高考英语作文写作的技巧盘点精选4篇 作文怎么写【合集20篇】

导语：我们大家都知道，每个公民都有维护好自己权益的义务，所以日常生活中发生一些小摩擦我们当然要理智的去处理，那么投诉信是不是一个很好的办法呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Dear_______,

I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______.

The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍). In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉) to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).

I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

hainan is in the south of china. it is chinas largest special economic zone and youngest province. since it was established ten years ago, the economic zone has eperienced rapid development in many aspects.

the comfortable residential quarters have been built up, highways have been constructed, and modem ports and airports have been built. hainan, as a famous "natural greenhouse", also enjoys a lot of advantages in tropical agriculture.

litchi, for eample, is ripe one month earlier there than in guangdong province. hainan is also a scenic spot and it has quickly become a resort for holiday makers. the hainan special economic zone has a bright future.

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

下面是小编整理的排比造势，回肠荡气的作文技巧，欢迎阅读。

排比本是一种修辞方式，可是，一旦将这一语言样式扩大使用，就会使自己的语言收到绝好的修辞效果。适当运用排比，不仅可以增强语言的气势，更集中的表达某种意思或感情，而且可以造成结构形式的整齐美，增强文章的艺术美。用以叙述，则清晰深刻;用以描写，则形象生动;用以抒情，则情深意厚;用以说理，特别能让读者感受到一种鞭辟入里、理直气壮的强烈气氛。排比可用于句子和段落之间。

一、用作段与段之间，即段的排比。如2000年高考作文《多解的一个问题》开头三段是这样写的：“幸福是什么?//曾认为幸福便是拥有金钱，但我看到当一些人使尽浑身解数拼命挣钱而腰缠万贯，却发现世间还有许多金钱买不到的东西时，我迷惘了。//曾认为幸福便是拥有美女，但我看到一些人历尽千辛万苦寻找国色天香，待跪在美女裙下却发现美女也有衰老的时候，我没有找到幸福的答案。//曾认为幸福便是拥有权势，但当我看到一些人疏通官路、官位显赫时，发现当官不为民做主被百姓戳脊梁骨，不如回家卖红薯，我明白我仍没有找到答案。”三个排比段整齐而不呆板，结构严谨而不落俗套，开篇就展现了作者积极向上的人生观。

二、用作段内的排比句。它可以是成分的排比，也可以是单句的排比，还可以是复句的排比。如2000年高考优秀作文《横看成岭侧成峰》，最后一段是这样结束的：创新是石，擦出星星之火;创新是火，点燃希望之灯;创新是灯，照亮前行之路;创新是路，引导我们前行!相信，横看成岭侧成峰，只有创新才不同，只愿“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”。作者语言文采飞扬，排比句式使语意连贯延伸，归纳了全篇，深化了主旨，更给人以赏心悦目之感。

作文的高考语文的决胜关键，要想拿到高分就一定要有一等的技巧，小编收集了首尾亮起来行文如流水，欢迎阅读。

一、自信上考场

自信是写好作文的先决条件，相信自己就不会怯场，不怯场才能使自己的思维处于最佳状态，潜在的能力得以充分地调动。

二、按时写作文

150分钟的语文测试时间，应该留出60-70分钟的时间作文。时间充足，心中不慌，文思才会泉涌;否则仓促成文，难免丢三落四。

三、细心审题目

命题作文，审题时一定要抓住题目中的关键词语，并进一步展开合理的联想，才能真正把握题目的实质。材料和话题作文，要弄清楚在材料作文与话题作文中，命题者所提供材料的不同作用。在材料作文中，所提供的材料既是考生作文立意的出发点，又是归宿点。考生一定要读懂题干，做点分析，明确主旨，再去下笔，确保万无一失。

四、精心选文体

高考(课程)作文一般不限文体，这给了考生很大的选择文体的自由，考生应该掌握文体选择的基本原则：一是采用该话题更适宜的文体写作;二是采用考生本人更擅长的文体作文。自己擅长，行文才会得心应手、游刃有余。

五、心中有模式

考生心中要有文章的基本结构式：议论文，破题开篇+分析论证+结题收篇;供料议论文的基本结构式：引材开篇+析材明理+联材写事+点材收篇;写事记叙文的基本结构式：事件发生(清楚明白)+事件发展(生动曲折)+事件结局(含蓄启迪);写人记叙文的基本结构式：契入(用外貌、语言、环境、细节入题)+铺垫(简述几个事件)+高潮(详叙典型事件)+点化(用点睛的议论或抒情句收束)等等，上述结构式不是一成不变的，可以演绎出许多的变式来。

六、巧思出新意

为体现可写性的命题原则，高考的作文不管是命题作文，还是话题作文大多都是宽泛的。例如《责任》这样的题目，范围太宽，无从下笔，这样的题目就要去窄作。所谓窄作，就是对题目所涉及的内容进行修饰、限制，然后再针对被限制后的某个侧面扩大其内涵。若从“我们当代青年的责任”这个角度去写，可能就容易多了。

七、素材书中找

要写好一篇考场作文，除了掌握写作模式，还要有写作素材。当你在考场上因缺少素材而抱笔时，可别忘了你学过的语文课本!那里有你取之不尽，用之不竭的素材。

八、主旨要明确

高考作文主旨不要过于含蓄。由于时间的限制，阅卷老师不会慢慢地斟字酌句，所以如果写记叙文，不管叙事多么生动，也要在行文中适当地用一两句抒情或议论语句点明文章主旨，让阅卷老师一目了然;议论文力求事例简洁新鲜，说理充分，紧扣主旨。文章要实实在在，不要过于另类，在明示主旨的基础上，张扬个性。

九、首尾亮起来

开篇立论的好彩头，在第一时间抓住阅卷老师的眼球，是高考作文赢得高分的关键。而结尾的感染力和吸引力，同样是拿分的一大重点。

开头结尾都要精彩，开头和结尾的写作大有讲究。

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题，使阅卷老师一目了然;美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，那么，必会打动阅卷教师的心;哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。

高考作文由于受时间和字数的限制，开头最好采用“开门见山”的写法：或“落笔入题”，说明写作缘由;或“开宗明义”，揭示全文主题;或“言归正传”，快速开讲故事;或“单刀直入”，挑明论敌谬说。也可以采用“形象化”的写法：或描写环境，以引出人物;或抒发感情，以渲染气氛;或先叙故事，以引出深刻道理;或借诗词谣谚，以为叙事的开端。好的开头，新颖生动，引人入胜。

结尾的方法也很多：总结全文，以揭示主旨;展示未来，以鼓舞斗志;抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力;造语含蓄，使读者掩卷而思仍遐想不已。

十、行文如流水

在语言运用上，除平时要求外，还应特别注意要善于调动各种修辞手段，如比喻形象、对偶华美、排比蓄势、对照鲜明、反复强调、设问抑扬、反语讽刺、暗示等等。此外，长句短句错综搭配，雅句俗语相得益彰，也可使文章生色。

十一、字迹要清楚

高考语文试卷是网上阅卷，潦草的字迹、不洁的卷面有可能给阅卷人带来的不愉悦所产生的后果是可想而知的，如果字迹不清，丢失的可就不只是几分了。

作文是决胜高考语文的关键所在，把握作文拿分的技巧，是考生关心的问题。我们将考场作文经验归纳为：“心中有自信，笔下出好字;手头有材料，胸中有成式;不变应万变，妙手著文章”，同学们只要扎扎实实地按照这几步来做，作文得高分并不是一件难事。

导语：写作一直是语文中重要的一项，是对学生综合能力，语言应用的考察，也在考试分数中占有较大比例，但是如何才能写好作文，在考试中取得高分，对同学们来讲却一直是个难题。下面我们来看看如何提高写作能力。

