春天的英语写作素材_作文【热门20篇】

尊严就是人的权利和人格被尊重。下面是语文迷为大家整理的关于尊严的名言，欢迎阅读参考。

1、我想一个人的尊严，并不在于他能赚多少钱，或获得了什么社会地位，而在于能不能发挥他的专长，过有意义的生活。一百个人不能都做同样的事，各有不同的生活方式。生活虽不同，可是发挥自己的天分与专长，并使自己陶醉在这种喜悦之中，与社会大众共享，在奉献中，领悟出自己的人生价值，这是现代人普遍期望的。——松下幸之助

2、自尊自爱，作为一种力求完善的动力，却是一切伟大事业的渊源。——屠格涅夫

3、人受到震动有种种不同：有的是在脊椎骨上;有的是在神经上;有的是在道德感受上;而最强烈的最持久的则是在个人尊严上。——约翰高而斯华馁

4、每一个正直的人都应该维护自己的尊严。——卢梭

5、一个人开朗豁达，就会感受到自尊的快乐。

6、过度的自尊，则使我们越发敏感，作茧自缚，最终体验不到生活的乐趣。

7、忌妒，是心灵的肿瘤。——艾青

8、自暴自弃，这是一条永远腐蚀啃嗤着心灵的毒蛇，它吸走心灵的新鲜血液，并在其中注入厌世和绝望的毒汁。——马克思

9、一个人如果能懂得知耻，就格外珍惜自尊，就会主动维护他人的尊严。

10、把尊重自己与尊重他人结合起来，就会散发出高贵的气质。

11、高度的自尊心不是骄傲自大或缺乏自我批评精神的同义词。自尊心强的人不是认为自己比别人优越，而只是对自己有信心，相信自己能够克服自己的缺点。——伊谢科恩

12、我们可以把我们的财物生命转借给我们的朋友，以满足他们的需求，但是，转让尊严之名，把自己的荣誉安在他人头上，这却是罕见的。——蒙田

13、只有当你想得到别人的尊重而又没有其他办法时，漂亮的衣服才能派上用场。——塞缪尔•约翰逊

14、不知道他自己的尊严的人，便不能尊重别人的尊严。——席勒

15、虽然尊严不是一种美德，却是许多美德之母。——柯林斯托姆

16、尊重他人是人生的一道底线，是人生的一个亮点，自尊是无价的。

17、尊重他人是一门学问，是人生的一片风景，尊人优雅，

18、塑造更好的形象，赢得别人对自己的肯定，赢得集体和社会的赞扬，这就是自尊的表现。

19、自尊，迄今为止一直是少数人所必备的一种德性。凡是在权力不平等的地方，它都不可能在服从于其他人统治的那些人的身上找到。——罗素

20、人与人之间需要一种平衡，就像大自然需要平衡一样。不尊重别人感情的人，最终只会引起别人的讨厌和憎恨。——戴尔•卡耐基

21、尊重生命尊重他人也尊重自己的生命，是生命进程中的伴随物，也是心理健康的一个条件。——弗洛姆

22、对别人的意见要表示尊重。千万别说：“你错了。”——卡耐基

23、对人来说，最最重要的东西是尊严。——普列姆昌德

24、珍视思想的人，必然珍视自己的尊严。——苏霍姆林斯基

25、虽然尊严不是一种美德，却是许多美德之母。——柯林斯托姆

26、根本不该为取悦别人而使自己失敬于人。——卢梭

27、要人敬者，必先自敬。——陶行知

28、生命的尊严正是超等价物的一切事物的基点。——池田大作

29、哪里有理性智慧，哪里就有尊严。——马丹•杜•加尔

30、人的一切尊严，就在于思想。——巴斯葛

31、我们的尊严不在于我们做什么，而在于我们懂得什么。——桑塔亚那

32、人的尊严可以用一句话来概括：即他的信念……它比金钱地位权势，甚至比生命都更有价值。——海卡尔

33、不要让一个人去守卫他的尊严，而应让他的尊严来守卫他。——爱默生

34、生命的尊严使普遍的绝对的准则。生命的尊严是没有等价物的，是任何东西都不能代替的。——池田大作

35、擦地板何洗痰盂的工作何总统的职务一样，都有其尊严存在。——尼克松

36、在文学上，年轻人常常从担任法官开始他们的生涯，只有当智慧与经验到来时，他们才终于获得了受审的尊严。——托马斯•哈代

37、七十寿辰!这是人们获得一种新的令人敬畏的尊严的幸福时刻。这时，你可以把压抑已达三十余年的故作深沉弃之一旁，无所畏惧，泰然自若地站在人生的七级顶锋向下观望，教诲他人而不会受到指责。——马克吐温

38、我们可以死，但是永远不会变节!我们可以死，但是要自由和尊严地去死!我们可以死，并不是因为我们不重视生命，不是因为我们不重视我国人民进行的创造性事业，看不到我们通过自己的劳动有权得到的光荣的未来，而是因为我们每个人的生命是同这种思想，这种前途不可分割地联系在一起的。——卡斯特罗

39、国家的尊严比安全更为重要，比命运更有价值——托•伍•威尔逊

40、人类的全部尊严，就在于思想!——帕思卡尔

41、一个真正伟大骄傲而又勇敢的民族宁可面对战争的任何灾难，也不愿在牺牲其民族尊严的情况下换得卑贱——西•罗斯福

42、一个国家如果不能勇于不惜一切地去维护自己的尊严，那么，这个国家就一钱不值——席勒

43、傲慢是一种得不到支持的尊严。——巴尔扎克

44、人们将永远赖以自立的是他的智慧良心人的尊严。——苏霍姆林斯基

导语：相信英语作文是令很多人头疼的东西吧,别着急,平时多看范文,多看英语新闻,积累多了自然有句子可写。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. 表起始的过渡语

first of all, to begin with, in my opinion, according to, so far, as far as等.

2. 表时间的过渡语

first, at first, then, later, in the end, finally, afterwards, after that, since then, for the first time, at last, as soon as, the next moment, meanwhile, later on, soon, finally等.

3. 表空间的过渡语

on the right/left, to the right/left of, on one side of… on the other side of…, at the foot/top/end of, in the middle/centre of, next to, far from, in front of等.

4. 表因果的过渡语

for, because of, one reason is that… another reason is that…, thus, so, as a result (of)等.

5. 表转折的过渡语

but, yet, however, after all, in fact, while, on the contrary, instead of, unlike, although, otherwise,nevertheless, in spite of, after all等.

6. 表列举的过渡语

for example, such as, that is, like, as follows, in other words, and so on等.

7. 表推进的过渡语

what’s more, on one hand… on the other hand…, in addition to, as well, still, also, in other words, not only…but also…, besides, furthermore, moreover等.

8. 表总结的过渡语

in short, in a word, in general, in brief, in all, on the whole等.

导语：写英语作文的时候运用名言警句或者谚语会给人眼前一亮的感觉，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的英语写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

01. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧.

02. Time is money. 时间就是金钱

03. Easier said than done. 说来容易做来难

04. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成.

05. Look before you leap. 三思而后行.

06. Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量

07. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助.

08. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 心之所愿，无事不成

09. Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老

10. No pains, no gains. 不劳无获

11. Once in a blue moon. 千载难逢

12. To make the impossible possible. 将不可能变为可能

13. Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母

14. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情

15. First things first. 先做重要之事

16. Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同

17. Rome was not built in a day. 成功并非一朝一夕的事

18. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子

19. East or west, home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝

20. Time and tide wait for no man. 时间不等人

第一段：考生需要简明扼要地阐述图片内容，并点出该图画的主题。第一句话引出话题：例如:Nothing gets people talking like the topic that parents ‘role in family education(图画反映出的话题);第二句话开始正式描述图画，包含两部分：中心人或物正在干什么，以及重要细节是什么，因为是两幅图，就分别描写即可。Just as we can see from the first picture,... But when glance at the second, we know tht…第三句可以简单翻译中文标题或是描述，或者直接引出主题And below the drawing, a title which says that…。

中间段为阐释段。首句一般点出图片的象征寓意，也就是明确指出图片反映的社会问题，也就是该篇作文的中心思想。这篇文章的主题是父母应该通过行动来做好孩子的榜样,我们可以这样引出：What the cartoon really intend to extend is that parents should not only educate their children in words but also in deeds。具体的论证方法：原因，举例，对比、在这里，我们可以使用原因。这里有一些原因句型,可供大家参考：

1. Owning to /considering /given the fact that +原因

2.The major determinant lies in…

3. It is well known that/as we all know,… therefore, …

4. There is no doubt that… consequently, …

最后一段，给出评论或总结提建议。可以从怎样在行动上起到表率作用为切入口进行描述。

热点话题：

1、人口问题

2、 西部大开发

3、 网络和双刃剑(金钱，阳光)

4、成功，梦想和现实

5、职业选择和规划/高分低能

6、洋节和传统节日

7、神七上天和嫦娥奔月

8、地震与爱心

9、 奥运举办

10、 抄袭与诚信

11、伪劣商品

12、食品安全

13、抄袭与诚信

14、乱收费(因果：因：法律制度不完善，部分人只顾自己利益，忽视学生利益; 果：为社会，个人带来不良后果和巨大压力)

15、节俭与压力

16、心理问题

17、交通阻塞

18、创新创业

Spring is a hopeful and alive season.When you walk through a street in therain,tasting the latex of the clear sky,dont you think it a joys of life? Spring is coming,my dear friends.Listen to the sound of the world and look at the new world.The wind blows our faces gently.However,is different from the winter wind. Do you look forward a sunny day ? Then you can sit on a chair in the garden with flowers are beautiful in the morning in March and ,wait for the sunrise quietly.Is there anybody having a free spirit and tasting a cup of tea,in the new germination of grass.

