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英语议论文的写作技巧通用20篇

导语:“一滴水可映出太阳的光辉”,欣赏细节,把握细节,我们也会发现小小细节,魅力无穷。小编收集关于细节魅力的议论文,欢迎阅读。

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高考英语作文写作模板:图画类写作模板

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【提要】高考英语作文 : 2017年高考英语作文写作模板:图画类写作模板

图画类写作模板

1.开头

Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...

2.衔接句

As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

3.结尾句

In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...

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更多相似作文

篇1:初中生作文写作技巧

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下面是小编整理的的初中生作文写作技巧,欢迎阅读。

一、写作技法的重要性

如果说,“好人出在嘴上,好马出在腿上”,那么我说:好记叙文就出在写作的技法上。写作方法犹如刀上的刃,刃上的钢一样,直接决定着记叙文品质的优劣。忽视写作技法,文章是徒具形体的行尸走肉;充分运用写作技法,就会把文章妆扮得清秀美丽。可以说:一切优秀的记叙文,都是大量使用写作技法的记叙文;极多写作效果较差的记叙文,主因归结在忽视使用写作技法上。

写作技法既然如此重要,那么,写作技法到底有哪些呢?

二、写作技法有哪些

写作技法多得数不胜数,浩如烟海。如果哪个老师说:“同学们,我现在把所有的写作技法都归纳整理给你们”,那只能说明这个老师知识的浅薄而绝不是渊博。因为,写作技法源于在写作实践中,对成功案例,所做的规律性的提炼总结。它与人们在生产劳动实践中摸索劳动技巧相类似。所以说,写作技法,是一个在写作实践中不断地被创生出来,并永远被创生下去,没有止境的东西。在写作技法的大海里,我们只有不断地去探寻、去发现、去认识、去整理、去积累,并谨慎地说,我已经掌握了沧海中的一粟或一桶或一湾水域,但绝不能狂妄地说已掌握了它的全部。

我这样说,只是想让同学们明确:我下面讲的,仅是初中生记叙文写作中,常见并常用的一些写作技法,它仅是整个写作技法中冰山的一角,而不是全部。更多的写作技法,还需要靠同学们自己在阅读大量的文学作品中去探寻,去积累。

(一)修辞手法:比喻、拟人、拟物、排比、夸张、引用、反问、设问、反复、顶真、双关、反语、借代、对偶、对比、仿词、移用等。

(二)表达方式:1、记叙:顺叙、倒叙、插叙、补叙等。2、描写:景物(环境)、场面、间接(侧面)、直接(正面)、特写、动作(行为)、语言、心理、外貌(肖像)、神情等。3、说明。4、议论。5、抒情:直接、间接。

(三)选择句式:陈述句、肯定句、判断句、否定句、双重否定句、疑问句、设问句、反问句、感叹句、祈使句、选择句、排比句、对偶(对仗)句、顶真句、回环句、连动句、整散句、长短句、独词句等。

(四)篇章结构:时间推移式、空间转换式、景物更迭式、串糖葫芦式、起承转合式、线索引导式、一波三折式、思想意识式、逐层推进式、由远及近式、总分总式、悬念式、对照式、套娃式、顶真式、填充式、分列式、插叙式、倒叙式、释疑式、见闻式、引子、题记、附记、后记等。

(五)推敲运用新颖、灵动、精准的动词,恰当使用形象、生动、传神、富有表现力的修饰语。

(六)其他的基础写作技法:开门见山、首尾呼应、卒章显志、先抑后扬、托物言志、点面结合、融情于景、情景交融、虚实相生、以古讽今、以小见大、动静相衬、对比烘托、人称变换、摩拟语气、言近旨远、兴波澜、转动法、剥笋法、拟人法、拟物法、五觉法、详略法、矛盾句、哲理句、中心句、警句、伏笔、线索、过渡、照应、设悬、象征、隐意、升华、点睛、类比、回环、通感、文眼、注释、联想、想像、物品自诉法、动物自诉法、远眺近看法、彩笔描绘法、特征举例法、实验证明法、季节变换法、日内变换法、现场目击法、成长变化法、赞美颂扬法、群体描写法、言已尽意无穷等。

另外,还有异彩纷呈、新颖别致的开头和结尾的众多写作技法,限于翻陈出新太多太快,虽列举些许皮毛,终免不了顾此失彼,举一斑而失全豹,道一足而全象尽失,也就不再罗列了。

三、怎样使用技法

了解一些基础的写作技法,只算完成了一步;如何适当使用这些写作技法,是我们要走好的另一步。走好这一步尤其迫切而关键。

(一)不能无目的地滥用。

初学写作的人,知道了运用写作技法的重要性,并掌握了一些写作技法,就开始在文章中大量地运用了。虽说是无法不成文嘛,这也不是什么坏事;何况,学生能从不去用,到有意识地大量地使用,这本身也是一个巨大的进步,是可喜可贺的事。但作为指导教师来说,发现了问题还是要说问题的。

出现的问题是:一些初始习作的中学生,为了最大限度地追求采用写作技法的效应,就出现了写作技法无目的滥用的情况。表现是:在文章该略写处,也运用大量的写作技法去藻饰、染色,这样,的确是增强了表现力和感染力,增强了生动、形象、传神性,也增强了文采,可惜的是挥拳打错了地方,射箭脱离了靶子。

我们知道,写文章该详处一定要详,该略处也是一定要略的。否则,把该略的写详了,就会出现主旨不明朗,废话有的是,宣宾夺主,不知所云的弊病。要纠正这个弊病,就要求,运用写作技法也一定要注意写作的目的性,一切是为表现中心思想服务,切不可把宜略处写具体详细了。

(二)要用得自然,少一些刻意雕琢之痕。

俗话说:万法皆归自然;历尽沧桑而归淡泊;大智若愚,大勇若钝。这里面包含一个至理:反璞归真。也就是说,道的最高境界是平淡、自然。写作方法的运用就是这样,追求的最高境界应该是:看似平易实则内蕴其法,千山万壑皆敛于平淡自然之中。

晏殊的“无可奈何花落去,似曾相识燕归来”,之所以成为名句,主要原因之一是:看似信手拈来,实则对仗工整。王维的“大漠孤烟直,长河落日圆”脍炙人口,也是由于这两句语言浅易,看似平白无奇,实则意象阔大,内蕴至丰。我也曾拜读过一些语言大师(如叶圣陶、吕淑湘、俞敏等人)的手笔,发现他们存在一个共性,那就是:追求平易、自然。〔注1〕

写作方法要用得巧、用得妙、用得自然、用得浑然天成。而应尽量避免刻意的斧刻雕琢之痕,尽量避免牵强附会,以免产生惺惺作态的令人生厌的反效果。

(三)要善于综合混用,而不必非此即彼,孤立使用。

优美的语句文段,通常都是综合混用了写作技法的。这就像做菜一样:几种菜杂烩在一起,再辅以油、盐、各种调料,做出来后,要远比清炖单一菜的味道好得多。写作技法不必单一孤立使用,而要综合混用,道理就在于此了。〔注2〕

初学习作的中学生,要注意,不必把写作技法孤立地使用,而可以尽量地综合混用它们。

(四)不要墨守成规,宥于定式,提倡有新意。

“文无定法”,没有谁规定文章必须怎样写,而不能怎样写;也没有谁规定写作技法必须这样用,而不能那样用。运用写作技法决不必墨守成规、宥于定式,完全可以不拘一格〔注3〕。老套熟套可以做借鉴用,但不可以做限定用。能有创意,才有新意。

(五)再好,终究是别人的;最好,是自己的。

再好的写作技法,终究是踏着前人的足迹亦步亦趋,这样纵是捷径,终是踩在了巨人的肩上眺望。把我们目光投注到深远,将来我们中学生中的某个人或某些人,若能在文学之路上走向高峰,则我殷切地期望,你能在文学领域,开创出一片全新的天地。再好,终究是别人的;最好,是自己的。我期望你能最终跳下巨人的肩膀,自己做个巨人。

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篇2:高考议论文写作常见问题

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诚然,在特定的考场要写出一定水平的议论文,确实有一定的难度。“关键还在于我们学生思想的深度,要敢于大胆地论证,不能只求保守式地作文。下面是小编为你带来的高考议论文写作常见问题,欢迎阅读。

一、惯性写作,文体走样。

有些学生写议论文时,常把议论文写成纯粹的记叙文或带有议论性的哲理散文。比如,有些学生写的议论文常常是前半部分叙事描写,后半部分议论说理,结果把议论文写成了既非说理又非叙事的四不像文章。此外,还有不少学生由于分不清夹叙夹议类记叙文与议论文的区别,结果把议论文写成了记叙文。因此,必须明白记叙文和议论文的区别——记叙文主要运用记叙、描写、状物等表达方式,追求以情动人,而议论文则主要采用议论为主的表达方式,追求的是以理服人。

二、拟题不当,文题空泛。

文章的标题犹如屋之窗或人之眼。好的文题不但能统摄全篇的思想内容,达到题文合一的效果,而且还能润物无声地激发读者的阅读兴趣。

常见的议论文标题有两种类型:一类是论点型标题,即题目本身就是文章的论点,如“开卷有益”等;另一类是论题型标题,即标题已经指出论述的对象、话题或范围,如“说宽容”等。学生写议论文时,不管采用哪种类型的标题,都要将追求“简明而不失深意,新巧而不乏韵味”当成拟题的基本原则。

(当然,我们将组织议论文拟题的专题训练。)

三、雾里看花,观点隐晦

写议论文,论述某一问题或分析某一现象时,不仅要有明确的观点和主张,而且观点和主张还应当正确、鲜明、深刻、新颖和有强烈的针对性。学生当领会“义理”在议论文中的核心地位和灵魂作用,明白写议论文坚持“观点正确,态度明确,论证充分,论据有力”可以很好地解决写议论文无观点、观点散或观点隐晦的问题。此外,可掌握“开门见山立论”“行文中间立论”“卒章收束立论”等写作技巧,也可以有效消除论点模糊或零散的弊端。

四、“骨”“肉”分离,事例论证乏力

写议论文,论据只有紧扣论点才能达到观点与材料统一,进而为主题服务。此外,论据只有准确、典型、新鲜才能使说理更充分,论证更有力。许多学生写议论文,进行事例论证或事理分析时,由于没有全面把握和深入理解论据内涵的丰富性,或没有精心选择和巧妙剪裁论据材料,常常因无法找到观点和论据的契合点,结果使文章的“骨”(论点)“肉”(论据)貌合神离。具体地讲,就是论据不能有力地佐证和支撑论点,而论点也不能水乳交融地统率和包容论据。此外,还有许多学生用事例论证论点时,所用事例往往流于俗套,不是千人一面,就是老生常谈,既缺乏历史的厚重感和浓烈的生活气息又缺乏鲜明的时代色彩和个性特征。具体地讲,就是所举事例不是琐碎肤浅,就是常以部分代替整体,或以个别现象代替一般规律,结果使事例既缺乏广泛的代表性又缺乏深刻的典型性。

解决这一问题的办法是,深入挖掘课本和读本资源,重视课外阅读,走出书本和课堂,融入社会生活中,关注各种媒体信息,勤于观察,善于思考,广泛涉猎,加强积累,探究材料内涵的广义性,捕捉论点和论据的相关性。

五、事例论据叙述冗长

议论文中的事例是作为论据使用的,叙述方式与记叙文中的不同——记叙文里的叙事必须完整具体,而议论文中的事例论据则应简明扼要。因此,议论文中的事例论据应该用概述法或截取法叙述。由此可见,明确叙述方式在议论文与记叙文中的不同特点和功能,仔细揣摩叙述方式在议论文与记叙文中的不同处理技巧,是解决写议论文事例论据叙述冗长问题的关键。