专家指出老师们应该教学思路灵活，关注学生个体发展，注重学生语文能力的培养，注重从根本上改变学生对语文的认识：

分数固然非常重要，但同时应当也是能力的提高，靠一次、两次的押题或许一时能取得一个好成绩，但学习成绩的决定因素：学习习惯、思维习惯的培养及形成是需要一定的时间。一个老师辅导一个学生，老师根据学生的情况进行教学，或补差，或提优，进行个性化教学，实现真正意义上的因材施教。为此，老师教你用独特的方法学好初高中语文。

学生作文时最头疼的问题是无话可说。为了解决这一难题，专家告诉大家不妨用刘勰的话说“流连万象之际，沉吟视听之间”启发他们：要想写好作文，必须谈如何生活，体察入微。生活，是写作的“源头活水”。叶圣陶先生曾说过，“作文这件事离不开生活……必须寻到源头才有清的水喝”，可见观察是中学生认识生活的重要途径。因此，专家指出老师们应该帮助学生明确观察的重要性，结合课本中的名篇交给他们观察生活，表现生活的方法。“授之以鱼”，不如“授之以渔”。例如学了《我的老师》后，可以引导学生观察自己所尊敬的老师，让他们明白老师的高风亮节，除了表现在批改作业到深夜，或带病上课，累倒在讲台上等外，还有许多值得挖掘的素材。以前，同样的材料上代人用来赞颂老师，下一代“涛声依旧”。似乎老师永远是身穿中山装，口袋里插一支钢笔，不苟言笑;老的，少的，农村的，城市的，一个样。通过观察，让其明白不同时代，不同环境，不同科目的老师穿着打扮、兴趣爱好、精神面貌、教学方式等都有差异。当今教师不但追求内在美，还注重外在美;他们不仅仅追求脚踏实地，还注重巧干。课上，他们“激扬文字”“指点江山”，评估论今，妙语连珠;课外，他们驰骋球场，泼洒丹青，舞文弄墨，雅趣如流。罗丹曾说，世界上不是缺少美，而是缺少发现美的眼睛。实践证明，丰富的写作素材，都是靠仔细观察周围事物的来的。

要关注生活，博采众长。古人云：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会写诗也会吟。”可见广泛阅读的重要性。老师应当有计划地引导学生进行课外阅读。例如，在教学中，鼓励学生每天写日记，可写身边的人或事，也可摘录一些名言警句、优美的段落，或介绍一部生动的有趣的影视剧作;规定每月读一本优秀期刊;每个假期读两本名著，如学了《美猴王》《鲁提辖拳打镇关西》后，建议学生读吴承恩的《西游记》和施耐庵的《水浒传》，让他们领略作者刻画人物的手法，反映社会生活的方法。

我们只有“行万里路”——广泛深入生活，只有“读完卷书”——博采众长，才能文思泉涌，“下笔如有神”。

Dear David ，

I’m glad that you’ve noticed our efforts directed towards environmental

protection。

Thank you for your concern 。

As too much use of plastic bags has caused serious white pollution , our

government encourages us to use environmental –friendly shopping bags。

These

bags are made of a variety of materials that can be easily treated when they bee

rubbish。 Besides， they can be reused 。 More and more people have realized the

advantages of such bags and started using them 。

I believe that the wide use of these shopping bags can greatly improve our

environment 。This is one of the many steps we are to make our country an even

cleaner place。

（一）采访是消息写作的基础

采访不仅是消息写作的基础、也是所有新闻体（尤指新闻报道体裁）写作的前题和基础，新闻消息的写作方法。要写消息，要写出好的、有新闻价值的消息，首先要求记者深入细致地采访，占有丰富、典型而真实的材料。这就要求记者要有较强的新闻敏感，善于获取新闻线索，掌握基本的采访方式、方法，有熟练的采访技巧。要求记者全身心地投入到实践中去，眼观六路，耳听八方，“上天”有路，“入地”有门，巧问详听，勤记细想，在有限的时间地进行成功的采访，为消息写作做好准备、打下基础。

采访和写作的关系非常密切。看起来是先有采访、后有写作，前者是认识实际的过程，后者是反映实际的过程，而实际上，采访能力强自然有助于写作效率的提高，而写作能力强，则可做到在采访中心中有数、心里有底、针对性强，从而提高采访的效率。

（二）消息的结构

消息的结构通常指两个方面的意思。一是指消息的构成，即一篇消息稿内容上的结构成分，一般由标题、消息头、导语、主体、背景、结尾几部分组成。二是指消息的结构形式，即作者对已过滤的新闻材料进行总体性安排或布局的方式。

消息的结构形式主要有以下几种：

1、倒金字塔式结构

倒金字塔式结构是一种头重脚轻，虎头蛇尾式的结构，它把最重要的材料放在篇首，最不重要的材料放在篇末，从导语至结尾按重要性程度递减的顺序来组织安排新闻材料。它的主要特点是：

（1）打破了记叙事件的常规，在材料的时间特征上，往往呈现以下公式：

首先是“总体性倒叙”。即将最后结果或后发生的却富有吸引力的材料，置于篇首。

其次是“局部性倒叙”（即“倒叙中的顺叙”）。即在局部性倒叙中又用顺叙说明过去一段时间内，“开始如何，后来又如何”。

最后是“总体性顺叙”。即“现在正在如何，进一步又如何”。

（2）它按重要性程度来安排材料，决定段落层次的顺序。常呈现为“重要”、“次重要”、“次要”、“更次要”、“补充”、“进一步交待性材料”的顺序。

（3）它的导语常是直叙型的部分要素导语，它包含了最重要的事实，又往往具有相对独立性，可独立成章，变成“简明新闻”或“一句话新闻”。

（4）对事件过程的叙述往往较简略，每段文字都很简要。

倒金字塔式结构便于受众迅速掌握全篇之精华，满足受众尽快获取最新消息之需求；便于记者迅速报道新闻，将最重要的新闻事实，最先发出去；便于编辑选稿、分稿、组版、删节，如在版面不够时，可从后往前删，无须重新调整段落。但它也易于造成程式化、单一化的毛病，而且，它比较适宜写时效性强、事件单一的突发性新闻，而用它来写非事件性新闻、富有人情味、故事情强的新闻，就不太适合。

例如：

中新社北京九月五日电

中国中青年新闻工作者的最高奖“范长江新闻奖”从今年开始进行评奖，以后每两年评选一次。

记者从中国记协和范长江新闻奖基金会今天举行的新闻发布会上了解到，凡在评选年度不超过55岁的中青年专业新闻工作者均可参加评选。评选范围包括正式批准登记的报纸、通讯社、广播电台、新闻时事类刊物和新闻电影等单位的新闻编辑、记者、播音员（包括节目主持人）以及从事新闻理论研究、新闻教育的专业人员，青年文摘《新闻消息的写作方法》。

首届“范长江新闻奖”最多评选采编人员10名，是否设提名奖待定。评选结果将在明年第一季度公布。

据悉，海外新闻工作者参加评选的办法另行拟定。

范长江新闻奖基金会主席、新华社社长穆青任评选委员会主任。评选委员会由新闻界专家和知名人士组成。

2、时间顺序式结构

此结构形式又叫编年体结构。也有的称其为金字塔式结构，其实并不准确。时间顺序式结构通常不一定有单独的导语，往往按时间顺序来安排事实，先发生的放在前面，后发生的放在后面。这种结构叙事条理清晰，现场感强，且很适合写那些故事性强、以情节取胜的新闻，尤适合写现场目击记。其缺点是开头平淡，难以一下子吸引受众；消息的精华也可能淹没在长篇的叙述之中。

