英语写作基础教程课后题精彩20篇

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文，都会得到相应的高分。

一：先看一下扣分点：

1.内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

3. 语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

4. 标点错误：每4个扣0.5.

二：加分点

除了这些扣分点，还有一些得分点：比如说作文的组织结构分，就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。

只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。例如，有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分

很多家长[微博]和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮，符合3个简单的标准即可：没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。

熟悉公文的基本格式

公文写作和文章写作有着千丝万缕的联系，但二者也有着极其大的差别，公文写作非常注重写作的格式，因为公务文书有一个显着的特征--规范的体式。这也就给广大考生提供了一个明确的信号，在复习备考公文写作题时一定要注意公务文书的基本格式，比如公务文书的三大组成部分(眉首、主体、版记)以及每个部分中所包含的一些基本要素(如：发文字号、标题、主送机关、成文日期、附件等)。尤其要注意每一个部分的特别之处，比如发文字号的书写格式，标题的书写规范，成文日期的书写规范以及位置要求等等，掌握好了这些基本的格式要求之后，我们写作的公文就做到了“形似”。

熟悉每个文种的例文

有人说过这样一句话：“天下公文一大抄”，这句话或许存在一定的夸大成分，但更多地是给我们提供了一个备考方略--通过熟悉例文掌握公文写作。在熟悉了公文的基本格式以后我们能做到“形似”，但是要让写作的公文更加符合题目要求，得到更高的分数，考生在写作公文时还要让公文符合特定文种的一些基本特点，在形似的基础上做到特色突出。而要突出特色就要对每种文种进行深入的了解，熟悉例文是深入理解具体文种特色的最直接有效地途径。

注意特殊用语

公文写作过程中注意了前面两个方面，可以保障写出的文章没有形式上的错误或者问题，但要想得到高分特别是要和其他考生拉开差距更多地是要做到“神似”，这时候就要注意每种文种的特殊用语，比如请示的结束语使用错误就很容易形成扣分点，把“妥否，请批示”写成“妥否，请批准”，一字之差，语气就有天壤之别，得分也会有非常明显的差距。所以在备考公文写作的过程中一定要注意公文当中的特殊用语，这是公文达到神似的基础要求。

注意语言风格

许多考生在备考公文写作时也注意写作训练，希望通过多写多练来提高分数，这种做法值得表扬，但是在写作训练时一定要注意公文写作的文体要求，即公文的表达方式和语体特征。公文的表达方式包括叙述、说明、议论，以说明为主，在公文写作过程中一般不会使用抒情的表达方式，而有些考生在写作公文时神采飞扬，大发感慨，这样就违背了公文写作在表达方式上的要求;公文的语体特征是准确、简明、庄重、得体，一般不会出现网络流行词或者是新闻式的词语，而有些考生为了体现自己的与时俱进，在写作公文时大量使用时髦词语如“亲”“给力”等等，则违背了公文在语体特征上的要求。所以在写作公文时一定要使用规范的语言，或者使用“官方”语言，这样才会让我们写作的公文更加符合公文的“神”，也才更加符合考试的要求，也才能获得高分。

题目：请以“My Class Teacher”为题，写一篇不少于60个单词的作文。

My Class Teacher我的班主任

My class teacher is Mr. Wang. He is strict but kind. He has taught us Chinese for two years.我的班主任是王老师，他是一个要求严格而亲切的老师。他已经教了我们两年语文。

He always tells us to study hard but not all the time. Sometimes he plays with us. He says, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." I think he is a good class teacher.他总是告诉我们要好好学习，但不是时时刻刻学习。有时他会和我们一起玩。他说：“只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。” 我觉得他是个很好的班主任。

点评：这篇文章取材的是身边熟悉的人，作者也有东西可写，更具有可读性。另外，写人时把主语稍作调整，读起来轻松多了。

I am a 15-year-old girl. My name is [ename]Cherry[/ename]. Now I am studying in the middle school. I want to be an actress because I think it is a funny and exciting job...

写人的常见句式如：

This is my friend, Mary.

She is... years old.

She is a teacher/ an artist/ a singer...

She/ He gets up at 6/5... / early/ late.

She/ He has sports at school.

She/ He likes...

She/ He is strong/ fat/ slim/ kind/ thin/...

She/ He looks like...

She/ He is good at English/ maths/ Chinese/ physics...