六、转移论题,节外生枝

“一议一话题,一话题一中心”是议论文写作的基本要求。可是,议论文写作中,却有许多学生由于审题不仔细,不是开篇就转移话题,与命题意图和写作要求南辕北辙,就是写至中途便信马由缰,与文章的中心论点渐行渐远,或者是干脆就抛开文章的中心论点一气呵成,结果下笔千言却离题万里。由此可见,议论文写作中,既要看清题干,读懂题意,明确要求,还要注意行文中思维的收与放和张与弛,即既要利用发散思维适当拓展,又要利用聚合思维适时收束,切不可天马行空,题外生题。

七、表达偏颇,宽严失度

写议论文,需要多角度全方位地看待问题,即要辩证地分析问题,因此议论文的语言表达应当准确、严密、富有逻辑性,切不可只见彩虹不见阴霾。可是,议论文写作中,却有许多学生忽略了这一点。比如,要么是仅凭自己的主观好恶评头论足,结果在表达上不是随意夸大就是肆意贬损;要么是孤立、静止或片面地看待和分析问题,结果不是在文中说了一些过头的话,就是推论出一些难圆其说或前后矛盾的脆弱观点和结论。

表达宽严失度和语意疏漏有隙,表面上看似乎是一个小问题,但实质上却是认识水平的大问题。因为,语言是思维的工具,语言是思想的物质外壳和显性表现,语言表述粗糙实际上是思考不够缜密和严谨的结果。写作中解决这一问题,必须掌握一些唯物辩证法的知识,坚持用联系的、发展的、一分为二的观点和方法,去审视和评价生活与学习中碰到的一切事物和问题,从而培养良好的思维品质。

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篇3:2024英语六级考试作文写作技巧

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一. 心理

古人云,不战而屈人之兵,很大程度上取决于心理因素。随着四六级考试改革的深入,会有,更新,更难的题目,包括作文题目出现,这样就要求我们有处惊不变的能力。即使是出现某种没有预料到的题型,考生也应该及时调整心态、从容不迫地应答。事实上,历史经验证明:题目要求越是高,难度越是大,考生的发挥余地也就越大。挑战和机遇是成正相关的。

二. 评分

知己知彼,百战不怠。熟悉老师的评分习惯,对于考生正常、甚至是超常发挥自身水平也十分有益。正常情况下,阅卷老师要领会贯彻考试规定的评分原则,依照文章的结构和语言水平进行评分。然而,除此以外,有“两个基本点”我们也需要给予足够的重视——闪光点和语法点。在一篇出类拔萃的范文中,我们往往可以看到像提问法、谚语总结法、从句、并列句、理由段公式、理由词汇、路线句型、插入语、名词化、和被动语态等等闪光点;而在一篇低分例文中,基本的语言错误则多得数不胜数。

三. 休息

考试迫在眉睫时,同学们往往容易进入一种临考状态。这种状态比较突出的表现是夜不能寐。尤其是在专业课和全国四六级考试纷至沓来的时候,很多同学更是发扬连续作战的精神,通宵达旦,头悬梁、锥刺骨。其实这对于像四六级考试这样的高强度考试而言是有百害而无一益的。道理很简单,四六级考试对于一个学生来说,不仅是一次英语水平的综合测试,也是一种意志力、甚至是体力的考验。没有良好的休息作为后盾,考生很难笑到最后。所以,保证充足的睡眠是最基本也是首要的应试技巧

四. 营养

无庸置疑,营养的摄入在最后关头也是异常重要的一环。在保证充分睡眠的同时,食物是另一个“工夫在诗外”的客观因素。尤其是参加四级考试的同学,早餐一定要定时定量,不可或缺。一般来说,类似奶酪苏这样的奶制品外加一杯热牛奶或者热巧克力已经足以提供整个半天考试所需的热量,当然,这也因人而异。有些体质虚弱的同学也可以考虑服用一些如西洋参、鸡精这样的营养品。不过,安眠药等有副作用的药物一定要慎用,否则过犹不及。

五. 审题

磨刀不误砍柴工。在落笔前花两三分钟时间进行构思,既有利于理清行文思路、也避免了差之毫厘、失之千里的遗憾。尤其是在应对图表类作文时,我们更是要看清图表,牢牢把握各个数据的变化和相互关系,才能够下笔。否则张冠李戴,即使文章本身再不同凡响、语惊四座,也只会竹篮打水、甚至起到适得其反的效果。

六. 卷面

对于像作文这样的主观题而言,考生与阅卷老师从来就犹如搏弈,无形中彼此互动、相互影响。一个考生可以做的,首先是通过卷面给阅卷老师下意识地传达个人信息。用笔的颜色(深蓝色使人心情放松愉快)、粗细(粗线条给人以安全感),整齐划一的格式(段首或一律顶格或一律空两格),明了的段落感(每段空一行),清晰的字数感(一行以十字为宜),工整的字迹都会给任何阅读者留下深刻的正面印象,从而使考生先发制人、取得先机。

七. 结构

有始有终、首尾照应,是任何一篇好文章的基本标准之一,也是两大评分原则之一。如果说广大考生已经给第一段以足够重视的话,那么是不是大多数考生都意识到了理由段的条理和最后一段的呼应在全文中所具有的不可忽视的地位了呢?其实,要写好理由段,我们只需要注意表示启承转合的衔接词即可。而要写好结尾,最好的方法莫过于温故而知新,回顾第一段的大致内容了。

八. 表达

言之无文,行而不远。语言作为评分原则中的基本要素之一,在四六级作文评分的整个过程中具有决定性作用。有评分老师甚至断言:“It is not what you say, it is the way that you say it.”(重要的并不在于考生写了些什么,而在于考生是怎么表达的。)虽然这种说法本身似乎有失偏颇,可是参加过国际标准化英语考试的同学应该也听说过那么一句话,叫做:“Give the monkey exactly what he wants.”(给阅卷老师最想要的。),不是吗?譬如同样是描述数据,一些同学拘泥于图表本身,动辄按部就班地引用图表上现成的数字和年代,其实这都是图表作文的忌讳。聪明的同学引而不用,他们常喜欢用倍数、分数、小数、百分比、或者一些动词(double / triple / quadruple)来表现极端数据,动态数据以及他们的相异之处。

九. 检查

行百里者半九十。一篇成功的作文少不了反复推敲、一再修改。然而,由于考试时间和条件等诸多因素的限制,考生绝对需要慎重对待作文的检查和修改。这里,我不得不提考生检查作文时的三大“通病”,即,数字数、孤芳自赏、和做结构与内容上的修改。我们必须明确:考试作文的润色和修改只需要达到三个目的即可:1. 拼写正确,看文章中是否有汉字、多余符号、糊乱涂改、划线、和错别字;2. 搭配正确;和3. 语法正确,特别是人称、时态、和单复数的三一致。

鲁迅先生说过,世界上本没有路,走的人多了也就成了路。我们要善于在学习实践中发现、总结和运用规律,这样才能够在复习迎考的过程中事半功倍,百尺竿头、更进一步。路漫漫其修远兮,愿以此文抛砖引玉。

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篇4:散文有哪些写作技巧

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散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活、精干的文学体裁。作者在散文中的形象比较明显,常用第一人称叙述,个性鲜明。

同时,这也就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈,无所顾忌”,他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。也如刘半农所说,散文要“赤裸裸地表达”,写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在,这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础,而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然,优美洗练。此外,还可以讲究一些语言技法,如句式长短相间,随物赋形,如多用修辞特别是比喻,如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

首先,必须明确一个散文写作观念,即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有的教材都提出了散文要写感情,但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出,感情不是片面的因素,也不仅仅是线索,而是散文的对象。散文写人、写事都只是表面现象,从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”,而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事,而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》,重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者的业绩,而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。感情体验,是散文的内在结构,有了它,就可以天马行空地起草。这一点,不能不明朗和确定。

有了散文的内在结构——感情体验,只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样,建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上,但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说,小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”,而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面,具备冲突,各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显,而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”,就是感情体验,或多或少,随手拈来,任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此,我们说散文(应称艺术散文),是最自由的文体,散漫如水,手法灵活。

只要弄清这些,写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写,就掌握了散文写作的要领,什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习,其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出,供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

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篇5:广东高考英语写作基础题备考策略

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导语:小编就高考英语广东写作题将由基础写作(满分15分)和任务型写作(满分25分)两节组成。为了更有效地备考基础写作题,需要搞清楚基础写作题的特点和对考生写作能力的要求。本文将探讨这两个方面的问题,并对备考给出一些建议,供考生参考。

一、基础写作题的特点

高考设置基础写作题目的目的是要检测考生最基础的书面语言表达能力,如用词的合理性、句子结构的复杂度、语法运用的正确性、信息内容的完整性、句子之间的连贯性等。因此,基础写作题与往年的书面表达依然会有很多相似点,但也会出现一些新的特点。

1. 写作题材贴近考生的学习和生活。历年来高考作文题的题材都非常贴近考生的学习和生活,如校园活动、校外见闻、交友、旅游,和考生有关的话题讨论等。可以预料明年高考写作题的题材还会在这些范围之内,并为所有所考所熟悉。

2. 写作的体裁主要是故事性描述和应用文。基础写作题的体裁主要有故事性描写和应用文写作两大类。命题形式可能是看图写故事、看图表说明、根据表格信息完成一封短信或一份通知这类的应用文等。

3. 内容呈现的方式具有半封闭性。作文试题逐步走向开放将是大势所趋。但是,基础写作题还只能是半封闭的,其特点是写作的内容是被规定了的,考生必须将文章所规定的信息点完整、全面地表达出来,但对于语言表达的方式、信息组织的先后秩序、需要补充哪些必要的信息等,考生又有一定的自主构思空间。

4. 用5句话表达。这是基础写作题与往年书面表达题最显著的不同点。往年是规定字数(100词左右),句子的数量不作规定,所以很多考生为了不犯句法错误总是用一些简单句。而基础写作只能用5句话来表达题目所给的全部信息点,但所给的信息点与往年的书面表达相比并不会减少,所以,用5个简单句很难完成任务,必须使用复合句或并列句来综合多个信息点,而且还要照顾句子之间的衔接和语意上的连贯。从这一点来说,基础写作题对考生运用语言能力的要求大大提高了。

二、基础写作题提出的新要求

由基础写作题的特点可以看出,它对考生提出了一些新的要求。

1. 信息组织能力。笔者认为,信息组织能力包括信息归类、信息排列和信息表达三个环节。对于题目所提供的各种信息点,考生首先需要依照一定的标准将信息进行归类,并初步计划将哪些信息放到同一个句子中;其次是将信息进行合理的排列,排列必须依照一定的标准,如时间顺序、空间顺序、因果关系、递进关系等;第三是选择信息表达的秩序,确定句子之间的先后关系,这既要考虑语法上能否衔接,还要考虑语意上的连贯。在组织信息的过程中,还要对某些信息进行必要的增删,使文章意思连贯、语言畅通、逻辑严密。

2. 运用复杂句子的能力。在整理和归类信息点之后,就需要正确地使用比较复杂的句子,综合地表达信息。复杂句子主要有三类:

第一类是复合句,包括含有名词性从句的复合句,含有定语从句的复合句,含有状语从句的复合句。

第二类是并列句,包括具有递进关系的并列句, 如由and,then,besides,in addition, furthermore,moreover, what’s more等连接的并列句,具有转折关系的并列句,如由but,however,on the contrary, after all等连接的并列句,具有平行选择关系的并列句,如由both…and…,as well as,as well,neither…nor…or,either…or…,not only…but also…等连接的并列句。

第三类是一些特殊句型,如使用强调句、倒装句、含有with复合结构的句子、there be开头的句子、以形式主语it开头的句子等。

正确地使用各种句型,不仅能够完成题目所要求的任务,还能使文章的句式变得丰富、行文更加流畅、中心和主旨更加突出。

三、基础写作题的备考策略

在基础写作的备考过程中,一方面要重视养成一些良好的写作习惯,如认真审题、巧妙构思、常写草稿、工整誊写、仔细核对等好习惯,另一方面在组织信息和训练复杂句子结构方面要多下些功夫。下面我们以“广东省普通高等学校招生全国统一考试广东省英语科考试说明”中的样题为例,探讨如何备考基础写作题。

第一节:基础写作(共1小题,满分15分)

假设你最近参加了由某电视台举办的中考生英语演讲比赛并获奖,该台准备组织获奖者去北京参加一次英语夏令营活动,下表是这次活动的时间安排和活动内容。

活动时间

7月15日-22日或8月15日-22日

活动内容

参加英语角 学唱英语歌曲

听英语讲座 表演英语短剧

看英语电影 教外宾学中文

【写作内容】

电视台现就活动时间和活动内容征求你的意见。请按照以下要求用英语以书信形式给予答复。

1. 选择适合你的时间并说明理由;

2. 解释你只能参加其中的两项活动(听英语讲座和教外宾学中文),虽然你认为所有的活动都很有意义;

3. 说明你选择的理由:听英语讲座了解英美文化的信息;教外宾学中文因为2008北京奥运让越来越多的外宾想了解中国。

【写作要求】

1. 必须使用5个句子表达全部的内容

2. 信的开头和结尾已给出。

Dear Sir or Madame,

I’m glad to be invited to the English summer camp.

