有关宠物狗的英语作文（20篇）

不知从什么时候兴起的一股豢养宠物狗的热潮，迅速蔓延开来，且有愈演愈烈之势态。

对此现象，国家虽曾规范并加以引导，但因其效果不佳而没有达到预期的治理效果。

对于领养宠物狗之事，意中认为是因为人民的生活水平稳步提升，有了多余的钱粮，亦有了闲暇时间，且因为现代年轻人生活节奏加快及就业压力，使得很多家庭两代人因缺少交流而出现鸿沟，并使亲情减弱。很多老年人出于自我安慰的需要，把宠物狗当成儿女来养，以寄托孤独的情感。单从这个方面来论，真是一件无可厚非的小事。而如果因此而放松了对这项事务的规范与管理，有可能因此而引发很多社会性矛盾。

首先，说说群养的问题。现代人追求极致，不仅仅是一帮哄，而是无所不用其极。一家养一条宠物狗是玩，而一家养上十条八条的，就有些过了。一出门冲出一群，满街乱窜，争吠之声不绝于耳，扰民就在所难免；

其次，豢养大型犬，甚至能对人进行攻击的藏獒等凶猛犬类的亦不在少数。每每遇到如是犬类，人们纷纷退避三舍，唯恐避之不及而成为被袭击对象，人身安全出现了新的隐患；

再次，对犬类排便处于无人管理状态。可以说，随着社会的发展、进步，人们的基本素质得到了一定程度的提高。随处大小便现象有所遏制，一度还给人们一个清洁优美的空间。而养犬热的兴起，扰乱了这个业已形成的好风气。与人粪类似的犬类粪便遍布城市的每一个角落，一个不小心，就会“触雷”。那份沮丧、尴尬与愤懑，不法言表。长此以往，城市的环境卫生堪忧；

其四，人狗同寝同食的，造成交叉感染，威胁着人们的身体健康。曾有电视报道，带着宠物狗进入酒店共同进餐的，人一口狗一口，共用酒店餐具，这样的行为，不仅危害自己，还有可能对他人造成伤害。意中就曾在一次钓鱼时遇到了类似的事情。一位钓者，领着自己的爱犬，在渔场用午餐的时候，与狗共用一套餐具，被渔场服务员当场制止时，其人还振振有词地一再争辩，反复强调自己是这家渔场的老顾客，言下之意，我在你家渔场消费了那么多，使用餐具喂狗有什么？我都和狗一起吃了，这有什么？服务员的回答很干脆，很有力。餐具是为客人准备的，而不能给狗使用的。如果狗用过的餐具与人的餐具混在一起，以后谁还敢吃我家的饭菜？你不嫌弃，别人还怕传染呢。喂狗，不是不可以，可以给你找一个狗专用的餐具。人狗不能等同；

其五，影响了社会的稳定与和谐。现在养狗的性质已发生了本质性的变化。原来起意养狗，只是为了图个乐趣与伴陪，现已演变成攀比、显富的手段之一。动辄上万、几十万，甚至超百万的珍贵品种充斥其中。因为人与狗、车与狗发生冲突的事件屡见报端，因狗而致人伤残伤亡的，亦屡见不鲜。被人们无奈称为，狗的命比人金贵！

其六，影响了正常生活质量。随着养狗热的蹿升，其豢养费用也就水涨船高。宠物粮、宠物用品商店应运而生，虽质量良莠不齐，但价格一律居高不下，因开销增大，一度影响了许多家庭的生活。尤其是那些低收入，甚至靠领取低保金生活的人家，宠物的费用高过人的生活成本。顾此失彼，惟有使人的基本生活费用一降再降，用以弥补不断攀升的养狗支出。

俗话说，狗是人类的忠实伙伴、是人类的朋友。虽然这个定义因狗与生俱来的秉性而永远不会改变，但人却是可以随时随地因境遇、环境、生活水准、乐趣的变化而发生转变的。原来养狗是为了或看家护院或围猎或保护安宁的需要，现在虽然此类功能一而再再而三地被削弱，但所赋予狗的伴侣的作用更凸现其不可替代的作用。一旦与狗为伴，它的不离不弃、忠贞不二、贫贱不移的优良品质就彰显无疑。时间愈久，感情愈笃。而其顽皮好动、小鸟依人的憨态，更是我见犹怜。时间愈久，依赖愈甚。