还记得著名作家海明威写的一句话：我要寻找志属于我自己的句子。每一个人都有属于他自己的句子，都应该有他自己的写作风格。《写作基础》课程的开展给我们提供了寻找自己特有的写作个性的机会，也增加了自己的实践经验和文笔内容的丰富程度。写作时必须从小时候抓起的，而我们现在所学的，也是为了巩固我们原本的基础，在此之上丰富我们的写作内涵和精髓。

这个学期刚开的《写作基础》课，无疑为我们平实的生活增添了不少色彩。课堂上，我们不断地汲取老师的教学精华，转化为我们自己的知识。课堂外，我们认真完成老师布置的作业，加以记忆巩固和发展，才不至于有江郎才尽的那天。而对于我来说，在这短短的几个月里，虽然不至于说全盘吸收，但也学到了不少东西，其中两个我觉得是最重要的，第一点是学会了仿写，第二点就是提升了经营博客的能力。首先，我先讲述一下我学习仿写的心得。上课的时候老师经常会要我们去看书，学习书本上的好的范文与句子。在这过程中，我常常把看到的觉得适合自己风格的句子或文章抄写下来，以便以后的写作。逐渐地学会了仿写。也许是觉得这样下去不够我的发挥，我又在这个过程这把原有的模式加以改善，形成了自己独有的模式，这样，在以后，灵感迸发时，也不会苦于怎样表达自己的情感。第二点是经营博客。在上课的时候，老师也讲到了要我们去申请博客，我觉得是一个非常不错的选择。我喜欢把自己写的东西都传到博客上去，让众多博友去评论和提供建议，这样，在不断地改进中我也逐渐提高了自己的写作水平。闲暇之余，我也会去博客中心看别人写的有没的文章，学习别人的写作模式，吸取经验，把好的一面加入到自己的文章中来。

总结得出，我对这门课程的建议也是基于我的学习经验上所得到的。我认为，要像学好学做这门课，要像真正提高自己的写作水平，不妨试试我的方法。在这个信息技术飞速发展的时代，拥有自己的博客是一件非常流行也非常明智的行为。在这个虚拟的世界里，我们可以尽情展示自己的才华，也能竭力汲取他人的经验，何乐而不为呢？集众人之长，才能有所长。这是我学习这门课程所得到的最大的收获，也是给这门课程的一点建议，希望我们的学弟学妹们能得到更好的进步与发展。

一、优化词汇输入教学，丰富词汇知识积累

词汇是一篇文章最基本的组 成要素。头脑中如果没有一定数量的、且处于鲜活状态的词汇，就无法写出好文章。要写出好的文章，就必须善于从众多的词语中选择和运用最恰当的词语。因此， 加强词汇教学、扩大和丰富学生的词汇量是提高学生写作能力的基础工作。克拉申的“语言输入假说模式”认为：正确和恰当的语言输入将会使语言学习的效果更 佳。

最佳语言输入的两个必要条件：

1)密切相关的

2)大量的。因此，将密切相关的常用词汇、习惯搭配适当集中教学，反复归纳、不断循环和强化是较好的词 汇输入方法，同时也保证了常用词汇在头脑中的鲜活状态，为写作输出提供可靠保障。

二、加强基础写作训练，活化基础知识积累

在学生写作过程中，我们 常常会发现许多学生的词汇量与运用能力不成正比的现象，写作中经常出现词汇贫乏和用词不当等问题。这种问题的出现实际上是学生获得的知识没有有效的活化。 配合词汇和句型教学，教师可以经常以所教学词汇为关键词拟定一些与时事或生活相关的话题，让学生用词、句做翻译练习，一段时间(4-5天)之后，再让学生 用这些词、句进行写作，多写多练以达到活化知识的目的。

三、广泛阅读，拓展知识积累

“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作 诗也会吟”。在大量的阅读过程中，可使学生开拓视野，拓展知识，增加语感，为写作提供必要的语言材料。写作和阅读是互相促进、相辅相成的。有些词汇和句 型，学生只是似曾相识，通过广泛的阅读能促使学生把这些东西运用得更熟练，表达得更准确。反过来，这也会有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力。

Most of us look away when we pass strangers. It is the expectional person who stops to help the woman maneuvering her kids and groceries up the staircase. We rarely give up in line or on the subway or bus. Locked into our automobiles, we prefer gridlock to giving way.

当我们与陌生人擦肩而过时，多数人往往把目光移开。要是有人停下来帮妇女哄她的小孩和帮她把食品搬上楼梯，反而会被人看成另类。无论是排队还是乘地铁或公共汽车，我们很少让位于他人。坐在自己的汽车里，我们宁愿堵塞交通也不愿给人让路。

These daily encounters, when they are angry or alien, diminish our lives. When they are pleasant, we feel buoyed. Yet when we sit at home and make resolutions, we think about what we can accomplish in private spaces：home, work. Too many have given up the belief that they control the shared, the public world.