Thank you very much.

Yours truly,

Li Ping

【评分标准】

句子结构的准确性和复杂度;信息内容的完整性和连贯性。

由此我们可以看出,信息点的数量与往年的书面表达题相比并没有减少,要想用5个句子把所有的信息都表达出来,考生必须从以下三个方面进行备考:

1. 养成重视审题的习惯。虽然基础写作题是半封闭性的,但审题仍然十分重要。现以样题为例,谈谈如何审题:

思考的问题

样题分析

要写的文章主题是什么?(topic)

参加夏令营。

为什么要写这篇文章?(purpose)

电视台邀请参加夏令营,写信回复

要写文章的信息点有哪些?(information items)

选择的时间、参加活动的内容、解释为什么。

怎样安排信息点的逻辑顺序?(order)

说明要参加的活动并解释原因—→说明要参加的时间并解释原因。

动作是什么时候发生的(时态)?(when)

夏令营还没有开始,文章主要用一般将来时。

2. 提高组织信息的能力。组织信息的过程包括信息分类、信息排列和信息表达三个环节。这些步骤看起来好像很繁琐,但对于中下成绩的考生来说,一步一步地思考这些问题是很有必要的。现以样题为例,说明该怎样组织信息。

信息分类

信息排列

信息表达

时间信息:两个时间段。

内容信息:6项活动。

选择信息:其中的两个活动及其理由。

夏令营的内容信息点排列:可以将自己要参加的两项活动放在前面,其它信息点可以略写。

作者的选择信息点排列:依照自己所参与的活动顺序逐项表述,紧接着给出选择的理由。

结合已经给出的头和尾,写作的顺序可安排如下:

很高兴被邀请(已给出)——感谢安排这么多的活动——说明活动的意义——表达自己只能参加两项活动的遗憾和原因——说明参加的活动内容及原因(两项活动用两句话)——说明自己选择的时间及原因。

3. 夯实基础,掌握基本的句子结构及其用法。对于大多数考生来说,用词不准和句子结构错误是写作失分的“罪魁祸首”。夯实基础、掌握基本的句子结构及其用法是基础写作备考的主要任务,完成这项任务可以分步骤进行:

第一步:练习写简单句,练就写简单句基本不犯语言错误的“真功”。简单句大体上可以分为两个基本类型,考生必须掌握:“主语+谓语+(其它成分)”“主语+系动词+表语”。

第二步:练习运用复杂句。要提高运用复杂句的能力,考生必须要攻克三个易错点:一是主句与从句之间主谓结构混乱,造成主句缺谓语;二是没有掌握关联词的用法,错用、多用、漏用关联词;三是该使用简单句的地方人为地复杂化,如可以用分词或介词短语来表达的,却偏要用从句。

下面以样题为例,介绍笔者是如何思考写这篇文章的(为了分析方便,笔者将5个句子进行编号),仅供参考:

Dear Sir or Madam,

I’m glad to be invited to the English summer camp. ①Thank you very much for arranging so many activities, such as English corner, English lectures, English films, English songs, English plays and helping foreigners learn Chinese. ②I am sure all the activities will do a lot of good to us students. ③But it’s a pity that I can only take part in two of them, because I will have to spend some time in doing my research project. ④I would like to listen to the lectures, by which I will learn more about western culture, and help foreigners learn Chinese, as more and more foreigners want to know about China and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

⑤I want to see my grandparents in the country right after our school finishes in mid-July, so I am going to attend the camp from August 15th to 22nd.

Thank you very much.

Yours truly,

Li Ping

第①句顺应已给出的句中的glad心情,表示感谢安排这么多的活动,具有较好的连贯性。同时很自然地将活动内容做一介绍。

第②句用简单句表达活动的意义,语意上连贯,句式上没有继续用“长”句,有变化。

第③句用but转折并用it’s a pity 句型表示委婉的歉意,然后解释原因。

第④句用一个长句子表达自己要参加的两个项目,并解释原因,解释原因的第一句用定语从句,第二句用状语从句,使句子结构富于变化。

第⑤句解释参加的时间并给出解释。之所以把时间放在后面,主要是考虑它与题目已经给出的句子之间在语意上的连贯性不够。

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篇6:2024中考英语写作高分秘诀

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英语写作要拿高分其实并不是很难,只要掌握了一定的词量以及写作方法就有可以能拿到高分。下面是语文迷为大家整理的英语写作高分秘诀,希望对你有帮助。

一、中考英语写作的概述

你对于在中考英语写作中拿高分有把握吗?实际考试中,许多学生却常常有“无话可说”的感觉。那要如何我们才能克服这种无话的状态,取得高分呢?

归根到底这是一个英语基本功——单词、短语和句型的问题。

英语作文的前提条件是掌握了一定量的词汇、语法及体裁、题材等方面的知识。学生如果想要在写作方面有本质上的提升,必须进行多次的写作练习。因此,必须合理地设置训练步骤,遵循从初级到高级,从简单到复杂的原则去练习,经过一段写作实践之后,写作水平一定会有大幅度的提高。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点:1、内容要完整。2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。

二、中考英语写作的评分标准

1、老师拿到的标准

写作水平的高低和文章的好坏,分数是最直接的评分标准,也是考生们最关心的。但是多少考生真正透彻知道中考英语写作的评分标准?什么样的文章才是阅卷老师眼中的好文章?

评分标准:

(1)整篇作文满分20分,其中内容8分,语言8分,结构4分。

(2)内容贴切,句子流畅,用语准确,加整体印象分1分。

(3)不满60个词,少1——5个词扣0.5分,6——10个词扣1分。

(4)所有给出问题涉及的三项内容,每少一项扣3分。

(5)每个拼写,大小写,标点符号等错误扣0.5分;同一的拼写错误不重复扣分,扣分总和不超过2分。

(6)语法错误每项扣1分,同一错误不重复扣分,扣分总和不超过2分。

2、老师想看到的标准

语言(8分):

词——固定搭配、高频重点词汇;

句——复杂句(各种从句)、特殊句型、正确的句子!

内容(8分):(总、分)论点、论据支持句;简洁、切合主题的记叙内容。

结构(4分):

语言结构——句子重点突出、内容清晰;

内容结构——论点、论据以及记叙之间的逻辑关系;

句数控制——对于相对内容的句数掌握;

亮点、出彩点——排比、拟人、谚语、成语、押韵等。

三、扣分

内容方面:要点缺失,可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“Iwanttodosomethingformyschool”,若没有写一件具体的事情,是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻,没有实际内容,也会扣1-2分。

字数:少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上,标点符号不算,少了就要扣分。

但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看,16分以上的作文,没有少于75字的,甚至少于80字的也少之又少。

当然,也极少有超过100字的,因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个,在格子下面大约还有2行的空间,可以加20字左右,再多阅卷人就很难看清了,也会影响卷面的美观。

所以,同学们如果想让作文得到高分,最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

语法和拼写错误:每个扣0.5,重复错误不计;

标点错误:每4个扣0.5。

四、加分

作文的组织结构分。就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。只要文章中有1个亮点,基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点,是可以提前准备的。

“万金油”式的复杂句型,例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等,只要同学们多操练几次,几乎是一定能用到作文当中,从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分。很多家长(微博)和同学,尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学,都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项,但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验,在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的,而是在第一遍读完全文之后,心里已经形成了一个“印象分”,然后再细读第二、三遍,把印象分分配到各个打分部分。

因此,这个“印象分”就非常重要,而同学们的书法,也正是在这个环节,影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生,如果书法不好,一定要注意。

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篇7:关于新闻的写作技巧

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新闻反映新发生的、重要的、有意义的、能引起广泛兴趣的事实,具有迅速、明了、简短 的特点,是一种最有效的宣传形式。”小编收集了关于新闻的写作技巧,欢迎阅读。

一、新闻定义

什么是新闻?不同的文化背景,不同的意识形态,就有不同的回答。

在美国,麦尔文·曼切尔著的《新闻报道与写作》一书,引述了过去和现在新闻学家对新闻 的一些解释。例如:

达纳在1869年至1897年主管过《纽约太阳报》,他说,新闻是“社会上大多数人感 兴趣,而且在此以前从未对它注意过的那些事情。”

达纳的一个编辑提出了一个经典性的新闻概念:“狗咬人,不是新闻;人咬狗,才是新闻。 ”(注:这是达纳1882年办《纽约太阳报》时,他属下的采访主任约翰·B·博 加特对一个青年记者说的。)

另外一个新闻的典型概念是斯坦利·瓦利克尔提出来的。他是本世纪三十年代初期《纽约先 驱论坛报》的采编主任。他说,新闻是建立在三个“W”的基础上:“妇女(Women)、金 钱(Wampun)和坏事(Wrongdoing)”。

其实,以上表述并非科学意义的下定义,但他们的观点却集中地代表了西方新闻学的基本立 场,即一切反常的、有刺激性的、人们好奇的事才是新闻。这种观点当然有其深厚的人文背 景及经济基础,虽然他们对新闻定义的认识已侧重在“读者兴趣”上,但其实质仍不能脱离 “利润”的操纵。

在中国,“新闻”这个词最早出现在《新唐书》。《新唐书》记载:初唐神龙年间(公无7 05年前后),有一个叫孙处玄的文人曾说过:“恨天下无书以广新闻”。孙处玄曾投书当 时执政的大臣恒彦范,评论时政得失,未被采纳,他就挂冠而去,可见他是个很关心时事政 治的人。这样的人对没有书刊传播新闻(当时印刷术尚未应用于书籍)表示不满,是理所当 然的事。孙处玄这句议论竟被载入《新唐书》,说明尽管唐代还未完全具备传播新闻的条件 ,但人们已意识到需要报道这类新闻的传播工具。“新闻”一词在这里是指“最近消息”。

《现代汉语词典》释“新闻”为:①报纸或广播电台等报道的国内外消息:新闻广播/采访 新闻。②指社会上最近发生的新事情。

《辞海》对新闻的解释是:①报社、通讯社、广播电台、电视台等新闻机构对当前政治事件 或社会事件所作的报道。要求迅速、及时,真实,言简意明,以事实说话。形式有消息、通 讯、特写、记者通信、调查报告、新闻图片、电视新闻等。②指被人当作谈助的新奇事情。 如《红楼梦》第一回:“众人当作一件新闻传说。”

