2016七年级英语写作指导通用五篇 作文答案最新20篇

所谓材料作文，是要求写作者根据所给的一段文字或图画等具体材料，按照作文命题要求，进行写作的一种作文形式。它的特点是读写结合。写作者要经过阅读材料、理解分析、提炼主旨、联想想象、筛选甄别、文字表达等步骤，才能完成一篇文章的写作。材料作文的类型有：根据文字材料作文、看图作文、扩写、缩写、改写、续写等。例如2005年中考作文题。

高考历年满分作文选

材料作文写作中需要注意的是：

1.要读懂材料。认真阅读材料，理清材料思路，明确材料指向，归纳材料要点，把握材料寓意，最终提炼写作中心。这是材料作文写作的关键，也是考场作文能否及格的第一步。

提炼中心练习。阅读所给文字，归纳写作要点：

小时候妈妈经常教育我们说：“滴水之恩，当涌泉相报。无论何时何地，都不要忘记别人对你的恩情，这才是做人的根本。”现在我也用妈妈这句话教育我的孩子，希望他做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人。2002年6月的某一天，儿子放学回来，一进门就说：“妈妈，我们学校要给受灾地区捐款，这一次我捐100元。”“为什么？”“因为这次受灾地区有陕西省，我很担心周至县枣春小学的孩子们，还有我住过的老乡家是否被水淹了。妈妈，他们会被水淹死吗？还有那些可爱的小狗。”说着说着儿子的眼圈红了起来，我也被他感动了，于是从包里拿出100元递给他。他所说的地方是他2001年随星星河记者团采访过的地方。

这则材料只要找到点题句——希望儿子做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人，即“感恩”，中心内容就迎刃而解了。

2.要联系实际。确定写作中心后，内容构思是要选择切入点，从身边小事、眼前情境、街头见闻等入笔，徐徐展开生活画卷，联系作者的学习、生活实际，写实事、抒真情、谈看法、说体会。

3.要力求出新。在文章观点无误的前提下，展开多角度的思考，突破思维定势，克服从众心理，独辟蹊径，力求写出人无我有、人有我新、摄人心魄的好文章。还是“感恩”的材料，一位同学的作文是这样开头的：

family，家庭。F代表爸爸，father；a代表和，and；m代表妈妈，mother；i代表我，I；l代表爱，love；y代表你们，you。把汉语的意思连在一起，就是“爸爸和妈妈，我爱你们”。

那晚，我和一个语文课代表，为了帮老师查点什么，晚上八点左右，才在同学们的关心声与道别声中，走出了校门。也就在此时此刻，我才想起我忘记把晚归的事情告诉给这个世界上最爱我，最疼我，最关心我的人——我那恩重如山的家人。

4.要锤炼语言，巧用修辞，力求使文章达到内容与形式的和谐统一。

5.避免材料作文跑题的方法是要注意开头、结尾的写法，做到首尾呼应，反复点题。

写一篇作文，在审清题意、定好中心之后，就要按照中心思想的需要选择合适的材料。小编收集了写作要定好中心，欢迎阅读。

1、中心要有意义的健康的。一篇文章赞扬什么(或歌颂什么)，批评什么(或揭露什么)，或说明一个什么道理，都应该使别人读了以后受到教育或启发。如果能达到这个目的，那么这篇文章就是有积极意义的。

2、中心要集中。一篇文章必须围绕一个中心来写，不能分散，不能有二个(或多个)中心。

3、中心要新颖。要善于从多层次、多角度、多方面来考察材料，做到以小见大，由表及里，从中深深地挖掘出他人从未曾发现的新的思想内容。

确定中心思想，有的可直接从题目中看出，如《勤俭节约的奶奶》、《我爱家乡的秋天》等题目作文，确定中心思想必须符合题目的要求。有的作文题目设有直接规定中心思想，但是规定了确定中心思想大致的范围，如《一次有意义的活动》、《这件事教育了我》等题目，确定中心思想比前一种情况有较大的自由，但也必须受规定的范围的限制。有的作文题目完全没有涉及中心思想，而只规定了在什么范围里选择写作的材料，如《课间十分钟》《我的爸爸》等题目，但要避免中心思想不明确的毛病。

选好材料

写一篇作文，在审清题意、定好中心之后，就要按照中心思想的需要选择合适的材料。凡是与中心关系密切的材料要抓住，凡是与中心无关的材料要舍弃，凡是能够深刻表现中心的材料是我们选择的重点。

选取作文材料，还要注意几点：

1、材料要真实。我们作文要尽量写自己亲眼所见、亲耳所闻、亲身经历的事情，这样方能写出有真情实感的好文章。当然，要求内容真实，并不排斥文章中合理的想象和联想。

2、材料要典型。有时候可以选用的材料很多，我们就要通过比较进行分析，从这些都可用的材料中挑选出最能反映中心思想的材料来写，这样的材料一般都是十分典型的材料。

3、材料要具体。写作文时，一定要把所写的人(抓住人物的语言、动作、神态、心理活动写)、事(把事情的起因、经过、结果写清楚)、物、景等写具体写生动。因此，我们所选的材料内容一定要具体、丰富、周详，这样写文章时才能达到写具体写生动的目的。2、作文题目是《我所见到的新风尚》，请你按照“真实、具体、典型”的要求，选三项材料写下来。(不必写成整篇的作文，只要把材料记下来就可以了)。

要写好一个人物,无外乎是写人物的语言、行动、外貌(肖像)、心理等等。鲁迅先生说:“人物语言的描写,能使读者由说话看出人来。”这说明人物语言的重要。此外,写人物的行动、外貌(肖像)、心理等,也是必不可少的惯常写法,同样重要。

下面我就自己的感受和经验谈几点切实可用的方法或注意点:

首先,要写好人物作文,就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人,才能感受得最真切最鲜活,对他(她)的一言一行,一颦一笑,才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。如下面例文《我是你爹》(见后文),写的是作者非常熟悉的人,所以全文写来既栩栩如生,又给人非常亲切的感觉。如果你写一个陌生的人,虽然也能够写,但写出来的就可能毫无特色,会是千千万万个中的一个,这样写来不要说感动别人,有时就连自己都觉得别扭、生造。

其次,要凸显人物与众不同的个性。共性的东西人人都有,写得再多作用也是不大的。只有有特色的、独具个性魅力的东西,才能给人以冲击,才能给人留下深刻的印象,才能让人拍案称奇。

第三,不要什么都写,更不要事无巨细地写,要择其一二浓彩重墨地写。这当然是要根据主题需要去择取了,决不能无的放矢。如《我是你爹》中,“爹”的话语很少,前后加起来总共才三四句而已,可一个独特的“爹”的形象却跃然纸上了。

第四,要让人物的言行、心理、个性特征等符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。不要让一个两三岁的孩子说六十岁人的话,也不要让一个无文化的老太太专说些理论大话等,否则就是无视人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点而乱写人物,是不能写好人物的,更谈不上写出个性特点了。

第五,写人物离不开写事、写细节。要仔细地观察人物的日常行为,挖掘他们的典型事例,而且事例要新颖,因为人物的性格和品质,是通过具体的事例表现出来的。比如我们要写一个热心肠的人,就要写他怎样帮助周围的人,或哪里有困难他就在哪里出现等事例。写事的时候,我们完全可以从细节方面入手。细节描写包括对人物的动作、语言、神态和心理活动以及特定的环境等的描写。描写一个人的时候,我们要把这个人的每一个能体现人物特点的动作都描写清楚、具体、详细。

我们来看这一段话:“回到教室,大家全都涌到郭枫面前,问:‘坏小子,你捐一毛钱怎么能代表我们呢?’郭枫眨了眨眼,骄傲地说:‘其实我捐了100元!说捐一毛钱,那是逗你们玩的!’听了郭枫的话,同学们哭笑不得……”这一段话把细节描写得很好,“眨了眨眼”“骄傲地说”“哭笑不得”等词语把“郭枫”可气又可笑的性格描写得淋漓尽致。

这样讲如果还是显得抽象、空洞的话,那么,我们来看下面这篇写人物的佳作吧。

学生习作

我是你爹

郭禄山

古老的石磨,沉重的石磨,一圈一圈地转啊转啊,似乎永无休止地轮回着。我爹,我爹的爹都没能走出这个圈啊,他们的青春就在这单调的回旋中流逝。想到自己也将在这无休止的回环中老去,直到满头霜雪,皱纹满面,脊背伛偻,还得气喘吁吁地推动这沉重的石磨,不觉冷汗直冒,我禁不住有些生气地问爹:“你不是去买钢磨吗,咋还没买?”爹说:“给你买随身听用去了100多元,剩下的钱不够了。”(第一次写爹的语言,就显示出了浓浓的爱意)我不觉喉咙顿时有些发热:“爹……其实您真不该给我买随身听,没有随身听我一样能学好外语,可没钢磨,喂的那么多猪,苞谷都用石磨推,怎么忙得过来。再说,您和娘年纪都大了,体力上咋吃得消呢!”“念好你的书,这些事用不着你管,我是你爹!”(原汁原味的生活,非常朴实的爹的形象,而一句“我是你爹”的话语则显示出爹的与众不同)

爹是文盲,对电器方面一无所知,但给我买的这台随身听却是全校一流的,(爹对自己无私的爱)那高保真的音质,那如置身在音乐厅的空间感受,让我心醉。同学借了几盒流行音乐磁带给我,听上几曲就来瘾了,我却完全忘记父亲为我买随身听的目的,那些英语磁带被闲在一角。课余,随身听腰上一别,双耳耳机一塞,和着节拍,脚儿甩甩,手儿摆摆,脖子屁股一起扭,真酷死我了。(这种写自己的文字能够达到一种反衬爹的作用)好几个平常眼高过头顶的校花级女生也少不得围在我身边,那众星拱月的感觉让我忘记了窘迫的家境,忘记了母亲那忧郁的眼神和爹那过早弯曲的脊梁,我甚至无知地向爹提出了一个要求:我要染发。染了发,再和着那流行音乐的节拍蹦跳,偶尔将额头的长发一撩,青春的活力与自信都洋溢出来。爹听明白了我的意图后,恶狠狠地说:“染个球!不好好读你的书,我就把随身听锤了。要晓得,我可是你爹。”(让“我是你爹”贯穿全文,既显示出爹的个性,又串联了全文,一举两得)

七八亩烤烟,烤出的不是金黄的希望,而是一大堆一大堆黑乎乎的绝望。一背烈日,一蓑风雨换来的竟是一大笔肥料欠帐,爹决定去当拖娃(挖煤)。想到年近半百的爹近乎赤裸地在没有一丝阳光的煤窑中挥汗如雨,而塌方、渗水、瓦斯爆炸随时都有可能夺走他的生命……我决定放弃学业出外打工。我知道,如果把这个想法告诉爹,一定通不过。于是,我背地里找几位有钱的同窗帮我凑足路费,毅然踏上了南下之路。当我在市车站候车室的长凳上醒来时,一个背有点驼的身影出现在我眼前——“爹”! “跟我回去念书。”(爹的话语非常朴素)“您不再钻煤炭笼子了?”“蠢话,我不钻煤炭笼子,拿么子送你念书?管我做啥,我是你爹。”那双坚毅的眼里分明闪着泪花。(这是望子成龙的“泪花”呀)

总评………

《我是你爹》,光这个题目就够与众不同的,相信大家读到这个题目一定不会放手,想读个究竟,这就是好文题的效力。写父亲、写父爱的文章,非常的多,要出新出异并不容易。可此文却另辟蹊径,摒弃那种写高大的父亲形象的手法,实实在在地写生活中的、倒显得有些琐屑的父亲形象,恰恰是这种手法的运用,写活了父亲,写活了父爱。可以说,如果没有作者自己的亲身感受,是很难写得这样生动感人的。由此看来,感悟生活,抒写真我,乃是作文的法宝。

导语：高考英语书面表达想拿高分并不容易，首先你要避免一些在学生中比较常见的几种错误才行。下面小编为大家整理了高考英语写作常见的错误，希望大家在考试中能够避免。

有的同学对于否定的概念模糊，不知如何否定，有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。

1. 我认为没有必要买大的。

误：I think its not necessary to buy the bigger one.