这些日常接触，要是气冲冲的或是使人反感的，那便会减少我们生活的乐趣，要是它们令人愉快，那便会使我们精神振奋。然而，当我们坐在家里做出各种决定的时候，我们考虑的仅是在个人天地--家庭和工作里可以实现的目标。太多的人已经放弃了他们也管理着共享的、公共的世界这一信念。

As individuals we can change the contour of a day, the mood of a moment, the way people feel. The demolition and reconstruction of public life is the result of personal decisions made every day：the decision to give up a seat on the bus;the decision to be patient or pleasant against all odds;the decision to let that jerk take a left-hand turn from a right-hand lane without rolling down the window and calling him a jerk.

作为众人的一员，我们可以改变一天的面貌，一时的情绪，以及人们对某件事的感觉。公共生活的毁坏和重建是人们每日所做的种种个人决定的综合结果。这些决定包括：公共汽车上让座，面对逆境而能容忍或具有乐观精神;让那个笨蛋从右车道往左拐而不摇下车窗骂他蠢货。

Its the resolution to be a civil, social creature. This may be a peak period for the battle against the spread of a waistline and creeping cholesterol. But it is also within our will power to fight the spread of urban rudeness and creeping hostility. Civility doesnt stop nuclear holocaust and doesnt put a roof over the head of the homeless. But it makes a difference in the shape of a community, as surely as lifting weights can make a difference in the shape of a human torso.

这是做一个文明的、社会的人的决定。今天也许是人们为减少腰围和降低胆固醇而斗争的高峰期。然而，反对城市野蛮行为和人际敌对态度的蔓延，也是我们只要愿做就能做到的事。有礼貌不能制止核战争，也不能为无家可归者提供栖身之所，但它的确能改变一个社会群体的面貌，犹如举重定能改变一个人的体形一样。

一、结合工作撰写新闻稿件的意义

平常我们经常说，新闻写作是“七分看问题三分写稿件”。比方说，写今天培训班的稿件，就得先搞明白，为什么要办这个班，是因为存在什么问题要解决什么问题才办这个班。于是，我们就可以这样写了：为了提高各级干部的综合业务素质，石景山区人口计生委办了一期培训班。如果面对每一件事情，大家都能够按照撰写新闻稿件的习惯去想，这件事为什么要做，是因为存在什么样的问题才要做，怎么样做才能达到目的、有效果，这种思维习惯养成后，分析问题、解决问题的能力肯定能够增强。

其次，结合工作撰写新闻稿件，能够真实、及时、有效地反映工作成果。不论是一个单位还是一个人，一天到晚都在干工作，确实也做出了很多成绩，这些成绩如果能够通过新闻媒体反映出来，可能会得到很理想的效果。平时，某某报纸或电视报道了某某单位或个人的事迹后，我们就经常会听到这样的话：还不如我们做得好呢!这很可能不是一句狐狸吃不着葡萄说葡萄酸，而是真的是他们的工作做得比较被报道的要好，甚至是好很多。因此，在“酒香也怕巷子深”的信息时代里，如何把自己的工作宣传出去，确实是一件非常重要的事情。

第三，结合工作撰写新闻稿件，能够比较有效地调动工作积极性。平时我们在单位里，早上上班时遇到个人，女的遇到男的，说一句“XXX，你今天看起来好精神啊”、男的看到女的，来一句“啊呀，XXX，你今天又比昨天漂亮了、年轻了”。虽然人还是那个人，脸还是那张脸，而且还只有越来越老的可能。尽管大家都明白这个道理，但是这种“去年二十今年十八”的赞美，因为符合人心向善的逻辑规律，往往能够让大家都感到心情愉悦。而正面的新闻报道也同样有这样的功效。无论是被报道的人和单位，还是撰写新闻的人，都会有成就感在心头油然而生，无形中就有效调动了大家的工作积极性。有些社会效应大的典型报道，这方面的效应尤其明显。

第四，结合工作撰写新闻稿件，会对个人的成长进步形成直接的影响。从某种意义上说，撰写新闻稿件对作者的综合素质是有一定体现的。我不是说能写新闻稿件的都是比别人能力强的，而是指撰写新闻稿件需要作者有一定的查找问题、分析问题并提出解决问题方案的能力，具有较为扎实的文字基础，还要有较强的协调能力。我相信，如果我们在座的基层人口计生干部中出现这方面的人才，很可能就会得到重用。也许这也正是我们今天要开办这个培训班的目的之一吧。

从上述的四个方面看，虽然大家工作都很忙，但还是值得在百忙之中抽出一定的时间来撰写新闻稿件的。但是，有人也许会说，我们也不是不想搞报道，只是条件不充分，和专业的新闻记者没法比。但我却不这么认为，专业的新闻记者是有他的优势，比如时间、精力上比较集中，掌握了熟悉的技巧等等，但我们也有我们的优势，这种优势主要体现在二个方面，即两个知情。