1943年9月陆定一提出:“新闻就是新近发生的事实的报道。”

1981年8月中宣部在京召开全国18大城市的报纸工作座谈会,其会议纪要对新闻定义作了 新 的诠释:

“新闻反映新发生的、重要的、有意义的、能引起广泛兴趣的事实,具有迅速、明了、简短 的特点,是一种最有效的宣传形式。”

定语修饰的限制显然是考虑了“读者兴趣”,同时也顾及到了“社会效果”,这些是对陆定 一定义的有效补充,然而其偏颇也是显而易见的。综合上述种种看法,我们不妨把新闻定义 小结为:

“新闻是对新近发生或发现的有社会意义的能引起广泛兴趣的事实的传播。”

明确了新闻定义,我们再来区别广义的新闻与狭义的新闻。广义的新闻包括消息、通讯、特 写、调查报告、新闻评论等,是报纸、广播、电视等媒体中常见的报道体裁。狭义的新闻专 指消息。

二、新闻价值

对新闻定义的不同见解,尤其是社会主义新闻学与西方新闻学对新闻定义的根本分歧, 归根到底是由于对新闻价值的不同认识所决定的。

西方新闻界认为测定某一事件和某种思想所具有的新闻价值的因素有以下六个方面:(一)时 间性:报道最近发生或正在发生的事实,时间愈近,价值愈高;(二)显著性:报道对象要有 声望或出名,人、地、物等愈出名,价值愈高;(三)接近性:事实与读者在空间、关系等方 面愈接近便愈能引起兴趣;(四)新奇性:冲突、异常、冒险、变动等能满足读者的猎奇心理 ;(五)重要性:能引起震动,影响很多人的事件;(六)人情味:悲欢离合、幽默、悬念等带 有人情味的生活事件。在这诸多的因素中,“读者兴趣”是衡量新闻价值的唯一标准。我们 在借鉴其合理性的一面时,也不能忽视这种“新闻价值观”导致的负面影响。

社会主义新闻学认为,新闻价值就是选择和衡量事实是否报道及如何报道的标准。它包含两 层意思:一是事实本身所具有的价值,即事实本身的重要性、影响力和新鲜程度等;二是读 者接受新闻后的受益程度,即新闻所引起的社会效果。前者是先决条件,但没有后者前者也 失去了意义。概括起来社会主义新闻学认为判定事实所具有的新闻价值的因素主要有以下几 个方面:(一)指导性与思想性:坚持社会主义方向,宣传党的方针政策,以正确的舆论引导 人;(二)重要性与显著性:内容重要,社会影响大;(三)普遍性与迫切性:反映群众呼声, 关注社会热点;(四)知识性与趣味性:传播高尚的、健康的、大众的知识与情趣;(五)时效 性与真实性:坚持新闻的“真”,突出新闻的“新”。

三、写作原则

(一)坚持四项基本原则,自觉执行党的宣传纪律;

(二)实事求是,用事实说话;

(三)迅速及时,讲求时效;

(四)在写作技巧上遵守以下10条写作规则:

1、在你没有理解事件本身之前,不要动笔去写。

2、在你不知道你要说些什么之前不要动笔去写。

3、要表现,不要陈述。

4、把精彩的引语放在消息的前头。

5、把精彩的实例或轶事放在消息的前头。

6、运用具体名词和富于动作色彩的动词。

7、尽量少用形容词,不要在动词上再加用副词。

8、尽量避免自己去作判断和推理,让事实说话。

9、在消息中不要提那些你回答不了的问题。

10、写作要朴实、简洁、诚实、迅速。

总之,新闻写作要做到四个字:真、新、快、活。

以下几段话应成为我们写作新闻的座右铭:

△我们应当说真话,因为这是我们的力量所在!(《列宁全集》第9卷第283页) △用生活中的生动的具体事例来教育群众“是报刊在从资本主义到社会主义的过渡时期的主 要任务。”(《列宁全集》第28卷第83页)

△我们党所办的报纸,我们党所进行的一切宣传工作,都应当是生动的,鲜明的,尖锐的, 毫不吞吞吐吐。这是我们革命无产阶级应有的战斗风格。(《毛泽东选集》第1217页)

△为报道真实新闻而奋斗!(周恩来给《新闻日报》增刊的题词)

△在新的历史时期,新闻工作坚持为社会主义服务,为人民服务,就要坚定地全面准确地宣 传党的基本路线,宣传建设有中国特色的社会主义的理论和决策,宣传全国各族人民在现代 化建设和改革开放中的业绩和经验。(江泽民《关于党的新闻工作的几个问题》)

△坚持正面宣传为主的方针并不否认新闻的特点。新闻的特点,人们可以作多种概括,但照 我看,除了前面谈到的党性以外,还要注意真实性、时效性和可读性。(李瑞环《坚持正面 宣传为主的方针》)

第二节 消息的写作

 消息即狭义的新闻,它是对新近发生的有社会意义并引起公众兴趣的事实的简短报道。因此 ,真实性、时效性及文字少、篇幅小成为消息的基本特征。

一、消息种类

(一)动态消息:也称动态新闻,这种消息迅速、及时地报道国内国际的重大事件,报道社会 主义建设中的新人新事、新气象、新成就、新经验。动态消息中有不少是简讯(短讯、简明 新闻),内容更加单一,文字更加精简,常常一事一讯,几行文字。

(二)综合消息:也称综合新闻,指的是综合反映带有全局性情况、动向、成就和问题的消息 报道。

(三)典型消息:也称典型新闻,这是对某一部门或某一单位的典型经验或成功做法的集中报 道,用以带动全局,指导一般。 (四)述评消息:也称新闻述评,它除具有动态消息的一般特征外,还往往在叙述新闻事实的 同时,由作者直接发出一些必要的议论,简明地表示作者的观点。记者述评、时事述评就是 其中的两种。

以上四类消息,以动态消息较易写作,可以经常练习写一些,从实践中提高新闻写作能力。

二、消息写作

写作消息要设想并回答读者问的问题,这些问题就构成了新闻五要素,即:When(何时)、 Where(何地)、Who(何人)、What(何事)、Why(何故)。有的新闻学上补充了一个要素:HOW(如 何)。在五个W和一个H中,最主要的是What(何事)、Who(何人)。写作时要认真写好这几 个方 面的内容。

当我们弄清了“我要说些什么”,接下来就是“怎么说这些内容”,显然这涉及到了如何安 排消息的结构。只要我们用心分析一下报刊发表的消息,就会发现,消息的结构比较固定、 简单,大多数消息的结构都是“倒金字塔”式的,即:最重要的材料放在开头,次要材料放 在后面。消息的结构具体表现为:标题、导语、主体、结尾,并在文中穿插背景材料。

(一)标题

标题是消息的眼睛,拟写得好,可以吸引读者;拟写得差,一篇好消息也会被埋没。可见标 题有着向读者推荐的作用。如:《两位市长直接关怀 大港“油郎”喜结良缘》(新华社1990 年1月6日电讯稿)、《地球三分钟 净增五百人》(新华社1996年7月13日电讯稿)、 《杭城新事见新风 拎书拜年书压岁》(1991年2月19日《解放日报》)。

消息的标题必须简明、准确地概括消息内容,帮助读者理解报道的事实。 消息标题有主题(正题)、引题(眉题)、副题(次题)三种。

主题:概括与说明主要事实和思想内容。

引题:揭示消息的思想意义或交待背景,说明原因,烘托气氛。

副题:提示报道的事实结果,或作内容提要。

(二)导语

导语是指一篇消息的第一自然段或第一句话。它是用简明生动的文字,写出消息中最主要、 最新鲜的事实,鲜明地提示消息的主题思想。

导语的要求,一是要抓住事情的核心,二是要能吸引读者看下去。要做到第一条,必须具备 训练有素的分析能力;要做到第二条,则要有写作技巧。

导语写作中的思维过程,通常是以作者的自问自答开始的:

①什么事情是已经发生的事件中最重要的?

②什么人参加进去了?——谁干的或谁讲的?

③是用直接性导语,还是用延缓性导语?

④有没有什么吸引人的词汇或生动形象的短语要写进导语中?

⑤主题是什么?什么样的动词能最有效地吸引读者?

以上五个问题中,第三个问题涉及到导语的类型。那末,导语有哪些类型呢?

一类是直接性导语:直接写出事实的核心的导语。多是陈述性的像速记一样地反映事实。

另一类是延缓性导语:多用于“软”消息。即所报道的不是正在发展中的、变化中的或突发 性的事件。它通常用来设置一种现场或创造某种气氛。多是解释性、说明性的。

导语的形式主要有:

1、叙述式。用摘录或综合的方法,把消息中最新鲜、最主要的事实简明扼要地写出来。

2、描写式。对消息的主要事实或某一有意义的侧面作简洁朴素而又有特色的描写,以酿成 气氛。

3、提问式。先揭露矛盾,鲜明地、尖锐地提出问题,再作简要的回答,引起读者的关注和 思考。

4、结论式。把结论写在开头,提示报道某一事物的意义或目的或总结。

5、号召式。提出号召,给读者指出方向和奋斗目标。

另外还有摘要式、评论式、综合式、解释式等等。

(三)主体

这是消息的主干部分。它紧接导语之后,对导语作具体全面的阐述,具体展开事实或进一步 突出中心,从而写出导语所概括的内容,表现全篇消息的主题思想。应按“时间顺序”或“ 逻辑顺序”写作,但仍然要先写主要的,再写次要的。

(四)背景

1、什么是背景?新闻背景,指事件的历史背景、周围环境及与其它方面的联系等。写新闻 有时要交代背景,目的在于帮助读者深刻理解新闻的内容和价值,起到衬托、深化主题的作 用,也就是回答五个“W”中的Why(为什么)。

西方新闻学认为背景就是对新闻事件作出的解释。美国新闻学家赖斯特说得很清楚:“我看 不出新闻背景与解释有什么区别。”“解释,在我看来,就是新闻报道的深入化。就是把单 一的新闻事件放到一系列的事件中去写”,“就是提供新闻的背景知识,从而使读者能够对 新闻事件作出客观的判断。”

但是“解释”不是议论,解释本身就是事实,也就是说用事实去解释。所以新闻背景又称之 为“事实背景”。

2、背景有哪些作用?

第一个作用,是说明新闻事件的起因。

第二个作用,显示或帮助读者理解新闻事件的重要性。

第三个作用,突出新闻稿件的新闻价值。

第四个作用,表明记者的观点。记者是不准在新闻中发表议论的,但是,谁也无法禁止记者 通过自己来写的新闻表达自己的立场和看法。纯客观的报道是不存在的。

3、背景的类型有几种?常见的有三种:对比性的,说明性的,注释性的。有的新闻学则将 背景分为四种:人物背景、地理背景、历史背景和事物背景。

(五)结尾

新闻的结尾有小结式、启发式、号召式、分析式、展望式……等等。这些结尾写作与一般记 叙文结尾的写作并无大的不同。

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篇8:15条高分作文写作技巧

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就我个人而言,我已经写了17年了,各式各样的文体出版物都写过:小说,报刊杂志,博客等等,但是我现在还在努力着,以使自己写出更好的文章。对于任何作家都是一样的:没有最好,只有更好。回顾我近二十年的写作生涯,其中有过痛苦的经历,也有成长的喜悦。下面和大家分享一些体会,我想,无论你现在是什么水平,这些建议(至少第12条)对你而言,觉得会有所启迪,共勉吧。

1. 阅读优秀的作品:这是显而易见的,但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品,你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始,接着开始模仿,最后超越他们,形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著,在看内容的时候,更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧

2. 尽可能多的写:每天都写,如果可能话,每天写几次。你写得多了,也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的,熟能生巧。写写你自己,写写博客,向出版社投稿。只是写,全情投入的写,练得越多,你的写作水平就提升得越快。

3. 随时随地记下你的灵感:随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片),当你对你构思的小说,文章,或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候,马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时,或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时,都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝,你及时的记录下来,便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是,为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单,不断的补充它。

4. 专门的写作时间:每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间,让这成为习惯。对我而言,清晨的时间是最佳的,午饭,傍晚,或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的,把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时,当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样,是一个全职的作家,那么你需要写更多的小时,请你不要担心,这只会让你写得更好。

5. 随便涂鸦:面对整张的白纸,整版的白屏,无从开始,肯定恐怖。你会想:我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生,千万别这样。马上开始写,马上打字,你写什么没有关系,只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了,什么都好办了。像我的话,我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题,这应该不难吧,然后再慢慢的展开情节,全身心地融入进去…关键是:开始可以随便写写,随便涂鸦,但是尽快开始写正文。

6. 集中精神:写作是一件一心一意的事情,在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情,是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境,需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求,你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下,使用WriteRoom, DarkRoom,Writer这些写作软件,不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱,关点MSN和Gtalk,关掉电话和手机,关掉电视,清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念,现在就是写作的时间,好像把自己放进一个盒子里,在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

7. 先计划,再写: 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾,实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前,先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下,这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西,或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来,做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了,可以很快的展开,因为思路和想法都有了。这里,有一个构思小说的三部曲,可以参考这个:Snowflake Method.