Spring has been here already,my dear friends.When your heart is full of darkness and despair,dont forget your childish dream,and believe,sping is coming soon.

I Love spring very much! when spring comes,many flowers come out,and all the trees become green! we can do a lot now ! Every day is funny,and this is very good ! we can fly the kites in the field and we also could playing outside on the ground! Its very beautiful outside! If we have a camera,we can take a lot of photos!

[介绍春天的英语作文

俗话说“人心齐，泰山移”，这句话就充分体现了合作的重要性。记得那一次，我的小表哥来我家玩。当我们在家疯玩了整个上午 ，就觉得很无聊了。于是我们决定到楼下的小区玩，因为有时有很多我的伙伴和我的“死党”，所以比家里好玩多了。

说来话巧，当时正好有五六个“死党”在玩，一个眼尖的小伙伴一眼见到我下来玩了，就立马招呼我过去了：“b头，‘二缺一’啊!快来啊!”说完，还跑过硬拽着我过去了。我带满腹的疑惑和好奇，走了过去。当我走到他们身边，才知道一一原来他们在玩“二人三足”的游戏，还缺一组人，见我和我的小表哥来了，正好可以凑够一组，所以硬拽我过去。

“哦，原来是这样!”我恍然大悟。于是，我和小表哥参加这场游戏。接着，我们就开始分组：我和小表哥分成一组，另外几个“死党”分表分成两组。还有一个未参赛的伙伴，就做了小“裁判”。

比赛准备开始了!赛手们个个都摩拳擦掌，都在做“赛前运动”，“各就各位，”赛手们立即停止了赛前运动，作出预备起跑的动作，“预备一一跑!”小裁判发令。顿时，赛手们像一支支离弦的箭，向前方“射”去。我和小表哥也不例外，我们俩想两只饿了几天的野兽，想“猎物”(这里指终点)奔去……比赛进行了一会了，可惜赛手们都旗鼓相当，一直未分上下，未分输赢，就在这时，当我们还没分出上下、输赢的时候，我和小表哥发生了意外：小表哥跟不上我的脚步，加之我的腿比小表哥的长，小表哥摔倒了，我也被带下了去。

望着距离拉得越来越大，小表哥急得直挠头，我也强让自己冷静下来，想办法……想啊想啊，终于想了一个“妙计”：我和小表哥合作，先互相搭着肩膀，然后我数“一”我们就提起我们各自没有绑上红领巾的脚(红领巾就是当时用来绑我们中间那只“脚”)，我数“二”就一起踢中间那只“脚”，如此类推。我吧这个办法讲给了小表哥听，他同意了。

于是，我们就合作起来，速度果然得到了很大的提升，我们以迅雷不及掩耳之势的速度追了上去，很快就追上了第二组……

可惜，第一组也我们拉的距离太大了，最后只差了一步之遥，我们只取得了第二名。不过，我和小表哥也很高兴，因为只是通过我们的合作换来的，我们都十分快乐。

“人心齐，泰山移”，只要我们肯合作，连泰山都能移走。啊!合作的感觉真好!

四名言

众人拾柴火焰高

人心齐，泰山移

一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮

五时事

电视上的一幕幕场景成为刻骨铭心的镜头在记忆里定格：解放军和武警在废墟间劳作，他们的爱是一片片橄榄绿;医生和护士在野战医院的无影灯下跟死亡赛跑，他们的爱是一身身雪花白;献血的人们排成了长龙，他们的爱是一袋袋血浆红……爱是xx总理嘶哑的声音，爱是捐款箱里一沓沓血汗钱，爱是哀悼日全国车辆悲恸的鸣笛，爱是所有人脸上晶莹的泪珠……从北疆到南国，从西域到东海，爱传递着爱，爱感染着爱，爱潮涌动，流溢神州大地。

在这场突如其来的灾难面前，我们守望相助、互伸援手，每个互相支撑的生命书写了一个大大的“人”字。这就是我们中华民族的脊梁!

历史与文学

孙刘联盟，天下三分”

公元2XX年“赤壁之战”，是曹操和孙权、刘备在今湖北江陵与汉口间的长江沿岸 的一场战略会战，对于三国鼎立局面的确立具有决定性的意义。在这场战争中，处于劣 势地位的孙、刘联军，面对总兵力达二十三四万之多的曹军，正确分析形势，找出其弱 点和不利因素，采取密切协同、以长击短，以火佐攻，乘胜追击的作战方针，打得曹军 丢盔弃甲，狼狈窜北，使曹操“横槊赋诗”、并吞寰宇的雄心就此付诸东流，从而成为 历史上运用火攻，以弱胜强的著名战例。

[团结合作的作文写作素材

导语：在作文中巧妙运用一些我们平时积累的作文素材，可以为我们的作文增色不少，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1984年，在东京国际马拉松邀请赛中，名不见经传的日本选手山田本一出人意外地夺得了世界冠军，中考作文素材 哲理故事：智慧战胜对手。当记者问他凭什么取得如此惊人的成绩时，他说了这么一句话：凭智慧战胜对手。

当时许多人都认为这个偶然跑到前面的矮个子选手是在故弄玄虚。马拉松赛是体力和耐力的运动，只要身体素质好又有耐性就有望夺冠，爆发力和速度都还在其次，说用智慧取胜确实有点勉强。

两年后，意大利国际马拉松邀请赛在意大利北部城市米兰举行，山田本一代表日本参加比赛。这一次，他又获得了世界冠军。记者又请他谈经验。

山田本一性情木讷，不善言谈，回答的仍是上次那句话：用智慧战胜对手。这回记者在报纸上没再挖苦他，但对他所谓的智慧迷惑不解。

10年后，这个谜终于被解开了，他在他的自传中是这么说的：每次比赛之前，我都要乘车把比赛的线路仔细地看一遍，并把沿途比较醒目的标志画下来，比如第一个标志是银行;第二个标志是一棵大树;第三个标志是一座红房子……这样一直画到赛程的终点，作文素材《中考作文素材 哲理故事：智慧战胜对手》。比赛开始后，我就以百米的速度奋力地向第一个目标冲去，等到达第一个目标后，我又以同样的速度向第二个目标冲去。40多公里的赛程，就被我分解成这么几个小目标轻松地跑完了。起初，我并不懂这样的道理，我把我的目标定在40多公里外终点线上的那面旗帜上，结果我跑到十几公里时就疲惫不堪了，我被前面那段遥远的路程给吓倒了。

在山田本一的自传中，发现这段话的时候，我正在读法国作家普鲁斯特的《追忆似水流年》，这部作者花了16年写成的7卷本巨着，有很多次让我望而却步，要不是山田本一给我的启示，这部书可能还会像一座山一样横在我的眼前，现在它已被我踏平了。

我曾想，在现实中，我们做事之所以会半途而废，这其中的原因，往往不是因为难度较大，而是觉得成功离我们较远，确切地说，我们不是因为失败而放弃，而是因为倦怠而失败。在人生的旅途中，我们稍微具有一点山田本一的智慧，一生中也许会少许多懊悔和惋惜。

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导语：还在为处处苦寻作文素材而烦恼吗?还在为找不到新鲜视觉而挠头吗?原来，素材最多最全的竟是我们相伴三年的语文课本。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的高考作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、素材集成

1.《蜀道难》

(1)素材：蜀道之难，难于上青天。

其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉。

适用话题：面对困境

阐释：蜀道虽难，又怎比得上仕途之险恶。人们说李白豪放洒脱，赐金放还后游于名山大川，诗酒一生。他失意中发豪放之音，抑郁中唱洒脱之歌，终成就一代“诗仙”的美名。一生的游历，半个盛唐都有阴郁的灰色。

2.《杜甫诗三首》

(1)素材：画图省识春风面，环珮空归夜月魂。

适用话题：正直

阐释：汉元帝按图招幸宫人，宫人都贿赂画工。王昭君自恃美貌，不肯行贿，被画工丑化，不得皇帝召见。后汉与匈奴和亲，王昭君远嫁塞北，为汉朝和匈奴的和平作出了贡献。

(2)素材：一去紫台连朔漠，独留青冢向黄昏。

适用话题：个人与国家的关系

阐释：纵然被画工丑化的苦楚和不得皇帝召见的伤感依旧萦绕于心，但昭君在个人幸福和国家安定之间毅然选择了后者。她离开汉宫，远嫁极北荒漠之地。昭君墓穿越千年时空向我们展示着这个温柔女子的无悔选择。

3.《琵琶行》

(1)素材：别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声。

适用话题：给人生“留白”

阐释：这句话表现了这位演奏琵琶的少妇技艺是如此的高超，在乐曲高潮后留一段曲调空白。这样一段空白，却使诗人对曲子意境的理解更加深刻。高超的山水画家在画山水画时也会留下空白。它们不仅不会影响画作的品质，反而会增加其价值。生活也是如此，留一点空白将会更加精彩。

(2)素材：同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识。

座中泣下谁最多，江州司马青衫湿。

适用话题：沟通与理解

阐释：江州司马，出官二年，依然恬然自安;但听到琵琶女用真情弹奏出的仙乐后，也不禁感迁谪之意，泪湿青衫。真情是事物的灵魂，有了它，琵琶音才能打开白乐天的心扉，触动他心中那根绷紧的弦;有了它，《琵琶行》才能穿越历史的天空，引起读者强烈的共鸣。

4.《李商隐诗两首》

(1)素材：沧海月明珠有泪，蓝田日暖玉生烟。

适用范围：理想类话题

阐释：中唐诗人戴叙伦曾说：“诗家之景如蓝田日暖，良玉生烟，可望而不可置于眉睫之前也。”李商隐化用其意，表示美好愿望终如蓝田之烟云，可望而不可即。

(2)素材：空闻虎旅传宵柝，无复鸡人报晓筹。

适用话题：逸豫可以亡身

阐释：唐玄宗晚年沉迷于享乐，“春宵苦短日高起，从此君王不早朝”，于是渔阳鼓动起来，惊破《霓裳羽衣曲》，在马嵬坡“空闻虎旅传宵柝”。

二、素材集成

1.或百步而后止，或五十步而后止。以五十步笑百步，则何如?(《寡人之于国也》)

适用话题：“看问题抓事物本质，不能仅停留表面”“对人与对己”“谦虚”

精彩运用：其实“五十步笑百步”是一般人的通病，他们往往只看到別人的缺点和短处，却不明白自己也犯了相同的错误和毛病，还一味批评別人，而不会检讨自己并改正自己的缺点和错误，这实在是标准的“五十步笑百步”。朋友，当你想取笑别人的错误时，先要扪心自问，这样的错误，我犯了吗?