例如：冻死的孩子重新复活

美国威斯康星州一个名叫麦肯罗的孩子，今年只有二岁半。一月十九日，在家里人没有注意的情况下，他穿着一身睡衣，只身来到零下二十九度严寒的室外。家里人发觉后把他抱回屋里时，麦肯罗的一部分血液已经‘冻结’，手脚也都僵硬了。当他被送往医院时，体温已下降到十五点五度。但是，在经过了包括使用心肺泵等先进设备抢救以后，麦肯罗竟然奇迹般地复活了。像这样处于低温状态下的人能够死而复生，在世界上是没有先例的，就是参加抢救麦肯罗的医生也对此感到惊叹不已。

现在，除了他的左手可能会留下由于冻伤后遗症引起的轻度肌肉障碍以外，其它恢复都很正常，估计三、四周内，即可恢复健康。

3、对比式结构

此种结构重在通过对比，揭示差异，从而突出新闻主题。如《人民日报》1982年7月18日关于顺义啤酒厂和青岛啤酒厂的报道就用的这种结构。此则消息首先用的是对比性的标题。

两个厂为什么建设一快一慢？

权力下放争主动dd顺义啤酒厂一年建成投产

婆婆太多难办事dd青岛啤酒厂扩建扯皮两年

然后是对比性的导语，在对比性的导语下，又用了两个对比性的小标题：

“顺义厂：地方有主动权，领导重视，各方配合”。

“青岛厂：婆婆太多，公文旅行，相互掣肘”。

最后，又有一个对比性的结尾：

“两个厂情况如此悬殊，发人深省。”

4、提要式结构

此结构通常把新闻中最重要的事实概括到导语中，然后将多项需并列出示的内容以提要形式，用数字程序一一分列出来。有时也可不用数字标示，而用“dd”引出各个要点。

5、问答式结构

此结构多用于记者招待会的报道。记者应善于组织问题，报道内容应忠于原意，行文时，也应注意内容的连贯和层次的明晰。

6、积累兴趣式结构

此结构通常在开始设置悬念，使受众逐渐增加对事件的兴趣，最后形成高潮。因其材料的趣味性从导语至结尾递增，故名积累兴趣式。又因其要求设置悬念，故又有人称之为悬念式结构。它尤其强调将最精彩的、出人意料的材料置于消息结尾。如：

婚礼唁电

新娘寻死觅活

春节前夕，解放军某部三连战士肖建军，收到“父病故速归”加急电报，匆匆赶回山西省临汾老家。

跨进门，却见室内张灯结彩，墙上贴着大红“喜”字，小肖一下愣住了。母亲将他拉在一边说：为能使你参加大哥的婚礼，我瞒着家里人发了封假电报，你可要保密。母亲的一片“苦心”，使小肖只好撒谎骗父亲和家里人说自己出差顺路回家。

2月8日哥哥结婚。婚礼程序完毕。亲朋好友正在推杯换盏，频频敬酒时，邮递员送来一封电报，小肖父亲接过连忙展开，只见上写：“闻建军父不幸病故，三连全体官兵致电表示沉痛哀悼。”其父气得浑身颤抖，遂质问儿子。在坐的新娘弄清原委，“哇”的一声大哭冲出门去，头撞墙寻死，多亏众人相劝事态才未扩大。其母悔恨地说：“都怪我荒唐行事，闯下大祸”。

2、散文式结构

就是吸收散文在结构和表达等方面的特点，材料和层次安排自由、灵活，语言表达不拘一格。如郭玲春写的《金山同志追悼会在京举行》一文即是如此。

很多学校根据学生的爱好和兴趣开展了许多有益的课外活动，请你根据以下提示，写一篇不少于80字的短文。

内容包括：

1.列举你们学校开展的三项课外活动;

2.介绍你对哪些活动感兴趣，并说明原因，这些活动给你带来的益处;

3.为同学如何选择课外活动提出两个建议;

4.鼓励同学们积极参加学校课外活动。

Nowadays, after-class activities are becoming more and more popular in schools. We also have many kinds of after-class activities in our school, such as English corner, playing basketball and swimming. I am interested in the English corner, because it can help me make some new friends there.

If you also want to take part in after-class activities, I have some suggestions. You had better choose the activities which are good for you; you had better choose what you like.

Dear friends, please take part in after-class activities. I’m sure you will learn a lot and you will find it very interesting at the same time. Your school life will be colorful.

[高考英语作文话题预测：兴趣与爱好

教案(Teaching Plan)是教师施教的课时计划或方案,是帮助教师有效地进行素质教育教学的依据.教案可以帮助教师有计划、有步骤地进行素质教育教学,充分利用课堂教学时间,高质量地完成教学任务.教案写得如何将直接影响教学效果的好坏.因此,在日常教学中,广大教师都非常注重写教案.那么写教案时应写什么呢?

一、写课题(Topic)和课型(Lesson Type)

课题相当于文章的标题,讲课时要首先告诉学生,并写在黑板上.因此要写得准确.课型是指该节课的讲授类型.初中英语的主要课型有:新授课(New lesson)、巩固课(Reinforcement Lesson)、复习课(Revision Lesson)、语音课(Phonetic Lesson)、听力课(Listening Lesson)、听说课(Aural-Oral Lesson)、阅读课(Reading Lesson)、语法课(Grammar Lesson)等.不同的课型应用不同的授课方式或方法,只有确定了课型,才能选择有效的素质教育教学方法.

二、写素质教育教学目标(Teaching Objective)

素质教育教学目标是教案的核心内容,是教师施教的准绳.教学目标要符合大纲对教材的要求.由于教学目标要在课堂上展示给学生,让学生明确,所以写素质教育目标时,要力求简明扼要,浅显易懂,便于操作和检测,一般3~4个目标为宜.

三、写素质教育教学的重点(Main Points)、难点(Difficult Points)和关键点(Key Points) 素质教育重点是课堂教学的主要任务;教学难点是师生顺利完成教学任务的障碍;素质教学关键是攻克教学难点的突破口.在教案中写清一节课的教学重点、难点和关键点,能提醒教师在讲课时注意突出重点、突破难点、抓住关键.

四、写教具(Teaching Tools)

课堂上需要什么教具要写清楚,如录音机、教材录音带、教学挂图、卡片、实物(或模型)、小黑板、刻印好的练习题、彩色粉笔、幻灯片等.

五、写素质教育教学过程(Teaching Procedure)

素质教育教学过程是教案的主要部分.写教学过程主要写以下几方面的内容:

1. 写教学环节.教学环节即教学任务是什么要写清楚,做到心中有数.目前有些教师采用"三阶段六环节"教学模式,即:准备阶段(自由交流、复习检查)、讲练阶段(导入课程、分层操练)和发展阶段(巩固发展、布置作业).

2. 写知识点和所用时间.写好知识点,教师使用教案时能一目了然,有的放矢.写好所用时间,能使教师从容掌握教学速度,合理安排每个教学环节所需的时间,充分利用课堂时间.

3. 写教师活动.不仅要写教师"教什么",还要写出教师"怎样教",即写清楚教师要教的内容,写出讲授这些内容的方法.写出课堂用语和各环节的过渡语.课堂用语要求简练、口语化,用学生已经学过的熟悉的、听得懂的英语来解释或表达新的教学内容.各环节之间的过渡语要自然流畅.写出使用教具的时机和方法,写板书内容等.

4. 写学生活动.写出学生学习的内容和学习方法,特别是怎样学应写清楚.不能简单地把学生活动写成听、读、思考、操练、做题等.