意中虽不养犬，但每每遇到憨态可掬的各色小犬，仍不时驻足凝视。虽然总结了诸多养宠物狗的不利因素，但亦深知，狗的秉性习性并没有改变，造成这些现象的是它的主人们，是人。要想改变这些现状，还是要改变人！

[宠物狗之论作文

我家以前养了一只小狗，她活泼又可爱，可是小狗狗几个星期以后感冒了，我们就送回了母狗身边。

小狗有一双黑溜溜的眼睛，绒毛多为棕色，中间有一条如同白色绸带的绒毛。小狗狗有四只非常可爱的小爪子，它会常舔舔那可爱的小爪子呢！

我见小狗有着这么明亮的小眼睛，就忍不住给小狗取了一个名字，叫做：小星星。没过多久，小星星就变乖了，也记住了这个名字。只要我们边拍掌边叫他的名字，小星星就会跑过来用那格外亮的眼睛看着我们。

有一次，我边拍掌边叫小星星，它便跟在我身后一边跑一边汪汪叫了起来！还有一次，我和我外公站在不同的方向，两人都在拍掌，都在叫小星星，这可让小星星为难了，我看着它那样为难的样子，别提有多可爱了！

可是没多久，小星星走了，我非常想念小星星，爸爸答应我这个夏天再把它带回来。

我爱小星星！

I have a lovely dog. Its name is YoYo. I like it very much. It has two big ears, two big and bright eyes. Its hair is brown. It has come to my home for a year. It has become a part of my family. It has its own house, but it likes to sleep under my bed, play in my house. I like talking to it, because its a friend worth of trusting. I would like to share my happy things with it. When I am sad, talking to it makes me feel good. I am happy to have such a lovely friend.

我有一只可爱的小狗，它的名字叫悠悠，我很喜欢它。它有两只大耳朵，两只明亮的大眼睛。它的毛是棕色的。它来我家已经有一年了。它成为了我家的一部分。它有自己的房子，但是它喜欢睡在我的床底下，在我的房间玩。我很喜欢和它聊天，因为我觉得它是一个值得信赖的朋友。我喜欢和它分享开心的事。当我难过的时候，和它聊天使我感觉舒服。我很高兴有这样一个可爱的朋友。

My family has two soil dogs, one called Arnold, the other called black, they have their own characteristics, Arno is a veteran of the old dog, once, a wild dog ran to my house, The bright eyes looked at the wild dogs, the gallows of the wild dogs even fly like a fleeing, lively black but just the opposite, he is a fake tiger, timid dog, but they have a common Point, is very loyal, always in the owner needs it, timely help.

I remember not long ago put three days with fake, my mother took me back to the grandmother, the little uncle had to take me and Arnold, black to the mountains to clean up the weeds and garbage, but my mother worried no experience I lost in the mountains, , So only to Arnold, little black with the little uncle to go, I am so sad! Because I and Arnold love hand in hand, after an hour, I found Arnolds foot hurt, and I anxiously asked why Arnold I will know that Arnold is to protect the little uncle, rushed to fight with the wild animals and injured, it is loyal to the spirit of the guardian of my heart sadness.

Usually Arnold to a subtle grass as weak, but in danger, but like a heroic warrior to protect me and my family, it is not only a good dog, is the patron saint of our family.

nowadays many people like to have dogs as their pets。 dogs are friends of man not only because they are lovely but also because they are faithful to their masters。

dogs can do a lot of work for man。 they play with us。 they hunt with us。 they keep door for us。 but long ago， dogs all over the world were wild。

dogs can date back to the stone age。 all dogs have the same ancestor。 it is believed that their ancestor was much like a wolf。 other animals， such as the fox， came from this ancestor， too。 hundreds of thousands of years ago， man began to tame wild dogs。 after the dogs were tamed， they were trained。 the strong dogs became working animals。 they were trained to pull heavy loads。 they learned to keep an eye on the sheep and other animals。 working dogs had other jobs， too。

some dogs were not strong。 but they could help man hunt for game。 other dogs were best as pets。

today， there are more than 100 kinds of dogs in the world。

翻译：

现在许多人都把狗当作他们的宠物。狗是人类的朋友，不仅因为它们可爱，而且因为它们对主人忠诚。

狗能为人类做很多工作。它们可以和我们玩，它们可以跟我们一起打猎，它们可以给我们看家。但是以前世界上的狗都是野生的。

狗可以追溯到石器时代。所有的狗都是同一个祖先，人们相信狗的祖先很像狼。其他动物，如狐狸，也是来自这个祖先。几千年前人类就开始驯服野狗，狗被驯服后，人们就训练它们。强壮的狗成为人类工作的帮手，人们训练它们拉重的货物。它们学会了帮人们照看绵羊和其它的动物。