8. 创新: 你需要模仿名家,这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法,从这里学一点,从那里学一点。渐渐地,你就会有了自己的风格,自己的文体,自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达,或创造一些与众不同的表达方式,每一方法你都可以尝试,看看它到底怎么样,不好就不用呗。

9. 修改: 你开始构思你的文字,然后试着写,让故事情节展开,最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要,很多写手一旦写好就不想修改,已经费时费力地写好了,还要再花时间修改,实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好,你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的,这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东,不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误,还有那些无意义的词,混乱的结构,和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是:更清晰,更直接,更鲜活。

10. 简明扼要: 这是你在修改的过程中,最重要的一件事情。一句句,一段段的修改,把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力,大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得:简单就是力量。

11. 富于感染力的句子:在短句中使用富有感染力的动词,当然,并没有要求每一句都是这样,你需要变化。但是,多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且,你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用,你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

12. 获取别人的反馈: 闭门造车不会有任何进步,让别人读读你的文章给你回馈,最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广,会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听,即使是一些批评,也接受它,忠言逆耳,这样只会让你写得更好。

13. 是骡子还是马,拉出来溜溜:就你而言,你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的,让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书,发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌,给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了,恭喜你,这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过,你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去,让读者给你留言,给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西,也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情,但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路,马上发表你的文字吧。

14. 采用对话式的文体: 很多人的写作都很正式,但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。这样一来,读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易,你需要坚持这么做。也许,会带来另一个问题,为了读起来更口语化,你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法,会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因,就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

15. 好开头和结尾: 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者,那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头,读者一旦对你开头感兴趣,他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后,再弄一个精彩的结尾,这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

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篇9:微写作提分技巧:分层教学,重点突破

全文共 951 字

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写作虽然微,但也有文章的体式。其文章的起承转合也需要交代清楚。从外在来说,请假、启事等要符合文体的要求;从内在来说,讲一件事情要讲清楚,要用自己的语言表达自己的思想,且把想表达的内容、情感很好地表达出来。那么,平时的训练就要包括两个方面:一是认识能力和思维水平,二是语言文字的表达能力。

建议高三老师要开展分层教学,因为每个学生的升学需求是不一样的。对于要考一流名校的学生,老师要提出明确要求,比如要创新、要夺人眼球,写得四平八稳就不行。此外,对于其他层次的学生,要根据学生的实际情况提出相应的要求。

老师在指导学生复习时,自己先要学会辨题。凡是符合今年高考指导思想的微写作题目可以多练,不太合适的题目要加以改造,因为微写作总体来说强调与生活结合、与现实结合,是要让学生写作时有话可说。他特别强调,微写作的开放性很强,显性的限制一般只有字数要求,其余大多隐含在情境中,指导学生时要特别注意。

教学中可分解突破描述、议论和抒情等各个能力点,将学生需要掌握的各类应用文体格式以及描述、议论、抒情的各种方法化解落实在每天的微写作练习中,如每日一句话新闻每日百字时评每日百字班级叙事等,同时着重从简明、连贯、得体的角度,训练应用文体的表达。

语文是一门博大精深的学科,要想学好语文,学习兴趣、良好的学习习惯等都是很重要的。有人感到学习语文很吃力,主要是由于没有掌握正确的方法,其次我们需要学会分析各种类型题目的做题技巧,当然这些都是建立在一定知识的积累之上。

虽然说语文的学习死记硬背较多,但是对于文言文,古诗词的学习,我们还是需要一些技巧的,对于文言文和古诗词,一些常用的词语或者常用句式需要我们特别记忆,这样即便是我们遇到一篇没有学过的诗词或者文言文,这些语句也是通用的,可谓是一理通百理明。

更重要的是我们要培养语文学习的兴趣。这个培养过程,古人分为三个阶段:知之、好之、乐之。先说“知之”:走进语文,不抵触,不反感,不因对以前的老师、教材和考试的印象而迁怒语文;能如此,方可初尝语文的甘霖。再说“好之”:日日操习,用心投入,不懈怠,不放弃,不因外界干扰、其他学科和考试分数而离开语文;能如此,方可欣赏语文的漫天红霞。后说“乐之”:处处留心,养成习惯,言谈举止,一笑一颦,莫非语文;能如此,方可进入语文的神仙洞天!

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篇10:2024高考英语作文通告类写作技巧

全文共 1489 字

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Directions:

Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about 100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address.(10 points)

参考范文:

Notice

Welcome you to this university and this new-bulided library. I am a libraian in our university and will give you relevent information about the library.

To begin with, there is circulation desk in the circulation hall so that you can borrow and return books more quickly and conveniently. Besides, the hours of loan books is during 9:00-17:00 from Monday to Friday so that you can take best advantage of the library. Moreover, the computer room in the library is big enough for you to search for some academic information charged by the hour so you must ensure that some money is left in your ID card.

I hope you will find the above information useful and I would be ready to discuss the matter with you to further details. If you have any questions about the library, please call 123456or send messages to 123456@abc. Wish you a good time during your colledge life.

请注意

欢迎你来这所大学和这个new-bulided库。我是一个libraian在我们的大学会给你有关信息图书馆。

首先,在循环大厅有循环桌子,这样您就可以借并返回书更快更方便。此外,小时的贷款是在9:00-17:00从星期一到星期五,这样您就可以最好的利用图书馆。此外,在图书馆计算机房对你来说是足够大的去寻找一些学术信息按小时收取所以你必须确保一些钱留在你的身份证。

我希望你会发现上面的信息是有用的,我准备和你讨论此事进一步的细节。如果你有任何问题关于图书馆,请致电123456或123456 @abc发送消息。祝你一段美好的时光在你科莱奇的生活。

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篇11:议论文阅读答题技巧

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1、论点(证明什么) 论点应该是作者看法的完整表述,在形式上是个完整的简洁明确的句子。从全文看,它必能统摄全文。表述形式往往是个表示肯定或否定的判断句,是明确的表态性的句子。

A.把握文章的论点。 中心论点只有一个(统帅分论点) ⑴明确: 分论点可有N个(补充和证明中心论点)

⑵方法 ①从位置上找:如标题、开篇、中间、结尾。

②分析文章的论据。(可用于检验预想的论点是否恰当)③摘录法(只有分论点,而无中心论点)

B.分析论点是怎样提出的:

①摆事实讲道理后归结论点;

②开门见山,提出中心论点;

③针对生活中存在的现象,提出论题,通过分析论述,归结出中心论点;

④叙述作者的一段经历湖,归结出中心论点;

⑤作者从故事中提出问题,然后一步步分析推论,最后得出结论,提出中心论点。

2、论据(用什么证明)

⑴论据的类型:

①事实论据(举例后要总结,概述论据要紧扣论点);

②道理论据(引用名言要分析)。

⑵论据要真实、可靠,典型(学科、国别、古今等)。

⑶次序安排(照应论点);

⑷判断论据能否证明论点;

⑸补充论据(要能证明论点)。

3、论证(怎样证明)

⑴论证方法 (须为四个字) ①举例论证(例证法) 事实论据记叙 ②道理论证(引证法和说理)道理论据议论

③对比论证(其本身也可以是举例论证和道理论证) ④比喻论证比喻 在说明文中为打比方,散文中为比喻。

⑵分析论证过程: ① 论点是怎样提出的; ②论点是怎样被证明的(用了哪些道理和事实,是否有正反两面的分析说理);③联系全文的结构,是否有总结。

⑶论证的完整性(答:使论证更加全面完整,避免产生误解)

⑷分析论证的作用:证明该段的论点。

4、议论文的结构

⑴一般形式:

①引论(提出问题)―――②本论(分析问题)―――③结论(解决问题)。

⑵类型: ①并列式 ②总分总式 ③总分式 ④分总式 ⑤递进式。

5、议论文的语言

⑴严密(修饰性、限制性的语言的运用);⑵生动(成语、各种修辞手法的运用);

⑶词序(从生活逻辑和上下文的照应上判断); ⑷句序(关联词语的使用,特别要注意递进关系)。

6、驳论文的阅读

⑴作者要批驳的错误观点是什么?

⑵作者是怎样进行批驳的,用了那些道理和论据;

⑶由此,作者树立的正确的观点是什么?

7、常见考点

①、议论文的论点考点:

第一、分清所议论的问题及针对这个问题作者所持的看法(即分清论题和论点)。

第二、注意论点在文中的位置:

(1)在文章的开头,这就是所谓开宗明义、开门见山的写法。

(2)在文章结尾,就是所谓归纳全文,篇末点题,揭示中心的写法。这种写法在明确表达论点时大多有。所以,总之,因此,总而言之,归根结底等总结性的词语。

第三、分清中心论点和分论点:分论一般位于段首或有标志性词语:首先、其次、第三等

第四、要注意论点的表述形式:有时题目就是中心论点。一篇议论文只有一个中心论点。

第五、通过论据来反推论点:论据是为证明论点服务的,分析论据可以看出它证明什么,肯定什么,支持什么,这就是论点。

②、议论文的论据考点:

论据是论点立足的根据,一般全为事实论据和道理论据。

1、用事实作论据。事例必须真实可靠,有典型意义,能揭示事物本质并与论点有一定的逻辑联系。议论文中,对所举事例的叙述要简明扼要,突出与论点有直接关系的部分。明确论据时,不仅要知道文中哪些地方用了事实论据,还要会概括事实论据。概括时,要做到准确,必须依据论点将论据本质特点把握住,然后用确切的语言进行表述。

2、用作论据的言论,应有一定的权威性,直接引用时要原文照录,以真核对,不能断章取义;间接引用时不能曲解愿意。

③、议论文的结构、层次考点:

结构有:并列式结构、对照式结构、层进式结构、总分式结构。

此考点的基本形式:作者如何证明论点的?