六、写课堂训练题(Exercises)

备课时精心设计的有针对性的随堂练习题和达标题要写在教案中.写清出示这些题的办法,如用小黑板、看刻印材料或学生已有材料等.写出这些题的答案和解题方法.

七、写课堂小结(Summing-up on Teaching)

课堂小结是教师帮助学生回顾和总结本节课的学习内容的重要环节.小结的方式和方法要在教案中写清楚,不论是教师引导学生总结,还是由教师归纳总结,都要注意把本节课的内容纳入知识系统之中,使学生在整体上把握知识.

八、写板书设计(Blackboard Designs)

板书是有声有色的教学语言,它具有直观性、形象性和启发性.因此,教师在课堂上要有计划

地使用黑板,板书什么内容、写在什么位置、用什么颜色的粉笔等要在备课时设计好,并写在教案中.避免课堂上东写一个句子、西写一个短语、一会儿写、一会儿擦、一会儿擦了又写的板书混乱现象.好的板书能使讲课的内容系统化、结构化,有利于学生复习本节课的知识. 写教案时要考虑的问题

1、如何开始备课

在教师着手备课之前，必须吃透课程标准（大纲）及教材，在此基础上，考虑学生的认知规律和实际的语言能力，以确定课题和教学目的，明确教学目标。从教学目标出发，确定重点和难点，考虑用哪些教学法来组织课堂。然后精心挑选、设计练习，确定要做、改、删、增的练习，列授课计划提纲，再逐步仔细预测各种教学技巧和教学手段的应用，特别是涉及可能修改计划、增删内容的教学步骤。

2. 思考几个问题

（1）教学技巧上，是否有足够的变化可以使课堂教学生动有趣？成功的外语课上总有不同的活动，使学生思维活跃，情绪高涨。

（2）不同教学技巧的应用和教学的组织有没有得到有序的、合乎逻辑的安排？理想化的课堂教学须朝着教学目标由易及难、循序渐进。建立在新知识之上的教学活动必须精心安排。

（3）整堂课的节奏设计得好吗？节奏的含义，可以有以下三个方面：第一，活动不能太短，也不能太长。如果课堂活动多而短，那么学生刚刚找到某活动的“感觉”，又得“跳到”下一个活动去了。这样不好。第二，教师应考虑如何把各种教学技巧、教学手段和教学组织形式揉合在一起。例如，一堂课上连续搞全班俩俩全班小组俩俩全班……的活动，每个活动五分钟，那么，这些活动是难以发挥其应有作用的。第三，控制好节奏也有利于各个教学活动之间的衔接。例如：

（4）整节课的时间有没有安排好？这是备课最难控制的因素之一。新教师往往容易提早授完所备内容，而后又易矫枉过正，不能完成课时计划。这里有两点值得提醒。预先准备一些“备用”的复习活动。如果提早授完已准备的内容，则进行复习巩固练习。

3. 学生的个体差异

随着教学过程的重心由教师向学生转变，学生的主体作用日益突出。课堂教学必须充分考虑学生的个体差异。我们主张，备课一般应以中等程度的学生为准，但也应适当照顾两头的学生。可以考虑以下五个方面：（1）教学内容适当包含一些较难或较易的项目，（2）针对不同水平的学生问不同难度的问题，（3）设计的教学活动尽可能让全体同学都参与。

4. 学生谈话与教师谈话

备课时要充分考虑教师与学生的谈话时间。一般的英语课上，总是教师说得多， 学生说得少。要注意让学生有较多的机会进行交际。

People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2.

Last but not the least, 论据3.

To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

个性化，是创新思维的一个最基本特征。半命题作文获得高分，固然像其它形式的作文考题一样，取决于考生的作文是否有多个“亮点”，小编收集了2017年高考作文指导：半命题作文命题技巧有哪些，欢迎阅读。

半命题作文是作文考题的一种常见形式，由于其处在“命”与“非命”，“限制”与“非限制”之间，考生对题目还具有“一半”，甚至是“一多半”的自主选择权，自主发挥、自由驰骋的空间还相当大。此外，有的话题作文其“话题”本身就包含了太多的“半命题元素”，实际上可称为“准半命题作文”，如以“感悟”、“渴望”、“珍惜”、“关爱”等为话题的作文，考生只需在“话题”前后补上一个巧妙新颖的词或短语即可动笔成文。

由于半命题作文有“限”的一面，考生中最常见的毛病便是拟题雷同。拟题雷同的现象在半命题作文中十分突出，写出的作文“撞车机率”也相当高。比如，半命题作文《难忘的》，极易雷同的拟题是《难忘的一天》、《难忘的假期生活》等，相当多的考生似乎只有“一天”、只有“假期生活”是“难忘的”;写《当我面对的时候》这一半命题作文时，题目拟为《当我面对挫折的时候》、《当我面对成功的时候》的作文便会成批出现，要“面对”的似乎不是“挫折”就是“成功”。试想，思维闭塞，缺乏创新，都是按照同样的思路去命题，岂有不出现“千人一面”、千“空”一“词”的拟题雷同现象!

其次是拟题宽泛，难以下笔。以《感悟》这一半命题作文来说，《感悟大自然》、《感悟青春》这类既无新意、涵盖范围又过大的拟题比比皆是，要“感悟”的惟“大自然”、“青春”是大。显然，拟出这样的题目，写起来不易把握，只能泛泛而谈，要写深写透很难，且不说内容的创新，连“标题”这一被称为作文的“第一张示人的面孔”也未能画好，实在可惜。

再次是考生对原题“补词”的随意性。半命题作文的拟题之所以会出现上面提到的“一窝蜂”的拟题现象，一个很重要的原因是不少考生看到半命题作文题时，不能根据所选材料确定一个最佳的词语或短语来将题目“补充完整”，也就是不能很好地将“选材”与“补词”同时加以考虑，而是匆匆提笔信手“补词”，前面提到的在半命题作文《难忘的》、《当我面对》后补上“一天”、“假期生活”和“成功”、“失败”这类词，不难看出“补词”的随意性。

总之，考生在拟题时不能充分利用半命题作文具有的“自我命一半题”这一有利条件，因“势”利“导”，仅仅着眼于内容是否“好写”，是否“耳熟能详”，而不是是否“写得好”，是否“能出新”，这种“先天不足”，势必导致自己拟的题目反“将”了自己“一军”，不是所拟题目限制了自己的手脚，思路打不开，就是拟题涵盖宽泛，想写的内容太多，不知从何入手。

个性化，是创新思维的一个最基本特征。半命题作文获得高分，固然像其它形式的作文考题一样，取决于考生的作文是否有多个“亮点”，是否张扬了个性，而拟一个切旨、切体，又求真、求趣的“亮丽”标题是十分重要的。拟标题，是考生遗词造句、概括能力等语文素质和能力的重要体现，要拟出富有创意的标题，必须打破惯有的思维定势，积极进行发散思维、逆向思维，必须多方位、多角度“出击”。常见的有如下几种拟题法：

一、抽象事物拟题法。这种拟题方式是化具体为抽象，便于抒写自己内心复杂的情感。以《当我面对的时候》为例，可以《当我面对虚荣的时候》为题，敞开心扉抒写自己对心灵的拷问;可以《当我面对他*的唠叨的时候》为题，叙写自己对母爱的独特感受。《感悟》则可以《感悟初三生活》为题，抒写对紧张、忙碌的“冲刺阶段”的学习生活的种种体验;可以《感悟春天》为题，豪情满怀地谱写充满勃勃生机的春的乐章。此外，像《寻找心灵的伊甸园》、《寻找人生的方程解》、《我好想有一片蓝天》等用的也是此种拟题法。