正：I don’t think it is necessary to buy the bigger one.

析：有些动词如think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, fancy等的主语是第一人称单数且一般现在时，表示否定的观点应用I don’t think…，而I think… not则属于汉语式表达习惯。

2. 我们直到天全黑了才到家。

误：We arrived home until it became completely dark.

正：We didn’t arrive home until it became completely dark.

析：此汉语句子里面尽管没有否定词，但until用于肯定句时意为“直到…为止”;用于否定句时，其意为“在…以前”。因此，表示“直到…才”用not…until。

3. 如果没有受到邀请的话，我是不会去参加舞会的。

误：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m not invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party if I’m not invited.

析：unless“除非”、“如果不”，常可用if…not来替换。误句中的条件状语从句双重否定表示肯定，结果与原句意思相反。

4. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。

误：The child is not old enough not to go to school.

正：The child is not old enough to go to school.

正：The child is too young to go to school.

析：这是学生最容易写错的句子。enough to“足以、足够”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”，故应译为not old enough to go to school。

5. 他们两个都不说英语。

误：Both of them don’t speak English.

正：Neither of them speaks English.

析：中国学生特别对于all…not 和both…not等这种部分否定结构，很容易理解成全部否定。两者全部否定用neither, 三者以上用none。

6. 开车时再小心也不过分。

误：You can be too careful in driving a car.

正：You can not be too careful in driving a car.

析：cannot…too“无论作…也不过分”。

一、 作文教学的序列目前国内正在实验的作文教学序列，主要有以下三种：

(一)以统编教材为基础的作文教学序列

统编教材的作文扣除安排在教材的“基础训练”中，与阅读教学结合穿插进行。一可分三个阶段：

1、一年级.为中年级写片断做准备阶段。通过看图说话、写话、回答问题等形式训练学生说写一句完整的话、几话连贯的话，同时学写请假条、留言条、简单的日记等应用文。

2、三年级，由说话写话向命题作文过渡阶段。要求能写记人记事和状物的简短的记叙文，要求内容具体，条理比较清楚，语句比较通顺，会用标.点，同时学写板报稿、决心书、通知等应用文。

3、四、五年级，命题作文综合训练阶段。进行记叙文写作方法和作文能力的各项训练，使学生作文逐步做到思想健康、中心明确、内容具体、条理清楚、语句通顺。同时进行一般书信、读书笔记、会议记录等应用文教学。

(二)以景山学校实验教材为基础的作文教学序列

该校实行“读写结合，以作文为中心安排语文教学”，以名家名篇为典范，严格进行写作训练。

一、二年级在集中大量识字的同时，突出字词句的训练进行大量造句、抄书、听写句子和段落、看图写诗写片断、写日记等练习。同时引导学生留心观察和反映周围的人、本、秆境，养成观察习惯，积累写作素材。这样，到二年级下学期，“绝大多数学生就能在教师指导下，写出三、四百字的短文，为下一段作文启蒙打好基矗

三年级是作文启蒙阶段。主要采劝放胆文”的形式，把文章“写开”、“写顺”。从三年级下学期起，就指导学生围绕中，用逻辑思维去选择和组织生活中那些生动、形象、具体的材料，要使文章内容具体，叙述细致生动。

四年级是掌握规律，严格训练阶段，教会学生如何写人、记事、状物等。

五年级是运用规律，提高作文水平阶段，训练学生能写出夹叙夹议央抒情的儿童小品。

应用文则根据难易程度分别插在几个阶段中进行教学。

(三)以中央教科所和辽宁黑山北关实验学校合组的实验教材为基础的作文教学序列

从“集中识字——大量阅读——分步习作”体系出发，制定“三步分段”的教学序列。

1、说话训练，第一段，说一句完整的话;第二段，说几句连贯的话(表达一个完整的意思);第三段，说一段连贯的话(表达一个完整的意思)。这步说话训练主要在一年级完龙同时，且要贯穿于小学作文教学全过程.随年级升高而不断提高要求。

2、写话训练。第一段，记录口语和原文，就是记录自己或别人说的一句话、几句话，听写简短的记叙文;第二段，借助现成材料(图画、问题等)写话;第三段，自己搜集材料，《自己所做所见所感所想等》写话。

书面作文训练.第一段，放胆练笔，启蒙开篇;一第二段，分项训练，系统提高.第三段，综合训练，全面达标。

二、作文教学的规律

小学作文教学的基本规律可归纳成四句话二“从说到尾，.从达到作，从模仿到创作，从扶到放到收。”

1、“从说到写”。在教学过程中，要注意为1练学生口头语言.如回答问题.青团说话，叙述观察所见，复或课文，论问题，朗读和背诵课文等。要注意说写结合。把说的话贸。尽一可能让学生写下来。各种书面作文，也要重视会学生先用“说”做准备。“说”和“写”互相配合，一互相参逐。

2、“从述到作”。“述”是学生依据一定的材料。按照一定的要求，用语言文字表达出来的;而“作”则要求学生自己去选材，通过独丘构思陈述自己的意见，抒发自己的感情，是创造性发表自己思想的方式。“述”的训练先从四、五句短文，到比较复杂的文章，从教师提出提纲让地土叙述，到儿童共同拟定提纲，再到独立拟定提纲叙述，这屯是按“由浅入深，循序渐进，逐步提高”的原则进行。“作”的训练是如此。先是从低年级以图片、实物，学校与家庭生活为题材，叫学生写简单的故事，到写题材更为广泛、内容更为复杂的文章。从写简单的日记、书信，到独立写简短的记叙文和常用的应用文。

3、“从模仿到创作”。给学生以范文，让他们模仿，这对帮助学生写好文章，逐步提.高作文能力的作用是很大的。教师要注意，只要学生作文有了一定的基础，“就要引导学生向创作过渡，否则，模仿会对学生作大起消极作用。

4、从扶到放到收。“扶’，是指对学生写作练习的具体指导帮助。“放”的意思，就是激发儿童写什兴趣，培养儿童的写作习惯，并能放开笔，练习基本写作技能。然后对学生作文逐步提出较高的要求，这是“收”的意思。

三、作文的起步训练

1、明确训练要求

一年级上学期，结合学词学句单元的教学首先让学生直接感知什么是句子，帮助学生建立句子概念。学会议完整话、学写完整句子，初步认识陈述、感叹、疑问、祈使四种基本句式。

一年级下学期，在认识结构简单的单句的基础上，再从一识一些结构比较简单的复句。有意识地提一些常见的句型、句式，让学生练习仿造句子，扩充句子，要在学说连贯话、把一句话写通顶上下功夫。

二年级上学期，通过看图说一句话、说几句话的训练，让学生认识内容较多、形式较复杂的句子群，学会模仿范句套写总分式、并列式、接续式句群.进行初步的逻辑思维训练，使学生观察有序，言之有序。

二年级下学期，通过看图、看静物、看一场景色等观察训练，学习按时间、方位等叙述顺序写一段话，或写小短文。“学习简单的比喻句、排比句、设问句等，练习修改不通顺的病句。

2、加强说话训练

①口语训练从第一堂课抓起。儿童入学的第一堂课，就围绕“入学教育”的六幅图，进行说话习惯的培养和说好每一句话的训练。

②在看图说话中逐步建立句子概念。凭借学拼音的辅助图画;在看懂图意后，每幅图编一句简单而完整的话让儿童仿说。

③在句式练习中，理解、巩固句子概念。一要让儿童理解怎样便才是完整的一句话，什么样的话不是句子;二是让儿童在练习中学会说和写比较复杂的句子，从而进一步建立司于概念。

④用课文的词句丰富儿童的语言。经常引导儿童模仿运用课文上的语句说话，儿童学一句用一句，口语规范、充实、丰富了，将为过渡到书面语言打下良好的基矗

⑤说写意思连贯的话，要重视思维训练。六年制小语第一、二册教材中，几乎每篇课文后都设计编排了思考练习题。是训练儿童思维和语言的作业。要通过这些作业进行思维训练.通过思维的条理性达到语言的连贯性。

四、作文从说到写的过渡

1、做听写练习。听写就是用文字记录口语，这是作文的基本功。听写训练从一年级第一学期就可进行，开始先听写学过的词语、课文，然后听写教师编撰的句子、短文，或书报上的一段话。这科训练在一二年级几乎可以天天进行。二年级第二学期，学生有了一定的阅读能力，可摘录优美句子、篇段，这样做，不但能激发学生阅读兴趣，而且能为说话、写话积累素材。

2、从造句、写见闻到记观察日记。在学生掌握一定数量的常用词后，开始用词书面造句，先说后写、一词多退。在练习书面逐句的同时，还可让学生写见闻。开始要求把今天看到、听到、说的、做的各写一句话，叫写见闻。要求每天或隔天写一段，这样学生觉得有东西好写，也感兴趣，学生写的内容也慢慢地丰富起来，就成了日记。在此基础上指导学生写观察日记。除了写见闻、写观察日记之外，还指导他们写三言两语。三言两语的面更广一了，可以把他们看到的、听到的，不受命题的限制，通顺连贯地写下来。

3、看图写话。进行看图说话、写话的训练，要注意由易到难，循序渐进。在启发引导时.要认真抓好看、说、写三个环节。每一环节有次序地进行具体指名一不能操之过急。

五、三年级作文常规训练

(-)连句成段训练

1、练习以事情发展为顺序的。①把错乱排列的几句话，按照事情发展的先后顺序整理成一段通顺的话。②先听老师讲一个小故事，再把这个小故事分成一段话。③教师给一个开头和一个结尾，让学生把事情的经过部分写成一段话。④仔细观察几幅连续留，并对照每幅图上的小标题，把图上的意思连成一段话。⑤让学生观察一幅宣传画，思考几个问题，再把画面的意思写成一段话。

