose, with a big

smile, short, tall,thin, strong, white-haired，1.80 metres tall, …

②性格特点：

absent-minded, charming, attractive, bright, wise smart, confident, naughty，talkative, diligent,

lazy, friendly, generous, be ready to help others,kind-hearted, warm-hearted, patient, humorous,

have a good/ bad temper, independent,narrow-minded, …

③童年情况：

as a boy of 15, be born on, during his childhood, live a happy/hard life, the son of a poor family,

spend his childhood in, ...

④兴趣爱好： be delighted in doing, be good at , be interested in , be fond of , be crazy about, be pleased with, do well in, enjoy doing, have a strong desire to do, long for/long to do), take a pleasure in doing,…

⑤教育背景： be admitted to Beijing University, be enrolled in, fail in the test, get a master’s

degree, get on well with one’s lessons, go abroad to further one’s study, graduate from,major in, receive a doctor’s degree, pass the examination, take an active part in, …

⑥ 成就或事迹：

become a member of the team, encourage sb to do sth, give up one’s life for sth, receive the

Nobel Prize for physics, set a new world record of,win the first prize in, win a gold /silver/ bronze

medal, have a talent for, make up one’s mind to do sth., put one’s heart into, work hard at,

concentrate oneself to, devote oneself to,do sth.with great determination and perseverance, ...

⑦他人评价：

an inspiring leader, a model worker, an advanced teacher, be respected by , be honored as, be

considered/regarded as, be famous/known as,his hard work brought him great success, make

great contributions to our country, set a good example for , be highly spoken of for, ...

例文

你班要举办以“Ordinary but Great”为题的英语主题班会。

请根据下列信息准备一篇发言稿，介绍赵郁的成长经历。

注意： 1、词数不少于60。

2、文章的题目和开头已经给出。

3、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

提示词：首席技师 chief technician

Ordinary but Great

We are all ordinary people, but following what we are interested in and doing what we are good

at can help us make great achievements for society and go far. Here’s a convincing and inspiring example.

______________________________________

【范文】

Zhao Yu, the chief technician in the Benz Company,is regarded as a great success. However, his success is no accident. As a young boy with a sense of creativity, he was eager to learn and to make a lot of inventions. Being an ordinary worker in the Benz Company for 17 years, not only did he do well in his job, but he also made efforts to teach himself English and to learn how to use computers. Now it is easy for him to read English materials about cars. Besides, he became expert at solving various technical problems.Because of his great contribution, he has received awards many times.

Zhao Yu has set a good example that ordinary people can stand out by doing their jobs with interest and enthusiasm.

【评析】

1.作者运用了所给出的全部信息：姓名、职务、经历。对所给的信息进行了适当重组，突出了重点信息(赵郁的经历)，内容完整、详略得当，体现了话题“Ordinary but great”所表达的内容。

2. 正确使用人称(第三人称)，灵活使用时态(一般过去时、一般现在时);合理使用过渡词，使文章层次分明、结构紧凑。

3. 语言规范，表达准确。文章运用了一些高级句式，如同位语、介词短语、分词短语、倒装句、同位语从句等，增加了文章的亮点。

记叙文写作是中考作文的“主打”文体，也是平时写作训练最重要的任务，而且许多考生也习惯于写记叙文，那么，满分作文记叙文写作技巧有哪些你知道吗？下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于满分作文记叙文的写作技巧，希望可以帮助到大家！

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主。

其次，记叙文务必符合积极、健康、深刻、高远的立意要求。

其三，要善于从日常小事中发现深刻、有时代气息的主题，善于从事件的表面向深处挖掘，使主题变得深刻起来。

其四，运用对比可以让人物的形象更鲜明，事件的中心揭示得更深刻。如将美与丑、善与恶、强与弱、悲与喜对比，将人或事的前后变化对比，将不同的人对某人某事的态度对比等等。

另外，你也可以用环境描写来渲染气氛，暗示事件发展，衬托人物心情等，从而彰显主旨。如一篇《责任重于泰山》的作文。

作者先用“每个人都有着每个人的责任，责任重于泰山”作题记，然后分别用一、二、三作小标题，依次叙写了张老师出人意料地带病冒雪上课、检察长在战友(因救护自己而牺牲)儿子的判决书上签字前矛盾的思想斗争、县委书记为了泄洪抢险而顾大局舍小家决定炸除自己从小生活的村庄这三件事，说明了给学生上课是教师的责任、严格执法是领导者的责任、保护国家利益是所有公民的责任，从而使“不同的位置有不同的责任”的主旨得以凸显。

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心、最能展现时代风貌的典型事件，或者概括提炼，或者放大细节，或者定格镜头，必能写出具有、独特个性、深刻感悟和超级感染力的佳作来。

情节通常包括事件的开端、发展、高潮、结局等几部分，如作文《一张贺卡》，作者以“贺卡”为线，围绕一个穷学生给老师“送贺卡”这件事展开生动描述，把“买贺卡”“送贺卡”“卖贺卡”三个场面一线串起，使文章曲折生动、感人至深;但在处理素材的详略时，却略写“送贺卡”，而把自己“买贺卡”前的思想斗争、老师“卖贺卡”后的感动心理浓墨重彩描述，这样就突出了一个正直、慈爱、善良的老师形象。

技巧三：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命。可以通过细节描写、选用情感鲜明的词语、打造抒情语句来流露真情。例如《懂你，懂你》中描写丰富细腻、真挚感人。作者将“我”的深切感受、心理活动和母亲的动作、神态和语言描写结合起来，一个，心思细密、宽厚温和、体贴女儿的母亲形象跃然纸上。

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折。叙事写人时可以使用前后对比法、设置悬念法、抑扬生变法、虚构科幻法等来使文章尺水兴波、妙趣横生。如一篇《我的这杯“苦咖啡”》的作文，作者分别以“麦田？烈日”“村边？夏夜”“小院?清早”“医院？黄昏”为小标题，按地点和时间变化为序依次描绘了四个生活场景，表现了作者和爷爷之间细腻深厚的祖孙情。这种以情为线的行文，立意、情感、事件以一贯之，极具结构美和情感美。

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征。例如通过不同人物的语言便能体现出各自文雅有礼、粗鲁低俗、豪爽干脆、优柔寡断、风趣幽默、干巴木讷等迥异的性格。你也可以随着事件的发展或观察角度的变化，对人物进行多层次描写，或将正面描写与侧面描写相结合，特别要注意细节描写和概括描写相结合。

1、确定话题内容。

一般来说，话题作文的题目大，范围宽，选材有一定的难度，每每让学生难以下手。

一是“化大为小”：它指的是通过对话题进行修饰、限制、补充等方法，将话题锁定在某一内容上，以缩小选材的范围，迅速捕捉写作的切入点。

比如以“美景”为话题，你可以通过限制和修饰补充话题，使文章变成“校园美景”“家乡美景”“心中的美景”“美景其实也平凡”等等。

二是“化虚为实”：有的话题比较抽象，是一个“虚”的话题，你就应该从实入手。

比如“靠”这个话题，你可以往实处“靠”，爸妈靠科技致富，学生靠勤奋成才，运动员靠拚搏夺冠等，这样一来，文章的内容就充实了。

2、选择文体强项。

话题作文的不限文体，给考生提供了自由广阔的写作空间，有利于考生张扬个性，发挥特长。

因此，你应选定你的文体强项来充分展示你的写作个性。

擅长叙事，你可选择记叙文;

擅长说理，你可选择议论文;

擅长抒情，你可选择散文;

擅长想象，你可以选择童话;

擅长讽刺，你可以选择杂文……

比如以“水”为话题的文章，你可以叙述一个停水后的故事，你可以说明水的性质、用途，你可抒发对“水”的情感，你可以议论“水滴石穿”“水能载舟，亦能覆舟”的道理，你可叙述“水”的童话，你可以想象说资源枯竭后地球的劫难等等。

3、强化创新意识。

不少考生写话题作文唯恐误入“歧途”，总是选定一个四平八稳的切口写作，结果文章平平，根本上不了档次。

其实话题作文本身就是一个创新，因此你在写作时也应放开手脚，大胆创新。这种创新：

首先是内容的创新。就是所选的材料不能人云亦云，要写出新的故事、新的观点、新的主旨。

比如写“门”这个话题，写人与人之间的心之“门”就叫人击节赞赏。

第二是文体的创新。你不能总是写记叙文、议论文、说明文三种文体，你可以写小说，写故事，写寓言，还可以采用各种应用文体。文体一变，能让人耳目一新。

第三是结构创新。不能老用那几种传统的结构方式，你可以采用“小锻连缀”“反复穿插”“散点辐射”“镜头剪辑”“双线交织”等方式展开思路，开头结尾也要突破藩篱，不落窠臼。

时间就像海绵里的水，只要愿挤，总还是有的。下面是语文迷为大家提供的关于时间的英语谚语，希望对你有帮助。

Time is money.