二、具体事物拟题法。这种以具体事物入题的方式可以以小见大，使选材新颖具体。如上面提到的半命题作文《难忘的》，可填上“一条红丝带”，叙写关爱他人，关注生命的动人一幕;《当我面时候》，可填上“那片绿叶”，托物言志，抒写自己愿做绿叶、无私奉献的情操;也可填上“那座荒山”，呼吁绿化荒山，爱护家园，加强环境保护。此外，像《我好想早点结束这堂课》、《我好想有一个温暖的家》、《寻找爱的猪》等，均为具体事物拟题法。

三、特定情景拟题法。这种拟题方式新颖别致，能创设一种特定氛围，给人一个让思絮飘逸、遐想的空间，极易引发人们丰富的联想。如《我好想再看你一眼》、《我好想当一天老师的“好学生”》、《当我面对心灵的抉择的时候》、《当我面对寒风凛冽的时候》、《我梦见范进参加中考》、《我梦见妈妈下岗》等标题采用的便是此种拟题法。前面提到的《当我面对的时候》这一半命题作文，若一定要选“成功”或“失败”的作文材料，采用特定情景拟题法，将题目拟为《当我面对掌声响起的时候》、《当我面对鲜红的“58分”的时候》等，便会获得另外一种奇妙的效果。

四、条块分割拟题法。这种拟题法是从形式上来说的。为避免半命题作文拟题或内容上的严重“撞车”，不妨依据所选的体裁，将内容“裁”成几个小“条块”，犹如裁缝剪布料一样，样式剪裁得新颖得体，穿起来就会赏心悦目，使人获得美的享受。如某考生的半命题作文《寻找失落的昨日》，将“昨日”一分为三，用小标题“镜头一”、“镜头二”、“镜头三”逐一“回放”给读者。另一考生的《感悟生活中的美》，则是先设一“题记”，下拟三组小标题：“母爱之美”、“劳动之美”、“运动之美”，截取生活的三个画面，表现对美的热爱和感悟。再如《关注我们的家》这一关注大自然、抒写环保之歌的半命题作文，巧妙借用马致远《天净沙?秋思》中“枯藤老树昏鸦”、“小桥流水人家”、“古道西风瘦马”三句写秋景的名句做小标题，这种拟题形式富有创意，实在是新得“逼你的眼”。此外，“病历杂文体”、“几何证明式”、“访谈体”、“日记体”等体裁形式的作文，在拟题上也是大有文章可作。

五、特殊符号拟题法。此法是借用数学、物理和化学等学科特殊符号或公式来拟题，适合于涉及几种因素、内容上相互关联的作文。这类标题的作文在行文中必须恰当地体现公式符号与社会现象、某种道理的契合点，使形式和内容统一。如以《当我面对“?”的时候》为题，来表达自己对社会上种种时弊的质疑;以《当我面对“A”、“B”、“C”的时候》为题，抒写自己对学习英语的乐趣和享受;以《当我面对“1”(哆)、“2”(来)、“3”(咪)的时候》为题，抒写自己对立音乐的感悟。此外，《我好想得到一个“A+”》、《感悟8—1>8》、《明天，我飞向β行星》等，这类题目形象生动，醒人耳目。

总之，题贵新颖，半命题作文的拟题追求的同样是务求准确、生动而有魅力。只要平时注意积累文化知识，正确理解半命题作文的“另一半”提示、“另一半”导引的内涵，并且掌握一定的拟题技巧，就能拟出让读者“怦然心动”、击节叫好而一见钟情的好标题。

：

This year,I had an exciting Spring festival.Do you want to know about it?Let me tell you! First, I went to ocean park with my family in Hongkong.It was very relaxing there.I ate the sea food.I played with the dolphins! I was really happy there!

Then,we went to the Disneyland. It was very romantic.We enjoyed our selves there.It reminded our mind to our childhood! If we will have another chance to visit Hongkong.We will come there again!

This is my spring festival!What about you?

[盘点初三英语作文：The exciting Spring Festival

导语：什么叫话题作文?“话题”，是谈话的核心议题，是描述或议论所涉及的范围或“由头”。“话题作文”便是就着这个“由头”说事论理、抒情言志。有人打比方说，话题作文就好比是电视里栏目主持人，跟嘉宾和观众一道聊天，或评述人物春秋，或讲述百姓故事，或评论时事热点，所聊的内容就是“话题作文”。

近几年高考话题作文以新的面孔出现在我们的眼前。它们是天津卷的“我说90后”和辽宁卷的“明星代言”。和往年相比，今年的话题作文命题思想和写作要求又有了一些变化，在内容范围和写作要求上提出了更严格的限制。比如，天津、辽宁两卷都提出了“不得套作，不得抄袭”的要求，以保障高考的严肃性和公正性;辽宁卷还明确要求“不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文”，这就避免了以前话题作文可以不联系材料从而无节制放纵的弊病。所以可称其为“新话题作文”。

新话题作文一般有很强的现实针对性，常常是社会热点问题。如今年的“明星代言”，考生可联系社会现实生活说事评理。其次便是有较充分的自由度。以今年天津卷的“我说90后”为例，对于“90后”的认识并没有统一的答案。文体选择也相对灵活，可写成“90后”的故事，可写成“90后”的宣言，也可写成为“90后”的辩白，甚至可写成理性评判对“90后”的毁誉之类的议论文。但是也应注意到：新话题作文在内容方面的限制性在增强。比如，“我说90后”这个话题，你可以任选“嘉许”、“担忧”、“诠释”中的某一个角度或说理，或叙事，或抒发感情，但是你得承认：“90后”终将担当起社会和历史赋予的重任。

新话题作文审题要注意几个方面，可概括为“五要”

一要全面，审清命题的所有信息要素。新话题作文文题的表述一般由导语、材料和要求三部分构成。对这三部分用语要全面关注。尤其是“要求”用语，其内容往往涉及角度、拟题、文体、字数、提示、警示等，大都是刚性要求，不可逾越，如2009年高考天津卷“要求”后的1至3点和第5点，而第4点则是一个善意的提示：“写出自己的真情实感”。材料表述有时会表明题型如“以‘我说90后’为话题”，有时则比较模糊，需要借助有关信息参比才能半端出题型，如辽宁卷材料表述的第一节“513网上论坛。主题：明星代言”，它意味着以“明星代言”为话题写文章。

二要深入，审清话题概念的内涵、外延甚至一些隐含信息。还以“我说90后”为例，其中“90后”应指20世纪90年代出生的一代人，而不能理解为时间、时代、社会等。“我”意味着文章应以第一人称表述，是写个人的认识，但不是写自己，并且第一人称还可以用“我们”来表述。“说”导向的文体应该是议论文，是要求作者发表对“90后”群体的感受、看法和评价。

三要分析，审清材料的内容、含意以及不同的角度。如辽宁卷“明星代言”，应围绕“明星代言”现象衍生出“小主题”或要点，如诚信、责任、道德与利益、法制等。抓住这些要点便于围绕中心从不同角度逐层论述。而天津卷“我说90后”材料中“嘉许”、“担忧”、“诠释”三个关键词则是三个并列的角度，最好选择其中一个进行叙事或评说，不要将几个纠合在一起，以至缠绕不清。

四要推求，审出话题背后的“命题意图”，以便有针对性地选择写作策略和方案。高考其实是一种社会行为，既要教育考生，又要引导舆论，自然应有积极的命意。话题或文题只是一个“窗口”，它要引导考生张望社会、世界和人生。因此我们应以正确的思维方式联系社会热点，推求命题意图。比如“我说90后”这个话题，是要让考生了解、认识自己所处的这个群体，正视自己的长处和短处，意识到自己这一代人的历史责任，以便更好地健康成长。而“明星代言”这个话题，将材料和社会热点如三鹿奶粉事件联系起来则能推出其“引导考生关注社会民生的热点问题，学会辩证思考和分析社会现象，培养独立思考的习惯和批判意识”的命题意图。