二、基层干部撰写新闻稿件的优势

一是对工作重点、难点的知情。

在对工作的重点、难点的准确掌握上，基层干部所具有优势是专业新闻报道员难以比拟的。大家可能都接待过记者，或者看过记者采访，许多时候，如果没有精心准备，记者很容易问出一些让人啼笑皆非的问题来的。这叫外行看热闹，内行看门道。我们在座的领导们都是人口计生工作的专家能手，对什么是工作重点、难点，什么事情是一段时间内上级抓得紧的，都是了如指掌。这一点对于搞好新闻报道工作是一个非常重要的前提条件。我每次采访一个部门的工作，都必须先找一大资料看看，然后找熟悉工作的同志东扯西拉的请教，才能够确定从哪个角度入手来抓报道主题。在这个过程中，没少闹笑话。(举例：流管处的数据交换平台。)

二是对拟采访对象的知情。

不要说媒体的记者，就像我这样的宣传干部，每次到一个地方采访都是匆匆忙忙的。一方面是自己的时间比较紧，另一方面怕打搅被采访者。但是，不管是记者还是我这样的，大凡都有一个习惯，那就是采访得越细，问题问得越清楚越好。(举例：通州采访。)结合工作撰写新闻稿件，写的都是我们自己身边的人身边的事，人是自己朝夕相处的，工作是自己一滴滴汗水干出来的，写起来是信手拈来，驾驭自如。

只要我们能够充分发挥这两个优势，写出优秀的新闻稿件就肯定不是难事。这也是我为什么要将汇报的大题目称为“春江水暖鸭先知”的用意。

三、新闻写作的基本知识

(一)新闻的定义

掌握新闻稿件基本要素的目的是为了增强大家的选题能力，即让大家能够独立判断出什么样的工作或事件能够作为新闻报道的素材。

首先，什么是新闻?历来说法不一。新闻定义的争鸣伴随着新闻学的研究，已走过一个多世纪的路程。国内外众多资深新闻学专家和新闻工作者，给新闻下了170多种定义。

无论中外古今，公众认知、理解的新闻就是某种见闻。如果我们以属加种差的形式来给新闻这一概念下定义的话，见闻就是新闻的属概念。找到了属概念，使用内涵定义法就可以根据不同的种差，给出不同的定义，如从性质、发生原因、种属关系、功用等方面就可以列出下面一组基本定义。

1.性质定义：新闻是新近、新鲜、新奇的见闻。性质定义反映的是新闻的基本特性，即新近、新鲜、新奇，用一个字来概括即“新”。

2.发生定义：新闻是通过对新近、新鲜、新奇事物的感知而获得的见闻。发生定义是立足于新闻产生的方式来给新闻下定义的。这种方式就是人的感知形式。

3.关系定义：新闻与过时、陈腐、平淡的旧闻相对，是新近、新鲜、新奇的见闻。关系定义突出的是新闻与旧闻的关系，要表明的是前者和后者同归“见闻”一“属”，是同属中的两个不同“种”类。

4.功用定义：新闻是能够满足受者喜新好奇心理的新见闻。功用定义所表述的则是新闻的最基本的社会功用，而不是作为某种特定工具的特殊功用。

可以说，上述一组基本定义具有最广泛的概括性，能够正确地定位新闻的外延与内涵。

(二)新闻稿件应具备的几个基本要素

新闻稿件的基本要素之一：新闻事件具有能够满足读者好奇心的特征。

上学的时候，老师们说，资本主义国家的新闻定义通俗点讲，就是“狗咬人不是新闻，人咬狗是新闻”。老师讲完了，大家就在教室里哄堂大笑起来。现在想想，其实发生在我们身边的“人咬狗”式的新闻也很多。比如说，现在众多的媒体炒作、明星包装等等，你骂我，我骂你，似乎很热闹，但从实质意义上理解，与前面所说的“人咬狗是新闻”的调侃也差不了太多。这种现象说明了什么问题，我们在这里不能分析得太深刻了，否则就有可能出政治问题了。但是，之所以提起这些，是因为它充分说明了新闻选题的侧重点，就是应该在“创新特征”上下功夫。你想报道的事件它必须得有点新意，能够满足读者的好奇心理。

在我们现实工作中，我们可以把新闻性理解成工作中的创新性，即我们所做的工作是独一无二的，是可以让大家感到眼前一亮的。比如说，人口计生委搞了一个性科学教育基地，这对于性观念保守的中国社会来说，就是一件具有很强创新特征的工作。围绕这样的一个选题做文章，就非常符合新闻事件能够满足读者好奇的特征。

在北京的各家媒体中，社会新闻这一块，这样的稿件是占了绝对多数的。但是，在我们结合工作搞报道的过程中，这样的稿件却是相对较少的。

1)We have (take) pleasure in informing you that......

兹欣告你方......

2)We have the pleasure of informing you that......

兹欣告你方.....