(时间就是金钱或一寸光阴一寸金)

Time flies.

(光阴似箭，日月如梭)

Time has wings.

(光阴去如飞)

Time consecrates: what is gray with age becomes religion.

(时间考验一切，经得起时间考验的就为人所信仰)

Time reveals(discloses) all things.

(万事日久自明)

Time tries all.

(时间检验一切)

There is no time like the present.

(现在正是时候)

Take time by the forelock.

(把握目前的时机)

Time is a file that wears and makes no noise.

(光阴如锉，细磨无声)

Time stays not the fools leisure.

(时间不等闲逛的傻瓜)

Time and I against any two.

(和时间携起手来，一人抵两人)

Time is life and when the idle man kills time, he kills himself.

(时间就是生命，懒人消耗时间就是消耗自己的生命。或时间就是生命，节省时间，就是延长生命)

Time spent in vice or folly is doubly lost.

(消磨于恶习或愚行的时间是加倍的损失)

Time undermines us.

(光阴暗中催人才。或莫说年纪小人生容易老)

Time and tide wait for no man.

(岁月不待人)

Time cannot be won again.

(时间一去不再来)

Time brings the truth to light.

(时间使真相大白。或时间一到，真理自明。)

Time and chance reveal all secrets.

(时间与机会能提示一切秘密)

To choose time is to save time.

(选择时间就是节省时间)

Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today.

(今日事，今日毕)

Procrastination is the thief of time.

(拖延为时间之窃贼)

One of these days is none of these days.

(拖延时日，终难实现。或：改天改天，不知哪天)

Tomorrow never comes.

(明天无尽头，明日何其多)

What may be done at any time will be done at no time.

(常将今日推明日，推到后来无踪迹)

Time works wonders.

(时间可以创造奇迹或时间的效力不可思议)

Time works great changes.

(时间可以产生巨大的变化)

Times change.

(时代正在改变)

Time is , time was , and time is past.

(现在有时间，过去有时间，时间一去不复返)

Time lost can not be recalled.

(光阴一去不复返)

Time flies like an arrow , and time lost never returns.

(光阴似箭，一去不返)

Time tries friends as fire tries gold.

(时间考验朋友，烈火考验黄金)

Time tries truth.

(时间检验真理)

Time is the father of truth.

(时间是真理之父)

Time will tell.

(时间能说明问题)

1、文题简洁，准确醒目

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”。一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗、耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。考场作文的文题应力求简洁凝炼，形象生动，拟题原则是“小”“准”“新”，能展示文采，先声夺人。常见的文题有三种类型。1、采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。2、在对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《高扬道德的大旗》、《失败是种难言的美丽》。3、采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻《用语言连缀心灵的星空》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该安静地走开》(歌曲)、《忙兮忙兮奈若何》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。

2、凤头引蝶，立意新颖

古人写文章很讲究开头，称之“凤头”，西方的谚语也这样说：好的开头是成功的一半。对于一篇800字左右的考场作文来说更是如此，往往开头便决定了整篇文章的大体走势，定下了文章的基调。同时，一个好的开头也增加考生写好下文的信心。开头的方法有很多，但究竟如何开头需要因文而定，因人而定。只要能够使阅卷者更好地理解和把握文章，且富有感染力和吸引力，就是成功的文章开头。立意时一要善于“化大为小”，口子要小，要善于在一个大的、宽泛的范围内，“择其一点，不及其余”，也就是只写“大范围”中的“某一方面”，给自己提供了一个充分发挥、具体表现的好舞台，这样才能在小篇幅内写出立意鲜明集中、内容具体充实的好文章。二要善于“以小见大”，从小的方面表现深刻的主题。这就要求我们在选择“小的方面”的时候，注意所选方面的“现实性、针对性、典型性”。立意对文章写作的成败至关重要，应该在准确、深刻、新颖、独到上下工夫，最好能体现出创新意识，这就需要有见地、有胆识，善于避开人云亦云的观点，跳出陈陈相因的窠臼，表现出自己对社会、对人生的真实感受和认识。如果想写出认识深刻的的文章来，就要“见人所未见，发人所未发”。要做到深思，就必须由此及彼、由表及里、由浅入深(由个别到一般)，透过现象深入本质，揭示问题产生的原因，要辩证分析，自己观点具有启发作用。

3、快速构思，编列提纲

快速构思是写作成功的关键。快速构思的过程，实际是一个快速调遣材料表达中心的过程。文章中心的表达因文体而异，议论文重在明确，用材料证明;记叙文贵在含蓄，让事实说话。无论写什么体裁的文章，表达中心的材料都是必不可少的。材料是文章的血肉，没有材料，文章的内容便丰富不起来;有了材料而不加选择，文章的思想也深刻不起来。因此，选用什么样的材料表达中心，便成为考场作文构思的首要问题。安排材料的过程，实际上是一个组织文章结构的过程。从整体上看，采用什么样的结构形式，遵循怎样的写作思路，都要根据不同的文体特点通盘谋划，就局部而言，哪些在前，哪些在后，哪些该详，哪些该略，也都要根据行文的需要妥当处置，这样，材料的安排才会有条不紊，井然有序。此外，文章怎么开头，怎么结尾，如何组织段落和层次，如何进行过渡和照应，也要精心进行设计，只有这样，文章的结构才算得上严谨和完整。成功的构思使所写的文章能向人们揭示某种隐藏在客观事物里或社会表象深处的道理。只有深入构思，才能由此及彼、由表及里的对客观事物或社会表象得出清晰而深刻的认识，才能写出观点新颖、结构与角度不落俗套的佳作。以上构思的全过程，可以用一份简明的提纲来表示。提纲是文章内容的浓缩，也是行文思路的体现，要在考场上快速成文，列一份明晰的构思提纲是非常必要的。一些考生写话题作文时常常复制话题，原地打转，或者东拉西扯，文意散漫，有这样一份提纲控制，有利于防止这类毛病的发生。提纲的大致形式为：开头，如何扣题;中间各段主要写什么，分几层写;结尾如何照应开头，如何深化、强调主题等。“胸中有全局，笔下有路数”，作文才有可能一气呵成。

这次整理就到这里啦，祝大家在考试中鱼跃龙门!

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导入：

第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.

正文：

第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)

第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)

结论：

第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ

说一千道一万，不如你认真学一遍。下是小编给大家整理的高考满分作文写作技巧，欢迎大家查看。

高考作文是一种特殊的作文，既不同于文学创作，也不同于平常的作文训练，带有较大的规定性，具有突出的技巧性。高考满分作文就是具有这些特性的范本，可以从多个方面给我们提供写好应试作文的经验和技巧，还有套路。

一、学习满分作文的文体样式

许多满分作文在结构上都有其优点。尤其是那些眉目清楚、层次清晰、样式清爽的作文，更是应该作为我们学习的重点。

例如，高考满分作文《真正的自我》，就是先总说，然后以小标题的形式分述，最后则在结尾处呼应开篇，使整篇文章思路清晰而严谨。

再如，山东卷高考满分作文《记忆之树常青》，首段运用优美而富有哲理的语言切入话题，主体部分的内容充实而有深度，结尾部分又在议论的基础上水到渠成地照应了开头，点明了题旨。其中，主体部分为第二、第三两段，而且是递进关系：第二段谈记忆不会随时间而逝时举了两个例子——一个是中国古代的，一个是外国当代的，可以说既全面又典型;第三段谈记忆会随时间推移而变得更加深刻时，重点举了邓稼先的例子，之后又用排比举例法列举了孔子、鲁迅、谭嗣同等人的例子，不仅论据很充实，而且还具有极强的说服力。一句话，这篇文章确实做到了古人所说的“凤头，猪肚，豹尾”，即“开头精彩亮丽，中间充实丰富，结尾响亮有力”。