有些狗不够强壮，但它们能帮人们寻找猎物。还有些狗成了人们的宠物。

目前世界上狗的种类已经达到100多种。

[关于狗英语作文附翻译

生活中每一个生命都有其存在的意义，而宠物，是一个能让人兴奋和开心的特殊物种。

“香肠将军”是我家的一条小狗。它身披一件棕色外衣，一双又大又长的耳朵，像两把大风扇，时而竖起时而耷拉下来。一对如宝石般的眼睛下长着张“能说会道”的小嘴，因为身子如香肠一样长，所以取名叫“香肠将军”。

“香肠将军”很调皮。有一天我在书房写作业，“香肠将军”在客厅又是蹦又是跳的，惹得我心烦，我愤怒地从书房走出来，大声喊：“你给我别吵了。”“香肠将军”像没听到似的，不但声音吵得更大，而且它还蹦到我身上蹭来蹭去的，像一个娇气的小女孩一样，既让我讨厌又让我爱怜。

它不但调皮，而且霸道。亲戚一家人要出去旅游，就把猫寄养在我家。我给小猫倒了点干粮，“香肠将军”见了就直奔过去，给了猫一个重重的“铁头攻”，猫可不是吃素的，使出了它的绝招“无敌猫爪”……最终猫还是以战败离开，而“香肠将军”却趴在地上，津津有味地吃着战利品。

我喜欢这个双面性格的“香肠将军”，因为它给我了兴奋与快乐，我希望它每时每刻都陪在我身边，永远带给我快乐与激情。

Dogs are passionate, friendly and the most important of all, faithful. Many people view dogs as their life-time friends or even partner. However, not every people know How to protect them. In this essay, I will introduce to you specifically about how to protect dogs.Sometimes dogs are brave defenders of our livestock, whereas sometimes they are as fragile as we are. Dogs should not be feed with salt, otherwise they will suffer from a hair loss. You need totake your dog out for a walk once in the morning and once in the afternoon to make sure it is having a healthy life. Dogs need to take regular check-ups as well, in case it is infected.There is a popular saying goes, "you may have many pets in your life, but your pets just have you in his life", which has moved many people. Please take good care of your dear pets. Their destinies are completely on your hands.

[保护流浪狗英语作文

I have a dog. It’s name is carl. Its black and white .And it is little size.It has got big ears,small eyes ,short legs and a short tail.It eats bones ,meat and rice. It can play with balls,give me a lot of happiness.It very smart and cute.So I like it very much!It usually go shopping with my mother. My mother to buy a little meat for Carl.It catches meat also eat meat.Is it very interesting?

我的狗的名字是卡尔。它是黑色和白色的。它是小尺寸的。它有大耳朵，小眼睛，短短的腿和一个短尾巴。它吃骨头，肉和米饭。它能玩球，给我很多的快乐。它非常聪明和可爱。我很喜欢它！它通常和我妈妈去购物。我的妈妈给卡尔买点肉。它捕捉肉类也吃肉。是不是很有趣？

Last year，my friend gave me a little dog. I was fond of him very much. I liked to play with him after school and he liked to follow me wherever I went. I was very glad that I had a “body guard”。

Last winter I was very busy with my lessons and came home very late every day.However，no matter how late I went home，my dog used to stand at a comer near my school waiting for me. When I passed there，he barked two or three times then ran towards me. It seemed that he was calling me.

My dog not only，took good care of me，but also was respoasible at home. When strangers came to my house，he barked at them but not hurt them. What a lovely dog he is!