答题思路是:作者为了证明……观点,首先使用了……论据,然后对……论据进行了怎样的分析,从而证明了……观点。关键要说清楚证明过程的层次性。

④、议论文的论证方法考点:

论证方法是指运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法,是论点和论据之间逻辑关系的纽带,中考要求掌握的有以下四种:

1、举例论证:是列举确凿、充分、有代表性的事例证明论点的方法。因为“事实胜于雄辩”,所以举出确凿典型的事实来证明论点,能增强文章的说服力。

2、道理论证:是引用具有权威性的言论证明论点的方法。所以这种方法使用得当,有很强的论证力量。分析引证法的作用,应先弄清引用了谁的言论,是为了证明什么,再把握引证法的特殊作用——具有权威性,论证有力。

3、比喻论证: 就是通过形象的比喻来证明论点的方法。这种方法可深入浅出地把道理讲得通俗形象,容易被人接受。

4、对比论证:是用正反两方面的事实和道理进行鲜明对比,从而证明论点的方法。分析对比论证方法作用,两个方面XX比较,使其对与错更加分明,正确的观点更容易被读者接受。

答题思路:(1)道理论据,增加论据的权威性。

(2)事实论据,从哪个角度来证明论点。

(3)比喻论证,或生动形象证明了……,或深入浅出证明了……(要根据本体和喻体之间的关系来确定)。

(4)对比论证,两个方面比较,使其对与错更加分明,正确的观点更容易被读者接受。

⑤、议论文的语言特色考点:

分析议论文的语言特色:

①、要从逻辑的角度,分析其用词的准确,严密:

②、要从说理的角度分析其叙述的概括性和简洁性:

③、要从修辞的角度分析其用词的鲜明、生动和感情色彩。下面从不同角度解释一下:

A、语言准确表现为:① 概念使用准确,② 定语、状语等修饰成分恰当。

B、语言严密表现为:判断和推理严密,语言表达周密,逻辑性强。

C、语言鲜明表现为:表述明确,不模棱两可,态度明确,爱憎分明,恰当使用修辞方法和特殊句式,增强语言的生动性和说服力。

D、语言概括简洁表现为:议论文中事实叙述不细致,较笼统。用议论文的目的是以理服人。不宜详细叙事。否则会喧宾夺主。这一点一般的议论文都有体现,就不再举例说明了。

答题思路:如加点词语有什么作用?思路:(1)确定、回答词语在语境中的(表层)含义;(2)词语对表达中心或阐明观点的(深层、比喻或引申)作用;这类题主要考语言的准确周密性和形象生动性。又如词语顺序是否可以颠倒?

答题思路:(1)解释词语的含义;(2)阐明词语之间的时间或事理程序的先后顺序,强调其先后顺序或层次性。

⑥、议论文中代词的指代对象考点:

这种考题在各种文体的阅读中都较为常见。基本上分为两种情况:一是需要联系上下文加以概括的。二是原文中找出指代的内容,这种情况,指代的内容一般出现在代词之前,找到后可用其替换代词,通读句子视句意变化与否来检验其正误。

⑦、开放性、拓展题考点:

这种题一般都是,考查学生阅读文章后所产生的情感体验或理性思考。解题时需结合文章发挥个人从阅读中获得的感悟。答题方式:相当于写一篇小的议论文,要有论点、论据。注意必须引用名言或名人轶事来证明自己的观点或认识。

⑧、议论文中非议论成分考点:

答题思路:议论文中非议论成分,都是为论点服务的(不同表达方式,作用不相同,要看使用非议论成分的目的来确定)

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篇12:剧本写作方法之25个写作技巧

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下面是小编为你带来的剧本写作方法之25个写作技巧,希望对你有帮助。

【什么是编剧】编剧是一 种职业,正如木匠、铁匠、厨师、开锁匠等一 样,没有什么了不得的。在我看来,只要打 算、正在、已经靠写剧本为生,或者可以把剧 本卖出去的,都可以自称“编剧”,没什么高贵,不就木匠而已吗?

【逻辑力】对于做一个编剧的要求,与其说需 要想象力,不如说更需要逻辑力。想象力像孩子,逻辑力才是成人。你听一个孩子讲他漫无边际的幻想,最多赞许他天真烂漫,但不会为 他的“故事”着迷,不会探究,不会好奇,不会 较真,不会期待,不会震撼,不会深思,而这些感受的形成,需要一个逻辑缜密的创作才能达成。

【熟识角色】谁是主角?他出场前在做什么? 家庭状况体貌特征?学历教育?优点缺点个人 喜好人际关系……认识他非一次性完成,反复琢磨并与其他角色相互砥砺,仿佛在生活中遇见 人,对他身世背景的了解不断深化。最重要, 人物设计为你写他的目的服务。结论:人物小传须反复多次完成,并服从于剧本主题。

【A点】下笔前一定问自己:这个剧本你非写 不可吗?什么让你如鲠在喉?也许是一个愤 怒、一段思念、一个画面、一场高潮戏、一个流泪片段,甚至可能是一次委屈。总之,找到 这个动力源,把它作A点确定下来。有了A,才能推演出B,由B再推演C和D。也许往下推演不顺而回过头来调整A,但是,写剧本必须找到 A。

【编剧秘笈】影视剧是正着看:从头看到尾; 却是倒着写:从尾往头写。观众不知道结局, 可有一万个猜测,增加观看乐趣;编剧不知结 局,也会有一万个可能,那就让自己迷失而无 法前行。不仅倒着写,还要反着写,结局是和 解,前面就是误会;结局是顿悟,前面就是迷 瞪,拧巴。总之,想好了最后一个高潮再下笔!

【寻找首先出拳的人】无论一部电影、一个短 片,还是一个戏剧段落,开场3—5分钟,必须 有人出拳,就是第一块骨牌,第一个撞击,第 一次危机。这第一拳最好足够的狠,才能激起 强烈反响,被撞击方和观众才能被打懵,才能 引起足够大的波澜,才能引起一系列的连锁反 应,才能吊起观众的胃口、好奇心:后来呢?

【关于题材1】什么是题材?回答“你的剧本是 讲什么”的答案,就是题材。讲教育、讲抗战、 讲父爱、讲复仇……。题材重要吗?重要,许多 题材不能拍,有些题材太难搞,还有些题材被人写烂了,制片人拒绝,是因为哪怕你作为观 众也拒绝。听劝,不要动笔。有些题材一下让 人感到有亮点,会有人鼓励你写。重要!

【关于题材2】题材也不重要,太泛,无实质意 义。除了某些特定题材被禁止之外,理论上没 有冷题材和热题材之分。即便是制片人出品 人,也仅仅是把题材作为交谈的第一句话,接下来还是要看编剧怎样去写某个题材。从什么 角度、挖掘到什么深度、表达什么思想和情 怀、反映什么问题、何处有升华,这些才重 要。

【关于明星】如今明星片酬过高已让电影电视 剧不堪重负。为什么明星涨价?因为明星不够 用。明星为什么不够用?因为缺乏造星机制。 其实,每一个明星都是从非明星小演员变幻而 来,靠什么变?靠一部好戏。好剧本,好导 演,好的班底。但如今的电视台和出品公司似 乎忘记了这一切,到底先有鸡还是先有蛋?

【可否主题先行】可以!编剧常接到命题作 文,主题先行也出过经典作品。关键:1.不求 主题深刻,所有的主题都是大路货;2.不能直奔主题,越曲折越好;3.主题不重要,用什么 故事去说明它才重要;4.弱化主题的存在,隐 藏它,主题是观众品出来的;5.主题是有意 义,故事是有意思,首先有意思,而后有意义。

【动作】编故事的关键是找到角色动作。动作 分两种:主动动作和被动动作。前者是我想干 嘛。想考研,出击准备,迎接挑战。被动动作是路上走得好好的,一个花盆从天而降砸在头 上,流血抢救、血型不对、没带钱,医生不 在…编剧的任务就是给角色动作设置障碍,他克服重重障碍达到目的或转危为安,就是故事。

【事件】用简略方式将观众带入角色所处的规 定情景后,必须发生事件。只有事件才能让人 物活起来并让观众感同身受。事件要件:1.有 足够的冲击力,让人物动起来;2.须引起观众 的关注和期待;3.能引起连锁反应;4.能造成人物冲突(外部)和纠结(内在)的空间。一部电影需要3—5个相互关联的事件。

【拐点】事件发展过程中的变化和转折。人物动作带领观众朝某个方向走,或达到目的或出现意外使得人物动作方向改变的那个点,就叫拐点。拐点特征:1.逻辑的必然;2.关注和情绪的小高峰;3.拐的方向出人意料(需要编剧挖坑给观众跳);4.具有节奏调节能力;5.体现变化与多元特征;6.起到转承启合的作用。

【下狠手】故事产生于动作,动作来源于人物,人物发力源于编剧给他的压力。我称之为压弹簧。编剧压弹簧越给力,人物的动作发力越大。所以,老好人当不了好编剧。编剧对心爱的主人公不能太好,你得让他受苦,被凌辱,遭打击,让他危机重重、走投无路、苦不堪言、生不如死……所谓天将降大任于斯是也。

【生活质感】什么是剧本的生活质感:1.人物 鲜活,2.故事贴近生活,3.对话生动有趣,4.细节丰富,5.平和但有张力……如何变成剧本?大 概:1.善于观察;2.保持敏感;3.准确截取;4. 学会提炼;5.大胆推理;6.坚持积累;7.复合表达。这些大体属于技术层面,其实功夫在诗外,保持和培养自身人文情怀最重要。

【个性化对白】编剧困惑之一,总不能千人一 面,千口一腔吧。但语言又有极大的同一性, 我们都说人话,不说鸟语,过于特别会造作。 人物个性化对白应该是:1.不能违背人物性格;2.尽量有一些个性化标志(口头禅、用词);3.说话的方式比用词更重要;4.人物内在依据大于外在形似;5.强化亮点避免刻意。

【和观众谈恋爱】写剧本好比和观众谈场恋 爱。观众是美女,你首先必须爱她,然后挑 逗、讨好、诱惑她,弄清楚她想什么,她要什 么,然后给予、付出,满足她。可一味地附和,无原则的让步也不行,你得有坚守。你不 能过分宠她,对她的弱点你得抑制、教训、警告、恐吓,随后(高潮时)征服她,方抱得美人归。

【戏剧任务】是一场戏、一个段落甚至整个剧 本中编剧想要完成的任务。它可以同时是角色 的任务,也可分开。攻打无名高地,角色任务 是战胜敌人,戏剧任务却是展现战争的残酷或 兄弟情。要点:1.必须提前明确;2.与角色任 务同步;3.指挥角色动作的真正灵魂;4.角色任务包裹戏剧任务;5.全剧戏剧任务=主题。

【可恨的编剧】编剧是什么?编剧是无中生有的人(虚构),是无事生非的挑拨者(冲 突),是狠心郎负心汉(让人流泪),是奸妻不共戴天的仇敌(激怒),是大乱的贼子(高潮)……从前有个帅哥巧遇一个美 女,他们一见钟情,坠入爱河,从此过上幸福 的生活——这样一帆风顺的故事谁看呀?