二、借鉴满分作文的写作素材

文章的写作素材可以显示学生的阅读量、知识面和思维的广度与深度。

例如高考满分作文《远近焦距》，就选用了很多诗句作为文章的素材，如“仰观宇宙之大，俯察品类之盛”“寄蜉蝣于天地，渺沧海之一粟”等既为文章的语言增添了亮色，又增加了文章的厚度，还使文章增强了思想性，很好地体现了作者的文学素养。

三、学习满分作文的表达方式和表现手法

学习高考满分作文，还要重点关注可以体现文章个性的内容，如“别具风味”的记叙方式、议论方式和抒情方式等。

例如福建满分作文《一蓑烟雨任江平》，作者就采用文化散文的写法，穿越时空隧道，走上历史舞台，以第二人称的口吻，与我国古代道家代表人物庄子面对面交谈。文中作者先拿庄子“淡泊一切”与“愿在梦中化蝶而逍遥，愿随盘旋而上的大鹏浮游于天地”的超脱外物的无为思想和情操，与自己不甘平淡、寂寞而又浮躁、痛苦的内心世界作对比，然后由此引出无路可走时向庄子求教的戏剧性场面，荒诞中表现了真实的人生追求和对价值取向的探索。其中，“你就如同那甘之如饴的矿泉水，给人以绝境逢生，给人以宁静致远，给人以超脱外物”，将比拟与排比套用，高度赞美了庄子思想甘于淡泊、乐于平淡的精髓，很值得借鉴。

四、学习满分作文拟题、点题、开头和结尾的技巧

高考作文的题目、开头和结尾，是阅卷老师进行“扫描式阅卷”的关注点。此外，点题的方式也是阅卷老师特别关注的内容。因此，我们学习借鉴这些方面的技巧写高考作文，非常有利于提高老师对文章的关注程度。

比如，高考满分作文《真正的自我》的开头和结尾就很有特色，很值得借鉴。

开头：

即使世俗的围墙能挡住你的万丈豪情，但挡不住你铿锵的步伐。做真正的自我，那是陶潜的五斗诗魂。

即使厚重的夜幕能挡住你的满天星斗，但挡不住你心中的灯火。做真正的自我，那是文天祥的零丁洋绝唱。

即使岁月的樊篱能挡住你坚强的身躯，但挡不住你忠贞的信念。做真正的自我，那是屈平的水中离骚。

结尾：

给清香一份洒脱，做真正的自我，展示高洁与傲岸，那是陶潜的五斗诗魂!

一江春水一曲悲歌，做真正的自我，满载大江与汪洋，那是文天祥的零丁洋绝唱!

一页历史一面镜子，做真正的自我，昭示理性与忠贞，那是屈平的水中离骚!

以这样的形式开头和结尾，语言精美，并且使用排比段的手法遥相呼应点题与扣题，确实对阅卷老师来说极富视觉冲击力。

五、借鉴满分作文的立意角度和情感趋向

文章的立意角度和境界是写作的关键;文章的情感趋向是打动读者的关键。这些体现人生观和人生价值的东西具有实实在在的冲击力，应该成为学生学习和借鉴的重点。

例如上海卷满分作文《他们》之所以能得到满分，有一个很重要的原因就是考生写出了真情实感，引发了阅卷老师内心的共鸣。文中，作者不仅恰如其分地表现了自己的情感和视野，真实地描绘了农民工子女的生存状态，让读者了解了这一特殊群体的真实生存情况，而且还表达了作者对同龄人的同情和关注，很好地诠释了“言为心声”的作文之道。

小尾

说一千道一万，不如你认真学一遍。

反映校园生活的作文，我们不仅可以写广大中学生丰富多彩的校园生活。也可以写浓厚的师生悄谊、紧张丰富的学生生活、平等互助团结友爱的同学友情。还可以写教育教学改革的新讯息。也就是说，从反映校园生活的作文中可以看出新时代中学生的特点。当代教师的形象，新型的师生关系，现代丰富多彩的课堂生活。那么，这些纷繁复杂的材料我们该如何选材呢?文学大师茅盾曾经说过：。园艺家常常把太多的落曹摘去，只留下二三个。这样就得到了特别大的花朵：这个比喻大致可以说明创作过程中剪裁的必要。我们围绕中心选择材料后，还要根据表达中心的需要确定哪些材料是主要的，要详写，哪些材料是次要的，要略写，以突出文章的中心。详写。可以用详细的叙述再现事悄的过程，给读者留下探刻的印象。突出中心事件;也可以通过细致的描写，刻画人物的形象，突出主要人物。略写是为了使文章脉络清晰，叙述清楚。详略要相辅相成，怡到好处。不能有详无略。或有略无详，使文章如涟水赚或策冗拖沓，影响了文章的表达。

写校园生活的文章多半是记叙文，相当多的是以记事为主的文章。那么，如何使自己的叙述有条理呢?最重要的一条就是安排好叙事的顺序。先叔述什么，后叙述什么。这样条理就会清楚了。如叙述一件事。无沦它是简单还是复杂，都要有起因、经过、结果这样一个完整的过程。在叙述一件事情时，必须先把这件事的来龙去脉弄清楚，然后按事情的起因、经过、结果的顺序来叙述。如果叙述几件事悄。就必须先理出这几件事情相互间的关系，这种联系成表现为性质上有同有异，或表现为时间上有先有后。要说清楚先后联系的几件事情，可以按照事情发生的先后顺序来写，即采用顺叙的方法;为了突出中心事件，也可以把叙事的高潮或结局放在文章的开头，整箱文章采用倒叙的方法;还可以在叙事的过程中适当地穿插其他有关内容。不管运用哪一种记叙的方法。都应当符合表现中心的需要。

学生和老师是学校的主人。在反映校园生活题材的作文中，有相当一部分是写人的记叙文。这些作文的主人公当然就是学生和老师。

[中考作文写作技巧：校园生活类

英语原版小说的阅读技巧与策略说实话,在原版小说的阅读方面,我不是高手,虽然有很多恩师淳淳教导,自己也买了借了很多原版小说,在我印象中,没有一本好好读完的,唯一的一本大16开的600多pages的原版教材,到是花了3个月的时间啃完了.

近来由于2外的需要,本人再次向原版小说进军.我把自己的一些3角猫的阅读技巧与策略祥述如下,希望各位高人指点在下…

1. why to read original edition novel

要想真正提高外语水平,阅读原版小说是必经之路,正如不是每个人都能成为外语高手一样,

不是每个人都能够有毅力读完N本原版小说的.(我特佩服门卫,能够把一本都上N遍,如果我有这种毅力的话,早就成为高手了…)

2. fundamental conditions

语法:系统准确的掌握语法. 基本上,如果是E,高中毕业以后这一点都达到了

词汇: 熟练词汇>2.5k, 认知词汇>5k

工具书:一本C-E,

一本E-E,或者用文曲星代替,但我偏好字典----词汇认知学指出,词汇的记忆效果与词汇的检索时间正相关(我现在读法文,由3本D, F-C,F-E,F-F)

3. 选材,仁者见仁,就我个人而言, 我偏好当代中篇作品(我现在选了一本Marcel Pagnol 写于1957年的, 280pages)

4. 前期工作: 查找百科全书或相应的工具书,了解到作者的生平,作品,世人的评价.

5. 阅读中的词汇学习: 每天阅读6 pages(6X225=1350字),在阅读过程中碰到new words先做标记,读完后再查D, 把生词记载在本子上,并及时背诵(我现在最怕的就是这一点,会不会半途而废???)

6. how to read

我准备默读, 这是我的习惯,朗读太费劲了,泛读也没有意义,介于精泛之间

7. read what

我主要研究其词汇搭配.词汇的用法是语言中最难的,比如,法语中最简单的一个介词à,用法不计其数,在大型D上有好几页,

为什么同样的词汇在名家手下就生龙活虎,到了我的手下就一潭死水呢?我认为这应该是读原版小说的最根本目的.

记得AS以前告诫我,要多学词法,少背词汇, 可惜一直没有好好的实行, 现在,我就以法语作为实验品吧…再次谢谢AS!!!

我准备把注意力集中在介词,连词,动词上面,因为名词和形容词的用法太简单了,不知这样是否OK?

8. how to digest

每读完一章写一篇读后感,相当于开卷考试,经常并及时背诵本子上的new words

9. 结语

方法人人都有,上面只是我个人的对策,真诚的希望大家对阅读原版小说提出意见和建议.