2、练习以总起分述为顺序的。①给总起句，并规定分达的范围或内容，让学全.写一段话。②给学生一个总起句，要求学生把分述部分写成一段话。③规定内容或范围，要求学生用总起分达的方法写一段话。

3、练习以时间为顺序的。①在指定时间里观察某一事物。如指定在清晨、中午、傍晚三段时间内观察太阳的变化，然后要求学生以时间为顺序把观察结果写一段话。②规定描写对象，要求学生写出它在不同时间里的不同状态。③在几幅图上标明时间，女。这样三幅图：第一幅图是幼苗出土，图上标明时间为“春天”。第二幅图是植物开花，图上标明时间为“夏天”;第三幅图是植物结出果实，图上标明时间为“秋天”。要求学生以时间为序，把图上的内容写一段话。

4、练习以地点。方位为顺序的。①指定地点、方位，如指定写“学校的四周”，要求学生以方位为序写一段话，写出学校四周是什么样的环境。②要求学生按方位顺序写出室内的布置、陈设，如“教室”、“图书室阳等、③给学生一个题目，如小卜河两岸》，要求学生按地点的转移写一段话，分别写出小河两岸的景物。

在我们当前的小学英语教学中，教师往往只组织大量的听、说、读的活动，而忽视对写的有效训练;就是在训练“写”，也只是写写单词、写写句型和课文，并没有深入到培养学生“写”的综合技能。部分教师甚至还存在着一些错误的认识，认为写作教学和训练过于费时，影响教学进度;写作作业难批改;写作教学枯燥，易降低课堂的活力;英文写作对小学生而言太难了等等。但是，儿童语言能力的发展是综合的，听、说、读、写各项能力之间互相制约，互相促进，任何一项能力的滞后都会影响到其他能力的发展。我们应该更新教学观念，设计一些符合学生认知规律、实效性较高的写作活动，促进学生英语技能的全面发展。下面是我对小学英语写作教学一些浅显的看法。

一、 由易到难，培养学生的写作兴趣

对于小学生来说创造性地运用语言确实有一定的难度，所以在写作教学中，教师应针对儿童的年龄特点和语言水平，设计难易适中且充满童趣的写作任务。俗话说得好，兴趣是最好的老师。要培养学生对英语写作的兴趣，首先就要有对英语学习的兴趣。而且要将低、中年级学生的直接兴趣慢慢培养成高年级学生的间接兴趣。尤其是对于低年级的学生词汇量有限，教师更要根据教材的主题或语言内容设计学生易完成的写作任务。如对于中年级的学生，教师可能将阅读材料中的一些关键词或词组挖空，让学生联系上下文猜词填空。如通过填词练习让学生描述动物：

My pet

I have a _______. It is _______ and ________. It has got _____. It has got _______ and ________. It can ________. It can _______, too. It eats _______. My parents like _______ very much. We are ______ friends.

这种填词的练习，既能训练学生的阅读能力，又能培养学生初步的语篇意识，并为高年级的写作打下了基础。循序渐进的学习，既能让学生体验成功，也能让学生建立写作的信心和兴趣。

二、抓好课本教学，夯实英语基础

要想写好一遍好的英语作文，离不开单词的积累。单词是一篇作文最基础的部分，过分强调它是不妥，但却也不能忽略。强大的单词积累是写好一篇作文的后盾。所以，不管在课堂上，还是在课后，都要强调学生掌握好单词的拼写和单词的运用，夯实英语写作的基础。

在小学，学生的主要学习时间是课堂学习时间。学生的主要知识来源于课本，课本是学生学习的根本。课本给学生提供基本的句型,语法知识，词汇等。所以，对于课本中的内容，可适当要求学生背诵，小学生善于模仿，通过背诵课文，一些句子就会在学生心中生根发芽，学生就会有意无意地模仿这样的句子进行写作。课文中的句子一般来说是很规范的，学生的写作也会较规范。记忆中的课文也是学生写作时句子处理的依据。凭语感和课文结构，利用个人的智慧和对作文题目及要求的理解，学生会写出语法正确，句意通顺，结构严谨规范的作文。

三、 广泛阅读，拓展知识面

古人云“读书破万卷，下笔如有神” ， 阅读是写作的基础，大量的、广泛的阅读，才能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于巩固和扩大学生词汇量，增强语感，丰富学生的语言知识，了解英语国家的文化背景。实践证明，学生平时课外阅读面越宽，语言实践量越大，运用英语表达自己的能力就越强。通过日积月累的积累，学生在自然的习得中学得大量了的英语单词、句子，形成较好的语感。为学生更好地写作打下了坚实的基础。但在选择课外阅读材料时，还要注意：文章太易，不利于知识的提高，文章太难会挫伤学生阅读英语的积极性。这就需要教师做好充分的阅读准备，选择好难易适中的文章

广泛的英语阅读还可以让学生尽可能地了解英汉差异。许多学生写英文短文，都习惯用汉语去思考。写出来的句子，读起来很拗口，句意生硬，令人费解。甚至有的学生将汉语句子逐一对照译成英语单词，拼凑成句子。如：上个星期天，我爸爸坐船去了上海。译文成了：Last Sunday ,I father sit ship go to Shanghai. 令人啼笑皆非。究其原因是学生不明白英汉两种语言表达上的差异。如，汉语中没有时态和语态的复杂变化，只借助于助词“着，了，过”。而英语则有复杂的时态和语态变化以及动词短语，介词短语等一些固定搭配，动词与其主语的一致，称谓的一致等等。让学生进行广泛的英语阅读可以降低这样尴尬的机率，在不断的阅读中拓展知识面。这样才能在实际运用中应用地恰到好处，英语写作才能更规范，更标准，更符合英美人的表达习惯。

四、培养学生的写作热情

众所周知，写作和口语都是语言输出的重要方面。写作是人们学习、运用英语的综合技能的表现，教授学生英语写作能够检验和巩固学生综合的语言知识，在写作过程中，学生有一定的时间去思考、组织、修改、判断，有利于培养和提高学生的语言综合能力;能让学生去辨别口语语体和书面语体的异同，尤其是不同的句型、表达方式和选词造句;能增强学生的自信心，哪怕正确地写出一句、两句话或一小段，一旦受到鼓励，学生都会欣喜若狂，学习英语的兴趣会更加强烈;有利于培养学生直接用英语思维的习惯，尤其是限时写作，学生必须在规定的时间内完成规定的内容，他们就不可能先用母语思考，再译成英语，而是直接用英语来思考;写作可给予学生发挥自己的想象力和创造力，作为老师应仔细观察并珍惜学生的每一次创举，并能及时地对该同学给予肯定和高度赞扬，鼓励他大胆地、尽情地去想象，那么学习英语就没那么枯燥了，写作的热情也会日渐高涨了。

积极带领学生参加教育在线，让他们把自己的作品放在网络上，一方面向别人学习的同时也可以感受到众人欣赏自己作品的那种欣喜;选择优秀的学生作品进行投稿，如《双语阅读》和《小学生英语报》等这些学生常见的刊物，对作品发表的同学进行奖励，这样更能够激发他们的写作欲望。

五、由浅入深，开展扎实的写作训练

写作和任何形式的知识一样都是可以通过训练加以提高的。基础知识和能力并重，听、说、读和写并举。在平时的教学中可应充分利用一切可以利用的机会启发、引导学生提高自己的写作水平。如遇到优秀的句、段或篇提示学生注意欣赏作者的表达法，把它们作为范例，在自己写作中加以模仿和运用。又如遇到英汉表达方法不同之处，提示学生注意英语的正确表达法，切忌出现汉语式的英语。要帮助学生养成正确运用标点符号的好习惯，切忌一点到底的错误方法。

1、坚持循序渐进的训练原则。

用学过的词、短语或句式，模仿课文中的表达法造句。换课文中的人物、时态、语态或体裁等改写课文。将打乱顺序的句子按事件发展的时间顺序或逻辑关系等整理成一篇完整的短文。总而言之，写作要先易后难，先短后长，先写好正确的句子逐步过渡到围绕一个人、一件事、一个观点去写有中心的文章，由不限定时间到限定时间，由限定字数少到多，由一句话日记到一段话日记，由看图作文到命题作文，经过日记，看图写作的训练，学生在写作能力上有了一定的提高，英语表达能力也有很大的进步。这时，可根据学生的教材，就每个单元不同的学习内容提供一个命题作文给学生练笔。这些题目紧扣他们学习的内容，书本上的内容给他们写作提供了模仿的对象，而且跟他们的生活也息息相关。

2、分层要求，注意讲评，鼓励优秀，耐心帮助差生。

对学生的要求不能一刀切，对学习好的要求要高，对学习差的要求要适当低一些。充分利用板报、专栏进行优秀作文展览，经常帮助差生树立信心，掌握写作方法和技巧。英语作文讲评过程中要经常指出优点，以利模仿，指出缺点，警示避免。在训练写作时，要少给学生完整的范文。因为如果经常给学生范文，很容易让学生产生依赖性，不愿意自己动手去写。而是等着老师念范文，自己去背。长此以往学生肯定会背烦的，背烦了就更不愿去写了。会造成一个恶性循环。不利于提高学生的写作水平，更不用说培养语言能力了。

3、小组合作，共同提高

对于一些难度较大、范围较广的写作内容，可以通过开展合作写作来完成。在合作写作的过程中，他们有机会互相交流，集思广益，取人之长，补已之短;他们可能学习写作，指导写作，分享作品。例如：在六年级教学My favourite festivals 这一主题时，让学生以小组形式搜集各节日的有关资料，然后集体讨论，一人执笔写作，最后交流。在合作中写作，既给学生留有独立思考的空间，又可促进他们互相帮助与学习。

4、适当指导

学生动笔写作前，教师要给予必要的指导，不是给个题目或者一幅图，就要求学生动笔写。为了使他们少犯错误。教师还要经常性地列举错误的表达法，提醒学生注意避免。在批阅作文时教师要随时标出学生错误之处，并要随时记录学生所犯错误，把学生的错误加以归类总结，把普遍性的错误提出来，让学生集体改错，使他们的语言表达尽可能的正确规范。

六、鼓励学生资源共享，共同进步

在平时的教学中，我鼓励学生大胆地阅读课外英语资料，鼓励学生搜索网上的英语资料，学生的作品通过不同的方式与读者交流，读者包括教师、同学和家长。让学生各自交流作品的方式有朗诵、出墙报、制作英语小卡片，制作手抄报，写好读书笔记等，将全班学生的手抄报装订成册，搜集全班学生的各种作品，本班学生的作品互相交流，同年级不同班的学生作品也互相交流阅读，集中群体的智慧，内容丰富多彩，五花八门，既适合他们的年龄特征又能供学生课余阅读，拓展视野，达到交流学习的目的，我还设想将学生的电子手抄报发送到我校校园网，以供更多的学生欣赏。除此之外，在评价学生的写作作品时，做到有的放矢，灵活有序，实施本人评价、小组评价，家长评价和老师评价，对学生的进步及时充分的肯定。