2.不违农时，谷不可胜时也;数罟不入洿池，鱼鳖不可胜食也;斧今以时入山林，材木不可胜用也。(《寡人之于国也》)

适用话题：“遵循自然规律”“保护生态平衡”“坚持可持续性发展的道路”“人与自然的和谐”

精彩运用：近百年来，不和谐的场景一幕幕在加速上演着。当蒸汽机代替了手工作业，当电能、核能代替了煤炭石油时，人们逐渐破坏了自然的和谐。不知道多少黑烟毒气排入了原本湛蓝的天空，不知多少农药灰尘在大地肆意飞舞。而一次性餐具、不可降解的塑料袋、电池等产品也正在不断地破坏着生态的和谐，破坏着整个人类赖以生存的家园和谐。或许几十年、几百年后我们将没有了赖以生存的淡水，也许石油等一次性能源也将很快被用尽，届时我们又该何去何从?生态的和谐是多么的重要啊!听听孟子的呼声吧!

3.青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“学习”“超越”“进步”

精彩运用：这句话的原意是指靛青染料是从蓝草中提炼出来的，但颜色比蓝草更深。用在此处其意是强调学习的功效。是的，学习者不是简单地重复已有的知识，每个人都要善于在前人的基础上有所创新，有所进步。人只有不断学习，改造自己，才能不断地超越自我。后世一般把“青出于蓝胜于蓝”用来形容学生胜过老师，与长江后浪推前浪的意思相似。

4.君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“学习与思考”“反思与进步”

精彩运用：我们在成长的过程中，难免会染上一些灰尘——诸如懒惰、自卑等等。而这些灰尘虽然用肉眼不能看清，却会让我们的大脑运转不灵，直接影响我们的前程。这个时候，我们就需要时时反省，就像曾子那样每日多次反省：“为人家办事情是不是尽心尽力了呢?和朋友交往是不是真诚呢?老师传给我的知识是不是复习了呢?”

5.故不积跬步，无以至千里;不积小流，无以成江海。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“坚持积累”“量变与质变”

精彩运用：“泰山不择细壤故成其高，江海不择细流故成其深”，无论学习还是生活，我们都应加强积累，注重积累的重要性。法国作家大仲马说:“生活是由无数个烦恼组成的念珠，你必须微笑着数完它”。生活本身就是一个积累的过程，我们只有在积累中走完人生这个过程，才能体会生活的真谛。

6.锲而舍之，朽木不折;锲而不舍，金石可镂。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“持之以恒”“执著”

精彩运用：执著是“咬定青山不放松，任尔东南西北风”;执著是坚守，在纷至沓来的诱惑面前，如锚碇般坚强稳定，稳住左顾右盼，游离不定的心思;执著是忘情是专注，是一心一意的全神贯注的追寻、探索，是锲而不舍孜孜不倦的探求;执著是热情的投入，是一份深深的眷恋;执著也是给予是付出，是全副身心的追求。

7.蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“恒心”“浮躁”“毅力”

精彩运用：蚯蚓的体内是没有骨头的，可偏偏就是这么一种无骨的动物，身上却具有比那些有骨者更多的坚强与韧性。一辈子锲而不舍地躬行，用柔弱的躯体，在漆黑的无路的地下，开辟出一条生之路来。

8.师不必贤于弟子，弟子不必不如师，闻道有先后，术业有专攻。(《师说》)

适用话题：“各有所长”“自信”

精彩运用：不要看轻自己，不必自怨自艾，世间很少全才，更少有十全十美的人，只要你有一技之长，你就可能在这方面胜过别人。古人云：“师不必贤于弟子，弟子不必不如师”。作为师长，我们应该始终坚持着“礼贤下士”的原则，真诚地、虚心地向每一个孩子们请教，哪怕是一个很不起眼的问题，孩子们也耐心地、认真地、幸福地告诉我《谁动了我的奶酪》的主要内容，《哈里·波特》怎么怎么好玩，他们还会告诉我新建的儿童公园在哪……

9.是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。(《师说》)

适用话题：“真理”“盲从”“赏识”“学习”“合作”“帮助”

精彩运用：互帮互学，方能共同进步。孔子当年就认为“三人行，必有我师焉”;韩愈当年也批评了“耻学于师”的风气，提倡“不耻相师”。在今天激烈竞争的年代，有些人暗自发力，以为“留一手”，自己可以脱颖而出，其实封闭自己，只会变成井底之蛙，你虚心求教，必有进步;你帮助别人的同时，也促使自己提高。没有赏识就没有教育，每个孩子仿佛都是为得到赏识而来到人世。每一个人，无贵无贱，无长无少，都有他光彩夺目的一面，作为教师，要寻找学生的闪光点，挖掘学生的优势潜能，树立学生的自尊自信，让孩子在赏识中点燃生命的理想，实现生命的价值。

三、素材集成

曹雪芹与《红楼梦》素材与话题：

“字字看来皆是血”

曹雪芹晚年贫病交加，在北京西村时，“蓬牖茅椽，绳床瓦灶”，“举家食粥酒常赊”。在这样的困境中，他仍然勤奋写作《红楼梦》，批阅十载，增删五次，真是“字字看来皆是血，十年辛苦不寻常”。《红楼梦》问世已两百余年，成为我国古典文学的光辉巨著，也是世界文化艺术的瑰宝。

适用话题：人生的困境与奋斗、逆境与成才、正确对待困境、勤奋与成功、坚守等。

生成与运用：

●逆境能摧毁人，也能锻炼人。对于有坚强意志的人来说，逆境只不过是展示其毅力的一个平台，是其奋斗的一个缩影。面对逆境，努力者成功，畏缩者失败。晚年的曹雪芹移居北京西郊，生活穷苦，“满径蓬蒿”“举家食粥”。他以坚忍不拔的毅力，专心致志地从事《红楼梦》的写作和修订。《红楼梦》被他“披阅十载，增删五次”，真是“字字看来皆是血，十年辛苦不寻常”。正因为如此，《红楼梦》问世两百余年来，一直雄踞中国古典小说创作的最高峰。

●溶溶月，淡淡风，曹雪芹的名字留在了弥留花香的空气里，没有随世俗之波而逐流，于是有了如今众多致力于红学的学者。做自己，才有了红楼叠梦，做自己，才有了万古流芳。

心境似云，有聚的浓烈，也有散的寡落;心境似水，有静的轻柔，也有动的汹涌。我们不做别人的模板，要做就做那参天直立的大树，根深深地扎进黑暗的泥土，树高高地伸进光明的苍穹。做高大的自己，每一片叶子都是一首欢歌。我们要时时保持心的洁净，不让雨下进真实的灵魂里。

●何必要穷根究底，去争论红楼中的花魁呢?不正是有了宝钗的端庄，黛玉的优雅，湘云的开朗，妙玉的清高，熙凤的泼辣，还有那晴雯的俏丽，紫鹃的聪慧，平儿的细致，大观园才得以流光、《红楼梦》才得以溢彩吗?不正是有了这么多性格迥异的人，才构成了这个多元丰富的社会大舞台的吗?所以，我们所提倡的“个性张扬”必须是针对自我的内在潜能。只有真诚、诚实地秀出自我，张扬个性，才能变成一颗耀眼璀璨的星星，升起在人生大舞台上。

《林黛玉进贾府》素材与话题：

满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪。都云作者痴，谁解其中味!