去年我朋友送我一只狗，我非常喜欢它。我很喜欢和他一起玩，放学后他喜欢跟着我，无论我走到哪里。我很高兴我有一个“保镖”。

去年冬天我功课很忙，每天回家都很晚。但是，不管我到家多晚，我的狗狗经常站在一个角落里在我的学校等着我。当我经过那里，他厉声叫两到三次，然后跑向我。似乎它是在呼唤我。

我的狗，不仅把我照顾得很好，但在家也很负责任。当有陌生人来到我家，他对着他们叫但不会伤害他们。他是一个多么可爱的狗!

This dog is my uncle gave me.

A pair of pointed little ears, sparkling little eyes, black and white body, round small tail, composed of a lovely puppy - handsome. Often stroll it, the other passers-by likens it into a cat. Because it is too small, too thin, and sometimes I want it to grow up, but uncle said: "It is a small dog, not too big.

It is time to eat, really picky. Only eat beef and chicken, dog food sometimes do not even look at a look. When sleeping is really different. Because it has an indispensable item before going to bed, thats what Im throwing plush toys. 1,2,3,4 ... ... 15, it still refused to stop, I continue to play with it until more than 20, it was rest. getting ready to sleep. And sleep is very strange time, often I liken it as a cat: because the cat is always a pattern of sleep, handsome is the case.

That sharp call, often makes me feel the buzzing ears. Sometimes the guest came in, it will be called, how to say it can not stop, it may be the dogs nature it! But its call, it is not the same ah! Really do not understand. It also has a poor side. I remember once: my mother and I went out to buy something, handsome with that eyes looked at me, I thought: it is too poor, why can not take him?

Handsome hands out to play, may be vigorously. Sometimes bite the tail to the tail, and sometimes happy to jump high, and sometimes ... ... really excited do not know how the good! To the downstairs quickly run up, two small ears vertical, hair with the wind fluttering. It can be run when the strange, and other dogs are running, and it is dancing run, run a few steps to look back at us, and then continue to run up. You have to meet, and must laugh!

This is my little pet - handsome, I really like it!

According to a survey, more than two thirds of people in China agree that, the public moral level is lower than before. This figure, although hard to accept, has indicated the fact that the nation’s overall morality is declining. If you pay some attention, you could easily point out some improper behaviors happening around: young men refusing to give seats to the old on buses; shoppers jamming into queue instead of waiting in line; crude riders neglecting red lights, etc. So what the hell is going on?

As analysts have figured out, this trend of degradation mainly originated from faulty education. For decades, Chinese schools simply infuse bookish knowledge to their students, whilst moral cultivation becomes a kind of formalism; on the other hand, children are naturally influenced by their family and other adults in the society, most of whom are too sophisticated to be considered as eligible moral models.

Facing such disappointing condition, you may ask: how can things become better? As far as I am concerned, we must following these three steps. First of all: self-shaping. We should manage ourselves well, and try to shape our own morality as perfect as possible. The second step: family-shaping, which is to behave as the model for your children and improve their moral status through strict discipline. The third: If you are leading people, such as being a manager or national president, you could reinforce your whole organization’s moral situation with policy and your own action. Even if you’re no leader, you’ll have a positive impact on the society if only you manage yourself well and try to influence others as much as possible.

一项调查显示,超过三分之二的人认为,在中国,公众的道德水平比以前低。这个数字,虽然难以接受,表明这个国家的整体道德正在下降。如果你支付一些关注,你可以很容易地指出一些不当行为发生:年轻人拒绝把座位给老人在公共汽车上,购物者干扰到队列,而不是排队等候;原油骑手忽视红灯,等。那么到底是怎么回事?

分析人士指出,这一趋势的退化主要源于错误的教育。几十年来,中国的学校只是注入书生气的知识给学生,同时道德培养成为一种形式主义;另一方面,孩子们自然受到家人和其他成年人的社会,大多数人太复杂的道德模型被认为是合格的。

面对这种令人失望的情况,你可能会问:如何成为更好的事情吗?就我而言,我们必须遵循这些三个步骤。首先:self-shaping。我们应该管理好,努力塑造我们自己的道德尽可能完美。第二步:family-shaping,这是为你的孩子像模型通过严格的纪律和提高他们的道德地位。第三:如果你是领先的人,比如作为一个经理或者国家总统,你可以加强你的整个组织的道德形势与政策和自己的行动。即使你没有领导人,你就会对社会产生积极的影响如果只有你自己管理自己,试图尽可能多地影响他人。

My grandmothers dog called "Huanhuan", its head round yo, ears particularly sensitive, his face covered with fluff. Its limbs are very strong, walking, the tail of a Alice Alice, like a spring like a very cute.