总之，英语写作需要平时一点一滴的积累，每一步都不能少，持之以恒的训练。作为英语教师，需要不断的探索和总结。

三年级是一个承上启下的过渡阶 ，让学生通过多种形式的半独立性写作实践，引导其摸索作文的一般规律，我认为可以从以下几方面入手。

一、养成积累的习惯，培养作文自信

“兴趣”是学习的动力，能开启学生的智慧之门，激发学生的写作之情。因此，在作文教学中如何培养学生的作文兴趣是写好作文首先应该解决的问题。学生作文就像盖一座房子一样，房子没有材料盖不好，同样，只有语言积累到一定的程度，才可能文思如涌，笔下生花。因此，教师要引导学生积累语言，提高语言的储备量，培养学生的积累兴趣及积累习惯。

1、力求让学生明确作文训练的目的和意义，让学生感受到写作是学习、生活、交流思想的需要，从而产生稳定而强烈的写作动机。如一年级的学生在学习说话时，我就开展了“一句话”比赛活动，让学生将每天看见的、听到的、说的话、做的事用笔记下来，告诉老师和爸爸、妈妈，还有认识的小朋友。我将比赛中看到的精彩的句子读给全班小朋友听，让所有的小朋友都了解小作者的生活、感受，为学生创设了一个写的心情和氛围，使他们产生摩拳擦掌之势，写起作文来水到渠成。

2、系统的布置积累任务。没有压力就没有动力，教师可以系统、细致地布置每天的积累任务。学生刚进入三年级，教师就可以要求每人多看、多听作好读书笔记，摘抄好词好句，然后用专门的时间，安排专门的负责人来检查记录情况，不好的要返工补充。

3、鼓励学生多积累。教师平时应多给学生表扬，多给他们展示的机会，给他们露脸的机会，将他们的观察笔记，读书笔记当范文，读给同学听或修改张贴在学习园地里，学生受到了鼓励，尝到了甜头，有了成就感，就更有积累的兴趣了。随着时间的推移，在教师的引导，鼓励中，学生会渐渐养成积累的习惯，他们构建习作的材料会越来越丰富，哪一天遇到机会，文思自然就会不断涌向笔尖。

二、随机引导，进行段的训练

新课标指出，习作起始重在培养学生的兴趣和自信。让学生尝试着通过写段，让他们尝试到成功体验，是小学作文教学的第一步。

我在二年级阶段，就有意识地利用时机对学生进行引导，让他们进行多种多样的段的训练。如我班在二年级下学期时，当时天气刚好处于夏季雷雨季节，同学们时常在上课期间遇到电闪雷鸣，随即瓢泼大雨跟着下来的情况。在那种昏天暗地的情况下，孩子们已经无法集中精力听课了。借此机会，我干脆停下来，让孩子们留心倾听外面的各种声音，让他们起身到窗边细心观察下大雨时天空，小树，草地，路上的行人，地上的水……分别有什么特点;接着，我又引导他们思考：夏季的雨和其季节的雨有什么不同吗?通过听，看，想，议，记，孩子们对夏季的雷雨的特点有了比较深刻的印象。我让同学们把手中现有的材料整理一下，让他们以“雷雨”为题进行写话练习，同学们用自己稚嫩的手笔写出了自己真实的感受，有的这样写道：“大雨是个魔术师，他先拿出一大块黑布把天空蒙住了，让世界变得一片黑暗，接着他就从口袋里变出好多好多水，把水整桶整桶使劲往下倒。”有的这样描述：“下大雨了，天好暗，雷公不知道为什么非常生气，他把自己手中的大鼓敲得咚咚响，电母一见，也生气了，她也拿出大金锣拼命地敲，两种声音太大了，把我的耳朵震得嗡嗡直响，太可怕了。”也有的同学这样写道：“雨好大呀，那么大的雨点砸到地面上，地上的水越来越多，操场上积满了水，雨点落到水面上吹起了一个个大大小小的水泡，多像小鱼藏在水底吹泡泡呀，下雨真有趣!”在抓住了这么生动的教具进行现场教学，同学写得很生动，很具体，他们得到老师的肯定。由于有了老师的现场点评和鼓励，许多平时怕写作文的同学品尝到了写作成功的愉快，他们从此对观察周围的事物，对于写片段有了浓厚的兴趣。

三、细致观察，丰富写作素材

“巧妇难为无米之炊”，写什么，怎样写，是我们许多小学生写作时深感头疼的问题。三年级学生在写作时，通常是只有三言两语，无法对所要描写的事件进行细致的描述。对于三年级的小学生来说，只有亲身去接触事物，仔细地观察事物，才能获得真实、深刻、细致的第一手资料，写作时才有话可写，写出的文章也比较真实具体。

如在三年级上册中有“笔下生花”一栏中让学生自我介绍，许多学生在作自我介绍时，大部分学生笔下的自己都是一个模子“大大的眼睛，塌塌的鼻子，个子不高也不矮，身子不胖也不瘦，爱学习，爱劳动。”之所以出现这种情况，我想都是因为三年级的学生不善于观察。为此，我特地让同学们展开一次观察比赛，让他们根据老师的提示去细致观察，展开调查，如：自己的长相与别人最大的不同是什么，平时自己言谈举止有什么特点，别人眼中的自己又有哪些性格特点，优缺点，自己的喜好，理想又是什么等等。在老师的提示下，每个学生利用时间充分观察，准备相应的材料，并一一整理出来，他们写出来的语段效果明显提高了，平时很粗心的李昭同学这样写道：“……我有一个小习惯——爱舔嘴唇，平时一紧张或一高兴就老是不由自主地舔嘴唇。同学们都让我改掉这个坏习惯，我想我得时刻提醒自己别再这样了……”一遇到作文就头疼的王明同学这样描述：“……我平时爱看课外书，有时我被书中精彩的故事吸引，连上课了都不知道，结果被老师发现了，老师都站到我面前了，我还不知道，同学们都哄堂大笑。从此，我再也不敢在课堂上看书了。……”这次写作练习学生通过自己的努力，收获不少，他们的习作也收到了意想不到的效果。

事实证明，在三年级这个作文的过渡阶段，教师可以解除学生对作文的神秘感，按一定的方法去引导去训练，激发学生的兴趣，帮助学生树下写作的信心，耐心地引导他们走上提高写作水平的科学途径。

让学生描写的真实题材实在是太多了，只要老师善于发现，及时引导，学生都会写出真实感人的好文章来。总之，教师应采取各种不同的方法，让我们交给学生一枝“智慧”笔，去描绘美好的人生。

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ 。Some people suggest that ____。

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。bbs.xschu.com

There is an old saying______。 Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

xschu.com

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today， ____， which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First， ____ Second，____。 What makes things worse is that______。

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。bbs.xschu.com

Nowadays，it is common to ______。 Many people like ______ because ______。 Besides，______。

xschu.com

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.www.xschu.com

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……bbs.xschu.com

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______。To them，_____。

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7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.www.xschu.com

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。bbs.xschu.com

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

xschu.com

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.www.xschu.com

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?bbs.xschu.com

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar

以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，考生应根据写作的要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)，应该注意描写先后顺序以及记事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。

以与景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与物的情感交融。

记叙文写作要点如下：

1、明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想，段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。

2、 一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以下六个问题，即：when该事发生的时间， where该事发生的地点，who人物角色是谁，what发生的是什么事，why该事发生的原因，以及how事件的结果是如何造成的等等。

3、一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。

4、写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法，但初学者最好采用“顺叙”的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的先后为序

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

【导语】英语写作是中考中检测学生语言应用能力的最重要部分。提高中考写作水平，需要有效的训练。下面关于英语作文的写作方法，一起来阅读下文吧!

学生写作时，如果语句平平，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，那么，这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行，就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样，让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望，呆板、单调，没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度，同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章，突出这篇文章的彩头，使文章增添文采，给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句：

1. 画龙点睛，一篇文章的开头很重要。

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头，这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

人类因梦想而伟大，人生因拼搏而精彩。梦想引领人生，拼搏创造传奇!下面是语文迷小编整理的关于梦想的英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

the important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. (johan wolfgang von goethe, german poet and dramatist)

人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德. j. m.)

the man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds. (mark twain, american writer)

具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克·吐温)

the only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today. (franklin roosevelt, american president)

实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。(美国总统 罗斯福. f.)

when an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory. (abraham lincoln, american statesman)

如果一个目的是正当而必须做的,则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. a.)

ideal is the beacon. without ideal, there is no secure direction; without direction, there is no life.( leo tolstoy, russian writer)

理想是指路明灯。没有理想,就没有坚定的方向;没有方向,就没有生活。(俄国作家 托尔斯泰. l.)

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )

冬天来了,春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

if you doubt yourself, then indeed you stand on shaky ground. (ibsen, norwegian dramatist )

如果你怀疑自己,那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)

if you would go up high, then use your own legs ! do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads. (f. w. nietzsche, german philosopher)

如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. f. w.)

it is at our mothers knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest, but there is seldom any money in them. ( mark twain, american writer )

就是在我们母亲的膝上,我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想,但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克·吐温)

living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. (alexander dumas, davy de la pailleterie, french writer)

生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. a.)

the ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness, beauty and truth.(albert einstein, american scientist)

有些理想曾为我们引过道路,并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生,那些理想就是--真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. a.)

the dream is not a dream, the difference between the two usually have a very worth pondering the distance.梦想绝不是梦，两者之间的差别通常都有一段非常值得人们深思的距离。

“two gates there are for dreams," said penelope to odysseus after his ten years’ wandering had ended. "one made for horn and one of for ivory. the dreams that pass through the carved ivory delude and bring us tales that turn to naught;those that can come through polished horn accomplish real things whenever seen."“梦想有两扇门，”在奥德修斯结束了十年的漂泊后，潘尼洛对他说，“一扇是号角制成，一扇是象牙制成。通过精雕细缕的象牙门得梦想不过是一场会归于无的海市蜃楼的童话;而那些通过磨砺的号角门的梦想才会成为真实，为人所见。”

who has the material to survive, people have a dream only talk about life. you have to understand life and life different animal survival, while others life.人有了物质才能生存，人有了梦想才谈得上生活。你要了解生存与生活的不同吗?动物生存，而人则生活。

the dream was always running ahead of me. to catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.梦想总是跑在我前面，追寻它们，乃至仅有一瞬间的与梦想合而为一，也都是动人的生命奇迹。

a person rich money is not certain, but if the man is not a dream, the poor people.一个人有钱没钱不一定，但如果这个人没有了梦想，这个人穷定了。

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )冬天来了，春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

dont part with your illusions. when they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. (mark twain, american writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。((美国作家 马克·吐温)

to accomplish great things, in addition to dream, must act.要想成就伟业，除了梦想，必须行动。

when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you finish it.当你真心渴望一件东西的时候，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成它。

everything is now for the future of dream weaving wings, soar to great heights to dream in reality.现在的一切都是为将来的梦想编织翅膀，让梦想在现实中展翅高飞。