3)We are pleased (glad) to inform you that......

兹欣告你方......

4)Further to our letter of yesterday, we now have (the) pleasure in informing you that......

续谈我方昨日函, 现告你方......

5)We confirm telegrams/fax messages recently exchanged between us and are pleased to say that......

我方确认近来双方往来电报/传真,并欣告......

6)We confirm cables exchanged as per copies (cable confirmation) herewith attached.

我方确认往来电报,参见所附文本.

7)We learn from Messrs......that you are interested and well experienced in ......business, and would like to establish business relationship with us.

我方从...公司获悉,你方对...业务感兴趣且颇有经验,意欲与我方建立业务关系.

8)Although no communication has been exchanged between us for a long time, we trust that you are doing well in business.

虽然久未通讯,谅你方生意兴隆.

9)Although we have not heard from you for quite some time, we hope your business is progressing satisfactorily.

虽然好久没接到你方来信,谅业务进展顺利.

10)We have pleasure in sending you our catalog, which gives full information about our various products.

欣寄我方目录,提供我方各类产品的详细情况。

11)We are pleased to send you by parcel post a package containing...

很高兴寄你一邮包内装...

12)We have the pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of your letter dated...

欣获你方...月...日来信.

13)We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter of...

谢谢你方...月...日来信.

14)We have duly received your letter of ...

刚刚收悉你方...月...日来信.

15)We thank you for your letter of ...contents of which have been noted.

谢谢你方...月...日来信,内容已悉.

16) Refering to your letter of ......we are pleased to ....

关于你方...月...日来信,我们很高兴...

17) Reverting to your letter of ...we wish to say that...

再洽你方...月...日来信,令通知...

18)In reply to your letter of ...,we...

兹复你方...月...日来函,我方...

19) We wish to refer to your letter of ...concerning

现复你方...月...日关于...的来信

20) In compliance with the request in your letter of ... we...

按你方...月...日来函要求,我方...

作为一位语文教师的我们常常会遇到让人头疼不以的问题，那就是作文教学是小学语文教学中的重点、难点，大家都迫切希望孩子们个个能妙笔生花,可偏偏学生交上来的作文语句空洞，缺乏美感，甚至于连语句的组织都有很大的问题。面对着一大段疙疙瘩瘩，辞不答意的句子，着实让我们语文老师无从入手，只能做一个深呼吸，耐着性子帮助学生先把句子整理通顺。而学生们也把写作视作最令人头疼的问题，常常看见他们咬着铅笔头，捧着脑袋想个半天也写不了几行字。

如何解决这一难题呢？

S版的语文教材以及现行的新教材都采用了许多措辞优美，深得小朋友喜爱的文章。如果学生能将先这些语言化为自己的，那将为他们的说话甚至于写作添上深动的一笔。我主张让学生多背诵课文，将课文中优美的词句画为自己的语言。

本学期语文教材中第一、第二单元有两篇文字特别优美的课文《啊！故乡那轮明月》、《我爱三峡》。两篇文章的共同点就是运用了大量的比喻句将故乡的那轮明月，将雄伟壮观的瞿塘峡、幽深秀美的巫峡、急流险滩的西岭峡描写的美仑美涣。在这两节课的教学中，我尝试了重视朗读指导，由读到背，从而达到积累的目的。

一、营造美的意境，加强朗读指导

要使学生背出课文首先要让学生喜欢课文。于是，课前，我搜取了一些图片，让学生边听课文，边欣赏有关图片，给学生留下感性认识。

其次，我在出示了课文中优美句子后，和学生们一起配合朗读句子。我在朗读时，有意地加重了语气，给学生一个明显的提示，为学生处理句子的感情提供了示范。

然后我引导学生从一个分句到一句话再到一小节逐一体会句子的感情色彩，从而有感情地进行朗读。这样一来，便有助于学生在理解的基础上积累语言。

二、由读到背，熟读成颂

在学生有感情地朗读之后，我便设计了一个环节由老师有感情地背诵课文。为了给学生一个良好的示范，让他们主动地想背课文，我花一些工夫，逐字逐句地分析，处理感情使学生陶醉在老师的朗读中，并对背诵课文跃跃欲试。

背诵的形式也要多种多样，这样才能吸引学生的注意力。我采用了个别背，男女生比赛，小组合作等多种形式，不仅调动了学生的积极性，而且参与面也大大提高。

当然，无论是朗读课文还是背诵课文，背景音乐是少不了的，优美的音乐不仅能使学生放松心情，而且，最重要的是能让学生受到感染，自然地发挥感情，比就让学生干巴巴地背诵课文效果要好得多。

我真诚地希望通过课堂中的积累，能为学生们打下扎实的写作基础，让她们不用在为写作而烦恼。

一.开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again.

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make.

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health.