Do not look at it looks ugly, but it is housekeeping wow! Whenever you see grandfather, grandmother and me, it can not live to shake the tail, that it is affectionate to us. Especially when I came to the grandmother every weekend, it jumped and jumped to meet me. As if to say: "little master, I can look forward to you!" If there are strangers passing, he "bark" called a non-stop.

Puppy Huanhuan very much like to eat bones, it saw the bones happy to jump up. Of course, it is more like to eat meat, I just throw the meat to the air, it immediately jumped up, and in the air two laps. And then devoured the meat to eat, it is always a wonderful performance to win our laughter.

Although I rarely live with the puppy, but I am not around it, I always miss it. Ill have time to see it.

[描写小狗的英语作文集锦

我家楼下的宠物店里，有一只可爱的小狗。它全身棕色，两只圆溜溜的眼睛显得特别惹人喜爱。于是，我就把它抱回来养在家里。

狗很嘴馋。每天，我放学回家，一进家门，它就“汪汪”地叫起来，我就知道它饿了。我打开冰箱，拿出肉骨头，随手一扔，骨头从空中划过一条优美的弧线。小狗纵身一跃，叼起骨头，津津有味地吃了起来。一边吃，一边发出“吱吱”的声音。还时不时看看我，好像在警告我说“别抢我的肉骨头！”

狗很顽皮。有一次，我把棒棒糖放在桌子上，等我回来时，发现棒棒糖没了。我四处寻找，最后在冰箱角落看到了小狗，它正舔着棒棒糖，棒棒糖在地上转，它伸着舌头扭着脖子，这模样真让人发笑。见我站在它面前，它立刻直起身子，可怜兮兮地看着我，好像在乞求我说“不要骂我、不要骂我”。

狗很有脾气。它时而温柔，时而凶猛。当它心情不好时，你可不能招惹它，要不然它会对你狂吠不止，一边叫还一边狂奔着，往你身上猛抓。这时，你如果触碰到它的身体任何部位，它会不停地用爪子抓住你的衣服，让你难以逃脱，那副样子可凶猛了。当然，在它高兴时，它就是一只温柔的狗，每当我轻柔地摸着它那棉被似的皮毛，它就乖乖地趴在地上一动也不动。两只眼睛和我对视，相互说着心里话。

它就是我家的宠物狗，它既嘴馋，又顽皮，还很有脾气。虽然它是一只宠物狗，但它更像是我的“好朋友”。

A Lovely Cat

Several days ago, Mother brought home a little cat. I gave her a nice name "Mimi".

She is black all over except her: four feet and a small nose. There is also a white bib on her chest. Can you imagine what she looks like? Every morning she gets up the earliest. Then she always climbs up my bed and wakes me up. When we sit at table having our meal, she often runs under the table and even climbs onto our knees, it seems as if she was saying, "Let me join you. I want something to eat."

"Mimi" likes to lie onthe floor in the sunshine. She feels;comfortable that way. She looks more lovely when doing that.

I like "Mimi" very much because the cat brings us a joy of the family. 可爱的小猫

几天前，妈妈将一只小猫带回家，我给它起了一个美丽的名字叫"咪"。 "咪"除了四足和鼻子是白的，其余都是黑的，看上去，好像在胸前打了一个白领结，你能想象出它是什么样了吗?

每天早上，它总是起得很早，然后跳到我的床上，把我叫醒，我们坐在桌前吃早餐时，它会从桌下轻轻爬到我们的膝盖上，好像在说："我也想吃东西。" "咪"喜欢躺在地板上晒太阳，它觉得很舒服。这样做时，它看起来更加可爱。

我非常喜欢"咪"，因为它给我们家带来了欢乐。

[喜欢的小猫英语作文

One of the animals that help people a lot is the dog. In some countries, dogs pull wagons. In the cold north, dogs pull sleds.

There are other ways that dogs help us, too. Policemen use them to look for missing people. Soldiers use them to carry letters and medicine .On farms, dogs take care of sheep and keep them in the fields. At night, they take the sheep home. Dogs help the blind with work. Some dogs are good and kind. Some dogs are good at another skill.