11、human nature is the most pathetic: we always dream of the horizon of a wonderful rose garden, not to enjoy today in our window open rose.人性最可怜的就是：我们总是梦想着天边的一座奇妙的玫瑰园，而不去欣赏今天就开在我们窗口的玫瑰。

faith consists in believing when it is beyond the power of reason to believe. it is not enough that a thing be possible for it to be believed.当还缺乏产生信仰的足够理由时，要用信念去包涵。模棱两可不足以支持一个信仰。(伏尔泰)

the dream is the other shore, the reality is that on this side, action is the bridge connecting.梦想是彼岸，现实是此岸，行动是那座连接的桥。

a heart will not be hurt for pursuing a dream, when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you complete the.没有一颗心会因为追求梦想而受伤，当你真心想要某样东西时，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成。

dreams don’t abandon a painstaking pursuit of the people, as long as you never stop pursuing, you will bathe in the brilliance of the dream.梦想不抛弃苦心追求的人，只要不停止追求，你们会沐浴在梦想的光辉之中。

一、引出开头

1. It is well-known to us that…(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned...就我所知……)

2.Recently the problem of… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over …(最近……问题引起了关注)

3.Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)

4.Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)

5.With the rapid development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…(随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……)

6.It is a common belief that…==It is commonly believed that…(人们一般认为……)

7.A lot of people seem to think that…(很多人似乎认为……)

8.It is universally acknowledged that +句子(全世界都知道……)

二、表达不同观点

1.Peoples views on…vary from person to person. Some hold that…However, others believe that…(人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)

2.People may have different opinions on…(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)

3.Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)

4：There are different opinions among people as to…(对于……人们的观点大不相同)

三、表示结尾

1.In short, it can be said that…(总之，他的意思是……)

2.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that…(从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……)

3.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that…(把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……)

4.Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that…(因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……)

5：There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点)

6.All in all, we cannot live without…, but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)

四、提出建议

1.It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)

2.There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…(毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视)

3.Obviously, if we want to do something … it is essential that…(显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……)

4.Only in this way can we …(只有这样，我们才能……)

5.Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

五、预示后果

1.Obviously, if we dont control the problem, the chances are that…will lead us in danger.(很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险)

2.No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that …(毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……)

3.It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)

六、表示论证

1.From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)

2.I cannot entirely agree with the idea that…(我无法完全同意这一观点)

3.As far as I am concerned/In my opinion, ...(就我来说……)

4.I sincerely believe that…==I am greatly convinced (that)子句。(我真诚地相信……)

5.Finally， to speak frankly， there is also a more practical reason why …(最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……)

七、给出原因

1.The reason why + 句子 ...is that + 句子(……的原因是……)

2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First, ... , Second, ... ,Third, ... . 这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…

3.For one thing, ... For another thing, ... ==On the one hand, ... On the other hand…一方面……另一方面……

4.I quite agree with the statement that…The reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述，即……其主要原因如下。

八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法

1.The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……

2.As far as something is concerned,…就某事而言，……

3.It is obvious that…很显然……

4.It may be true that…but it doesnt mean that…可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……

5.It is natural to believe that…but we shouldnt ignore that…认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……

6.There is no evidence to suggest that…没有证据表明……

九、表示好处和坏处

1.It has the following advantages.它有如下优势

2.It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处

3It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处

十、表示重要、方便、可能

1.It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……

2.It plays an important role in our life.

十一、采取措施

1.We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施

2.We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难

3.We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……

4.We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难。

十二、显示变化

1.Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2.Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3.It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从……增加/减少到……

4.The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%

十三、表明事实现状

1.We cannot ignore the fact that…我们不能忽略这个事实……

2.No one can deny the fact that…没人能否认这个事实……

3.This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 4：be closely related to ~~ (与……息息相关)

十四、进行比较

1.Compared with A, B……与A比较，B…

2.I prefer to read rather than watch TV.

十五、常用英语谚语

1.Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩

2.All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子

3.All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马

4.A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半

5.Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊

6.A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里

7.Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母

8.Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母

9.It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老

10.Knowledge is power.知识就是力量

11.Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人

There are manyFestivals in China. Among them, I like theSpringFestival

most. Not only because it’s the biggest festival in the year, but also because

it’s a new beginning that brings hope to people and it’s time for family

gathering. Before the festival, people come home no matter where they are.

Usually, we have a big dinner on the New Year’s Eve. And then families sit

together and share their lives or planes. Some will play games or hang out to

have some fun. On the New Year’s Day, people get up early and say good words to

anyone they meet. Children can get lucky money from relatives. In the following

days, we will visit relative’s home and bring New Year’s wishes to them. In

short, it’s a time for family gathering and all of us enjoy it.

写作是—种复杂的思维活动，在高考作文写作的过程中，谋篇布局、文字功夫固然很重要，但形成文字之前的思维技巧更为重要。

作文思维是一个多元的、立体的、复杂的思维过程。常用的思维方法有顺向思维和逆向思维、发散思维和收敛思维、纵向思维和横向思维、线性思维和非线性思维、对称思维和非对称思维、静态思维和动态思维等。这些思维方法贯穿于写作的全过程，我们应当研究思维技法，努力将这些思维方法灵活地运用于作文中，使思路活跃，文思泉涌。

下面，我们择要介绍一些思维技巧。

一、顺向思维

顺向思维是一种从人类已有的成果出发，以人类已有的成果为思维原点，又创造性地推动着人类已有成果向前发展的思维方法。具体的表现形式有三种：一是创造性地运用人类已有的成果；二是对人类已有成果进行创造性的完善三是创造性地深化人类已有的成果。

作为写作中的顺向思维，是指在写作思考的过程中，思维循着命题者的意图、指向去思考。在写作过程中，循着命题者的指向思考，并从正面考虑问题的答案，这样有利于培养思维的求同性。你也可以有所创新，但必须在原材料思维前进的方向上发展创新。

二、逆向思维 逆向思维也叫反向思维法、反弹琵琶法。所谓逆向思维，就是对某一问题抛开它所提供的条件和思路导向；换一个角度向其反面去思考，以获得与原材料截然不同的意义，得出不同凡俗、富有创意的思维结果。

三、求异思维 人们往往习惯于认识事物的某一面，而忽略了与之相反的另一面，因此，这就留给了人们思考的另一空间。运用求异思维的方式，打破从来如此的思维定势，独辟蹊径，反其道而思之，往往有新颖独到的发现，进而写出好的文章.

四、原点思维 原点思维是指以某一原有事物为原点，围绕其所进行的继承借鉴、发扬深化、寻找原因和解决问题的一种思维方式。有人说。原点思维就是从思维的原出发点考虑问题。

五、发散思维 发散思维又称辐射思维放射思维多向思维扩散思维，它是从多种角度去思考探索问题，寻找多样性解决问题的思维方式。发散思维的特点是：充分发挥人的想象力，突破原有的知识因，从一点向四面八方想开去，井通过知识、观念的重新组合，寻找更新更多的设想、答案或方法。发散思维是一种多方面、多角度、多层次的思维方法，具有大胆独创、不受现有知识和传统观念局限和束缚的特性，因此很有可能从已知导向未知，获得创造结果。

六、辨证思维 辩证思维是指用全面、发展、变化的眼光看待事物，透过大量繁复庞杂的现象认清事物本质的思维方法，实际上就是以辩证法为其观念基础的思维认识方法。

[高中语文作文创新写作技巧指导

一、剪贴、收集“人物故事与时评”。

那么，应该收集一些什么人物故事与时事热点呢?我们在指导学生剪贴、收集“人物故事与时评”时主要依据以下几个标准：

(一)、接近学生的水平。

例如，针对我校学生文明礼仪不尽如人意的现象，我们就指导学生收集关于“文化、文明”方面的人物故事与时评。因为与学生的水平接近，又贴近他们的生活，所以学生就有兴趣去收集，无形中也可以提升学生的文明素养。

“文化”专题：《阅读睿智人生，学习孕育创新》、《秦琼战关公的“现代版”》。

“文明”专题：《“不文明”是后发国家的必经阶段》、《中国游人，你丑陋吗?》。

(二)、内容侧重思想道德建设和人生观。

近几年的高考作文很多都是围绕“人生观、道德”这些方面来设题的。因此如果学生能积累关于这方面的素材，写起作文来，就能更得心应手。其次“作文就如做人，知文能见其人，知人能解其文。”这虽是老生常谈，却是必须记取的至理箴言。

例如：“回报、感恩”专题：《为富当学霍英东》、《社会需要英雄和感恩的心》、《愿微笑挂在每个人的脸上》等。

“精神的力量”专题：《说不尽的长征》、《清华一学生弃学失踪》、《中国骄傲》。

(三)、大问题简单化。

时事热点的内容很多，有的范围还很大，要学生都收集、积累，那是不可能的。所以老师就要指导学生把大问题简单化，尽量贴近学生的生活。

例如：最近的热门话题“和谐社会”，这是学生应该关注的热点。但是“和谐社会”的范围太大了，有政治方面的，有政策方面的等等。我们主要指导学生收集关于“人际交往、协调”等方面的内容。

“人际交往、协调”专题：《学会妥协：追求有限的、次好的目标》、《和谐社会：“共赢”》、《教育公平：和谐社会基础工程》、《“软实力”比拼需要更多茉莉花》等。

又例如，“教育”这个热门话题，我们就主要指导学生收集“家庭教育”和“危机教育”这两个方面的素材。

“家庭教育”专题：《贫困下岗女工母子先后考上大学》、《我们是否还有寻找回来的世界》等。

“危机教育”专题：《从“与狼共舞”到长大成“狼等。

(以上的文章来自《广州日报》、《南方日报》和《中国青年报》等等)。

二、用“时评”来进行作文训练。

(一)、利用“时评”进行审题训练

许多学生在写作文时，读不懂甚至读不完材料就急着动笔。在这种情况下，要想作文拿高分是不可能的。所以，学生一定要牢记“磨刀不误砍柴功”的道理，“审题”就是磨刀，是“砍柴”的基础。只有在读懂读完材料的基础上再动笔才能达到事半功倍。

为了让学生养成这种写作前审题的习惯，我们就充分利用收集来的“时评”，要求学生在收集时评后，认真阅读，并对时评进行多角度的思考。

例如：“回报、感恩”专题，学生阅读了《为富当学霍英东》、《社会需要英雄和感恩的心》、《愿微笑挂在每个人的脸上》等几篇文章后，从不同的角度思考材料，得出以下几种观点：

1、受人恩惠，应该常怀感激之情。感恩，要上升为对公民的普遍要求。

2、感恩是私德，行善不图报是美德，没必要将感恩上升为对公民的普遍要求。

3、怀感恩的心，行报恩之举，早已是社会公德，已经是公民的行为准则。

(二)、利用“时评”来设计命意角度

材料作文同话题作文的区别是：材料作文不提供话题，写作前必须对所提供的材料综合分析，概括出材料的主旨，然后将其转换为写作的话题;而话题作文的材料往往只是引子，起铺垫、引出话题的作用，虽然也有些话题作文的材料对话题起限定作用，但话题一定是明确的。因此，材料作文需要更多地进行阅读、思考、分析。在弄清材料之间关系的基础上，归纳出话题(主旨)。