五要抓“点”，这样便于选择恰当的切入点、合适的文体、合理的思路，形成最佳写作方案。比如“我说90后”，材料中那三个关键词，你只需选择一个以优化的方案展开;而其中的“说”，明眼一看，议论文便是最合适的文体。再如“明星代言”，抓住五则材料的要点，可快捷地理出文章的合理思路。当然也可以抓住其中一个方面如道德自律或法制监管深入剖析，形成最佳方案。

今年有学者对高考作文命题晦涩化、幼稚化和缺少思想力度提出批评。这是我国高考作文命题的思想将发生较大变化的征兆，从上述两个文题可窥见一斑，至少它是对旧话题作文乃至多年高考作文命题沉疴的反拨。一些专家介绍的国外命题内容和话题形式，也值得我们关注。

看图作文是据图画的内容进行联想，然后用语言归纳表达个完整的事件来。进行看图作文练习，既能培养观察与分析能力，又锻炼了想象乃至发明创造的能力。下面是小编为你带来的小学看图作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、观察仔细全面是看图作文的要点

无论一幅画或几幅图，要从头至尾反复看几遁，了解图中表达的主题中心思想是什么。比如《四季》， 给了春、夏、秋、冬4幅国，图中自然景物及人物着装的变换，表达了它的主题——大自然四季的变人们的着装及活动內容也在变化。

2、注意象征意义

大凡是看图作文，每一个画面(哪怕是极微小的图形)都不白给，其中往往都隐喻着情节、心理动态、人物关系等，因此，不能忽略画面一条围巾、一辆车、一扇窗戶， 哪怕是一滴汗、一张纸的作用。高难的看图作文，有时考的就是小物件的作用与象征意义。这就要求看图时认真分析此物此时此刻的作用，然后用文字直接或间接叙迹其表达的意思。

3、理出顺序是情节通畅的关键

看图不但要按事件、人物的先后、主次观察，还要按时空顺序去排列，然后组织情节。一轮朝阳， 一抹晚霞， 一条小溪，一阵细雨， 皆能暗示出早、晚、东、西、南、北、春、夏、秋、冬来。这样， 按事情发展顺序叙写，就顺理成章了。

4、展开想象的翅膀，使情节丰满

画面上给的东西毕竟是有限的，若只按给的条件叙写，可能三言两语就完事，文章既千瘪， 又平庸。因此，必须通过想象来填补画面上缺失的、但在推理中必然所致的情节。唯有这样，才能使画面“活”起来，才能使其中的人物、场面栩栩如生、呼之欲出，使文章丰满。

不过，想象须合情合理，不可牵强附会。这就要求动脑考虑考虑：一幅图的起因是这样，它的发展与结局在实际情况中会是怎样?画面中的人物在所给的条件下该怎么想、怎么做、怎么说?人与人、人与景、人与物的关系可能是怎样?整个画面所表达的主题是什么?……诸多可能的“怎样’、 “为什么”想到了， 并付诸笔墨， 一篇生动的看图作文就写成了。

5、把握主脉络，重点刻画主要人物

无论单幅国还是多幅图， 在回面上占主要位置的(在多幅图中反复出现的)人或物(或活动)， 即是要描写的重点。写作时要把2/3的笔墨用到这上面， 情节也要以此来设计。作文技巧 切不可在不起眼地方的一片云、一颗小星星上大作特作文章，否则， 就是人们常说的“跑题”。

看图作文如果把握住这5个基本要点，写作起来就会如鱼得水，得心应手。

导语：“生命是上帝赋予的，我们唯有献出它时，才真正拥有它。”下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

“你是谁，读者，百年之后读着我的诗?”一个头缠白布、身着素衣的老者向我走来，默默微笑着，“我无法从春天的财富里为你送来一朵鲜花，无法从远方的云彩里为你送来一缕金霞，打开门向四周看看，从繁花盛开的园里采撷百年前消失的鲜花的芬芳记忆，让欢愉的声音穿越百年时光……”

泰戈尔就这样一步一步向我走近，在我的耳边低语，告诉我奉献的美丽——它如一抹春日的阳光，亲吻着每一个生灵。

在熹微的晨光里，叶儿轻轻晃动，飘摇在秋风里。“落叶在泥土里迷失自己的时候，才融入到森林的生命里去了。”你说着，用手托住一片黄叶。叶儿一生的意义便在于此，在深秋的晚风中，用一种辉煌的告别方式来终结自己的生命，为大地奉献自己微薄的力量。零落成泥，不奢求什么回报，它只是记住了大地对它的哺育之恩，也渴望用自己的生命予以报答。正因为如此，叶子才得到了永生，飘散在诗人缠绵的笔墨里，一幅幅书卷里……

秋日的凄凉过去，是春日的繁花似锦。那枝头含苞的花蕾，抑或层层叶片之间的花蕊，一团团一簇簇，竞相争艳着。“泥土饱受污辱，却以花朵作为回报。”你让我捧一坯土，我闻到了泥土里散发的阵阵幽香。

土壤虽忍受着人们的摒弃，却毫无怨言，经历雨滴的拍打，冷风的肆虐，终于在和煦的春风里，吐纳一地的芬芳，在人们的心头弹奏着潺潺的乐章。也许，世间某些外表丑陋不堪的事物，它们也一直在默默奉献着，一直在为世间的美好而努力着。

“生命是上帝赋予的，我们唯有献出它时，才真正拥有它。”你依旧微笑着，向我讲述永恒的真谛。是不是世间万物亦如此?我们来到这个世界上，一无所有，只有在学会付出之后，才能够得到回报;予人方便之后，才能够予己方便。只有以一颗真诚的心为他人奉献的时候，我们才会收获——收获喜悦与幸福，也收获他人的付出。此时，我们才能拥有一份厚重的生命，才真正拥有了它，不是吗?

流连在繁花盛开的院落里，我采撷了一朵在奉献的雨露滋润下盛开的花朵，娇艳异常，我轻轻一嗅，闻到了鲜花的芬芳记忆，在一位老者的笑容里，穿越百年时光……

议论文是高考作文最常见的文体之一。考场作文，时间紧迫，篇幅有限，怎样用最直接的方式擦亮评卷老师的眼球？什么样的开头才是好的开头呢？——我国元代乔梦符说，文章的开头要像“凤头”。这种说法形象地说出好的开头要娇小、美丽、灵活。那么，我们究竟怎样巧饰凤头，展现我们的才情？那就是：文无定法心中有法，合理运用有的放矢，巧设开头增色三分，亮明观点决不含糊。

一、议论文开头的要求：明、简、美。

1．“明”， 开头必须与全文的主要内容、中心思想紧密相联，为突出中心服务。即文章开头首先要亮明中心论点。

例如：我们的童年大概是在“十万个为什么”里过完的。碰到一切新奇的、感兴趣的事都喜欢用手指着奶声奶气地问上一句：“这个是什么呀？”这完全是出于我们的好奇心。何为好奇心？于我来说，不过三字而已：好，奇，心。（08江苏满分作文《好奇心》）