有一种是狗的动物给人们提供很多帮助。在一些国家,狗拉马车。在寒冷的北方,狗拉雪橇。

狗还有其他的方法可以帮助我们。警察使用它们来寻找失踪人员。士兵携带信件和医学中使用它们。在农场,狗看守绵羊，让它们待在田地里。晚上,它们把羊带回家。狗帮助盲人工作。有些狗很友好而且善良。有些狗擅长另一项技能。

今天妈妈帮我买了一只白小狗，我很喜欢它，我把它取名叫小旺。

小旺很小，才1个月大，它很听话，很乖。我很喜欢它。我经常带它去散步，玩耍。几天后它长出了小牙齿，它的毛白白的，摸起来很舒服。慢慢的它长大了，我天天帮小旺洗澡，它长出了长长的牙齿。它不吃奶了，在吃饭，它从不挑食。它天天跟我一起玩，一年后它长大了。很会看家，一有陌生人还没进我家，它就会“汪、汪、汪……”叫个不停，要我们说“小旺，别叫了”它才会不甘心地停住。我们像好兄弟一样。天天都形影不离，就连我到学校它都会跟着我，直到我进了学校它会自己回家。妈妈还以为它被人家抓走了呢!

狗是人类的朋友，我们要爱护小动物。

[我家的宠物狗作文

My grandfather home has a lovely puppy, make flourishing money. The body of flourishing money is brown, fur feels brushy. Its tail always shakes come to those who go to shake, also keep momently. The most interesting is its ear. You should touch the small ear that touchs it only, flourishing money is met fierce tremble, you are touched again, it still trembles, what you touch is beyond the mark, it can have turned the head comes to what bark to you to cry. Flourishing money everyday the greatest pleasure is to chasing after a tail to run. It rises every morning, metropolis edge chases after what bark by the side of the tail crying. It is chased after to left, ran 34 rounds, run right again, resembling is to doing morning exercises, crying in the mouth " left 3, right 3, the neck is twisted, the buttock is twisted twist " I funny burst out laughing. How, flourishing money is lovely!

I have a cat named mimi. Its hair is as white as snow. I often play games with it. It amuses me a lot and I treat it as a little friend. Every morning, I would say goodbye to it before I go to school and mimi would wave its front-legs to me. It brings me a lot of pleasure. But it takes time and costs money to keep the cat. My parents and I spend much time taking care of it, feeding it and cleaning it. We have to clean the house from time to time, or the cat will make them dirty and smelly.

我有一只猫，名叫咪。它的毛像雪一样白，我经常和它一起玩。它使我很开心，我也把它当小朋友一样对待。每天早上，我去上学之前都会跟它说再见，它也人向我晃晃前爪。它给我带来了很多快乐。但是，养猫是要花费时间和金钱的。我父母和我花费很多时间照看它，喂它饭，给它洗澡。我们得经常打扫房间，否则，猫就会把屋子弄得又脏又难闻。

I have a dog ,her name is Happy,I very love her.Her is clever and friendly.She loves to walk with me.She always plays with my grandmother,so I think is smart.I also like talking to her,she can understand every words which are said by me.

i have a pet, dog. he has brown feather, and he is very small. i like him a lot, because he is so clever、beautiful and cute. he is so cute that i want play with him every day, but i can’t. even if i can’t play with him every day, but i can play with him once a week or twice a week. his legs are neither long nor short. he can run fast, and he likes eating meat and fried rice. he often plays outside. he is our good friend, and that is why i like him a lot.

I walked from the warm house to the school, and on the campus I saw a group of children who were playing an unknown dog. This little dog is white, big and small eyes, not thick and thin legs, the mouth is black. But it is flat belly deflated, a look that is not eat for several days, and very poor.

After they had finished, the dog was thrown into the snow, no matter what. Then, a bunch of college students to play it, to it a few drops of pen water, but also throw the child, no matter what. Then, a group of second-year children touched its hair, looked at it, fed it a french fries. They found the dog shivering, a little girl hold it up, want the dog warm and warm. Then they talked and said, "Put it in the trash." Then they put the puppy in the trash. The two children may think so: the dog into the trash, the purpose is to let the dog survive, because there are some garbage in the garbage box. This is also a puppy of their heart.

After school at school, the dog was gone, may be so that the grandmother picked up.

I believe it will be adopted by others, there is a warm home of their own.