一、构思、准备不充分，匆忙下笔

任何一篇作文出题都是有它独特的道理的，所以提前审题和构思就显得必不可少了。很多孩子目前存在一个情况，想到哪写到哪，有记流水帐的习惯;这也造成了作文杂乱无章，毫无条理，同时容易出现写错单词和用错句型的情况。

针对这种情况可以从以下几个方面予以解决：

1、认真审题，审题的重点放在写作体裁、格式、字数方面，确保第一遍审题就能保证得到基本分。

2、确定文体和时态，因为不同的文体要求的写作格式也是不同的。

3、列提纲，打草稿，然后修改。这样可以保证错误降低至最少或者没有错误，同时也能保持卷面整洁。

二、中心重点不突出，切题不准确

英语写作不是语文散文(形散神不散)，写英语作文，尤其是在中考大压力下短时内写出高分作文一定要注意这一点。造成这种情况的主要原因是动笔前并没有认真审题和思考，对出题者希望得到的预期尚未揣摩透彻，这也就造成了一些同学虽然语言功底非常不错，但是最终的结果还是没有拿到一个自己预期的心理分数，最大的问题就出在切题不准确或者不够突出中心上了。

三、忽视文化差异

我们要时刻牢记一点，中英文表达方式有很大的差异，所以体现在作文表达上也常常会出现生硬的中国式作文表达，降低了我们的作文质量。所以注重中英语言差异，并努力找到两者之间的表达方式上的共通点，并且有意识的运用就能避免类似的问题。

四、忽视细节，无谓失分

很多孩子在写作文时常常感觉"下笔如有神"，但最终结果出来后大惑不解。这方面的问题主要体现在忽视标点、书写、段落安排、大小写的问题，所以只要更加注重细节，这些无谓失分就可以解决。

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。小编收集了作文写作九大得分技巧，请大家参考。

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

导语：我们在写作的时候说明文有什么样的写作技巧呢？以下是小编为大家分享的小学说明文的写作技巧，欢迎借鉴！

说明文，即用来解释或说明事物、理论、方法、过程或某种抽象概念的文章。说明文的基本目的就是说清楚。也就是说，要让人看了文章后对文章中解释或说明的对象有清晰明确的认识。这就决定了说明文的基本特征是客观和科学。

说明文首要的一点是明确说明的 对象，然后用准确的语言，结合多种说明手法对之进行介绍和描述。常用的说明手法有下定义、分类别、作比较、引资料、举例子、列数字、画图表等。下定义，即给要说明的对象下一个明确的定义。如博物馆的定义就是征集、保藏、陈列和研究代表自然和人类的实物,并为公众提供知识、教育和欣赏的文化教育机构。分类别是将要说明的对象按照某种标准划分类别，以帮助读者对事物的理解。如电视机，可以分为彩色电视机和黑白电视机。作比较，即将这种事物与那种事物比较异同，从而更清楚地说明事物的特点。如将城市和乡村作比较，将大学和幼儿园作比较等。作比较的时候一定要注意比较的事物之间应当具有可比性，不能生拉硬扯，也不能不尊重客观事实，胡乱比较。为了说明某种事物的特点，有时候需要介绍它的背景、原理、历史等，这时就要用到引资料这种手法。比如我们要对长城进行说明，适当地引用一些历史文献，就更有助于今天的人们了解长城的历史，从而加深对长城中所蕴含的民族精神的认识。在复杂说明文中，列图表具有不可替代的优势。大量的数据、冗长的叙述、复杂的相互关系等，都可以通过图表得到直观的表达。

按说明的对象不同，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。前者着重在于说明的成因、构造、形状、用途等，后者则重在说明事理。这两类说明文常用的写作手法也有一定的区别。比如事物说明文重在说明事物的物理特征，常用的是下定义、分类别等说明手法，事理说明文重在说明事物的逻辑特征，地要用到引资料、作比较等说明手法。但时候，在同一篇文章中，几种说明手法都要用到，相辅相成，互为补充。

如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：

观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。

观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。

观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。

写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。 逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。

当然，大多数说明文会综合使用多种说明顺序。因此，在写作时，我们要合理地安排好说明顺序，理清说明文的结构层次。常用的结构层次有并列式、层进式和总分式三种。比如我们以“水”为题目进行写作，可以先写水的外形特征，再写水的分类，然后写水的用途，这是并列式的写作层次。我们也可以先写水的外形，再写水的成因，最后写水给人类带来的利与害，这是层进式的结构层次。先概括水的用途和特征，再一一细述，就是总分式。

说明文的特点

说明文是一种对事物作客观说明的一种文体，目的在于给予读者知识。中学生对说明文的写作最感头痛，往往举步维艰。其实，说明文的写作并非像同学们所害怕的那样，只要理顺了头绪，把阅读说明文和写作说明文结合起来，以阅读课文为写作借鉴的范例，多观察、多分析、多练习，就能逐步学会选用恰当的说明方法，正确而有条理地说明事物的特征

第一，要写好一篇说明文，首先得分清说明文和记叙文的区别。说明文的写作是授人以知，让人明白，记叙文写作目的是以情感人、让人动情。说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识，说明是手段。说明文与议论文的区别，主要在于说明文的目的主要是说明，议论文的目的则主要是说理；说明文要求把实体事物或抽象事理本身的情况说清楚，议论文则要求提出个人对议论对象的看法或主张

第二，要完成一篇说明文，须将说明文的特点烂熟于心。说明文的特点主要有说明性、知识性、科学性、实用性。只有很好地掌握了说明文的这些特点，才能将说明文写好

第三，须将说明文的类型分清楚，如果从内容上而言，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文，如果从表达方式上分，可以分为平实说明文和科学小品文事物说明文：以具体事物为说明对象，将事物是怎样的作为说明重点，对事物的状态、性质、功能、构造、发展变化等特征，进行科学说明。事理说明文：以事物的发生，发展变化以及相互联系的成因等为说明对象的说明文，说清怎么样和为什么，使人不仅知其然，还要知其所以然平实性说明文：是指用平实、简洁、明白的语言对事物的外形，内部结构，功用及种属关系加以较客观的说明，用词造句一般不带感情色彩和主观倾向，很少使用描写，更少使用修辞手法。

一、要掌握核心语段的基本结构

模式：主题句+支撑句1、2、3、4……

核心语段的组合不必太繁复，应追求中心清楚，层次明晰，所以一般采取总分结构，形成“主题句+支撑句”的形式。

中心句通常位于段首。支撑句从不同角度、深度、广度来证明主题句。支撑句可以按并列、递进、转折、因果、条件、承接等关系组合。

例如：①虚怀若谷，是人高尚情操的表现，也只有具备了这一点，才是健全的品格。②三国周瑜，年少有为，才智过人，堪称一代儒将。③可是面对足智多谋“运筹帷幄决胜于千里之外”的诸葛孔明，周瑜不是虚心向他人学习，而是忌妒诸葛亮的才华，不肯承认诸葛亮比自己棋高一着的事实，反而发出“既生瑜何生亮”的慨叹，最终忧愤而死。④这一史实说明了嫉妒的危害，它就像绊脚石，阻碍我们的发展，使我们不能清楚地认识自己的缺点，更不利于健康品格的形成。

【分析】此段采用了例证法。由四个句子组成。“主题句”是①，②③④是支撑句。第2句和第3句是转折关系第3句和第4句之间是承接关系。整段话清晰明白，有理有据。

主题句即观点句。其主要内容要用概括的关键词明确表达，后面的主题句才有充分展开分述的空间，也才能给结论留下回扣的对应点。例如：

自信比相信天命更有意义。(观点句)一般人通常喜欢相信天命，在他们的意识里，任何事物都归于上天的安排(过渡句)：生命从上天获得，健康有上天保佑，饮食靠上天赏赐，利益有上天赠与。(概括叙述现象)过分地相信上天，结果把自己的主权毫无条件地送给了神明，而不知道自己的命运要靠自己主宰的道理。(分析现象的危害)只有自信才能主宰自己的命运：黑暗的可以变成光明，悲伤的可以化为幸福，崎岖不平的道路可以铺成平坦光明的坦途。(阐释道理)要相信自己的生活幸福、精神愉快、前途光明都得靠自己争取，凡事靠自己的双手去创造，比依赖神明的支配不是更加实惠吗?(揭示普遍道理)