我们备课组设计“人物故事与时评”专题的目的也正在于此。希望借着对时事热点的收集，一方面可以帮助学生从大方向把握作文的备考，另一方面也可以让学生学会从不同的角度理解材料。

例如：回报、感恩专题，我们与学生一起设计了以下的命意角度。

1、阅读下面的文字,按要求作文

二十多年的经济增长，让中国涌现了一大批富人，于是富人的财富就成了一个社会问题。很多人关心富人的钱是怎么来的，还有些人则关心富人的钱该怎么花出去——有人说获得财富的人都应当回报社会，富人有回报社会的责任;也有人说，富人虽然都有数以亿元计的财富，但财富并不是与生俱来，该怎么花有自己的自由。

要求全面理解材料,但可以选择一个侧面,一个角度构思作文。自主确定立意,确定文体,确定标题;不要脱离材料内容及其含意作文,不要套作,不得抄袭。

2、阅读下面的材料,写一篇议论文。

国庆期间，由歌手晏菲、孙楠等人发起，蒋大为、冯小刚等明星共同参与的“明星一起来扶贫”活动取得了很好的效果。然而在这次活动中，由于某位明星拒绝加入，引起了人们很多的议论。

(1)网友IP：21021224

许多明星只是索取，没有对社会进行回报，他们不配做明星。

(2)网友IP：已隐藏

明星的钱又不是天上掉下来的。难道有钱就要像泼水一样往外倒才是有道德的吗?(3)网友IP：已隐藏

我看不用指责XXX，这是中国有钱人的通病。

请你就以上材料，写一篇700字以上的文章，发表你的看法。

(三)、利用“时评”来训练行文格式。

“材料命意作文”的写作要求中有一点“不要脱离材料内容及其含意作文”。以我们这种E类学校学生的水平，怎样才能保证“不脱离材料内容及其含意作文”呢?

我们认为比较保险的方法是要求学生在文章开头部分“引材料”，这样既可以避免“脱离材料内容及其含意作文”，还能使文章的议论有了基础，可以有的放矢，起议更自然。

所以收集了“时评”后，我们都会针对时评内容就其中的一个角度来训练学生掌握这种行文格式。如：“回报、感恩”专题，学生针对《为富当学霍英东》这篇时评写的一篇文章的开头部分。

“在这个萧瑟的晚秋，香港著名爱国实业家、全国政协副主席霍英东先生病逝。霍先生的离世无疑能够给我们的社会一次启迪的机会——对大陆富豪财富精神的启迪。希望有更多的大陆富豪能够借这个机会，多多了解霍先生的内心世界，而不只是仰慕霍先生的财富和其经商致富之术。(概述材料)

我们应当借悼念霍英东先生之机发起一场“财富文化运动”，让更多的富豪们受到陶冶，提升境界，引导他们真正明了财富的意义，懂得财富的责任，悟透“在巨富中死去是一种耻辱”的道理，学会善待财富，学会“达则兼济天下”，至少不使巨量财富成为一种不良的示范。若能如此，家国当可更快兴旺，和谐当可尽速到达。”(提出观点)

(四)、利用“时评”来进行片段作文的升格训练。

学生写作文，常有“无米”之感，写出来的文章空洞无物。针对此现象在平时的写作中我们就要求学生利用“时评”来进行片段作文的升格训练。写作中倘若“无米”，勿忘“粮库”两座——“人物故事与时评”(另一座是课文的素材)。学生利用积累的“时评”作为素材，掌握一定的分析方法，实战演练，升格作文，效果明显。

我们利用《故事与时评》作如下几个方面的片断作文训练：

(1)、概括训练。如整合一些事件和数据。

(2)、充实训练。如为堂上作文补充材料。

(3)、表达训练。如扩展仿句等。

(4)、升格训练。

(5)、分析训练。如假设分析，因果分析等。(课例展示)

(6)、借题训练。如借高考作文试题作训练。

(7)、短评训练。如新闻短评。

原文段：的确，我们的社会需要我们的回报。其实，“回报”，就如诚实守信一样，应该是做人的一条最基本的标准!应该是可以上升为对公民的普遍要求的。这样，社会才会更和谐。回报是社会和谐的黏合剂，和谐社会需要每个人的回报，如果人人都有一颗回报的心，那么，社会就会更美好。(只有论述，欠缺实例的分析)

升格文段：的确，我们的社会需要我们的回报。穷则独善其身，“富”则达济天下，霍英东先生用行动为“回报”这个词做了最好的诠释。他是全港捐献最多的慈善家，他捐出的善款超过150亿元。他并不认为财富与生俱来，也不认为财富是专供富人挥霍享受的阿堵物，而是认为富人有回报社会的责任。在今天，社会主义市场经济已经造就了一批率先致富者，富了不忘回报社会应当成为先富者的共识，也是我们每一个人的责任。如果人人都有一颗回报的心，那么，社会就会更美好。(利用了时评《为富当学霍英东》的素材，升格后文章内容更丰富、条理更清晰。)

[结束语]：

总之，不管高考作文板块的命题走向如何变化，要求如何变化，都不会改变考查学生写作能力的内核，因此，作文训练的过程始终要遵循写作的规律。我们提出的“着眼全篇，着手片段”，通过“故事与时评”来进行片段作文的做法，还只是初步的探讨，但相信只要持之以恒，学生的作文一定能收到事半功倍的效果。同时我们也希望老师们能给予我们更多的建议、指导。

内容：

美国《新闻周刊》最新报道，根据美国、加拿大、英国等国家的网民投票，评选出进入21世纪以来世界最具影响力的12大文化国家，居前两位的是美国和中国。代表美国文化的符号有华尔街、好莱坞、麦当劳、NBA、哈佛大学、感恩节、自由女神像，代表中国文化的符号有汉语、长城、孔子、唐帝国、丝绸、京剧、功夫。

请在全面理解材料的基础上，自选角度，自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的文章。除诗歌外，文体不限。

时评材料：

选取生活中的某种现象，某件事情客观地呈现在你的面前。一般少有情感倾向，多角度呈发散状(特点)，以此作为评论对象(作用)，独立思考，发表自己的观点和见解。一般是由果及因，因事见理(写法)。不脱离材料内容(要求)。

立意---认识水平：

1、美国：文化影响力为何排第一?

①多元文化强国----国力是根本

②经济强势带来文化强势---国力是根本

2、中国：文化影响力为何榜上有名?

①文化本身：经典文化魅力永存--- 向世界展现我们的文化魅力

②经济发展：中国文化正在走向世界---传承文化，传递文化

3、中国美国文化特点比较反思

①排前两位：现代与传统文化兼容并包。

②褒中抑美：文化更需深沉;文化回归，而不是下海

③扬美抑中：让文化与时代同行;文化的延续在于创新

提示：归因或反思，均要结合结果和“符号”进行分析。

美文欣赏

千年寂寞

一个是四大文明古国之一，千百年前的中国人宽袖缓袍，深谙儒学礼数，唇边是文雅的微笑;一个是当今世界走在最前沿的国家，千百年后高举自由的火种点亮尖端与新潮。

今日，当这两个国家相逢于12大文化国家的榜单，我似乎看到那儒雅书生的微笑中竟多了几分苦涩。

也许是根植得太深，沉淀的太厚，可千年后中国的代言仍是一身已泛了黄的长袍，丝绸的水袖甩不过时光的长河，仿佛中国的光辉只能定格在那个早已远去的时代。未免太过寂寞。

喧嚣却从大洋的另一岸传来，金融、影视、餐饮、运动、教育……无不独占鳌头。其影响力席卷全球，在当代社会中扮演着领军的角色，一呼百应。最新、最先进、最权威，这些词汇往往是美国的声音。正如他们的文化符号一样，美国的手指着世界的方向，他们无疑是现代社会的代名词。

站在太平洋的西岸向东眺望，就像是站在历史的坐标上眺望远方。千年过去，原来我们在他人眼中仍站在原地，四顾无人，只有空空的寂寞。

太寂寞了，我们的文化。我们以为新时代早已为我们漆上了崭新的色彩，我们以为用摩天楼推到四合院就是社会变革，我们以为用滚滚黑烟熏散农田炊烟就是工业化，我们以为用靡靡之音驱逐牙板长歌就是时尚潮流。但我们错了，我们失去了文物古迹，失去了晴明蓝天，失去了京腔韵味，却没有换来别人眼中的新身影。而我们取得的种种辉煌成就，却仍不及外国人心中神圣的大唐帝国。一方面，我们的新文化确实未到世界前列的水平;另一方面，我们对新文化的宣传远远赶不上世界旋转的步伐。

历史固然不应丢弃，却也不能捧着历史吃老本。作为一种宝贵的文化资源，我们更应该充分地传承并利用它，让千年的积淀成为新文化成长的土壤，古为今用，使其不失价值。只有当我们真正以一个与时俱进的大国的身份，在榜单上写下“中国”二字时，才能化解中国古典文化千年的寂寞.

一、了解高分作文的特点

要想作文获得高分，必须了解高分作文具有的特点，才有助于我们朝之而努力。高分作文一般具有以下特点：

1、书写工整，书面整洁，很少有涂改痕迹。

2、分段合理。全文分段一般不止一个自然段，让阅卷老师很容易就能找到作文所要求写的要点和重要句子。

3、要点齐全，不缺要点。

4、首尾呼应，自然成一体。

5、使用了大量的高级词汇和句型。阅卷老师一看就知道这个同学的功底非不一般，自然就给打高分了。

6、开头言简意赅，不啰嗦，不偏题，迅速引入主题。

7、段与段之间，自然过渡。有合适的连接词。

8、句与句之间，有恰当的连接词，使之自然成一体。

9、全文中同一个意思，基本没有重复使用某一个词、短语或者句型等，说明这个同学的词汇量不同寻常。老师自然就对该作文有好感了。

10、能够恰当使用谚语、格言等给文章添彩。

二、勤积累，巧准备

要想作文得高分，除了了解以上的特点外，还要在平时的学习中注意一下方面：

1、牢记课标词汇是基础

一篇作文多数是由积极词汇写出来的，这些词汇主要来源于课标。因此，牢记课标词汇是写好作文的基础。

2、掌握课标词汇和短语的用法

要想作文不扣分或者少扣分，有个要求是作文的语病少。怎么能够减少语病呢?这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中反复通过练习，掌握课标词汇和短语等的用法。例如，对于assoonas、stopsomebodyfromdoingsomething、other、another等的用法很多学生就经常出错。

3、高度重视同一个意思的多种表达方式

高分作文有个特点是：让老师发现你拥有丰富的词汇量，你的水平高人一筹。这由何而来?靠我们在平时学习过程中，逐步积累起来的。比如：今年的中考作文，谈的就是帮助他人的问题。同一个意思“帮助”，假如你就用一个动词“help”，岂不显得你词汇贫乏?假如你在作文中不断地变换方式，用help、givesomebodyahand、giveahandtosomebody、beinneedof等以表达“帮助”同一个意思，岂不更好呢?