【合理与奇特】写剧本设置人物和事件时常纠 结,因为合理与奇特注定相互矛盾,处处合理 则易平淡,过分奇特又难免违背逻辑。首先考虑奇特,先出奇招,然后将其合理 化。如果费老劲也没能使其合理,弃之。然后重新再寻找并设置一个奇特。即便没有奇特的 事件,也尽量换一个奇特的角度。总之要奇。

【小高潮】相对大高潮而言的,在电影里突 出,因电影一次观赏,结尾前定有最大高潮出现,之前的小危机及解决(拐点)被称为小高潮。电视剧太长,难找大高潮(多次观影),加之电视剧分集实际由导演最后任意切割,更难准确设置拐点,所以只能模糊。经验:以故事段落为标准,3到6个拐点配一个段落高潮。

【首三集】电视剧约定俗成为长篇评书,在漫长观影过程中,观众要付出大量的时间和关注,于是首三集成为观众决定是否继续看的关键,也成为购片者和电视台(搜集收视率)评判依据,至关重要。英雄三板斧新官三把火: 1.信息量大(人物场面风格视觉动作);2.节奏紧凑;3.冲突迭起;4.戏剧张力强,玩命!5. 制造大悬念(让人觉得后续有大戏要唱);6.有趣(台词、机关设置、细节)。总之,编剧有多大劲使多大劲。

【剧本标准】罗伯特·麦基曾在好莱坞当剧本编 辑,他常写下评语说某剧本场景诙谐、感觉敏 锐、文笔通顺、用词恰当,但故事令人失望。 他从来没有写过这样的评语:该剧本语法糟 糕、拼写错误、对白拗口、方位杂乱、打印格 式不规范,但它故事精彩、动人心魄、人物深 邃、高潮迭起。前者坏剧本,后者好剧本。

【交代戏】虽然对故事背景、人物关系、事件 来龙等需要必要的交代,但应尽量避免纯粹、 单独的交代戏,好的交代应该是:1.非一次性 在不同场景和对话中泄露出来;2.留下可补充 的残缺让观众自己去概括或推理;3.符合场景 和人物自身逻辑自然流露;4.尽量用交代带出 人物性格特种;5.尽量对情节发展有推动。

【过场戏】为衔接两场戏设置的过度段落,特点是游离于剧情之外。不好的剧本通篇都是过场戏,而写得好的过场戏应该是:1.逻辑的一 环,因而不可或缺(虽本身不推动剧情,但拿掉则破坏剧情);2.节奏调节器(不从剧情上起作用,但为下一个高潮做情绪情感铺垫);3.可玩味的闲笔,展现抒情幽默风格趣味风情。

【高潮】指文艺作品中矛盾冲突发展到顶点及 其解决。电影中主角贯穿始终的动作不断遇到 阻碍(冲突),阻碍来自敌对方(人、自然、有形或无形势力、甚至自身等),并越来越大,主角危机四伏。结尾前最后一个危机越不过去,酿成遭灭顶之灾,主人公用尽全力反败为胜战胜对手(正剧喜剧)或失败(悲剧)。 要点:1.最后的危机须做到极致(将主人公置于死地);2.一定要形成拐点(顶点急转直下)。

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篇13:议论文体的技巧分析

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?高考作文越来越强调作文的开放性,充分体现“三自”出题原则,即立意自定、题目自拟、文体自选。高考作文文体自选,不意味着放松对文体规范的要求。对于写作水平一般的学生来讲,议论文体更好把握一些,只要论点正确鲜明、论据典型充分、论证合乎逻辑,就能得到及格线以上的分数,因此,应试作文选择议论文体是较为稳妥的。下面,就议论文体如何紧扣话题的技巧问题做简单的介绍。

一、准确分析话题,筛选出话题关键词。

如:以“人才的培养”为话题,写一篇不少于800字的作文。通过分析,我们筛选出话题的关键词是“培养”,那么,写作的重点就应落在“培养”上。

二、选择话题切入点,明确写作中心,确定作文标题。

1.要化“大”话题为“小”标题。怎样化大为小呢 首先,准确选择切入点,选择自己对话题最熟悉的角度,自己熟悉的问题,自然材料储备充分,同时也最易于表现自己的认识水平。另外,变抽象为具体。把抽象的话题转变为对某具体问题的议论,能够有效地避免作文空泛。 如:以“距离”为话题,写一篇不少于800字的作文。“距离”的话题是宽泛的,它包容许多层面的问题,可以从多角度切入,如以“调控好人与人之间的距离”为标题,就明确的缩小了论述的范围,有利于对“距离”的某方面做充分的论述,使作文内容集中,观点鲜明。2.论点式标题,标题有意出现话题中的关键词。以中心论点做标题不仅有益于提醒考生选材、论证不要偏离话题中心,而且能够对阅卷人起到内容提示作用,用标题明示自己的作文是扣题的。

三、文中首尾注意使用关键词点题,首尾呼应。

首段以开门见山式为佳,这种形式简洁明了,便于直接切入主题,三言五语就话题表明自己的观点态度,可以有效地避免因表述绕弯多造成表意不清甚至跑题的情况发生。末段显志,应对照首段观点,呼应首段,强化议论效果,显现文章的整体性。另外,无论是首尾段,还是首尾句,都应出现话题中的关键词,这样既有益于围绕话题展开,又能突出中心,使阅卷人对行文内容一目了然。做到以上几点,一般情况下,作文就能够紧扣话题,明确表达中心了。

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篇14:中考作文写作技巧:校园生活类

全文共 843 字

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反映校园生活的作文,我们不仅可以写广大中学生丰富多彩的校园生活。也可以写浓厚的师生悄谊、紧张丰富的学生生活、平等互助团结友爱的同学友情。还可以写教育教学改革的新讯息。也就是说,从反映校园生活的作文中可以看出新时代中学生的特点。当代教师的形象,新型的师生关系,现代丰富多彩的课堂生活。那么,这些纷繁复杂的材料我们该如何选材呢?文学大师茅盾曾经说过:。园艺家常常把太多的落曹摘去,只留下二三个。这样就得到了特别大的花朵:这个比喻大致可以说明创作过程中剪裁的必要。我们围绕中心选择材料后,还要根据表达中心的需要确定哪些材料是主要的,要详写,哪些材料是次要的,要略写,以突出文章的中心。详写。可以用详细的叙述再现事悄的过程,给读者留下探刻的印象。突出中心事件;也可以通过细致的描写,刻画人物的形象,突出主要人物。略写是为了使文章脉络清晰,叙述清楚。详略要相辅相成,怡到好处。不能有详无略。或有略无详,使文章如涟水赚或策冗拖沓,影响了文章的表达。

写校园生活的文章多半是记叙文,相当多的是以记事为主的文章。那么,如何使自己的叙述有条理呢?最重要的一条就是安排好叙事的顺序。先叔述什么,后叙述什么。这样条理就会清楚了。如叙述一件事。无沦它是简单还是复杂,都要有起因、经过、结果这样一个完整的过程。在叙述一件事情时,必须先把这件事的来龙去脉弄清楚,然后按事情的起因、经过、结果的顺序来叙述。如果叙述几件事悄。就必须先理出这几件事情相互间的关系,这种联系成表现为性质上有同有异,或表现为时间上有先有后。要说清楚先后联系的几件事情,可以按照事情发生的先后顺序来写,即采用顺叙的方法;为了突出中心事件,也可以把叙事的高潮或结局放在文章的开头,整箱文章采用倒叙的方法;还可以在叙事的过程中适当地穿插其他有关内容。不管运用哪一种记叙的方法。都应当符合表现中心的需要。

学生和老师是学校的主人。在反映校园生活题材的作文中,有相当一部分是写人的记叙文。这些作文的主人公当然就是学生和老师。

[中考作文写作技巧:校园生活类

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篇15:提高孩子写作技巧的有效方法

全文共 1438 字

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提高孩子写作技巧,这好象是一个老大难问题,一直以来都困扰着众多的学生、老师和家长。大家都觉得,要提高写作的能力是一件很不容易的事。

国外的孩子一样有这方面的困扰,不少孩子也苦于不会写作。针对这个问题,教育专家詹妮弗-李提出了一些建议供大家参考。

给孩子准备一个安静、亲切的环境,作为写作的专用区域。当然这里面要具备一些必要的设备:书桌、字典、笔、一些纸,如果可能的话还可以准备一台电脑。这些准备不仅是必要的,同时还可以由此告诉你的孩子,你认为写作是一件有意义的、特别的活动。

孩子需要机会去尝试写各种各样类型的文章,而不是只盯着一种文体来练习。

你可以让孩子给他的好朋友写一封友好的信,给玩具公司写一封信提出自己的一点要求,或写一封邀请亲戚来吃饭的信。这样孩子可以看到自己写作真的取得了成果,就会对写作产生好感。

另外一个鼓励孩子写作的好办法,就是让他写日记。这种方法可以帮助孩子形成写作的个人风格。但你和孩子要约定好,别的家庭成员是否可以读他的日记。如果你答应孩子不看他的日记,那么就一定要保护他的隐私。

还有一个可以帮助提高孩子写作技巧的办法——电脑软件。现在有很多出色的软件,里面提供故事的开头、想象画以及段落结构的建议等内容,这些都可以激发孩子自己写作的愿望和灵感。

许多孩子都经历过写作的瓶颈状态——即脑子里一片空白,不知道写什么好的情况。比如孩子被要求写一个有创造性的故事,但他不能想出有什么有趣的东西可写。这时父母就可以帮助孩子了。可以给孩子一本笔记本,记下平时突然产生的奇特想法,家人开的玩笑,或者是描述一幅以前的具有纪念价值的相片。也可以让孩子从杂志中获得有用的点子。

一旦孩子决定了一个文章的主题,就应该让孩子先写一下草稿或是打一下腹稿。这样可以保证所有要写的重要细节都包括到文章里去了,并且可以调整文章的结构,你还可以就草稿跟孩子一起谈论,寻找最好的写法。在学校里,老师也用各种办法,帮助孩子在开始写文章之前,先组织好要写的内容。

家长还可以和孩子一起朗读不同文体的好作品,比如诗歌、小说、新闻故事甚至是一封有趣的信,只要是孩子会感兴趣的东西都可以。无论是大人还是孩子,在阅读了大量的好的作品之后,都会在写作上学到很多东西。

通过阅读,家长可以问孩子:“你喜欢什么样的作品?不喜欢什么样的作品?”“文章的作者能抓住读者的注意力吗?”“你觉得这个题目有意思吗?”这样可以提高孩子的兴趣。鼓励孩子认识到写作是一个不断发展的过程,写作水平也不是一成不变的,而是可以通过努力不断提高的。告诉孩子可以从对已有作品的改写、缩写、扩写中,开始自己的写作。

孩子需要在完成自己文章之后的一、两天,甚至更长时间以后,再回头看看。这样做可以让孩子用一种全新的眼光来看待自己的作品,发现其中的错误和被遗漏的细节。

一个作家在写作时要考虑,自己写的内容是否切题?所有的细节都包括进去了吗?描写太多会不会显得罗嗦?孩子虽然不是专业作家,但这些问题也需要想一想。

让孩子把自己完成的文章大声地读一遍,如果他自己不能发现其中的明显错误,那么就需要有人为他再读一遍,好让他自己意识到错在哪里。还要注意孩子在文章中有没有错别字。

爸爸妈妈还要为保持孩子的写作积极性做一些努力。比如在孩子犯错误的时候给他一些口头上的批评,但注意重点在为孩子指出错误,而不是教训他。还可以把孩子的好作品贴在墙上,让每一个来家里的人都能看见,这对孩子是一种奖励。这样孩子很快就可以体会到写作的重要和乐趣了。那么他的写作水平就自然会提高。

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篇16:临场作文写作技巧

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1、拿到考试卷

如果完成了基本的填写姓名等程序以后,可以先看看作文题,注意既然要看,就要看得仔细,以免没看清楚,引起错觉,影响后面的正式审题、答题。可以先看有一个准备,但不要先写作文。因为作文太耗时间和精力。考试开始的时候是精力最好的时候,这时候要用来解决前面的基础题。等到正式准备做作文时,还要仔细看题,要确保万无一失!