提示：这是《红楼梦》全书首先进行的自我总评。整部小说也确然如此，写尽荒唐之事，然情节最是牵动人情，所谓“千红一哭”“万艳同悲”。从封建阶级的正统观念来看，作者写石头“幻形入世”是荒唐的，写大观园内小儿女之间你你我我、恩恩怨怨的情爱也是荒唐的，揭露那些诗礼蓉缨之族、钟鸣鼎食之家内部的腐朽堕落，则更是荒唐、无有意义的。所以作者解嘲似地“承认”是“满纸荒唐言”。然而作者自己深深懂得他绝不是为了给世人消愁破闷儿来写这部书的，而是把自己一生“历尽离合悲欢炎凉世态”的经历，加以艺术的概括和提炼。塑造了众多类型的人物，来表明他对人生社会的认识，寄托他难以言喻的感慨，既是赞歌，又是悲歌和挽歌。

生成与运用：

●大观园是作者精心虚构的一座人间仙境，是宝玉和少男少女的人间乐园。这座花园寄寓了作者的人生和社会理想，它干净、闲雅、脱俗，人与人间相亲相爱，主仆间没有差别。这里面没有功名利禄世俗干扰，也没有外界污浊恶臭。但大观园毕竟是作者理想的存在，它依托贾府现实环境而存在，不可避免地受世俗侵扰，大观园的命运最终是归于毁灭。这是《红楼梦》小说悲剧精神的核心之所在。抄检大观园总体上是一场悲剧。小人之得逞，无辜之受害，探春之悲愤，王夫人之刚愎，凤姐之无奈，以及从总体上看贾府之走向败落，俱足以悲。

●在以后的日子里，我读《红楼梦》的次数多起来。我逐渐懂得颦儿“孤高自许，目下无尘”背后的无奈，渐渐了解贾宝玉“富贵闲人”中隐藏的叛逆精神，慢慢明白薛宝钗“任是无情也动人”的世故冷漠，我会为金钏儿的投井身亡洒一掬同情之泪，我会为晴雯的反抗拍案叫绝，我会为袭人的谨小慎微而悠然叹息……

吟着“我所居兮，青埂之峰，我所峰兮，鸿蒙太空，吾维于是逝，谁与吾从，渺渺茫茫，归彼大荒”，我不再只醉心于词句的优美，而是对那个时代的悲哀与无奈有了更深刻的认识。

如今，我再次阅读《红楼梦》，得出新的认识：《红楼梦》中的“千红一哭(窟)，万艳同悲(杯)”昭示着封建制度的必然灭亡。《红楼梦》的成功不仅仅在于其文学价值，更在于其社会意义。

《祝福》素材与话题：

反对封建，提倡民主;反对迷信，提倡科学，已经整整一个世纪了，然而，在今天，受迫害的“祥林嫂”时有所闻，满脑子牛鬼蛇神轮回报应的“柳妈”更随处可见，而且，“柳妈”更是年轻化、低龄化，这难道不应引起我们高度的重视吗?

适用话题：提倡科学，反对迷信

《老人与海》素材与话题：

一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。

提示：桑地亚哥是个可怜的老渔夫——看上去似乎是的。海明威以自己精炼的语言塑造了这个形象，可以说，海明威并没有给予老人成功，却赋予老人在压力下优雅而坚韧的形象。

老渔夫在海上一无所获地漂流了84天后捕到了一条巨大无比的马林鱼，这是一条比他的渔船还长的鱼，是在拖着渔船三天两夜之后才被刺死的。但老人的归途并不顺利，他又遭遇了鲨鱼，经过殊死的搏斗，马林鱼只剩下一副骨架。

骨骼是精神的支柱，海明威看似没有让老人桑地亚哥成功，却以光秃秃的骨骼奏出了老人生命的硬度。

适用话题：人生意义类、培养坚强品质类。

生成与运用：

●“我要跟它们斗到死”——这个硬汉面对挑战如是说。他自身的英雄主义，还有他趋向坚韧的力量咄咄逼人。老人是孤独的，他是在理想的道路上前行的旅人，但他又是不孤独的，因为他的意志是那样的坚强。一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。这副铮铮铁骨难道不为我们所崇敬、所供奉、所学习吗?年轻，象征着力量和希望。我们怎么去面对生、老、病、死，我们的心该有多宽?

一个真正的强者，只能被摧毁而不能被击败。

●人性是强悍的，人类本身有自己的限度，但正是因为有了老渔夫这样的人一次又一次地向限度挑战，超越它们，这个限度才一次次被扩大，一次次把更大的挑战摆在人类面前。在这个意义上，老渔夫桑地亚哥这样的英雄，不管他们挑战限度是成功还是失败，都是值得我们永远敬重的。因为，他带给我们的是人类最为高贵的自信!

人生本来就是一种无止境的追求。它的道路漫长、艰难，而且充满坎坷，但只要自己勇敢顽强地以一颗自信的心去迎接挑战，他将永远是一个真正的胜利者!

英文日记和汉语日记一样，是用来记叙一天中所发生的有意义的事情或对将来的打算等。以下是小编整理的英语日记写作的格式，欢迎阅读！

日记可分为记事、议论、描写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活学习中发生的事情。议论型是对生活中的某一事情或情况现象谈自己的看法，发表议论。描写型或抒情型，则是对某人物事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。

1、格式：

一般是在左上角记上当天日期，星期，时间的排列法与书信一致，星期写在日期之后；右上角写上当天的天气情况，表示天气情况的词一般是形容词，如：fine（晴朗的），cold（寒冷的），snowy（下雪），sunny（阳光充足的），rainy（下雨的），cloudy（阴天的）等。日记的小标题写在下一行，也可省略不写。

2、时态：

写日记的时间一般是在下午、晚上，有时也可以在第二天补写，因此，日记中所记述的事情通常发生在过去，常用一般过去时；但当记述天气、描写景色或展望未来时，可以用一般现在时或一般将来时。

写法大致和写汉语日记相同，都是在正文之前有日期、星期几及当天的天气情况。注意内容表达要清楚连贯、准确。

扩展阅读：

日期格式用月日年（美式）或日月年（英式）都可以

1. 年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开，例如：december 18, xx或者dec. 18, xx。

2. 如果要写星期，星期要紧挨日期，它既可以放在日期前面，也可以放在日期后面，星期也可以省略不写。星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写，例如：thursday dec. 18, xx或dec.18，xx thursday

3. 天气情况必不可少，天气一般用一个形容词如:sunny, fine, rainy, snowy等表示。天气通常位于日记的右上角。

导语：一个人永远不要做情绪的奴隶。无论境况多么糟糕，你应该努力去支配你的环境，把自己从黑暗中拯救出来。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢! ​

不知什么时候开始，在人们的观念里，“不吵架”就等于高情商了。好像高情商人士都是一些打不还手，骂不还口的圣人。

朋友圈爆文刷屏的一个观念就是“远离垃圾人”，所谓垃圾人，就是那种以负能量为生，不断挑衅别人，你要和他争吵，最终会被杀害、被斩首，这样不值得，所以你得远离他。

这样的文章下面，点赞最多的评论往往都是：道理我都懂，但是我做不到。一旦情绪上来，谁都难克制。

克制情绪，关键并不是不吵架，而是要学会在吵架中学习和改变。

在吵架的过程中，你能学会一种识别他人情绪变化的能力，以便自己在发现对方情绪失控时及时评估危险，随时脱身。

比如，在武汉面馆砍头事件中，我提出了“心眼”的概念。所谓心眼，就是和猫一样，拥有较强的情绪观察能力。

即所有的对话，都建立在对对方的观察上，而不是推翻对方的论点。这和剑客决斗是一个道理，要学会观察对手，发现破绽一招制敌。招式用力过猛，过于大开大合会被对手秒杀。

然而当文章发表在知乎后，有位网友显然不同意我的观点，他单独私信我，语气十分恶劣。

大概意思是：对于精神病人，不该放出来危害社会，要把他们杀光杀绝。

尤其我们这种学心理的，都是些无用的蠢货，有本事去感化精神病人啊，我们第一个被精神病人砍头。

我被这种污名化精神病人，诋毁心理学整个学科的言论激怒了。我一看他居然标签是985大学学生，我一气之下，把他的私信挂到了文章底下。告诉他，这种三观极为扭曲的言论，会给他的母校丢脸。

第二天，助理告诉我，有人在微博上找我。

原来此人在知乎被我拉黑后，在微博上发表了一条说说，傻傻地挂上了他私信的截图，自称私信内容被我曝光后，受到了无数来自我粉丝的网络暴力，还人肉了我的全部信息，@了我工作的单位。

看家伙太惨，我在文章中删掉了他的私信，但显然这个家伙并不解恨，电话打到了云南省主管心理学的上级部门，要求严查我。

结果接电话的人，看到了他出示的证据(他的私信截图)，气得怒骂了他，并威胁他再散布这种三观不正的言论，就要通报他的学校，结果他吓的删除了所有微博。

当天下午有朋友电话我，说我做的太棒了，网络上维护了心理学的尊严。

我简直哭笑不得。

仔细思考了这件事后，此后私信谩骂我的人，我的情绪系统自动帮我无视他们了。

类似这样的事情多了以后，有一些人你确实没必要和他撕，因为不会有结果，他们具有以下特点：

(1)价值观极端，喜欢使用“我最恨你们这种XX”句式，喜欢认定某一人群“恶劣、下等”，该“死光死绝”。

(2)假定自己是受害者，但又无法明确，到底是谁迫害了他，也无法理会自己是否做了过分的事。当然，一旦和你吵起来，他就认定是你，就算是他先发出的攻击行为。

这样的人言语中，会出现这样的句式，“就是XX这种人，污染糟蹋了社会”。

(3)不懂退让，当你发出了退让行为，试图缓解矛盾时，对方甚至咄咄逼人，这时你便无需和他争论，因为这场争论不会有赢家。

其实，我应该感谢这位网友，他可以说是我生命里的一个贵人，他用一种极端的形式帮我认清了现实，建立起了情绪回路。最重要的时候，这个过程我没有付出代价。

如今随着读者数量的增长，私信谩骂的人也日渐多了起来，但我却不再愤怒了。经历了这件事后，我的情绪系统会优先调用其他情绪。

首先是恐惧，这样执意把事闹大，也不管自己有理无理的人，让我感到害怕。

毕竟这个社会不是个完全公正的地方，万一他站在我面前，他很可能砍我。就算他只是告状，万一告到了一些某些希望我完蛋的人那，他会被人当枪使。

其次是怜悯，什么样的遭遇把人逼成了这样?正是因为这样的人存在，你会明白，这个社会充满扭曲，而你无论如何，不能成为扭曲的一员。

最后是对自己的嘲讽，虽然自己写文章时振振有辞，但实际上，在这个庞大的社会中泛不起一点涟漪，也许你谁都帮不了。

就算拥有百万粉丝，你也是个弱者。所以，情绪不是用来克制的，情绪是用来释怀的。

当你用全面的眼光去看待你的困境时，你会发现骂人解决不了问题。你会问自己一个问题，你是该证明你的观点，还是该去影响别人?