像这样的例子很多，比如：大家都觉得很简单又很基础的“表示姓名的方式”就有：MynameisJim.I’mJim.I’mcalled/namedJim.I’maboycalled/named/withthenameofJim.等等。

表达年龄的方式有：Sheis12.Sheis12yearsold.Sheisaged12.Sheisagirlof12(yearsold)。Sheisagirlaged12.等等。

很显然，使用高级一点的更好。

4、加强练习，积累经验

学习语言最好的方法是运用，作文也不例外。我们要想作文得高分，必须经常练习，才能提高水平。

5、充分利用作文范文

很多资料书上都有作文范文。诚然，他们有很多值得借鉴的地方。

我们怎么利用它们呢?首先，我们先不要看文章，自己先思考一下：假如你来写，你会怎么去写，会用到哪些词或者句子等。然后去比较，勾出其中的好词佳句，并且把它摘录在专门的作文册子上。供写作时选用。

另外，背一些范文也是很有必要的。

6、背诵一些谚语和警句

作文中如果出现恰当的谚语和警句，会有锦上添花的效果。

三、精心审题，沉着写初稿

很多同学看到作文后，下笔就写。这是不对的。一则很容易写偏题、写出病句，涂改后书面又不整洁，影响得分。

其实，会写作文的同学都知道，审题非常的重要，可以防止很多毛病，提高得分。那么我们审题要做些什么呢?

审题主要要做一下事情：

1、审人称、时态、体裁等

审题时，要求我们要弄清楚这篇文章主要使用的人称是第几人称，什么时态、什么体裁。这些问题解决后至少不会犯很严重的错误：全文皆错。例如，如果一篇文章，本来应该一般过去时，你的每句话却用了一般现在时态。你想想，那还能得高分吗?

2、明确必须表达的要点

高分作文有个特点是要点齐全。如果漏掉一个要点，则要扣分。因此我们必须认真细读其要求，把必须表达的要点勾出来。保证不漏掉任何一个要点。

3、罗列出可能会用到的短语、句型，确定好使用哪个?

4、确定好如何分段

导语：听说读写是构成英语语言交际能力的重要组成部分，其中要求较高的是“写”的能力。下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

一、学生写作过程中出现的现状

1.词汇量太少

词汇是英语写作必不可少的基本要素，要写好一篇作文以表达自己的思想，必须以足够的词汇量为基础，但实际上大多数学生掌握的词汇量都达不到规定的要求，因而在写作时也就不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想。出现的问题往往有拼写错误，影响理解;词语误用，表达不准确;某一词语反复使用，语言表达缺乏变式，文章显得单调乏味;文章中出现大量“造词”，让人看了啼笑皆非等。

语法规则和句型句式是英语写作涉及的另一基本要素。学生英语写作中出现的“大错”又多半是由语法错误引起的，学生在写作中语法不规范、句子结构混乱、含义不清等情况屡见不鲜，Chinese English现象更是不乏其中，所以词汇量和语法问题是中学生英语写作时首先要解决的问题。

2.词汇错误较多

学生在写作的时候，中式英语Chinglish ：如There are many people would like to go on a vacation. I by bike to school every day. 2、词汇错误：错别字、近义词混淆、词性误用3、词组、句型使用不正确，缺乏重点句型的使用：如I spent one hour to read the book yesterday. 4、时态、语态、人称把握不正确(审题不正确)。思维模式总是先汉语，后转化为英语，可能他想到了句子该怎样写，句型也知道的，但却有个别单词不会。如：“对我来说学英语是困难的”这个句子可能他想到了，句子结构“it is+adj for sb to do sth”也知道，但里面的形容词difficult不会写，导致句子表达含糊，以至于整篇文章错词百出，面目全非。

3.写出的长句达不到表达效果

一般的英语应试作文，总会给出汉语提示，学生写作也是从提示上入手，有的提示意思较长，所以学生写的时候会直接翻译，但对太长的句子又没有驾驭的能力，导致整个句子错误。

4.听力较弱影响写作能力

我们所面临的是一群农村学生，他们没有特别好的条件练习听力，每次的练习时间仅仅是每节英语课上，听听力的时间是在太少。有位作家说过：“不写没有读过的语言，不读没有说

的语言，不说没有听过的语言”。很明显，通过听的渠道获得语言信息及语言感受在英语学习中基础的基础。听不来也就写不上。

5.单词书写不规范，卷面书写较乱

对于大多数学生来说，格式、大小写、标点，书写不规范：句首字母大写不注意，使用从句时不会使用标点、大小写等)。如：After he went back home. He cooked supper.，考试时把单词写整齐的很少，学生普遍认为只要把单词写正确就可以得分，虽然觉得自己写的作文还可以，但卷子发下之后却没有得到期望的分数，而有的同学写作能力较差但书写整齐，写作得分也不是很低。

二、提高写作的方法

1.词汇的积累

初中学生在阅读理方面最大的障碍就是词汇量的缺乏，而扩大词汇量绝非死记硬背就能做到。最有效的方法就是大量接触各种不同体裁的英语文章，利用“在句中记，在文中记”的方法来积累词汇。因此我们指导学生依据英语报刊的特点，按栏目、话题、题材、体裁归类收集常用词，将出现频率较高的常用词汇积累到单词本子上，查字典写例句，初步学会这些单词的运用，放在身边，利用零散时间反复记忆，加强印象。

同时拟定时以单选、完型、阅读等形式考察学生对这些单词的掌握情况，通过测试和竞赛的方式进一步激发大家学习词汇的热情。不过，由于课程的时间安排问题，测试的工作开展较少，这也是实验工作中的一个不足。

2.熟练记住单词

( 1.) 巩固单词拼写，培养组句能力。 词汇匮乏是妨碍英语写作的最大障碍之一，有话想说，无词可写是大部分学生的苦恼。因此，我要求学生坚持每天听写、默写、循环记忆单词，掌握巩固词汇。还要求学生给出与单词有关的同义、近义、反义和词形相似的词，使词汇量得到最大限度的复现。如：反义词appear/disappear, crowded/uncrowded, polite/impolite/rude. 词形相似的词except/expect, chance/change/challenge. 还以某一词为中心，写出该词的不同形式或词性，组成典型的句型，从而不断丰富词汇和句型。如拼写单词die 时，不但要写出其过去式过去分词died，而且要写出其他词性(death, dead, dying), 再分别组句，如：The old man died two years ago. He has been dead for two years. His death made his dog very sad. It is dying.又如写到易混淆的词pay, spend, cost, take 时，可以多种方式表达句意。He paid 20 yuan for the book. He spent 20 yuan on the book. He spent 20 yuan buying the book. The book cost him 20 yuan. It takes him 20 minutes to read the book every day.等等。这样,通过大量的词汇练习不仅仅能有效地积累词汇，还为组句打下了基础，同时还能训练学生的发散性思维和总结、归纳、比较的能力，为学生正确使用词句奠定了良好的基础。以上这些机械操练虽然枯燥，但很有必要，它是能力培养的基础。在词句落实的基础上，可向学生提出稍高的要求，如写出高质量的句子： What a happy family I have ! (I have a happy family.) The story is so interesting that everyone likes it.( The story is very interesting. Everyone likes it. ) He didn’t come to school, because he was ill. (He was ill. He didn’t come to school.) I am good at not only English but also math.(I am good at English and I am good at math ，too. )( 2、) 阅读背诵精彩段落，围绕单元话题设计书面表达。 阅读是写作的 熟练记住每一话题的单词。熟记单词后让他们能够熟练的运用，能够把重点单词用来造句。然后熟记词组，特别是能够熟练的运用词组，能够用词组熟练造句。用词组和单词连成简单句，只要学生将句子表达清楚，语意连贯，就是一篇好的英语文章。

3.熟练使用简单句

简单句对学生来说相对好掌握些，可以要求学生们能够熟练划分主语、谓语、宾语。 正确掌握并列连词andbutor等词。在写作中要求学生不能随意发挥，也不能逐字逐句的翻译所给的文章，要求学生能抓住题中所给的条件，只要考生能将题中所给的要点全部表达清楚，而没有遗漏，在写作中并且注意到语言的连贯，那么就是一篇很好的英语文章。

4.加强听力训练，促进写作

目前英语听力教材使用的具体做法是：事先提出每课生词，教师领读几遍。排除生词障碍后，第一遍学生主让学生在课后反复听课文内容，并逐字逐句写下。每周星期五布置，星期一用课堂时间，教师将该文念一、二遍，让学生听写，教师收上来查阅，加以评讲。通过这种训练，提高学生的听力水平和表达能力。

5.书写规范，促进写作

关于书写的卷面整洁与否，字体如何，是老生常谈话题。可是由于印象分数的一分半分之差，很可能影响一生。在此处丢分纯属不值得，这也是笔者把它放在第一位的原因。在教学过程中，应坚持要求学生书写规范，写好匀笔斜体行书，注意连写，以及文面美观。可以采用出专刊的形式，让全班同学都参加英语书法评比，从而激发学生练习英语书写的兴趣，养成良好的书写习惯。

综上所述，在英语写作中听、说、读、写应同步发展。写作是一种语言输出形式，只有语言输入大于语言输出，语言输出才有可能。英语写作训练作为英语综合能力训练之一，是与英语的听说读是不可分割的，它们是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体，必须注重听、说、读、写能力的同步发展。

比如笔者实施多年的“五分钟课前训练”：在上正课前五分钟里，要学生用英语讲述一个故事(积累素材);或者课前朗读一篇短小精悍的文章，让大家课后模仿;或者就大家平时关心的话题写一个发言稿或演讲稿进行课前发言;或者让学生自立主题，围绕自己喜欢的主题写一段话。这种课前训练取得了很好的效果。

美国作家舒伯特指出:“Reading is writing”，即：阅读能够促进写作，因为对学生而言,他们对生活的体验、对人生的认识大多是从书本上获得，从大量的阅读中获取的，阅读不仅能帮助学生积累思想,也能帮助他们积累语言素材。“You ought to read very carefully. Not only very carefully，but also aloud，and that again and again till you know the passage by heart and write it as if it were your own.” 这就清楚地说明了熟读成诵对写作是多么重要。所以要想写出好文章,就必须大量读书，它是写作的基础。

阅读对写作固然重要，但其它形式写作训练同样不可忽视，英语写作实践是英语写作理论转化为写作能力的“中介”。英语写作要突出实践，正如学习游泳一样，写作的能力是练出来的。课外练笔是课堂写作训练最有益的补充，因为课堂时间有限，仅靠课堂写作训练培养学生的写作能力是不够的。作文不是“学”出来的，而是“写”出来的。学生必须进行大量的写作练习才能掌握并且灵活运用各种写作技能，而且写作技能只有在不断写作的过程中才能逐步得到提高和完善。

此外,学生的英语语言意识和英语思维能力的培养也需要大量的练习。可见,课外练笔非常必要，应该给予重视。课外练笔的形式多种多样，可采用让学生写英语日记、写英语周记，教师也可有意识地给学生提供一些尽量贴近生活的时尚话题，如奥运会、环境保护等，让学生在课外习作。

总之，学生要提高写作能力应在教师有计划、有组织的引导下进行，开展多种形式的写作实践，努力扩大学生的生活面和知识面，以提高学生的写作能力。

下面是由语文迷为大家整理的英语写作百搭句子，赶紧学会吧。

1. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述)，主要理由如下：

I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.

2. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，

Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another, ______

3. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。

On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time, they say____.

4. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

______is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction.First，______.Whats more, _____.Most important of all,______.

5. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，像……。

However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its owndisadvantages, such as ______.

6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。

It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition,_____.All thesemeasures will certainly______.

7. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。

Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.

8. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。

There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______

9. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I dont think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___.

10. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……

Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.

脚步声声，敲打心灵，引发思考，激起遐想。

我们回望，曾经留下的深深浅浅的足迹;我们聆听，人在旅途前行的心声;我们期待，朝着未来的目标不断迈进……

请以“心灵的脚步”为题写一篇文章。

要求：(1)除诗歌外文体不限。(2)字数不少于600字。(3)文中不要出现真实的地名、校名、人名。

【审题】

1、审清提示语。

提示语由三句话组成：(1)我们回望，曾经留下的深深浅浅的足迹;(2)我们聆听，人在旅途前行的心声;(3)我们期待，朝着未来的目标不断迈进…… 细读一下，我们不难发现，三句话其实包含着三个时间阶段：(1)是过去，(2)是现在，(3)是未来。这样以来，我们是不是可以将文章的题目理解成：心灵脚步的过去、现在和未来。既可以指三个时间段，也可以指三个时间点。

2、审清题目内涵。

审清题目的组成，《心灵的脚步》由“心灵”和“脚步”两个部分组成，这也就是说，文章既要呈现出“心灵”还要呈现出“脚步”。接下来我们可以这样思考：何谓“心灵”?何谓“脚步”?《现代汉语词典》对“心灵”的解释是这样的：指内心、精神、思想等;对“脚步”的解释是这样的：指走路时腿的动作。“脚步”不同于“脚印”，前者突出过程，后者突出结果。这里应理解其比喻义，指成长等。

综合以上两者，我们可以这样去理解题目：人生旅途中， “我”“内心(精神、思想)成长的过去现在和未来”

3、审清要求。

(1)除诗歌外文体不限。

(2)字数不少于600字。

(3)文中不要出现真实的地名、校名、人名。

【审题方法】

一问“是什么”。

“心灵”“脚步”又是什么?

“心灵”，指内心、精神、思想，而作者要写的只能选择其中的一方面，或是“内心”，或是“精神”，或是“思想”。不可以面面俱到，泛泛而谈;更不可以界限不清，一会儿写精神，一会儿写思想。“脚步”又是什么?这里的“脚步”，用的肯定不是本意，而是寓意。

可在与一些“同义词”的辨析中，准确地把握题目的中心，避免偏题。“脚步”让我们想到“行走”，想到“前进”，想到“成长”，“脚步”的弯直、深浅、快慢，都可成为写作的内容。但“脚步”，又不等于“脚印”，“脚印”更多的强调“结果”，而“脚步”强调的是“过程”。但“脚步”又不是单纯的“过程”，它还有过程中的“定格”。所以，这个题目可以简化为“内心(精神、思想)成长的点点滴滴”，这样一简化，揭开了文题的深层面纱，作文的思路就清晰了。

二问“怎么样”。

“心灵的脚步”中的“心灵”是作文的主要素材，在这里写心灵，最好选择第一人称“我”来写，因为写人物的内心、思想、精神，只有写自己，才能写得真切，才能显得真实感人。“脚步”是文章的题眼，又是贯穿全文的线索，写好“脚步”是作文成功的关键。“脚步”是文章要详写的部分。

怎么写?我们要善于思考：心灵的脚步怎么样?脚步“弯直”：写前进的脚步不是一帆风顺。此题不宜写客观上“道路”就是曲折的，“我”不走不行;而是道路是直的，“我”自己走了弯路，这是“我”主观造成的。这样才紧扣“脚步”，不至于偏题。脚步“深浅”：写在“我”心灵成长中，深一脚浅一脚，一会儿心血来潮，一会儿灰心丧气，缺少持之以恒的毅力。

脚步“沉重”：记一次刻骨的痛，让“我”心灵受到震撼，留给“我”终身的教益，但重点不是写得到哪些教益，而是重点描写脚步如何沉重。 脚步“快慢”：个人成长的快慢，与“我”自身的努力有关，同时又与客观的外在条件有关，等等。

三问“为什么”。

主题是文章的灵魂。立意的好坏决定主题的深刻与否，从而决定作文的优劣成败。我们必须清醒认识：我为什么要写这个人、这件事，我写这篇文章的主题是什么，目的是什么。

例如，我们可以通过妈妈要“我”穿衣服，来表现“我”思想的成长：儿时，妈妈要我穿衣服，我当成命令，有时穿多了，也不敢脱下。小学时，妈妈天天都提醒“我”多穿衣，她的唠叨让“我”厌烦。初中时，我开始出现叛逆心理，妈妈越是提醒多穿衣服我反而穿得越少，结果冻病了，得了病毒性感冒。我还是硬撑着，以示反抗，就是不给妈妈教训我的理由。最后引发了病毒性心肌炎，差点把命丢掉。治病期间，妈妈伤心地流泪，委屈地自责，妈妈后来告诉我，因为小时候我抗生素药用多了，现在我的免疫力差，所以她必须常常提醒我多穿衣服，注意身体……我内疚、后悔不已。这个故事是表现“我”思想成长的脚步不是一帆风顺的，有过曲折。

当然，作文不能停留在仅仅告诉读者这件事上。我们要思考，我为什么要写这件事? 继续深挖下去：“我在自责中感受到母爱。母爱从来都是伟大的。”写到这里，文章主题已经揭示出来了。可惜还不够深刻，因为一般人写这类事都会把主题揭示到这一层面，读者也会想到这一层面。再追问：“我感受到母爱的伟大”又是为什么呢?这样文章主题就会向更深刻的方向发展：“要学会懂得感恩。” 再追问：“我写感恩母亲”又为什么呢?因为从感恩母亲这件事上，“我”认识到其实在我们的身边，有很多人都对“我”关爱有加，而“我”却常常忽略甚至漠视。我们要善于发现，懂得感恩社会和他人，把“小爱”变成“大爱”。

这样情感升华了，主题深化了，紧扣文题，真正突出了“心灵”的脚步，也给了读者不少的教益。

【优秀范文】

心灵的脚步

天气闷热，似乎空气中每一点水分都被榨干了。

把自己关在房里，坐在书桌前，分数，分数，还是分数，充斥我的大脑，心头犹如这天气般郁闷：好不容易有了进步，怎么这次模考又回到了原点?看来上重点难啊!

唉!我站起身，拉开窗帘，一束阳光射进屋中，灰尘一下子飞舞起来，这窗子有多久没开了?还是那灰灰的马路?还是那杂乱的瓦砾?定定神，一大片绿色映入眼帘，我吃了一惊。一排排绿绿的青菜，肆意地伸展着，宽厚肥大的叶子，骄傲地迎着阳光。我的心一动，他，成功了?!

一年前，爷爷说窗前的那块地空着也是空着，要种菜。“爷爷，这里菜不好种呀，”我指着窗前告诉他，“紧临马路，瓦砾乱堆，土地干瘪，想种菜，地不好整，不是干死，就是缺肥。况且，家里也不缺你那点儿菜。”“没关系，反正闲着也是闲着。”爷爷微微一笑，弯下腰拾起那些瓦砾来。

没过几天，地整好了，栽上一垄青菜，瘦弱，枯瘪，耷拉着脑袋，没有一丝生气。“菜真的不好种，”爷爷看见我，乐呵呵的，“但是栽下去就有希望，它们也是一个个活的生命啊。”我动了动嘴唇，想要说些什么，罢了，随它去吧。

再过几天，菜地被一排芦柴棒围了起来，很精致，好像一件艺术品。爷爷挑来农家肥，浇了一遍。一股臭味扑鼻而来，我赶紧关上窗户，拉紧窗帘，拿出习题，开始了我的象牙塔之旅。

进入初三，成绩一直不够稳定，或上或下，爸说像在大海冲浪，令人心惊肉跳。特别是年前的期末考试，一下子把我送进寒冬，我猫在自己的小屋子里，任由心底打着颤。看着窗外，今冬的雪特别大，多年未遇，厚厚的，盖住了一切，似要把世界压垮，我想那雪下的菜儿，该也是生气全无，在无力地挣扎着吧。我失落地拉上窗帘，也关上了心窗。

“爷爷，菜不好种吧。”爷爷对我笑笑：“只要尽心尽力，一切都有可能。”

埋头，做最后的努力。

不知什么时候，冬去春来，雁飞燕归，眼前一层层绿，青葱，旺盛，爷爷，他竟成功了。

爷爷笑了，对菜也似乎对我：“不经风雪的磨砺，哪有生命的绿!”

我的心一下子亮了，是啊，大雪使青菜蛰伏，它却积蓄更多力量，待时机成熟，迸发生命的火花。爷爷，相信我，我定会迈出自信的脚步，踏上人生的征途。

【点评】

运用衬托，含蓄隽永。心灵的脚步，生命的舞台，小作者回顾了自己读初三时成绩不够稳定，缺乏坚韧与自信，通过爷爷种菜的小事，受到启迪与鼓舞。文章将爷爷种菜一事与自己起伏的情感变化交织在一起，两者相得益彰，又相互映衬，以爷爷对青菜的信心，青菜对大雪的抗争，来衬托自己对学习、对成绩的郁闷与心慌。文中爷爷说的几句话含义深刻，如“栽下去就有希望”“只要尽心尽力，一切都有可能”“不经风雪的磨砺，哪有生命的绿”，我们在习作中就要善于打造属于自己的精彩语句，为文章增色。

心理刻画，真实细腻。“心灵的脚步”缺少不了对心理的刻画，从开始的“郁闷”到“怀疑”“打颤”，从“挣扎”“努力”到“成功”“自信”，这样的心路历程贯穿全文，真实再现了初三生活对小作者的考验与磨砺。文章描写细腻，情感真挚，尤其是将所见景物与心理刻画紧密地结合起来，一步步充分展现自己心理，真实到位，令人感同身受。

I am in Xianchi Railway MiddleSchool. There are about 40 teachers and 900

students in my school. Its very large with two small gardens. Some small trees

and flowers are planted. We enjoy beautiful flowers in spring, summer and

autumn. They are the places the students like most. There are two modern

teaching buildings and a teaching building in my school. Our classrooms are

large and bright. We feel so happy to study in such comfortable classrooms.

Besides, the teachers in our school are so excellent that they are popular in

our students. Students build a good relationship with teachers. I am sure you

will like my school.