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing ;for another, nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

五. 例证用语：

in one’s opinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely

A. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.

B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of education.

六. 时序用语：

first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time

in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays,

A. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.

B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty.

七. 强调用语：

especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all ,

A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.

B What in the world/on earth are you doing?

八. 因果用语：

thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of..., owe ...to...

A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export sales.

B. As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations.

九. 总结用语：

in short; briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all

A. Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters.

B. In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted.

常用句型

(一)段首句

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that ……

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying……Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ……Second,……What makes things worse is that…….

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

Nowadays，it is common to ……. Many people like …… because …… Besides，……

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception，it has both advantages

and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say that ……To them,……

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

……has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that……while. Obviously，……but why?

(二)中间段落句

1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。

On the contrary，there are some people in favor of……t the same time，they say……

2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I dont think it is a very good way to solve …….For example，……Worst of all，…….

3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

……is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction. First，……Whats more, ……Most important of all,……

4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。

There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can……

5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，

Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to…….

For one thing，For another，

6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。

It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All these measures will certainly…….

7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……

Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to …….

8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。

However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has its own disadvantages, such as ……

9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。

Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous.

10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述)，主要理由如下：

I fully agree with the statement that ……because…….

(三)结尾句

1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ……

2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。

In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.

3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于(喜欢)……

But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while……

Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……

4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……

Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because……

5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society, ……So its urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.

6. 至于我(对我来说，就我而言)，我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……

For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you……

7. 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……; 第二，……;最后……但同样重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First ……second …… Last but not least,……

8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。

It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view find……

9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that……

10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is

常用句型：

开头：

When it comes to ..., some think ...

There is a public debate today that ...

A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?

Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.

提出观点：

Now there is a growing awareness that...

It is time we explore the truth of ...

Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点：

... but that is only part of the history.

Another equally important aspect is ...

A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式：

Suppose that...

Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect...

It is not surprising that...

举普通例子：

For example(instance),...

... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

A good case in point is...

A particular example for this is...

引用：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事

(先说故事主体)，this story is not rare.

..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.

..., the story still has a realistic significance.

提出原因：

There are many reasons for ...

Why .... , for one thing,...

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

The first reason can be obiviously seen.

Most people would agree that...

Some people may neglect that in fact ...

Others suggest that...

Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比：

The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...

Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下：

To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...

A study of ... will make this point clear

让步：

Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...

I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾：

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw

the conclusion that ...

In summary, it is wiser ...

In short...

一篇文章如果没有一个大意，那么这一篇文章就是华而无实的文章，知识拥有外表而欠缺灵魂的文章。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于作文立意的方法，希望可以帮助到大家！

“文以意为主”，“意”就是文章的主题。它是文章的核心与灵魂。立意是一篇文章的根本，它直接关系到文章的选材，布局，乃至文章的深度。中考作文大多是话题或材料作文，没有明确的标准，如何立意就显得至关重要了。作文有了主题思想，文章才有灵魂，选择材料，安排结构，运用语言，也才有依据，那么怎样指导学生立意呢?这里就自己作文教学的几点感悟为例谈谈。

1、正确，有针对性

一篇文章的思想内容正确与否是评价文章好坏的根本依据。话题或材料作文的立意一定要合乎题目要求，切题才算真正的正确。表达出来的思想观点和感情要健康、积极向上。此外，还要有针对性。选取人们最感兴趣的、最能反映人们思想感情的作为主题，文章才能最大限度地激起反响。

2、思想要深刻

意不仅新，还要力求深刻。这就要求我们能够透过事物的现象去挖掘其内在的本质，思考出对人生，对社会有意义和价值的东西，能在一般人认识上再进一步，能发现别人没有发现的那一点，并能给人以启示。初中学生写作，在立意上难以深入，原因往往就在于浅尝辄止，没有深入开掘。所谓开掘就是深入思索，挖出事物最本质的东西来。

3、立意要新颖

如果文章主题一般化，不新颖，大家都雷同，就难以写出好文章，所以立意要新颖。好文章的立意应该是“从意中所有，从语中所无”。也就是说，大家都有这样的想法，但是大家未能表达出来，让你给写出来了，这就是新颖，这就是独创。

立意的独创性并非凭空而来，也不可随意杜撰，它是从生活中来的。只要平时注意观察和体验周围的生活，善于从常见的事物中认识到新的东西，领略到新的涵义，写文章就能出新意。不能看到生活一点现象就拿起来涂涂抹抹，而是在观察和研究生活现象的基础上独辟蹊径，有自己独特的感受和发现。而立意做到新颖巧妙，才能在生活的激流中吸取新思想，获得新感受。

4、简明集中

就立意而言，简明、集中是对主题的要求。相反，主题分散想面面俱到，却面面不到，是立意之大忌。要做到“简明”，就需要高度的概括力。思维不进行概括，表象就无法升华为本质，认识就无法实现理性的飞跃，思想就不可能达到简明、集中了。