所谓克制愤怒，最好的方法就是，你必须意识到。你不是英雄，别人也不是反派。

我很想定义那个网友是疯子，而我是维护了心理学尊严的英雄。我为什么想这样呢?因为这样做最容易。

但是人性选择中，最容易的那个，永远是最错的那个。

实际上，只要你把一个团体或者个人“恶魔化”，那么你本身就在推动一种对抗，对抗的结果自然是要有一方人头落地。

在这种“打赢进牢房，打输进医院”的文化背景下，恐吓、羞辱于事无补。

强调“垃圾人定律”的文章，会不会有一个误区，既然垃圾人是一个不愿倾听、不愿改变、只懂发泄的群体。

那我们定义他们是“垃圾人”，然后我们远离他们，会不会自身更像垃圾人。

艾利斯的合理情绪疗法中，把这样的思维错误叫做“绝对化”。

人习惯把别人的“不良”行为和人品挂钩，这里面隐含了一个事实，那就是我是“好人”，我只会做正确的事，而我做的事情，一定能得到观众的理解。而他是“坏人”，他所做的事，一定会得到惩罚。

事实上，真实世界没有那么单调的剧情，以偏概全的全盘否定和“绝不应该”思维，只会让我们的情绪更加不可控，也无法更加理智地看待事情本身。

遇到冲突时，我的内心里有两个小人会对话。

A：“他侮辱你，你为什么不冲上去弄他?”

B：“因为我影响不了他。”

A：“那他可是个坏人唉!”

B：“坏人，我也是啊!”

A：“你这么忍，不憋屈吗?”

B：“我这么忍，正是为了当我重大利益受侵犯时，我才有全力一搏的勇气啊!”

A：“你怎么那么不听话?”

B：“老师，当一个学生长大后，就不只是听话，而该是青出于蓝而胜于蓝，不是吗?”

我相信你明白，这里的A是先天原始情绪系统，这里的B是后天认知情绪系统，B成长的越快，你的人生也就越稳。

克制情绪从来都不靠忍，而是靠学习。

还是那句老话：一个人永远不要做情绪的奴隶。无论境况多么糟糕，你应该努力去支配你的环境，把自己从黑暗中拯救出来。

导语：子曰：“三人行，则必有我师。”孔圣人都需要虚心求学，何况我们这些芸芸众生呢?所以，走在人生的大道上，我们不妨放下架子，俯下身子，虚怀若谷。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

曰：“三人行，则必有我师。”孔圣人都需要虚心求学，何况我们这些芸芸众生呢?所以，走在人生的大道上，我们不妨放下架子，俯下身子，虚怀若谷。

俯下身子，聆听他人的教悔。

李白俯下身子，聆听老婆婆的教悔，于是才有了“铁杵磨成针”的意志，成就了一代“诗仙”的美名;蒲松龄俯下身子，聆听过路人的述说，于是才有了“写鬼写妖高人一等”的小说;唐太宗俯下身子，聆听房玄龄、魏征的直言，于是才有了“贞观之治”的盛世;毛主席俯下身子，聆听李鼎铭先生“精兵简政”的建议，中国共产党才得以打败国民党，建立新中国!俯下身子，聆听他人的教悔，使得我们内心变得更加澄澈而明亮、圣洁而宽敞。而如果一味的昂头呢?闭目塞听，终将给自己和他人带来危害。齐恒公不听扁鹊之言，最终病入膏肓而一命呜呼;马谡不听王平的建议，最终痛失街亭诛杀于武侯麾下;商纣王不听皇叔比干的劝告，最终山河沦陷自焚鹿台。历史的教训是惨痛的，以史为鉴，聪明的我们为何不俯下身子，聆听他人的教诲呢?

俯下身子，反省自己的过失。

人无完人，岂能无过失?骄傲自满，自以为是，往往会成为我们成功路上的绊脚石，谦虚一点，时常俯下身子，才是明智的选择。孔子常教导自己的弟子：“每日需三省吾身。”古代哲人如此，现代人更应该如此，在反思的过程，我们才能够静下心来，认识到自己的不足，思维才得以缜密。伟大的戏剧大师梅兰芳便是如此。在他20多岁时就已红遍中国。有一次，梅兰芳在演“虞姬舞剑自刎”的角色中，台下突然有一老者说道：“原来大师也不过如此啊!”演出完毕后，梅兰芳十分忧郁，四处找人打听，终得那人的住所，原来虞姬是一位弱女子，而梅兰芳舞的却是男子剑法。得知自已犯了错之后，梅兰芳放下大师的架子俯下身子认真听取那位老者的教导，不断反省处自己，终成一代名家，成为中国的“国宝”，为世界人民所敬仰。由此可见，俯下身子，时常反省自己，很重要。

俯下身子，成就完美的人生。

人在辉煌时，最容易得意忘形，失去自我;人在失败时，最容易消沉意志，自我堕落。所以，面对成功，我们为何不俯下身子，低调做人，显得更有内涵;面对失败，我们为何不俯下身子，总结教训，相信有一天，终将昂首阔步呢?越王勾践痛失国土，卧薪尝胆，最终，三千越甲一举吞吴。而项羽呢?自恃雄兵百万鸿门宴上，不听亚父的劝告，放虎归山，最终落下“乌江自刎”的悲惨结局。所以，聪明的我们，为何不俯下身子呢?俯下身子，或许将来某一天，或许以后直到永远，我们都能够骄傲地抬起头!

俯下身子，聆听教诲;

俯下身子，反省过失;

俯下身子，铸造辉煌。

俯下身子，成功路上，我们一路高歌!俯下身子，失败路上，我们一路高歌!

Every year on January 15th of the lunar calendar is the Chinese attaches great importance to the traditional festival, the Lantern Festival. Lantern Festival is also called the Lantern Festival, the spring Lantern Festival, is a lot of family the reunion of the festival. The fifteenth day the full moon is the first month of the year, and the tradition of eating yuanxiao, the celebration and reunion of two word firmly together. The Lantern Festival is the first important after the Spring Festival holiday, whether the south north more attention for this holiday, a lot of activities to celebrate this festival. You must be very curious about the history and custom of the Lantern Festival, eat small charged China now tell you what is the Lantern Festival, what are the customs.

About the Lantern Festival origin is varied, there are three widely circulated.

The Lantern Festival comes a legend

Night when the festival is a Chinese emperor in honor of "ping lu". Legend hanshu a series after the death of hanshu afraid of to slip, plotting insurgency, clan wang capsule combined with founding veteran bo zhou suppressed "chaos" of lu. Special riot, the minister the second son of liu liu, said the Chinese emperor. Wen emperor was deeply millennium hard-won, kept calm "chaos of the lv" the fifteenth day of the first, as the day which was attended with the people, every family decorated in the capital, to celebrate. From then on, the fifteenth day of the first became a folk festivals celebrate - ring "yuanxiao".

The Lantern Festival origin legend ii

The Lantern Festival is also called the Lantern Festival, is celebrated the first full moon of the year. According to Taoism "three yuan", the fifteenth day of the Lantern Festival, July 15 for the hungry ghost festival, on October 15th is RMB under section. Head up, middle and down three yuan heaven, earth, three officers, respectively cheongwan joy, so the Lantern Festival to eep. Yuanxiao randeng custom of setting off fireworks is from the claim.

The Lantern Festival origin legend three

Lantern Festival originated in the "torch festival", the han people in the country field hold torches to drive bug beast, hope to reduce the insect pest, pray for good harvest. To this day, people in some areas in southwestern China on the fifteenth day of the first made a torch LuChai or branches, flocking carrying torches in farm or ShaiGuChang dance. Since the sui, tang, song, but also reached its zenith. Sufficient amount to tens of thousands of those who participate in the dance, from the unconscious, and to grey and alone. When along with the social and the change of The Times, the Lantern Festival customs already had a big change, but still is a traditional Chinese folk festival, torch also gradually into the lantern.

Since middle period of tang dynasty, the Lantern Festival has become the national reform and development of mardi gras, so the Lantern Festival is a traditional festival custom is the most thorough and typical traditional festival.

Most of the Lantern Festival custom have yuanxiao, lanterns, guess riddles, and bang, dragon dance, lion dance and other activities, but across the north and the south customs has uniqueness.