2、“简”，即语言文字要简约，精巧，且不拖沓，最好是开门见山。

例1：有一种包容，源于勇敢。（04年北京卷《包容》）

例2：人生弯弯曲曲水，世事重重叠叠山。热情去奔跑，去超越，然后才能拾掇失意后的坦然、挫折后的不屈、困苦艰难后的从容。（05年湖南卷《勇敢奔跑，勇敢超越》）

3、“美”，文章开头的美是说要有一定的文采、思想或是技巧（比如“设悬念”、“用典故”、“引名言”、“摆现象”、“亮靶子”等等）。

例：古语云：“易有三训，一训简易，二训变易，三训不易”，“易与天地准”，之于常识，不也是如此吗？我们生活在常识中，“春暖花开”、“秋高气爽”，我们不假思索地运用它们，是为简易；同一事物不同时刻有不同的表现，变化无穷，是为变易；常识由生活而来，经久适用，是为不易。故庄子云：“道在便溺”。因常识，于生活，我们泰然。老子云：“大象若希”。正是由于常识之于我们太过习惯了，时常，我们会无所察觉，如同时空之于我们过于静止与绝对，在爱氏之前，我们被蒙骗了千万年。于是我们在恍然后明白，常识虽常，但亦要知之、行之、思之。（09广东满分作文《知之·行之·思之》

二、开头常见的毛病

1、拐弯抹角离题千里。落笔时，总爱兜圈子。有人把它比作大头娃娃。

2、千篇一律格式固定。开头写来写去就是这么几句话。

3、追求花样弄巧成拙。写得很好，表达思想感情不明白，不清楚，不真实。

三、议论文常见的作文开头

1、开门见山式

这是议论文最常用的一种开头方式。就是开篇就将文章的中心论点摆出来，然后再逐层展开论证，不蔓不枝,主旨豁然明朗。如：《谈骨气》“我们中国人是有骨气的。”一句话单刀直入，开门见山，表明中心论点，简洁明了。采用开门见山式开头应注意的问题:写作前要经过认真的思考,提炼出能够引领全文主题内容的开头；这种开头语言要非常精练,简洁明了,有一种能使阅卷老师一望便知全文重点的效果。

例：诚实守信,是我们中华民族的优良传统。千百年来,人们讲求诚信,推崇诚信。诚信之风质朴醇厚,历史越悠久,诚信之气越充盈中华,诚信之光越普照华夏。诚信早已融入我们民族文化的血液,成为文化基因中不可或缺的重要一环。(《诚信》)

2、释题入篇式

释题入篇法，就是在文章开头，就对标题或相关概念的含义加以解释和阐发，表明自己的观点。这样开篇，鲜明而简洁，且有时能较鲜明的展示作者的思考深度。

例：感恩是一种处世哲学，一种生活态度，一种优秀品质，也是一种道德情操。（《谈感恩》）

3、比喻生辉式

用浅显常见的事物对深奥的道理加以说明，使道理深入浅出。可使说理变平淡为生动，化抽象为具体，增强说理的形象性和灵动性，增强理的感染力。

例1、自负，像一个泥潭，陷进去就难以自拔；自卑，像一根受了潮的火柴，难以把希望之火点燃。所以，我们既不能自负，也不能自卑。（《自负与自卑》）

例2、微笑，恰如淌过的溪流，柔和恬静；微笑，恰似那悬挂的一刀新月，皎洁光亮；微笑，又恰似那挺拔的苍松，积蓄着万般力量……如果说，有一种力量可以让人坚忍不拔，那便是微笑的力量；如果说，有一种力量可以让人自信满满，那便是微笑的力量；如果说，有一种力量可以让人心头一暖，那便是微笑的力量！（《这也是一种力量》）

4、排比点题式

排比手法的运用可达到彰显气势  炫示文采的效果，但要注意紧扣题旨，不能为排比而排比，为文采而文采，以致以辞害义；同时更要注意分句间的逻辑层次，否则开头就会显得杂乱无章。

例1：科学家的意气，让他们登上学术的高峰；工人的意气，让他们不畏艰苦的条件；学生的意气，让我们拥有勃勃的精神。意气当它代表人类坚韧的意志和宽广的气概时，是自古不变的美德，是永远经典的操守！（《谈意气》）

例2：如果说雏鹰腾飞苍穹要经历风雨的打击，那么，那搏击长空的意气就是它那犀利的双眼；如果说骏马奔驰于旷野要经历千万里奔跑的锤炼，那么，那奔腾万里为夙愿的意气就是助其翻越千山万水的铁蹄。人，欲傲立于世，成为一代雄主，立一世伟业，那舍我其谁、勇战万方的意气就是其成功的基石。（《谈意气》）

5、引用名言式

引用名言可达到言约意丰，加深主题的效果。但当你所引用的名言表面上看似与中心论点没有多大关联的时候，一定要在所引用的名言与论点之间加上过渡语（看例6）。同时还得注意所引用的名言一定要准确真实。引用法引用的内容是很丰富的，除了引用名言警句以增强论证效果、突出主题外，还可引用古语、谚语、对联、歌词、广告词等等。这就要求我们有丰富的积累，所以希望大家平时多读多记，在写作时才能信手拈来，运用自如。

例：席慕蓉说：“生命是一条奔流不息的河，我们都是那个过河的人。”在生命之河的左岸是忘记，在生命之河的右岸是铭记。我们乘坐各自独有的船在左岸与右岸穿梭，才知道——忘记该忘记的，铭记该铭记的。（《在忘记与铭记的两岸》）

6、对比引入式

运用对比引入式，可直接帮助人们判断是非曲直，上下优劣，利弊得失，很快步入论述的主题。

例1、古今中外，凡是在事业上有所造就、取得成功的人，没有不是用辛勤的汗水换来的；反之，那些懒惰昏庸的人，就难得成就事业。由此，我们可以说：勤则成事，惰则败业。（《说勤》）

例2、一位孔繁森，光芒四射，人们提起他的名字，总是与伟大、光明、进步联系在一起。一位，臭名昭著，人们提起他的名字，总是与贪婪、黑暗、丑陋联系在一起。两个人都走完了人生。但一个永存人间，一个早已被人唾弃。人生的价值，在两人的鲜明对比中，不是已经显现出来了吗？

7、设问开篇式

就是在文章开头，先就要议论的问题提出疑问，然后在回答问题中提出自己的观点。如：

爱美之心人皆有之。作为新时代的青年，我们应该追求什么样的美？车尔尼雪夫斯基说：‘美是生活。’人们生活中美的语言，美的行为，美的心灵，美的生活方式，这才识我们所追求的最主要的美。”(《青年应该追求什么样的美？》（采用设问，引起读者注意，然后自问自答，在释疑中自然推出全文的中心论点。）

导语：小学生作文基础比较差的同学，可以先学习一些技巧，帮助快速提分，一起了解一下吧！

一、写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌？孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。”如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了？

二、写说不出现“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。张三说：“……”；张三无可奈何地说：“……”；张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……”显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

三、写想不出现“想”

遇到描写心理活动时，这样的句子已经被孩子们写滥：“我脑子里跳出两个小人，一个小人……另一个小人……”不用这个句子又该怎么写？最常用的就是“我心想”。如某学生写：“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。我心想：天哪！这该怎么办呢？”按照“写想不用想”的技巧，去掉：“我心想”三个字如何？“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。天哪！这该怎么办呢？”是不是更简洁精练？别忘了提醒孩子要给心理描写加上适当感叹词。

四、就是不用成语

作文为什么写不长？都是成语惹的祸！不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗？其实不然，当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

五、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想

对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼？比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

六、环境里面有“真”“情”

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。”孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗？为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢？云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

七、要动连着动

文章要一波三折才好看，但现在的孩子生活都很平淡，你不能强求他们写出一波三折的内容，那就让他们学会一波三折地使用动词，就这是要动连着动——学会连续使用动词，某学生写一场乒乓球球赛：“他发了一个旋转球，让人看得眼花缭乱。”（一句话把文章就给写完了）学会动词技巧后将修改成：“只见他高高地将球抛起，眼睛死死盯着，球接触球板的一瞬间，他手腕轻轻一抖，脚一跺，球高速旋转着，向这边飞来，让人看得眼花缭乱。”一个动词转瞬变成六七个，文字即刻灵动丰富起来。