“简明”要求思想内容上单一集中。这样可以集中精力，写得深刻，给人以鲜明突出的印象。

总之，好的立意就是文章成功的一半。让我们指导学生作文前围绕上述几点来考虑主题，定能写出思想发光的好文章来。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一、基础写作训练的方法

1.利用课文的词、句复习，训练学生的组句能力。从词和句入手，将每个单元课文的词和句与基础写作结合起来，是培养和提高学生的英语能力的有效途径。这不仅能帮助提高学生记忆和灵活应用词汇的能力，而且还有助于训练学生语句表达的正确性。

(1)归纳词汇和句型，帮助学生建立对词、句使用的感性认识。写作是一种语言的输出形式，只有大量的语言输入，语言输出才有可能;只有积累了一定的感受和大量的语言素材，写作才有可能进行。为了帮助学生记忆课文中的单词和短语，达到积累语言素材，掌握基本语法知识与语句结构的目的，教师可以从训练学生归纳每个单元课文中出现的重要词汇、短语和常用句型入手，使学生对句型结构的认识更加清楚，并对词、句的使用语境形成感性的认识。

(2)操练词汇和句型，训练学生的记忆和使用词、句的能力。为了使学生掌握和应用课文中所学词汇和句型，教师应为学生创设多层次的练习活动，拓宽写作的训练途径。教师可采用将学生从课文中归纳的词汇、句型进行词类转换、习惯用法、句型转换、完型填空、写短文等形式的训练，帮助提高学生的记忆和使用词、句的能力。

二、借鉴课文词、句进行仿写。

通过提供情景让学生模仿造句，不仅可以降低写作难度，而且可以增加学生写作的兴趣、自信和成就感，使学生的遣词造句的能力在实践中得到提升。

三、借鉴课文句型，训练写作多种表达与技巧，拓展学生思维。

教师在教学实践中会发现，学生在基础写作中往往出现句式雷同、语句呆板、行文单一等现象，缺乏用5个句子有效表达和传输信息的能力。因此，教师就有必要继续进一步加强句子多样化表达、句子转换替代、句子合并等训练，教会学生使用不同的短语、句型结构表达同一的意义;同时，还让学生明白写作的逻辑原则:一个句子表达的信息量越多，而且使用的句子越精练、清楚，那么句意表达和传输信息就越有效。

四、利用课文体裁，训练学生谋篇布局的能力。

教师会发现高三学生在写作中存在的另一个问题是层次不清、结构散乱以及逻辑性不强，这是因为学生缺乏谋篇布局的能力。针对这方面问题，教师可以在教学中利用课文的体裁进行文章结构方面的训练以及进行句子、段落间的连接训练。

一、四级作文概述

四级作文是提纲作文，一般按提纲写出相应段落即可。在文章内容上无需追求高深新颖，切题合理便可落笔；在思路逻辑上则要求句意通顺，文字流畅；在文字表现上要求无语法错误，个别小错可忽略(如动介搭配，单词拼写等不涉及语法类小错)。另外，值得一提的是，在篇章结构上建议写三段，所以即便题目只给出两个提纲，最好在完成两个提纲后，再多补充一段，所补内容不限，但须跟话题相关。

二、四级作文例题分析

(1) The Shortage of Fresh Water

1. 目前淡水资源非常紧缺

2. 为什么会出现这种情况

3. 该如何解决

96年6月份曾考过此题，今天来看，似乎更有现实意义。这是一道负面社会现象题，那么挖掘其背后根源，并找出解决方案，就成为探讨的主要方面，而提纲也正是如此。三个提纲各属其类，界限清晰，直接按提纲写三段即可。段1为提出现象，确立研究对象。提纲1翻译后仅一句话，作为一段话则显内容单薄，字数匮乏，所以需进一步发挥。不妨从例证角度扩充，举例时即可基于国内现状，也可纵观全球，显然前者更易行。可从我国西南地区的生活缺水，水价上升，以及河流干涸等细节方面铺陈。段2是原因分析，建议分析主观原因和客观原因两方面。所谓主观原因即是基于人的思想意念，心理意识，行为动机以及行为举措，比如人们节约意识的淡漠或者人们误认为淡水取之不尽等不当想法。而客观原因则是从非人角度出发，如社会发展，人口激增，甚至污染的加剧等方面出发，这些因素均使得淡水消耗的增加。当然，考场上由于时间紧迫，无法细想，可能会写出的两个全是主观类或客观类的原因，其实也无妨，只要二者不同即可，谨防虽言明两原因，但实则彼此混淆，出现逻辑不清的窘况。段3是措施分析，措施可从官方措施和民众措施两方面写起，也可加入作为现代年轻人，我该如何约束自己，从生活中小事做起节约水资源等内容。总之，在内容上考生尽可发挥想象力，纵马驰骋，原则依旧：切题者皆可。