每年的阴历正月十五是中国人很重视的传统节日，元宵节。元宵节也叫“上元节”,春灯节，是很多家庭团圆的节日。正月十五日是一年中第一个月圆之夜，加上吃元宵的习俗，这个节日就和团圆两个字牢牢的联系起来。元宵节是春节之后的第一个重要节日，不管是南方北方都对这个节日比较重视，举行很多的活动来庆祝这个节日。大家一定很好奇元宵节的来历和习俗，现在中国吃网小编就告诉你元宵节是怎么来的，都有哪些习俗。

有关元宵节来历的说法多种多样，有3种说法流传较广。

元宵节来历传说一

宵节是汉文帝时为纪念“平吕”而设。相传吕后一系在吕后死后害怕大全旁落，密谋叛乱，宗室齐王刘囊联合开国老臣周勃一起平定了“诸吕之乱”。平乱之后，众臣拥立刘邦的第二个儿子刘恒登基，称汉文帝。文帝深感太平盛世来之不易，便把平息“诸吕之乱”的正月十五，定为与民同乐日，京城里家家张灯结彩，以示庆祝。从此，正月十五便成了一个普天同庆的民间节日--“闹元宵”。

元宵节来历传说二

元宵节又称“上元节”,是人们庆祝一年中第一次的月圆之夜。据道教的“三元说”,正月十五日为上元节，七月十五日为中元节，十月十五日为下元节。主管上、中、下三元的分别为天、地、人三官，天官喜乐，故上元节要燃灯。元宵燃灯放烟火的习俗就是从这个说法来的。

元宵节来历传说三

元宵节起源于“火把节”,汉代民众在乡间田野持火把驱赶虫兽，希望减轻虫害，祈祷获得好收成。直到今天，中国西南一些地区的人们还在正月十五用芦柴或树枝做成火把，成群结队高举火把在田头或晒谷场跳舞。隋、唐、宋以来，更是盛极一时。参加歌舞者足达数万，从昏达旦，至晦而罢。当随着社会和时代的变迁，元宵节的风俗习惯早已有了较大的变化，但至今仍是中国民间传统节日，火把也逐渐变为了彩灯。

自唐朝中期以来，元宵节发展成为了我国全民性的狂欢节，因此元宵节是把传统节日习俗体现得最为彻底和典型的传统节日。

大部分地方元宵节习俗有吃元宵、观花灯、猜灯谜，还有擂鼓、舞龙、舞狮等活动，但南北各地风俗也有独特之处。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

马云-阿里巴巴创始人，被称为“创业教父”。曾经的创业艰辛、近日的荣耀辉煌，使得这位卓越企业家身上有散发不完的光环在萦绕，下面就来看看马云创业故事吧，听听他的创业经历、伟大梦想、经营哲学和人生感悟。阿里巴巴无疑是中国互联网史上的一次奇迹，这次奇迹是由马云和他的团队创造的。但是阿里巴巴创业开始，钱也不多，50万，是18个人东拼西凑凑起来的。50万，是他们全部的家底。然而，就是这50万，马云却喊出了这样的宣言：我们要建成世界上最大的电子商务公司，要进入全球网站排名前十位!那是1999年。1999年，中国的互联网已经进入了白热化状态，国外风险投资商疯狂给中国网络公司投钱，网络公司也是疯狂地烧钱。50万，只不过是像新浪、搜狐、网易这样大型的门户网站一笔小小的广告费而已。阿里巴巴创业开始是相当艰难，每个人工资只有500元，公司的开支一分钱恨不得掰成两半来用。外出办事，发扬“出门基本靠走”的精神，很少打车。据说有一次，大伙出去买东西，东西很多，实在没办法了，只好打的。大家在马路上向的士招手，来了一辆桑塔纳，他们就摆手不坐，一直等到来了一辆夏利，他们才坐上去，因为夏利每公里的费用比桑塔纳便宜2元钱。阿里巴巴曾经因为资金的问题，到了几乎维持不下去的地步。8年过去了。2007年11月6日，阿里巴巴在香港联交所上市，市值200亿美金，成为中国市值最大的互联网公司。马云和他的创业团队，由此缔造了中国互联网史上最大的奇迹。中国大部分想创业的人都是一样，晚上想想千条路，早上起来走原路。他们比马云聪明多了，能想出非常多的创业好点子来，但是他们从来没有去执行过。因为他们有着太多的借口和理由。“我没有钱。”他们都这样想。于是，他们继续过他们平庸的生活。今天看到了俞敏洪在北京大学2008年开学典礼上的发言，俞敏洪在发言的最后说了这样一段话，让我特别感动，他说：人的一生是奋斗的一生，但是有的人一生过得很伟大，有的人一生过得很琐碎。如果我们有一个伟大的理想，有一颗善良的心，我们一定能把很多琐碎的日子堆砌起来，变成一个伟大的生命。但是如果你每天庸庸碌碌，没有理想，从此停止进步，那未来你一辈子的日子堆积起来将永远是一堆琐碎。看完之后，你还会对自己创业没有资金或没有其他什么的找借口吗?你要做的是：想到了，马上就去做!像马云那样，只要你努力了，世界上，其实没有你做不到的事情!

导语：要写好作文，必须有很好的积累，文采丰富自然可以拿到高分，小编整理了一些关于谦虚的名言，想要高分的同学，快来YJBYS作文网吧!

若要精，人前听。

喜欢吹嘘的人犹如一面大鼓，响声大腹中空。

强中更有强中手，莫向人前自夸口。

请教别人不折本，舌头打个滚。

人唯虚，始能知人。 满招损，谦受益。 满必溢，骄必败。

知识贮藏在谦虚的大海中。

学问多深也别满足，过失多小也别忽略。

懂得自己无知，说明已有收获。

水满则溢，月满则亏;自满则败，自矜则愚。

不实心不成事，不虚心不知事。

虚心的人，常想己之短;骄傲的人，常夸己之长。

自赞就是自轻。

如果有了胡子就算学识渊博，那么，山羊也可以讲课了。

成就是谦虚者前进的阶梯，也是骄傲者后退的滑梯。

吹嘘自己有知识的人，等于在宣扬自己的无知。

言过其实，终无大用。

越是成熟的稻穗，越懂得弯腰。

虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

谦虚是学习的朋友，自满是学习的敌人。

宽阔的河平静，博学的人谦虚。

山不厌高，水不厌深。

骄傲来自浅薄，狂妄出于无知。

说大话的人像爆竹，响一声就完了。

满足现在的成就，就窒息了未来。

赶脚的对头是脚懒，学习的对头是自满。

讷讷寡言者未必愚,喋喋利口者未必智。

当我们是大为谦卑的时候，便是我们最近于伟大的时候。——泰戈尔

真正的谦虚只能是对虚荣心进行了深思以后的产物。——柏格森

骄傲是跌跤的前奏。

知识愈浅，自信愈深。

骄傲是失败的开头，自满是智慧的尽头。

不自是者博闻，不自满者受益。

我们不要把眼睛生在头顶上，致使用了自己的脚踏坏了我们想得之于天上的东西。——冯雪峰

我们不能一有成绩，就像皮球一样，别人拍不得，轻轻一拍，就跳得老高。成绩越大，越要谦虚谨慎。——王进喜

一个骄傲的人，结果总是在骄傲里毁灭了自己。——莎士比亚

凡过于把幸运之事归功于自己的聪明和智谋的人多半是结局很不幸的。——培根

自负对任何艺术是一种毁灭。骄傲是可怕的不幸。——季米特洛夫

无论在什麽时候，永远不要以为自己已知道了一切。——巴甫洛夫

我们各种习气中再没有一种象克服骄傲那么难的了。虽极力藏匿它，克服它，消灭它，但无论如何，它在不知不觉之间，仍旧显露。——富兰克林

有了一些小成绩就不求上进，这完全不符合我的性格。攀登上一个阶梯，这固然很好，只要还有力气，那就意味着必须再继续前进一步。——安徒生

大多数的科学家，对于最高级的形容词和夸张手法都是深恶痛绝的，伟大的人物一般都是谦虚谨慎的。——贝弗里奇

构成我们学习最大障碍的是已知的东西，而不是未知的东西。——贝尔纳

懒于思索，不愿意钻研和深入理解，自满或满足于微不足道的知识，都是智力贫乏的原因。这种贫乏通常用一个字来称呼，这就是"愚蠢"。——高尔基

伟大的人是决不会滥用他们的优点的，他们看出他们超过别人的地方，并且意识到这一点，然而绝不会因此就不谦虚。他们的过人之处越多，他们越认识到他们的不足。——卢梭

我们的骄傲多半是基于我们的无知!——莱辛

当我历数了人类在艺术上和文学上所发明的那许多神妙的创造，然后再回顾一下我的知识，我觉得自己简直是浅陋之极。——伽利略

要在座的人都停止了说话的时候，有了机会，方才可以谦逊地把问题提出，向人学习。——约翰·洛克

不谦虚的话只能有这个辩解，即缺少谦虚就是缺少见识。——富兰克林

一切真正的和伟大的东西，都是纯朴而谦逊的。——别林斯基

自负对任何艺术是一种毁灭。骄傲是可怕的不幸。——季米特洛夫

真正的谦虚只能是对虚荣心进行了深思以后的产物。——柏格森

将拒谏则英雄散，策不从则谋士叛。——黄石公

不傲才以骄人，不以宠而作威。——诸葛亮

一个人如果把从别人那里学来的东西算作自己的发现，这也很接近于虚骄。——黑格尔

自卑虽是与骄傲反对，但实际却与骄傲最为接近。——斯宾诺莎

显而易见，骄傲与谦卑是恰恰相反的，可是它们有同一个对象。这个对象就是自我。——休谟

我首先要求诸君信任科学，相信理性，信任自己，并相信自己。——黑格尔

卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。——徐特立

任何人都应该有自尊心自信心独立性，不然就是奴才。但自尊不是轻人，自信不是自满，独立不是弧立。——徐特立

无论是别人在跟前或者自己单独的时候，都不要做一点卑劣的事情：最要紧的是自尊。——毕达哥拉斯

最盲目的服从乃是奴隶们所仅存的唯一美德。——卢梭

蠢材妄自尊大，他自鸣得意的，正好是受人讥笑奚落的短处，而且往往把应该引为奇耻大辱的事，大吹大擂。——克雷洛夫

无论在什么时候，永远不要以为自己已经知道了一切。不管人们把你们评价的多么高，但你们永远要有勇气对自己说：我是个毫无所知的人。——巴甫洛夫

决不要陷于骄傲。因为一骄傲，你们就会在应该同意的场合固执起来;因为一骄傲，你们就会拒绝别人的忠告和友谊的帮助;因为一骄傲，你们就会丧失客观标准。——巴甫洛夫

不管我们的成绩有多么大，我们仍然因该清醒地估计敌人地力量，提高警惕，决不容许在自己的队伍中有骄傲自大安然自得和疏忽大意的情绪。——斯大林

最大的骄傲于最大的自卑都表示心灵的最软弱无力。——斯宾诺莎

骄傲的人必然嫉妒，他对于那最以德性受人称赞的人便最怀忌恨。——斯宾诺莎

由于痛苦而将自己看得太低就是自卑。——斯宾诺莎

自卑虽是与骄傲反对，但实际却与骄傲最为接近。——斯宾诺莎

无论是别人在跟前或者自己单独的时候，都不要做一点卑劣的事情：最要紧的是自尊。——毕达哥拉斯

礼仪不良有两种：第一种是忸怩羞怯;第二种是行为不检点和轻慢;要避免这两种情形，就只有好好地遵守下面这条规则，就是，不要看不起自己，也不要看不起别人。——约翰·洛克