2、时间安排

花60分钟时间写作文是比较适当的,用8-10分钟构思很重要。因为,一旦写到一定字数发现思路不好,无论时间还是空间都来不及了。相信高考作文审题难度不大,但一定要审,之后再构思基本框架,根据自己的习惯,写个关键字的提纲(自己能看明白就行,主要的立意,哪些材料,还有哪些名言等),开头部分最好在草稿纸上写好,修改,再誊抄。一定要仔细研究题目,审题不慎,满盘皆输。

3、标题

标题是文章的眼睛,也是阅卷教师对文章的第一印象,自拟题目,要确切、精练、生动、新颖、有意蕴。但坚决不能刻意求新,弄巧成拙!更忌涂改。当然,如果是命题作文,就不必为此烦神了。

4、文体

高考作文通常是“文体不限”(也有要求写议论文和记叙文),但不代表没有文体,用什么文体写作,就要符合该文体的要求。记叙文要三分之二的篇幅落足于叙述,议论文反之。写记叙文,叙事务必清楚,情节设置或曲折或感人,不能是演绎中心的流水账;注意运用景物渲染和细节刻画、首尾呼应、伏笔过渡等写作技法。议论文,中心要突出,观点要鲜明;文章思路要清晰:或并列,或正反对照,或递进;论据要充分,表达要简洁,要懂得根据论点裁剪材料。还可以采用书信体,但务必符合书信格式,不能出现真实姓名和地点,要情真意切。

5、内容:精彩的构思必须用丰富的内容来支撑,丰富的内容必须紧扣主题。

要注意文章的主题不要偏离社会的主流价值观。虽然现在强调高考作文只要能够自圆其说,怎样的观点都可以,但这里必须有个度,这个度就是社会的主流价值观。不要触及敏感的政治事件,少谈宗教、政治话题,不要单纯发牢骚,不要写早恋、文革、批判政府无能等敏感话题。记叙文最好要有细节描写。推己及人,以情动人。议论文切忌大话、套话、废话,要避免空发议论,无情而“抒情”,无病呻吟,滥提口号,乱发号召,空表决心等等。议论文必须有分析,如果只是材料的堆砌就不叫议论文。

6、结构

高考作文的思路,务必清晰。除掉首尾,中间部分可以采用段首点题的方式,彰显文章的思路;也可以采用小标题的方式组织文章(慎用!)。另外,文章的段落安排,一定不能出现少于五段的情况。最好在5—8个自然段。

7、开头和结尾

考场作文最忌含蓄。高考作文的开头和结尾,必须做到开头起笔入题,结尾点明主旨。要确保开篇简洁,语句通畅,绝对不能出现病句和错别字,书写上也不能涂抹。要充分利用首因效应,在开篇给阅卷者留下良好的第一印象。开篇字数不宜过多,最多五句话,并且一定要有点明文章中心的句子。开篇确立的主旨,一方面要符合题目要求,另一方面必须贯穿全文。切不可前后矛盾。

文章的结尾也是阅卷看得相对仔细的地方。结尾亦不能草率。也要精心构思。或卒章显志,点明主旨;或画龙点睛,升华主题;或预留空白,引发想象或思考;或点题,首尾呼应。

8、语言

应试作文的表述要朴实大方,干净利索。严禁文白夹杂;严禁使用别人看不懂的方言;严禁使用别人看不懂的词汇;少用长句多用短句;尽量避免欧式的语言表述方式;多引用名言警句;引用流行的通俗歌曲歌词;但要注意:在作文中不要插上几句英语或网络语言(广东明令禁止采用)。总之,表达要符合现代汉语的语言规范,要简明、连贯、得体,要准确、鲜明、生动。

9、字数

应试作文一定要看清字数的要求,一定要写够数量或稍微超过50—100字才好。全文不要超过900字,写多了容易画蛇添足。

10、书写与卷面

书写要认真,卷面要整洁。不写繁体字、不写不规范的简化字(注意不要把“己”写成“乙”,注意修改的要求)。特别是民间流传的简化字,可以算作错别字,要扣分的。尽量写楷体字,一笔一画清清楚楚,不要写草字。标点符号,注意格式。近年高考作文评分标准中,“字体工整”是一项重要的评分细则。一般不要求写得好看,但要求书写整齐易辨认。总之,书写规范,卷面整洁,给阅卷老师留下好印象,至关重要!

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篇17:2024年高考英语书面表达突破技巧

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书面表达一直在历年高考中占有很重要的地位,而且相对于其他题型,书面表达最容易在短期内有所突破。下面小编为大家整理了英语作文的突破技巧,欢迎大家阅读。

书面表达在评阅时遵循语言第一位(语言高级),内容第二位(要点齐全),结构第三位(文章分段)的原则,也就是说阅卷老师最注重的是语言,换句话说是亮点,根据语言使用情况,亮点的多少而定出档次,所以同学们在书面表达中语言上的亮点是得高分的关键。

亮点一共有四种:

一、高级词汇和语法;

二、修辞手法;

三、有效的连词;

四、名人名言或谚语。

首先简单介绍亮点当中至关重要的高级语法,以及修辞手法当中的一些技巧的使用。

肯定不如否定好

修辞的使用在书面表达中算作很大的亮点,在高中阶段很少有学生会注重修辞的应用。双重否定也是种修辞,而且对于考生来说,只要稍加注意,可以在文章中设计双重否定的句子。例如想表达“邮递员天天准时到”,如果写成The postman comes on time every day,就不如变成双重否定,The postman never fails to come on time,就变成了亮点句,起到强调作用。几乎每个人对生活的态度都不同程度受到地震的影响,写成双重否定There was hardly a man or a woman whose attitude

towards life had not affected by the earthquake.应用类似的修辞会在高考中为同学们加分。

陈述不如倒装妙

在书面表达中阅卷老师喜欢看到的高级语法共有五种:倒装,强调,从句,独立主格和分词结构,以及虚拟语气。倒装是一种最简单易行的使句子呈现亮点的方法。在高中阶段只需掌握倒装的四种形式,足以应对书面表达,如何应用倒装,有很多方法和技巧。

否定词开头

如果写出的句子中有否定词, 例如I will never marry you. 不如变成倒装,用否定词开头Never will I marry you. 就算作使用了高级语法。其他的否定词,如not, seldom, hardly等开头后面的句子倒装都是比较好的句子。

地点状语开头

在很多年的高考书面表达中都有表达地点的句子,一个建筑位于什么位置,或什么地方有什么东西,都可以应用倒装。例如在2006年的全国卷中,图书馆位于学校的中央,Our library is in the center of our school.变成倒装就用地点状语开头:In the center of our school lies our library. 其他的例子,想表达河岸上有很多花:On the bank stand some flowers. 天空中繁星点点:In the sky hang little stars. 总之在想表达地点时就把地点状语放在句首后面主谓倒装。

这样做的好处之一是倒装本身就是高级结构,第二是倒装后把真正的主语放到了句子的末尾,后面还可以继续加从句,使整个句子再呈现更多的亮点。例如In the center of our school lies our library,which is between the garden and the teaching building.

Only+介词短语

例如在2007年全国卷中,让外教帮你找个笔友,有一句可以表达成只有通过这种方式我才能提高英语,这句话可以写成Only in this way can I improve my English.其他的例子还有Only by taking exercises can we keep healthy.

形容词+as+主语+be动词

例如Young as I am, I can manage it; Rich as our country is, we have a lot of problems. 2000年书面表达中:Badly injured as he was, he managed to take down the

car’s number. 还有其他的倒装结构,很高兴收到的你的来信:So glad am I to hear from you.在高考中要尽量使用一两个倒装。

主动不如被动巧

在近些年的阅卷中,发现考生在写作中很少使用被动语态,也许是受中文思维的影响,几乎整篇文章都使用主动语态。其实在英文中,被动语态的使用是很重要的。因为英语是一门客观的语言,而汉语是主观的语言,具体体现在英语中经常用被动语态,汉语经常用主动语态;英语中经常用物称或形式主语开头,强调一件事发生在什么人身上,而汉语经常用人称开头强调一个人发生了什么事。所以使用被动语态符合英语的习惯,如果能将整个文章中两个句子变成被动语态,就会呈现句型的变化,使整个文章句型丰富。

例如在2006年的高考中,很多学生在表达我们每次可以借五本书最多借十天时,都是用:We can borrow five books at most, and we can keep them for ten days.这句话如果写成:At most five books can be borrowed at a time and they can be kept for ten days,分数会更高。

分词结构不能少

在前文提到,在书面表达中老师喜欢看到的高级语法共有五种:倒装,强调,从句,独立主格和分词结构,以及虚拟语气。在所有的高级语法中,阅卷老师最喜欢看到的是独立主格和分词结构,其次是剩下的几项。但很多学生不知道如何在文章中使用这个最大的亮点。其实几乎所有的状语从句都可以变成独立主格或分词结构,时间状语从句,原因状语,条件状语等。例如条件状语从句:If such is the case, you should apologize to her. 如何变成独立主格或分词结构呢?学会下面的口诀,如果你的作文中有状语从句,马上可改成独立主格或分词结构这个最大的亮点。

口诀:一去,二看,三改。一去:去连词;二看:看主语;三改:改分词。

If such is the case, you should apologize to her.按照这个口诀来改,第一步,去掉连词if;第二步,看前后两句话的主语,前后主语不一致,所以要改成独立主格;第三步,改分词,is 变成分词是being,所以最后变成Such being the case, you should apologize to her.就变成了独立主格。

如果前后两句话主语一致,就变成分词结构,例如2005年高考书面表达中的一句话Because I am a student, I’d like to know the price for students. 改成Being a student, I’d like to know the price for students.其他想表达状语从句的时候几乎都一样。所以想表达由于,因为,如果等都写成独立主格或分词结构会让阅卷老师多给几分。

以上技巧有语文迷小编整理,看过后你真的学到了吗?

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篇18:英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

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下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言,考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章,然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分,特别建议你熟读,背诵,因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白,表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累,潜移默化。从某种意义上说,提高英语写作能力无捷径可走,你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关,没有任何人能代替你过。

因此,建议你下点苦功夫,把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况,并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心:你可以这个星期背,下个星期忘。这没有关系,相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后,你会惊讶的发现:I can think in English now!

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

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篇19:议论文写作容易出现的错误

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1审错题,立意错误

我告诉你,你完了....

多读几遍题目,找找关键词,争取不要审错题

2中心论点千呼万唤始出来

简单点,提论点的方式简单直白点。老师看那么多卷子很累的。

3过于追求标新立异

年轻人,你这种做法很危险啊

4文体似是而非

不要考验老师对于文体的认识。千万别写“四不像”的文体。

5论据太多却缺乏论述

不要过多描述论据,论据要简洁有力,更多的是要对论据进行论述。要一直提醒自己啊,平时看到论据,要自己概述一下。

6论据不贴切

其实提问者的第二个例子我觉得有点不贴切。平时多注意积累论据。千万别觉得某一个论据特别好,到哪都想用它。

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篇20:高考英语记叙文的写作基础

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纵观历年的高考书面表达,其文体题材各异,有书信、口头通知、简介、日记、自我介绍、记叙文、描写文、说明文、看图作文等,不同的体裁需要考生应用适当的篇章结构,将题目所提供的信息清晰、明了、准确,逻辑合理地表达出来。

篇章结构在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用,同样的信息点会因为不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明,逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者在很短的时间内获得并准确理解题目所规定的信息;而叙述顺序混乱,前言不搭后语的篇章则让人一头雾水,不知所云何物。当然,后者是失败的表达,即使作者在写作的过程中使用了再漂亮的词汇和句型,混乱的文章结构也不会让读者准确领悟作者的意图。

记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有:故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。

记叙文的写作要素:

1 要交待清楚五要素的内容,即where, when, what, who ,how,给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。

2. 事情的叙述可以按时间或空间的顺序叙述,让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联,从而理解文章主题。

3. 时态通常使用与过去有关的时态,如一般过去时。

记叙文的篇章结构:

开头 the beginning——交待必要的背景。如:时间、地点、人物等。

中间 the middle——交待故事情节(事情的主体)。如:事件的发生、发展和前因后果。(可以使用表示时间或空间的连接词,使文章连贯。 如:at first…then…few minutes later…)

结尾 the ending——事情的结果或感想、愿望等。(所表达的感想或愿望应与所记叙的内容有关系,起到扣题或点题的作用,使文章结构紧凑)。

例如NEMT2000

假设你是李华,正在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨,你目击了一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料,报告当时的所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。

注意:1. 目击者应该准确报告事实

2. 词数100左右

3. 结尾已为你写好

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