【分析】观点要靠事实说话，但这绝不意味着可以用观点加材料的简单公式便可以自然地得出结论。要知道，再典型的事例也只是个案，现象的背后都可能包含普遍的道理，但需要科学的归纳，理性的提炼。这个归纳和提炼的过程就是从感觉中提升感悟的过程。//这种思路通常的组织形式是：①段首观点句，②引用具体的事例(可以是单个经历，也可以是多则事件;可以是百态列举，也可以是世象组合。引用事例要把握一个尺度，如果是引用单个经历可以适当详细些，如果是多则事件就要采用排比或者定语扩展的方式记述，千万不能逐一展开详细的描述)，③对事件作分析评价，④揭示出普遍的社会属性或人生道理。

例如：《还有一个苹果》

坚定的信念是摆脱困境的制胜法宝。(段首观点句)//一场突然而至的沙尘暴，让一个穿越沙漠的独行侠迷失了方向，更可怕的是他的干粮和水包不幸被风暴卷走。翻遍所有的衣袋，他只找到一个泛青的酸苹果。可就是这个不起眼的苹果让他找到了求生的信念。他走过了不知多远的路程，摔了不知多个跟头，嘴唇干裂了无数道口子，衣服经历了无数便湿了又干，干了又湿的反复折腾。他的心中一直默念着：“我还有一个苹果……”，三天后，他终于走出了沙漠。(描述一个具体的事例)//沙漠独行侠的经历让我们悟出了一个人生的命题：只要你信念的旗帜不倒，你就又走出困境的可能。//在生命的旅程中，我们常常会遇到始料不及的挫折或失败，会身陷意外的困境，心遭不测的打击，这时，不要轻易地放弃。其实，只要心存不灭的信念，努力寻找，你会惊讶地发现事情远非想象的那么糟糕。 (对事件作分析评价)//只要你有战胜困难的勇气，你一定能够找到摆脱危险，渡过难关的“苹果”，握紧她，就没有穿越不了的沙漠。(揭示普遍的规律)

【解析】观点+事例+分析探究原因、目的等+阐述意义与价值等/重要意义、危害、严重后果(正反)

二、要掌握常规的展开方式

如何展开核心语段?最好的方法就是：以事实论据为基础，综合运用假设分析、比较分析、因果分析、引用分析、类比分析等。

1、假设分析。就是写完事例论据后，用假设的方法进行推理。(事例后+假设推理)

【示例】《耐住寂寞》

德国康德是闻名世界的大哲学家。但他一生都生活在一个小镇上，远离尘嚣，没有接受任何媒体的吹捧，没有参加过什么名流聚会，没有什么领导接见的风光，他在寂寞中领悟、思考、探索天地的哲理，路不断地在寂寞下延伸。(事例)//(假设)//如果他耐不住寂寞，把时间、精力都用于出名和享受世俗的热闹上，他的一生可能会“丰富”些，但是，他能成为德国古典哲学的宗师吗?

【示例】学会“照镜子”方能正确认识自己、提高自己。(观点)李世民懂得镜子的作用，能把魏征批评他的话写在屏风上，当作“镜子”，随时对照。又能看出“以铜为镜，可以正衣冠;以古为镜，可以知兴替;以人为镜，可以明得失。”(事例)//这难道不是一个很会“照镜子”的人吗?李世民正是做到了“以人为镜”“以古为镜”，学会在人们的各种批评、意见中认识自己，而成为一代名君。(评论)//假如当初唐太宗非但不听取魏征的逆耳忠言，而且因丑处被照，短处被揭，恼羞成怒而将“镜子”弃之，砸之，又哪能出现“贞观之治”的太平盛世?(假设推理)

▲语段模式：观点+事例+例后评论+例后假设推理

【方法点拨】(假言分析法)进行假设性的分析，如果你举的例子是正面的，那么你就从反面来假设分析;你举的例子是反面例子，你就从正面来进行假设。

写谁(作文对象)：发生在活动场地、竞赛等事情。

写什么(作文目的)：反映作者对这些事情的态度和看法。

怎样写：通过一件事或几件事说明作文的目的。

写法：叙述事件，还可以在事件中进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、动作、细节描写。

注意事项：作文过程中，必须坚持始终要与所写这些事情的态度和看法相联系。

一、交代清楚事件发生的时间、地点、人物、起因、经过和结果，即六要素。一件事总离不开这六要素，把这方面写清楚了，才能使读者了解事件的来龙去脉。

二、要围绕作文的中心选择事件，要选择最能表现作文中心思想的事件做为材料，生活中有不少新鲜有趣和激动人心的事。因此，我们平日要多观察，多想生活中遇到的事。选材要新颖，在别人的作文中常出现的事要少写或不写，这样写出来的作文才有吸引力，有新鲜感。

三、事件的主要部分要写具体。每件事都有起因、经过和结果这样一个过程，只有把这个过程写清楚，给读者的印象才能完整而深刻。在事件中要进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、动作、细节描写，这一点很重要，这样写出来的作文才生动。要突出中心，详略得当，与主题无关的事不写。

要想写好中考作文，在我看来，无非有以下几点：

1.严谨的布局：

正所谓万事开头难，不过只要开了个好头，这篇作文就会很好写了。

凤头：是文章的首段，是阅卷老师首先入眼的地方，一定要做好整篇文章的中心把握，要做到下文与首段上下连贯，紧密结合，要通过开头使下文有可写之处，开头要达到让阅卷老师耳目一新的效果。例如，巧用排比，比喻，拟人等修辞手法，并且通过这些修辞手法，而统领全文主旨。

猪肚：在一篇上好的文章中，分段都会恰到好处，而当文章中只有一大段或两三段时，这篇文章即使文采再出众，也不会有太高的分数，因为阅卷老师在中考判卷时，每三分钟就要判出一份作文，工作量相当大，如果不善于分段，阅卷老师可能失去耐心，从而看不完，就会草草的给出分数。所以，在我看来，一篇文章至少要分6-8个段，但不是一行或几行一段，而是要看起来像豆腐块，一块块整齐的排列在一起，使文章紧中有松，松弛有度。要看上去整篇文章是一个整体，而不是零散的。

豹尾：在文章的最后处，应当让主题更突出鲜明，升华主题思想，使豹尾抽起来！或让人感到峰回路转，柳暗花明或更进一步的特殊效果。在文章末尾，应当再次点题，紧扣中心思想，让贯穿始终的中心思想继续延伸，引人深思。特别是要在结尾处，与开头形成呼应，对比，递进等等，来引发阅读老师的共鸣！

2.细腻的文笔：不管是记叙，议论还是散文；不管是写人写事还是写景。都要用细腻的文笔呈现出来，使文章中点更突出，让阅卷老师在看试卷的过程中，有深思，放慢阅读速度和重复阅读的情况出现，让阅卷老师身临其境，从而使文章更具灵性。

3.贯穿始终的思想感情：在一篇布局格式上很得当，错落有致的文章上，还必须要有一条贯穿始终的思想路线，这条线就像鱼的脊椎一样重要，这条线一定要清晰，明确，千万不可含混不清。

把握好这几点，一篇好的中考作文已经大致成型，不过要想在中考中脱颖而出，这仅仅是开始。

一、话题作文的表述篇——记叙经历

记叙经历，除非命题中有特殊的规定，在一般情况下，既可以写自己的经历，也可以写别人的经历;既可也写自己的亲身体验，也可以写自己的所见所闻，甚至可以编述故事。如果没有特殊规定，选材时就不要自己束缚自己的手脚，把思路仅仅局限在“我”上，而一旦突破“我”的限制，选材的天地就广阔的多了。

首先，要学会描写。①学会观察对象。描写是把事物的状态描绘出来，再现给读者，所以描写之前必须细致观察对象。②学会选择细节。描写再现事物的状态，不是把一切感受到的东西都写出来，而是要有选择地描写，作者要有明确的目的，选择最具表现力的细节，以此再现事物特征。③学会安排结构。写作时要按照一定的步骤，合理地、有序地安排文字，一层层写来，最终形成一个整体形象。④学会修饰语言。讲究修饰的最好手段是多用修辞手法，如比喻、象征、拟人、夸张、对比等。