九牛一毫莫自夸，骄傲自满必翻车。历览古今多少事，成由谦逊败由奢。——陈毅

不满足是向上的车轮。——鲁迅

念高危，则思谦冲而自牧;惧满盈，则思江海下百川。——魏徵

好说己长便是短，自知己短便是长。——申居郧

放荡功不遂，满盈身必灾。——张咏

虚已者进德之基。——方孝孺

满盈者，不损何为?慎之!慎之!——朱舜水

人生大病，只是一“傲”字。——王阳明

不骄方能师人之长，而自成其学。——谭嗣同

人生至愚是恶闻已过，人生至恶是善谈人过。——申居郧

盛满易为灾，谦冲恒受福。——张廷玉

骄傲自满是我们的一座可怕的陷阱;而且，这个陷阱是我们自己亲手挖掘的。——老舍

昂着头出征，夹着尾巴回家，是庸驽而又好战的人的常态。——冯雪峰

我们不要把眼睛生在头顶上，致使用了自己的脚踏坏了我们想得之于天上的东西。——冯雪峰

时间就像海绵里的水，只要愿挤，总还是有的。下面是语文迷为大家提供的关于时间的英语谚语，希望对你有帮助。

Time is money.

(时间就是金钱或一寸光阴一寸金)

Time flies.

(光阴似箭，日月如梭)

Time has wings.

(光阴去如飞)

Time consecrates: what is gray with age becomes religion.

(时间考验一切，经得起时间考验的就为人所信仰)

Time reveals(discloses) all things.

(万事日久自明)

Time tries all.

(时间检验一切)

There is no time like the present.

(现在正是时候)

Take time by the forelock.

(把握目前的时机)

Time is a file that wears and makes no noise.

(光阴如锉，细磨无声)

Time stays not the fools leisure.

(时间不等闲逛的傻瓜)

Time and I against any two.

(和时间携起手来，一人抵两人)

Time is life and when the idle man kills time, he kills himself.

(时间就是生命，懒人消耗时间就是消耗自己的生命。或时间就是生命，节省时间，就是延长生命)

Time spent in vice or folly is doubly lost.

(消磨于恶习或愚行的时间是加倍的损失)

Time undermines us.

(光阴暗中催人才。或莫说年纪小人生容易老)

Time and tide wait for no man.

(岁月不待人)

Time cannot be won again.

(时间一去不再来)

Time brings the truth to light.

(时间使真相大白。或时间一到，真理自明。)

Time and chance reveal all secrets.

(时间与机会能提示一切秘密)

To choose time is to save time.

(选择时间就是节省时间)

Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today.

(今日事，今日毕)

Procrastination is the thief of time.

(拖延为时间之窃贼)

One of these days is none of these days.

(拖延时日，终难实现。或：改天改天，不知哪天)

Tomorrow never comes.

(明天无尽头，明日何其多)

What may be done at any time will be done at no time.

(常将今日推明日，推到后来无踪迹)

Time works wonders.

(时间可以创造奇迹或时间的效力不可思议)

Time works great changes.

(时间可以产生巨大的变化)

Times change.

(时代正在改变)

Time is , time was , and time is past.

(现在有时间，过去有时间，时间一去不复返)

Time lost can not be recalled.

(光阴一去不复返)

Time flies like an arrow , and time lost never returns.

(光阴似箭，一去不返)

Time tries friends as fire tries gold.

(时间考验朋友，烈火考验黄金)

Time tries truth.

(时间检验真理)

Time is the father of truth.

(时间是真理之父)

Time will tell.

(时间能说明问题)

导语：“孤之有孔明，犹鱼之有水也。愿诸君勿复言。” “君才十倍曹丕，必能安国，终定大事。若嗣子可辅，辅之;如其不才，君可自取。”下面是小编整理的关于诸葛亮的相关材料，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

【诸葛亮简介】

诸葛亮(181—234)字孔明，号卧龙，中国三国时期杰出的政治家、军事家、战略家、散文家、外交家。诸葛亮早年在南阳隐居。207年，诸葛亮27岁时，刘备“三顾茅庐”，问以统一天下大计，诸葛亮精辟地分析了当时的形势，提出了首先夺取荆、益作为根据地，对内改革政治，对外联合孙权，南抚夷越，西和诸戎，等待时机，两路出兵北伐，从而统一全国的战略思想，这次谈话即是著名的《隆中对》。刘备恳切地请诸葛亮出山，帮助他完成兴复汉室的大业。诸葛亮遂出山辅佐刘备，联孙抗曹，赤壁之战大败曹军。形成三国鼎足之势，夺占荆州。建安十六年，攻取益州。继又击败曹军，夺得汉中。221年，刘备在成都建立蜀汉政权，诸葛亮被任命为丞相，主持朝政。蜀汉后主刘禅继位，诸葛亮被封为武乡侯，领益州牧。勤勉谨慎，大小政事必亲自处理，赏罚严明，与东吴联盟，改善和西南各族的关系，实行屯田，加强战备。前后六次北伐中原，多以粮尽无功。终因积劳成疾，病逝于五丈原军中。

千百年来诸葛亮成为智慧的化身，其传奇性故事为世人传诵。诸葛亮娴熟韬略，多谋善断，长于巧思。他曾革新“连弩”，可连续发射10箭;制作“木牛流马”，便于山地军事运输;还推演兵法，作“八阵图”。

【诸葛亮的相关典故】

吃瓜留子

诸葛亮不仅能种出好庄稼，而且还有一手种西瓜的好手艺。襄阳一带曾有这么一个规矩：进了西瓜园，瓜可吃饱，瓜子不能带走。传说这条“规矩”也是当年诸葛亮留下来的。诸葛亮种的西瓜，个大、沙甜、无尾酸。凡来隆中作客和路过的人都要到瓜园饱饱口福。周围的老农来向他学种瓜的经验，他毫不保留地告诉他们瓜要种在沙土地上，上麻饼或香油脚子。好多人都来问他要西瓜种子，因为以前没有注意留瓜子，许多人只好扫兴而归。第二年，西瓜又开园了，他在地头上插了个牌子，上面写道：“瓜管吃好，瓜子留下。” 诸葛亮把瓜子冼净、晒干，再分给附近的瓜农。现在，汉水两岸沙地上的贾家湖、长丰洲、小樊洲的西瓜仍有名气，个大、皮薄、味沙甜。有些地方还遵守那条“吃瓜留子”的老规矩。

神机妙算救后代

这件事情的真否无法考证，从记载来看，可能性还是有的。相传，诸葛亮在临死前对后代说：“我死后，你们中的一个将来会遇到杀身大祸。到那时，你们把房拆了，在墙里面有一个纸包，有补救的办法。” 诸葛亮死后，司马炎打下天下当了皇帝。他得知：朝廷中的一员将军是诸葛亮的后代，便想治治他。有一天，司马炎找了个借口，把这个将军定了死罪。在金殿上，司马炎问：“你祖父临死前说了些什么?”这个将军就一五一十地把诸葛亮的话说给他听。司马炎听后，使命令上兵们把房子拆了，取出纸包。只见纸包里面有封信，上面写着“遇皇而开”。土兵们把信递给炎，炎打开信，只见里面写道：“访问后返三步。”炎立即站起身退后三步。他刚站稳，只听“咔嚓嚓”一声响，炎龙案上面正对的房顶上，一根玉掉下来。把桌椅砸得粉碎。炎吓得出了一身冷汗。反过来再看信后面写道，“我救你一命，请你留我后代一命。”看完这封信，暗暗佩服诸葛亮的神机妙算。后来.他把那个将军官复原职。

诸葛亮的八卦衣

在戏剧和图面中，诸葛亮都是身披八卦衣，运筹帷幄，决胜千里的姿态。据民间传说诸葛亮的八卦衣是他勤奋好学，师母所赏赐。诸葛亮少年时代，从学于水镜先生司马徽，诸葛亮学习刻苦，勤于用脑，不但司马德操赏识，连司马的妻子对他也很器重，都喜欢这个勤奋好学，善于用脑子的少年。那时，还没有钟表，记时用日晷，遇到阴雨天没有太阳。时间就不好掌握了。

为了记时，司马徽训练公鸡按时鸣叫，办法就是定时喂食。诸葛亮天资聪颖，司马先生讲的东西，他一听便会，不解求知饥渴。为了学到更多的东西，他想让先生把讲课的时间延长一些，但先生总是以鸡鸣叫为准，于是诸葛亮想：若把公鸡呜叫的时间延长，先生讲课的时间也就延长了。于是他上学时就带些粮食装在口袋里，估计鸡快叫的时候，就喂它一点粮食，鸡一吃饱就不叫了。