八、一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了！怎么变成三百字？可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地；加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等；还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗？

九、一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。？！：；、“”‘’......这些标点你的作文中都有吗？没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

十、字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。事实上很多作家也是以写短句见长的，像沈从文、汪曾祺。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句，改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感？

十一、长短结合节奏感

学生作文：疯马一样，酷毙上篮；飞龙一样，夺命三分；猫头鹰一样，勾手穿针。猎豹一样，有万影的速度。最后一句，你能否改成四个字？不要改。一段话，前面是四个字，后面也是四个字，当然可以。但前面六个字，后面四个字，或者两个字，那叫长短结合。长短结合的句子，读起来节奏感更棒。

十二、心情决定环境

张明语文考试只得了66分。回家后，一向严格的妈妈会怎么教训他？还有，和同学约好星期天去钓鱼，不知道还去不去得成？揣着那份沉重的试卷，张明忐忑不安地走出校门……他经过工地、垃圾场时会是怎样子的？张明语文考试得了99分，全班第一！一向重视学习的爸爸妈妈知道后，会怎样褒奖他呢？买玩具，还是肯德基？还有上次爸妈答应给她买溜冰鞋，何不趁热打铁？揣着那份写满希望的试卷，张明喜滋滋地走出校门……他经过工地、垃圾场时又会是怎样子的？肯定不一样，其中的不一样是什么，是人的内在的心情。人的内在的心情会改变你对环境的感觉。

十三、就爱用语气词

这馅偏偏跟我作对，像调皮的孩子要出去玩似的，老往外钻。呀，饺子皮破了，饺子馅弄得满手都是，黏糊糊的。除了“呀”这样的语气词，还有啊，还有哦，哈。语气词会让句子更亲切，更干净。甚至，当你写作文写不下去的时候，你就写一个语气词，你就写一个“哈哈”，你就写个“哦”，写个语气词下去，就有话写了。小编祝小朋友都学会这么棒的方法。

怎样提高小学生的写作水平

培养学生的听、说、读、写能力是语文教学的重点。而作文教学是语文教学中不可缺少的重要部分，既是重点也是难点。习作成了学生望而生畏的科目，对学生而言，写作文难，写一篇好的作文更难。他们面对作文题目不知从何下笔，无话可说，即便是写出来，也是内容空洞，言之无物，没有真情实感。师生都付出许多努力，但常常收效甚微。那么如何提高小学生的写作水平呢？通过《语文课程标准》的学习，加之自己十多年来的教学经验，我总结出以下几个方面。

一、通过教师的讲解和示范作文，让学生把握要点，培养其写作的灵感

二、注重平时的积累，积累对引导学生学习，写作起着十分重要的作用

1、根据课文内容来积累

３、通过写日记来积累

三、学会观察，吸收素材

四、多种方法对学生进行习作练习

１、语言技能训练法

２、专题训练法

３、提纲训练法

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活、精干的文学体裁。作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明。

同时，这也就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。也如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”，写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在，这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

首先，必须明确一个散文写作观念，即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有的教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人、写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者的业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。感情体验，是散文的内在结构，有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。

有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显，而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。

只要弄清这些，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

电子手表同机械手表相比较，既方便又经济，作为一种新型的计时工具，已越来越 多地进入到人们的生活中。

最初的电子手表主要是由晶体管和钮扣电池组成的。由于结构简单，功能也不完善，一般只 可显示简单的时间(精确度为一秒)，外型也较笨重、粗陋。现在较简单的电子手表内部结构 已有了变化，加入了二极管、简单的电子计算机记忆程序等，精确度提高到01秒。另外还 可整点报时、放音乐、指示星期几、夜间亮灯照明等，对方便人们的生活起了不少作用。

随着科学技术的不断发展，电子手表也在不断进步。除了以上所谈到的较普通的功能外，近 年来又出现了许多使用高科技成果的新产品。如1982年日本制的第一只电视手表。它由一个 带日历的电子手表和一个12英寸的黑白液晶显像屏组成。外型精巧，体积为487×398 ×9毫米３，重约50克，兼带耳机及调谐装置，既可作为手表显示时、分、秒、日历等， 又可作为电视，收听伴音、短波，还可通过调谐器选择频道，调节音量及调节画面光亮度。 还有一种电子脉搏表，重量不到30克，是由一个小型秒表连接一架微型计算机构成。把它戴 在手腕上，就可精确地测出每分钟脉搏次数，并用数字显示出来。

这种表可以很好地协助运 动员参加体育训练。另外有一种会说话的电子表，没有指针及数字，表盘上只显示一个机器 人的脸。那么它是如何向人们报告时间的呢?原来在它的内部装有一个报时的机械装置，只 要按动表上的按钮，就会有一个摹拟的女声报时。这种表对于盲人和视力差的人来说是一种 极好的计时工具。另一种电子手表能对聋哑人进行帮助，在这种手表上装有一个微型话筒， 用来接收3米内发出的声音，将声音输入表内的微型计算机，经过分析，声音信号便可传递 给手表附件中一个发光二极管，使其产生视觉信号。聋哑人根据看到的不同符号，就可以判 断出对方讲话的内容。

除此之外，各种新型的电子手表还可以测量体温、通讯联络及用作精密的野外观测等。我们 相信，在科技飞跃发展的明天，电子手表将发挥巨大的潜力，更好地为人类服务。

在这篇文章中，作者通过将电子手表与机械手表的造型、工艺、使用方法作比较，准 确地说明电子表越来越多地走入人们的生活中的原因。

总之，说明的方法很多，还可以列出许多种，如数字法、图表法、拟人法、顺序法等，不再 一一列举。但不管是哪种方法都要注意到科学性、准确性，为说明、阐释事物服务。

我们都知道，想在小升初英语写作拿高分，就要摸透老师的喜好，引起“读者”的注意。而在写作中句子偏长恰恰会适得其反，很容易让人漏听一、两个单词，影响对整个句子的理解，所以我们要教大家一些化繁为简的技巧——

1、巧用单个词：即用一个单词代替一组意义相同的单词。比如：

用forget(忘记)代替do not remember(没有记住)

用ignore(忽视)代替do not pay attention to(不注意)

用now(现在)代替at this point in time(此时此刻)

用because(由于)代替due to the fact that(鉴于下列事实)

2、省略同义词或近义词。比如在下面例句中，形容词important(重要的)和significant(有重要意义的)，就是两个同义词(也可以说是近义词)，我们可以省略important，只保留significant。

The government project is important and significant.(这项政府计划是重要的，有重要意义。)

The government project is significant.(这项政府计划有重要意义。)

3、在不改变句子含义的前提下，省略所有可以省略的单词。比如在下面例句中，the cover of the book(书的封面)可以省略成the book cover，is red in color(是红色的)可以省略成is red。

The cover of the book is red in color.(书的封面是红色的)

The book cover is red.(书的封面是红色的)

现在我们把这三种方法结合起来，将一个冗长、绕嘴的句子，改写成一个简短、易懂的句子。

University malls must be accessible and free from congestion in order that students, faculty and employees may have unobstructed passage through those areas of the campus.(校内道路必须是便于通行的，不拥堵的，以便让学生、教师和职员能够无阻碍地通过，到达校园的各处。)

University malls must be free enough from congestion to allow people to walk through easily.(校内道路不应当拥堵，以便人们顺利通行。)

4、用介词短语替代从句。比如：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

5、删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语。比如：

原句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。