其次，避平铺直叙。①在材料组合上：可以用三处地点，或三个时段，或三个镜头，或三张照片，或三件物品，或三段经历……来组织全文，并配上小标题，如“童年”“少年”“青年”、“镜头一”“镜头二”“镜头三”等等，以避免平铺直叙;②在结构安排上，可用设置悬念或运用倒叙来增加曲折;③在人称使用上，可以第一人称为主、兼用第二人称;④在表达方式上，可用日记或书信去代替一般化的记叙。

再次，要合理虚构。在记叙经历过程中为了更好地反映生活本质，更好地表现主题，在经得起推敲的前提下，应该进行合理虚构。①移花接木法。在真人真事的基础上改造、拼接、更换，将几个人的特点融于一个人，或将几件事的情节剪辑组合为一件事，或将发生在不同时段性质相同甚至相反的事剪辑到一个相对集中的时间内，使人物与事件更具典型性。②添枝加叶法。真实的事件本身简单、平淡，或只是一个轮廓、梗概，可以此为基本框架，展开想象，补充细节，使人物形象血肉丰满，使事情具体、曲折、生动。

二、话题作文的创新篇——语言求美

作文语言首先要通顺。“语言通顺”就是要用规范的现代汉语，不能用文言或半文半白的语言行文;遣词造句时，句式选用要贴切，努力克服用词不当，修辞不妥，不合语法、逻辑等毛病;词与词之间、句与句之间要上下衔接，一脉贯通，不要尚未理清思路就急于动笔，信口开河，凑字凑句，信手写来;要注意语言表达的方式、目的和交际的场合、对象的差异，把语言表达得准确、清晰、连贯、得体。

在语言通顺的基础上要让高考(课程)作文的语言亮起来，语言鲜活有文采，是每个考生都十分渴求的。那么，语言鲜活从何而来?有的是顺手拈来，有的是冥思苦索，但是，最根本的在于自己的文化积淀和语言修养。不读书，不看报，不实践，不思考，不研究新事物，不学习新鲜语言，不锻炼思维的敏锐，腹内空空，思想僵化，那么只能人云亦云，毫无鲜活可言。平日坚持学习积累，不断充实自己的语言仓库，不断进行语言的操练，才能厚积薄发，才能在关键时刻得心应手，写出鲜活的语言来。为此，要在四个方面下功夫：①在词语上下功夫。高考作文要力求词汇丰富，特别要恰当选用最有表现力的定语、状语、补语等修饰语。②在句式上下功夫。要在文中善于变换多种句式，主要包括长短结合、整散结合、恰当使用变式句等。③在修辞上下功夫。充分运用各种修辞手法，是增加文采、提高文章品位的重要手段。④在引用上下功夫。在高考作文中要注意适当引用一些名言警句、口语俗语、优美的诗句、歌词、广告语等，就更加能够增加文采。当然，鲜活语言总是以不同形式显示出力量，这种力量主要来自情感(作者的情感或人物的情感)的力量。

三、话题作文的立意篇——化大为小

话题作文“立意自定、文体自选、题目自拟”的宽泛政策，使有的学生“天马行空”，有的学生有“无从下手”。前者在一个话题中信手走笔，穿梭于几个话题中，什么都写了，什么都不可能写好、写细;后者却只能望话题兴叹。因此，要写好话题作文，在理解话题的基础上还要树立“化大为小”的观念。

化大为小，就是作者通过对话题的整体思考，从宽泛的话题中演绎成一个小角度，从一人一事，一斑一点，一枝一叶，片言只语落笔，联想生发，洞隐烛幽，深入发掘，大题小做，以细小的局部显示宏大的整体，透过平凡的现象挖出不平凡的本质，在叙事写景中透视深刻的人生哲理。话题作文的写作范围非常宽泛，如果仅把话题当作一个僵死的概念，笼而统之去写文章，势必出现内容空泛、文意散漫。所以，要善于在一个宽泛的范围内，“择其一点，不及其余”，也就是只写“大范围”中的“某一方面”，给自己选择一个充分发挥、具体表现的好舞台，这样才能在800字左右的篇幅内写出立意鲜明集中、内容具体充实的好文章。如2000年全国高考作文，要把“答案是丰富多彩的”这样一个大范围“化大为小”，变为一个具体的小范围，如生活态度、辨明是非、意识转变、思维方式、教育改革、道德教养、人物评价、历史反思、职业选择、个性发展等等方面的都可以写。再如，请以“压力”为话题，自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的作文。要善于“以问领写”：“什么可以构成压力?”“有没有压力?”“压力来自何方?”“压力带来什么?”“怎样对待压力?”等等，然后自己回答这些问题，从这些回答中选择一二来写文章，达到“化大为小”的目的。可以写压力来自过重负担，也可以写压力来自责任感;可以写压力从无到有，也可以写压力从有到无;可以写压力来自外界，也可以写压力来自自身;可以写在重压下喘不过气来，也可以写变压力为动力;可以写要善于自我减压，也可以写“把压力放在肩上，不要放在心上”等等。要选择其中一个来写，不要贪多，否则会造成东拉西扯，空谈漫议。这样“化大为小”，文章才会“出彩”。

总之，写话题作文不求“面面俱到”但求“一针见血”。笼统而缺乏具体内容，那就只会大而化之，不能给人留下深刻的印象。这种写法只能列入“基本符合题意”的一档，最高得42分;如果大话、套话太多，文句也不够通顺，则很可能只拿个及格分(即36分)，甚至更低。

四、话题作文的思路篇——时空联想

世间万事万物都是在一定的时间内变化、发展着，在一定的空间存在、运动着。而反映客观现实的作文当然也离不开时间和空间范畴。要拓展话题作文的思路也可以从时间和空间这两个角度进行联想。

时间，即过去、现在和未来。可以在特定的时间背景中叙事，也可以将过去和现在进行比较。如2000年全国高考话题作文“答案是丰富多彩的”可以将计划经济的一元化时代与市场经济的多元化时代相比较，也可以将封建时代的一人独尊与现在的民主政治比较，等等。

空间，包括领域、地点、场合等，往往不同的空间背景会赋予话题不同的内容。如“答案是丰富多彩的”可以从领域方面进行拓展：在文学创作上，要提倡百花齐放;在科学探索上，要寻求多种可能性;在哲学界，百家争鸣;在艺术界，流行着各种风格;在教育界，要培养各种各样的人才，等等。

五、话题作文的创新篇——构思求巧

构思是一个比较复杂的过程，所以要善于动脑筋。同时构思并没有一个死的条条框框，它所涉及的种种问题，都是灵活多变，因而构思过程是一个充满创造性的思维过程，是一种创造性的劳动。不同体裁不同类型的文章各有常见的思路模式，在结构安排上往往有明显的轨迹可循，如记叙文的“总—分—总”式，议论文的“并列式”“对照式”“层进式”“总分式”，一般材料议论文和读(观)后感的“引—议—联—结”式等等。构思的意义在于能合理利用材料，充分表现中心思想，构思创新就必须打破常规思维模式，适当变通，制造波澜。

记叙类文章的构思创新。①角度求巧。如果大家都从正面切入，你不妨从反面或侧面切入;大家都着眼整体，你不妨着眼局部;大家都从大处落笔，你不妨来个以小见大，等等。由于立意的独到新颖，常常会产生意想不到的强烈的感染力和振聋发聩的作用，从而读者留下深刻的印象。②顺序求变。如果大家都按事情的发生、发展的顺序组材，你不妨采用倒叙或插叙;大家都先写主后写宾，以突出主的地位，你不妨先宾后主，这同样突出主的地位，等等。③方式求异。如果大家都用第三人称叙述，你不妨用第一人称甚至第二人称;大家以叙述性语言为主，你不妨以描述性语言为主，等等。④结构求活。记叙文结构要灵活多变，一波三折，曲径通幽。激起文章波澜的技法常见的有：一是抑扬法。是指对写作对象或欲扬先抑，或欲抑先扬，然后陡然一转，出乎读者意料，从而使文章产生峰回路转、跌宕起伏的效果。二是悬念法。构成文章悬念的技巧一般为“起悬——垫悬——释悬”。可以用三处地点，或三个时段，或三个镜头，或三张照片，或三件物品，或三段经历……来组织全文，并配上小标题，如“童年”“少年”“青年”、“镜头一”“镜头二”“镜头三”等等，以避免平铺直叙。此外，还可以运用“误会法”“巧合法”等，以引起矛盾，增加波澜，从而深化主题。

议论类文章要特别注意论证求新。比较容易做到的方法：(1)举例新。举例的来源：①身边的新鲜事。②“焦点访谈”、“东方时空”、“实话实说”和各地电视专栏节目中所谈的内容。③《报刊文摘》每期第3版上的小故事。(2)引文新。引文来源：①新颁布的有关法律、法规。②报刊上的最新数据、资料。

The Spring Festival, the most important festival to Chinese. Is China the biggest, the most lively, one of the most important ancient traditional festivals, is also unique to Chinese festival.