过了一些时候，司马先生感到奇怪，为什么鸡不按时叫了呢?经过细心观察，发现诸葛亮在鸡快叫时给鸡喂食。司马先生在上课时，就问学生，鸡为什么不按时叫鸣?其他学生都摸不着头脑。诸葛亮心里明白，可他是个诚实的人，就如实地把鸡快叫的时候喂食来延长老师授课时间的事如实报告了司马先生。司马先生很生气，当场就把他的书烧了，不让他继续读书了。诸葛亮求学心切，不能读书怎么得了，可又不能硬来，便去求司马夫人。司马夫听了请葛亮喂鸡求学遭罚之事深表同情，就向司马先生说情。司马先生说：“小小年纪.不在功课上用功夫，倒使心术欺蒙老师。这是心术不正，此人不可大就。

”司马夫人反复替诸葛亮说情，说他小小年纪，虽使了点心眼，但总是为了多学点东西，并没有他图。司马先生听后觉得有理，便同意诸葛亮继续读书。司马先生盛怒之下烧了诸葛亮的书，后经夫人劝解，又同意诸葛亮来继续读书。可没有书怎么读呢?夫人对司马先生说：“你有一千年神龟背壳，传说披在身上，能使人上知千年往事，下晓五百年未来.不妨让诸葛亮一试.如果灵验，要书作甚?”司马先生想到把书已烧了，也只好按夫人说的办。诸葛亮将师母送的神龟背壳往身上一披，即成了他的终身服饰——八卦衣，昔日所学，历历在目，先生未讲之道，也能明白几分。

诸葛亮的鹅毛扇

诸葛亮的鹅毛扇代表着智慧和才干，所以在有关诸葛亮的戏曲中，孔明总是手拿鹅毛扇。关于鹅毛扇，民间流传着这样的故事，黄承彦的千金小姐 黄月英并非丑陋，而是一个非常聪明美丽、才华出众的姑娘。黄承彦怕有为的青年有眼不识荆山玉，故称千金为“阿丑”。阿丑黄月英不仅笔下滔滔，而且武艺超群，她曾就学于名师。艺成下山时，师傅赠送她鹅毛扇一把，上书“明”、“亮”二字。二字中还密密麻麻地藏着攻城略地、治国安邦的计策。并嘱咐她，姓名中有明亮二字者，即是你的如意郎君。后来黄承彦的乘龙快婿，就是吟啸待时、未出隆中便知天下三分的名字中有“明”、“亮”二字的未来蜀国丞相诸葛亮。结婚时，黄月英便将鹅毛扇作为礼物赠给诸葛亮。孔明对鹅毛扇爱如掌上明珠，形影不离。他这样作不仅表达了他们夫妻间真挚不渝的爱情，更主要的是熟练并运用扇上的谋略。所以不管春夏秋冬，总是手不离扇。清朝康熙年间，襄阳观察使赵宏恩在《诸葛草庐诗》中写道：“扇摇战月三分鼎，石黯阴云八阵图”，就足以证明诸葛亮手执鹅毛扇的功用以及他手不离扇的原因。

诸葛亮和馒头

相传在三国时候，蜀国南边的南蛮洞主孟获总是不断来袭击骚扰，诸葛亮亲自带兵去征伐孟获。泸水一带人烟极少，瘴气很重而且泸水有毒。诸葛亮手下提出了一个迷信的主意：杀死一些“南蛮”的俘虏，用他们的头去祭泸水的河神。诸葛亮当然不能答应杀“南蛮”俘虏，但为了鼓舞士气，他想出了一个办法：用军中带的面粉和成面泥，捏成人头的模样儿蒸熟，当作祭品来代替“蛮”头去祭祀河神。从那以后，这种面食就流传了下来，并且传到了北方。但是称为“蛮头”实在太吓人了，人们就用“馒”字换下了“蛮”字，写作“馒头”，久而久之，馒头就成了北方人的主食品。

诸葛亮和大头菜

据说大头菜的渊源也与 诸葛亮有关。诸葛亮居住隆中时，有一次小染疾病，他到山上去采药，发现一种象箩卜的东西，挖起来一看又不是箩卜。只见这东西拳头大小，上大、下小，咬一口一尝，不苦不涩，细品一下，还有点辣甜。他想，地上百草能养人，这种东西若没毒，不也是好菜吗?于是，他就挖了几个带回家，叫妻子炒了一盘，想尝尝味道咋样。谁知，菜一上桌，全家人一尝，都称好吃。问叫啥菜，诸葛亮想了想说，就叫“大头菜”吧。从此，诸葛亮一家经常吃大头菜。有一年风调雨顺，诸葛亮种的大头菜长得又肥又大，秋后收了一大堆。襄阳人储存剩菜的办法就是腌制，诸葛亮将大头菜洗净凉干腌了一缸，第二年拿出来一尝，竟比新鲜还美味，后来，诸葛亮辅佐 刘备联吴抗曹，因士兵没菜吃，常使刘备发愁。诸葛亮就派一支 木牛流马到襄阳买大头菜。大头菜带起来方便，吃着有味，刘备非常喜欢。从那以后，每逢大战之前，刘备就派人到襄阳买大头菜，他的士兵一直没有缺过菜吃。此后，襄阳的大头菜越来越有名气，人们自然想到诸葛亮，为了不忘他的功劳，大家就把大头菜叫做“诸葛亮菜”。

喂鸡求学的诸葛亮

诸葛亮小的时候，跟着隐居在襄阳城南的水镜先生学习兵法。水镜先生养了一只公鸡，公鸡一到晌午啼叫三声，水镜先生就下课了。诸葛亮听课听得很不过瘾。诸葛亮小的时候，跟着隐居在襄阳城南的水镜先生学习兵法。水镜先生养了一只公鸡，公鸡一到晌午啼叫三声，水镜先生就下课了。诸葛亮听课听得很不过瘾。

后来，他想了一个办法，在裤子上缝了一个口袋，每天上学的时候就抓几把小米放在口袋里。当晌午快到时，他悄悄地朝窗外撒一把小米。公鸡见有黄灿灿的小米，顾不上啼叫，就啄食起来。刚刚啄完，诸葛亮又撒一把，直到把口袋里面的小米撒完。

等公鸡吃完口袋里的小米再叫时，水镜先生多讲了一个时辰的课，可把师娘饿坏了，时间长了不免抱怨几句：“怎么搞到这么晚，晌午过了，也不知道饿!”

“你没听见鸡才叫吗?”水镜先生说。

师娘是个聪明人，知道其中必有奥妙。

第二天快到晌午的时候，她悄悄地来到了院子里，只见那只花颈公鸡刚要伸长脖子叫唤，就有人从书房窗口撒出一把小米。她走上前，把事情看了个仔细，又悄悄地回家了。

这天水镜先生回来，师娘笑着说：“你这个当先生的，还不如小诸葛。”于是她把刚才看到的情况，一五一十地告诉了水镜先生。

水镜先生听后一愣，又哈哈大笑起来，心想诸葛亮喂鸡求学，真是聪明过人，将来必定是盖世奇才。

诸葛亮经过刻苦学习，终于成为杰出的政治家和军事家，帮助刘备建立了蜀汉政权。

心得·启迪

诸葛亮刻苦学习的精神值得我们每一个人学习。我们的学习条件好了，更应该发奋学习，拼搏进取，最大限度地发挥自身的潜力，成为有用之才。

Spring is a delightful season.The temperatures are moderate,and the blooming trees and flowers make the city bright with colors.This is the time when we can begin to wear lighter and more brightly colored clothes and go outdoors more often.

Small children like to bring their kites out to Dr. Sun Yat-Sens Memorial Hall. Also,this is the season for the grave cleaning day when we go to honor our past generations.

I enjoy going back to the village on this holiday after being in the city for the winter months.

Today mother took me to skate. I was very happy. But I hadnt expected I fell down as soon as I got in. Today I didnt know why my two feet were out of control. If I wanted to head east， they would head the opposite. I fell down from time to time. My hands and face were all dirty. I thought maybe it was because that I hadnt skated for a long time.

On my way home， I thought that whatever one wants to do， he must work hard at it， so he can make progress. Skating is like this， so it study.

纵观历年的高考书面表达，其文体题材各异，有书信、口头通知、简介、日记、自我介绍、记叙文、描写文、说明文、看图作文等，不同的体裁需要考生应用适当的篇章结构，将题目所提供的信息清晰、明了、准确，逻辑合理地表达出来。

篇章结构在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用，同样的信息点会因为不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明，逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者在很短的时间内获得并准确理解题目所规定的信息;而叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章则让人一头雾水，不知所云何物。当然，后者是失败的表达，即使作者在写作的过程中使用了再漂亮的词汇和句型，混乱的文章结构也不会让读者准确领悟作者的意图。

记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。

记叙文的写作要素：

1 要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who ,how，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。

2. 事情的叙述可以按时间或空间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，从而理解文章主题。

3. 时态通常使用与过去有关的时态，如一般过去时。

记叙文的篇章结构：

开头 the beginning——交待必要的背景。如：时间、地点、人物等。

中间 the middle——交待故事情节(事情的主体)。如：事件的发生、发展和前因后果。(可以使用表示时间或空间的连接词，使文章连贯。 如：at first…then…few minutes later…)

结尾 the ending——事情的结果或感想、愿望等。(所表达的感想或愿望应与所记叙的内容有关系，起到扣题或点题的作用，使文章结构紧凑)。

例如NEMT2000

假设你是李华，正在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你目击了一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时的所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。

注意：1. 目击者应该准确报告事实

2. 词数100左右

3. 结尾已为你写好