Festival, is the beginning of the lunar calendar, another name is called New Years day, Spring Festival is the biggest, the most lively, China one of the most important ancient traditional festivals, is also unique to Chinese festival. Is the most concentrated expression of Chinese civilization. Since the western han dynasty, the custom of Spring Festival continues today. The Spring Festival, generally refers to New Years eve and the first day. But in private, in the traditional sense of the Spring Festival is from the Greek festival of the day or month, 23 or 24 people, until the fifteenth, among them with New Years eve and the first day of the first lunar month. How to celebrate this holiday, in one thousand years of history development, formed some relatively fixed customs and habits, there are a lot of handed down also. During the traditional festival, the Spring Festival of the han nationality in our country and most of ethnic minorities have to hold various celebration activities, these activities are to worship deities, worshiping ancestors, blow away the cobwebs, meet jubilee blessing, pray for good harvest as the main content. Form rich and colorful, activities with strong ethnic characteristics. On May 20, 2006, "Spring Festival" folk have been approved by the state council listed in the first batch of state-level non-material cultural heritage list.

The origin of the Spring Festival has a legend, the Chinese ancient times have a kind of call "year" monster, head long feelers, fierce abnormalities. "Year" the elder deep in the bottom of the sea, every New Years eve just climbed out, swallowed cattle damage lives. Therefore, every New Years eve that day, the people of CunCunZhaiZhai could flee to the mountains, to escape the "year" animal damage. One NianChuXi, from the village outside a begging the old man. Folks a hurried panic scene, only the east village, an old woman gave the old man some food, and urged him quickly up the hill avoid "year" beast, the old man stroked his beard say with smile: "mother-in-law if let me stay overnight in the home, I must have" years "beast." Old woman continue to persuasion, begging the old man smiling without a word. At midnight, "nian" beast into the village. It found the village atmosphere unlike previous years, village east wifes husbands family, the door stick red paper, candle lit the room. "Year" beast was a shake, long a sound. Nearly the door, hospital suddenly spread "banging spluttered" Fried sound, "nian" shuddered, again dare not go up. Originally, "year" the most afraid of red, fire and exploding. At this time, her mother-in-laws door open and saw hospital a red-robed man laughed. "Year" frightened to disgrace, mess up. The next day is the first day, the people of refuge back very surprised to see the village safe. At this point, the old woman was suddenly enlighted, quickly spoke to the fellow villagers begging the old mans promise. This matter quickly spread around the village, people know driven "years" beast approach. (the legend of hakka) from then on, every year New Years eve, families paste red couplets, firecrackers; Household candle lit, keeping stay by age. Beginning in the early morning, still walk close bunch of congratulate friends say hello. This custom spread more widely, Chinese the most solemn of the folk traditional festival.

春节，中国人最重要的节日。是中国最盛大、最热闹、最重要的一个古老传统节日，也是中国人所独有的节日。

节，是农历的岁首，春节的另一名称叫过年，是中国最盛大、最热闹、最重要的一个古老传统节日，也是中国人所独有的节日。是中华文明最集中的表现。自西汉以来，春节的习俗一直延续到今天。春节一般指除夕和正月初一。但在民间，传统意义上的春节是指从腊月初八的腊祭或腊月二十三或二十四的祭灶，一直到正月十五，其中以除夕和正月初一为高潮。如何过庆贺这个节日，在千百年的历史发展中，形成了一些较为固定的风俗习惯，有许多还相传至今。在春节这一传统节日期间，我国的汉族和大多数少数民族都有要举行各种庆祝活动，这些活动大多以祭祀神佛、祭奠祖先、除旧布新、迎禧接福、祈求丰年为主要内容。活动形式丰富多彩，带有浓郁的民族特色。2006年5月20日，“春节”民俗经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

春节的来历有一种传说，中国古时候有一种叫“年”的怪兽，头长触角，凶猛异常。“年”长年深居海底，每到除夕才爬上岸，吞食牲畜伤害人命。因此，每到除夕这天，村村寨寨的人们扶老携幼逃往深山，以躲避“年”兽的伤害。有一年除夕，从村外来了个乞讨的老人。乡亲们一片匆忙恐慌景象，只有村东头一位老婆婆给了老人些食物，并劝他快上山躲避“年”兽，那老人捋髯笑道：“婆婆若让我在家呆一夜，我一定把‘年’兽撵走。”老婆婆仍然继续劝说，乞讨老人笑而不语。 半夜时分，“年”兽闯进村。它发现村里气氛与往年不同：村东头老婆婆家，门贴大红纸，屋内烛火通明。“年”兽浑身一抖，怪叫了一声。将近门口时，院内突然传来“砰砰啪啪”的炸响声，“年”浑身战栗，再不敢往前凑了。原来，“年”最怕红色、火光和炸响。这时，婆婆的家门大开，只见院内一位身披红袍的老人在哈哈大笑。“年”大惊失色，狼狈逃蹿了。第二天是正月初一，避难回来的人们见村里安然无恙十分惊奇。这时，老婆婆才恍然大悟，赶忙向乡亲们述说了乞讨老人的许诺。这件事很快在周围村里传开了，人们都知道了驱赶“年”兽的办法。(客家人的传说)从此每年除夕，家家贴红对联、燃放爆竹;户户烛火通明、守更待岁。初一一大早，还要走亲串友道喜问好。这风俗越传越广，成了中国民间最隆重的传统节日。

一、要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用米尺比好之后划两横。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

二、如果偏题或者离题，作文的主要分数就失去了。为防止跑题，可从如下几点做出努力：一是将材料、引语和话题联系起来思考，不可单看话题;二是看自己确立的观点能否用话题所给材料来证明;三是想一想这则材料当初发在媒体上登载是要达到一个什么效果的。万一跑题了，要考虑逆挽，使文章形成一种欲扬先抑的结构形态。

三、一定要完篇。熟话说，好文章是凤头、猪肚、豹尾。没有豹尾，老鼠尾巴也要有一个，绝不能写半头文。用半篇文章给你评分，怎么会得高分?

四、特别要注意不能缺题。不是万不得已，不要以话题做标题。拟题是显示你才气的一个好的平台，不能轻易放弃。缺题影响远不止2分。正好给了评卷老师扣分的理由。

五、文章要有一至两个亮点。广州中考(微博)助手建议：如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的描写表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。如果是议论文，就一定要有1--2个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配(酽酽的歌喉)。总之，要能使评卷老师精神为之一震。

六、行文中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路歌。材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现三次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，“回眸一笑百媚生”。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

七、思想要健康。“思想健康”不是说要你只说冠冕堂皇的话，不是要你刻意拔高，“健康”是针对“病态”、“庸俗”而言的，它的底线是不能欣赏违背法律法规和偏离社会道德的事。恋爱题材是考场作文的禁区，无论考生写得如何缠绵悱恻，真挚动人，因其行为是中学生日常行为规范所不允许的，这类作文自然得不了高分。

八、观点不可太绝对，要留有余地。“义正”未必要“辞严”，“理直”未必就要“气壮”。联系现实生活时，涉及社会黑暗面时，要有分寸，不要一味指责。“质问京山大冤案”。批评家长(微博)、老师和社会要与人为善，抱着协商与治病救人的态度，要提建设性意见。不可尖刻、讽刺、挖苦，甚至恶意地进行人身攻击。

九、充分发挥自己的优势。擅长形象思维、会刻画人物的同学可选择记叙文，擅长抒情的同学可选择散文。初中生一般不提倡写议论文。

十、精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或。巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。

十一、要给自己充足的构思时间，不要急于动笔，“宁停三分，不争一秒”，因为写作是“开弓没有回头箭”的，写到一半，突然发现，呀，把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了。干着急。建议打草稿，防止“三边工程”(边立项，边设计，边施工)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。

十二、临场写作时可以根据题意和你的表达需要想像一个或一类读者就在你的面前。如以‘沟通’为话题作文，写与家长的沟通，可想像父母就在身边;写‘沟通’之艰难和必要，就好像误解过你的人正在听你倾诉;写国际间通过沟通走向合作，就设想自己参与了国与国的谈判。即使所写文章没有明确的阅读对象，你也可以想像此文是写给你的语文老师的。你要知道，你的文章的惟一读者是那位跟你的语文老师非常相似的人。写记叙文，且最好将主人公设定为自己。想想阅卷老师的喜好，说他们想听的话。尽可能赢得评卷老师的同情。

十三、写法上可以求新，要考虑，怎样表现更智慧，更艺术，更有可读性;但更要求稳。中考助手再次强调：大家一定要在一种比较稳的情况下，确有把握时才可写小小说或者是写戏剧，或者是写别的，确有把握之后才写这种文体，如果没有把握的话，就选择比较稳妥的老的文体，老的写法。

十四、不可按上年或前几年的中考作文思路行文。求新、求变是人们所追求的，中考作文也不例外。但若按上年或前几年的中考作文思路行文，甚至拿来套用，机械模仿，不懂灵活应变，就会吃力不讨好，这也是失分的点。因为阅卷者大都是相对固定的，对以前的中考作文非常熟悉。不主张写诗歌、文言文。

十五、苦于材料缺乏则可以突出自己的爱好。你如果喜欢体育，那你就像体育记者一样，叙体育、议体育，只要切合题意就好。你如果喜欢听××的歌、看××的书、爱好上网……你就可以将自己这一方面的经历和感受与命题联系起来。那样就不愁内容贫乏、文思枯竭。不要瞎编乱造。靠编故事骗取老师的眼泪从而获得高分的时代已经一去不复返了。

十六、要美化自己，而不是丑化自己。要显现自己的高境界、大抱负、多知识、同情心，要显现自己以天下为己任的豪情。不要出于反衬别人等考虑而故意丑化自己，如果让评卷老师以为你真就是那样，那就麻烦了，因为中考是选拔性考试。从某个角度讲，评卷老师评卷的过程就是一个选择淘汰对象的过程。

十七、字数以600-900字为宜。不能给人凑字数的感觉，但也不能拖得太长，不允许加纸条。喜欢写长文的同学，开篇要注意不要放得太开，开口不要太大，能跳过去的就跳过去，要相信读者的理解能力。要注意节省篇幅，要防止高潮来了没地方写了。切忌三段文。要突出的句子(扣题的、表现主旨的、文眼、点睛之笔、抒情议论、议论文的分论点等)最好单独成段。

十八、看到题目后，可先搜索一下自己以往所写的优秀作文，看有没有可以再利用的。须要注意的是一定要不牵强。

导语：2016年高三开学已经一个星期了，高三的同学们是不是又投入了紧张的高考一轮复习中，下面小编整理了一些高考满分作文写作技巧，供大家鉴赏!

作为国家选拔人才的考试，每一个考生都必须按照同一的命题要求来写作，否则就不好比较了。说得“白”一些，就是叫你写什么，你就得写什么，千万不能我行我素，否则便是“跑题”。跑题，意味着彻底失败。当47万考生都在比赛“排球”时，你却偏偏去踢“足球”，即使踢得有如马拉多纳，也是无效的。

审题失误的主要原因是“粗心”。考生朋友必须定下心来，一字一句把命题看清楚，千万不能慌慌张张地“扫描”。临场怎样默读?大体上讲，乃是一个词、一个词地“慢”读!譬如：请以—尝试—为题—写—一篇—记叙文，不得—少于—800字。这是审题的一种好技巧，可以强迫你把题目全部看清楚。如此阅读，目的是找出“关键词”，吃透“关键词”。关键词是命题老师下达指令的最主要的载体，决不能等闲视之。2003年的关键词，是“情感亲疏”的“亲疏”和“认知事物”的“认知”;2004年的关键词，是“山的沉稳”的“沉稳”和“水的灵动”的“灵动”。你把这些关键词抓住了，你的立意和构思就不会滑到其它地方去了。

关键词找出来了，你最好用铅笔轻轻把它圈出来，以强化自己的定向注意，免得心中一慌，丢三忘四。那一年考两幅漫画的比较，有4个关键词——“欣赏”、“比较”、“更”、“理 关键词找出来了，你最好用铅笔轻轻把它圈出来，以强化自己的定向注意，免得心中一慌，丢三忘四。那一年考两幅漫画的比较，有4个关键词——“欣赏”、“比较”、“更”、“理

二、辨析几种作文模式辨析几种作文模式辨析几种作文模式辨析几种作文模式 从1999年起，江苏考生连续6年面对“话题作文”。有人问我：今年考不考“话题”了?我说：6月7日上午准知道。用意很明白，即不要猜题、押题，只要从多方面准备好了，临场一定有底气。 一般说来，高考作文的模式主要有3种：话题作文，材料作文，命题作文

三、强化文体意识强化文体意识强化文体意识强化文体意识 由于连续6年考“话题作文”，文体不限，一种负面效果日渐显现出来：当今的高中生，许多人已写不出像样的记叙文和议论文来了!呈现在我们面前的是，一会儿玩抒情(啊……)，一会儿玩哲理(哦……)，事件模糊，人影晃动，结构无序，乱蹦乱跳，犹如大丰县的“四不像”(麋鹿)!我吁请中语界抓紧“文体”教学与训练，让高中生知道：文体不限，不等于不要文体;你一旦选定了某种文体，就必须写成这种文体! 在高考作文中，考生涉及到的文体主要有两种——记叙文和议论文

四、紧密紧密紧密紧密联系自己的生活实际联系自己的生活实际联系自己的生活实际联系自己的生活实际 去年写“山的沉稳和水的灵动”，相当多的考生不联系自己的生活实际，回到古代，复述经典。一会儿是李清照的“水”，到黄昏点点滴滴;一会儿是苏东坡的“水”，大江东去卷起千堆雪;一会儿是李太白的“水”，黄河之水天上来奔流到海不复回……就是没有现实生活中的“水”，没有自家的“水”，没有你学校里的“自来水”!这种现象不能再继续下去了!请今年的考生朋友们一定要回到实实在在的生活大地，不要天马行空，搞得虚无缥缈!怎么“回”来?我想，只要你原汁原味儿地、实话实话地写出自己生活中的喜怒哀乐、酸甜苦辣、所思所想，即可!我们由衷地表示欢迎!千万不要玩深沉，搞“蒸馏”，把鲜活生动的生活之水，“净化”成纯粹的“H2O”!高三学生是“青少年”，有自己的情感色彩、生活视角、语言风味、叙说节奏、修辞方式，万万不可装扮成“小老头”、“老大姐”。有人问我“有点‘另类’行不行”，我说：你只要坚持“四项基本原则”，一切可以“放胆”来写。中国写作学会会长、南京大学的裴显生教授，多次叫我转告大家：要写“放胆作文”。我借此机会完成裴老的嘱托。写作文不能太拘谨，要有一点四四四、、、、紧密紧密紧密紧密联系自己的生活实际联系自己的生活实际联系自己的生活实际联系自己的生活实际 去年写“山的沉稳和水的灵动”，相当多的考生不联系自己的生活实际，回到古代，复述经典。一会儿是李清照的“水”，到黄昏点点滴滴;一会儿是苏东坡的“水”，大江东去卷起千堆雪;一会儿是李太白的“水”，黄河之水天上来奔流到海不复回……就是没有现实生活中的“水”，没有自家的“水”，没有你学校里的“自来水”!这种现象不能再继续下去了!请今年的考生朋友们一定要回到实实在在的生活大地，不要天马行空，搞得虚无缥缈!怎么“回”来?我想，只要你原汁原味儿地、实话实话地写出自己生活中的喜怒哀乐、酸甜苦辣、所思所想，即可!我们由衷地表示欢迎!千万不要玩深沉，搞“蒸馏”，把鲜活生动的生活之水，“净化”成纯粹的“H2O”!高三学生是“青少年”，有自己的情感色彩、生活视角、语言风味、叙说节奏、修辞方式，万万不可装扮成“小老头”、“老大姐”。有人问我“有点‘另类’行不行”，我说：你只要坚持“四项基本原则”，一切可以“放胆”来写。中国写作学会会长、南京大学的裴显生教授，多次叫我转告大家：要写“放胆作文”。我借此机会完成裴老的嘱托。