(2)Part-time Jobs for College Students

1.目前大学校园里很多学生业余时间做兼职

2.对于大学生是否该做兼职工作，人们看法不一

3.我的看法

这是一道校园话题，在内容上即涉及现象，又涉及观点，能很好地考察到学生的综合分析能力。提纲1依旧是现象提出，看到提纲1，大家脑海里会浮现很多熟悉的场景，如校园布告栏里张贴着的兼职广告，校园论坛上也经常发布的一些兼职信息等等，这些都可反映在段1中。所以当我们第一眼看到话题或提纲时，脑海中常常会浮现出相关场景，把这些画面定格，进行详细描绘即可，即自然又切题。当然，段1也可从学生的兼职渠道以及兼职类型等方面加以发挥。总之，提纲是总领，而符合总领的任何附属内容都可写。段2是人们对此学生兼职的不同看法，一正一反。切记在表达上述两类观点时，提出其相关论据。段3是提出作者本人看法。本人看法既可选择上述任一方(只要不极端)，也可提出与上述均异的第三类观点，对于极度偏激的正反方观点则需做一番调和与勾兑(这个一般很少见)。需要提醒的是，继提出己方观点后，还应补充其他内容，如论据；也可写我的下一步做法，甚至可写我所认为的大家对此问题所应采取的对策云云。

(3)Private Cars of Today

1.目前私家车越来多了

2.私家车为人们带来的益处和问题

这道题只有两个提纲，所以建议在完成提纲要求内容之后再补充一段相关内容，可以在提纲2之后续补段3(如举措类：如何合理地限制私家车的出行以减少废气排放等等)，也可在1，2之间插入一段(如原因分析，即为何私家车越来越多)。先来看提纲1，依然是事实陈述，看到提纲1，会很容易联想到马路上川流不息的过往车辆，以及高峰期令人沮丧的堵车，那么即可将这些内容付诸笔端。再看提纲2，是私家车给人们生活带来的影响，该事实是一中性事实，则需辩证地分析其影响的两面性，一方面它带来好处，如让人们的出行变得更自由更方便，另一方面它带来坏处，如排放废气，污染环境，或造成交通堵塞等等。

你接受了一项写作任务，为英语校报写一篇科技报道。

写作内容：

请根据以下信息，介绍国外医疗行业出现的一项新技术，内容包括：

技术名称：DNA检测

检测方法：唾液样本分析

检测费用：125英镑

检测时长：4到6周

检测用途：1、预测重大疾病

2、预知食物偏好

3、提示合适的锻炼方式

检测影响：1、增强健康意识

2、易引起过度焦虑

唾液样本：saliva sample

写作要求：只能用5个句子表达全部内容。

评分标准：句子结构准备，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。

在学习英语写作之前先来看下练习写作对你的英文有什么样的帮助：

好处1、辅助提升口语语言组织力

好处2、提升语法

好处3、帮助背单词和句型。

了解到联系英语写作带来的好处后让我们来看看学习英语写作有哪些方法：

零基础英语写作入门方法一：背单词

单词是英语写作的基本构成之一，拥有大量的词汇才能写出你想要的文章，背单词有很多方法用mp3在零碎的时间边听边背边写，还有单词前后缀记忆法等众多方法，只要掌握其中一种适合你的方法，就开始大量的充实你的词汇吧。

零基础英语写作入门方法二：语法

语法是将单词串联在一起变成文章的那根线，学习好语法是整个英语阅读的重中之重。推荐熟读语法俱乐部，同时搭配大量的阅读自己感兴趣的文章，在大量的语境中去领受感悟本书的妙处。

零基础英语写作入门方法三：长时间的练习

写日记，这是最简单最长久的写作练习你不需要有任何的准备，这是你会接触到最基础的写作练习，你可以写任何你感兴趣的事情，你要做的就是拿起笔和本子把自已生活上的点点滴滴用英文记录下来。下面就是我的第一篇英文日记！

"today i rest,i stayed at home.sister call me go to the mother.i want not go there,because i must go to the company .去领 clothes.刚刚上完课come back.at home i find my 皮 shoes.now 要穿皮shoes了,write 日记好搞笑，还可以写点english了,i believe 以后 i sure i会更好。”

大家可能会看不懂这篇文章。你可能会觉得很好，说老实话当我现回过头去看我以前的日记我看了也觉得很好笑。但这就是我的第一篇英文日记，我的英文写作就是从这里开始的。你会发现写得非常直白，简直就是中文翻译毫无语法可言。但没有关系每个人开始都是这样的。

在写日记的开始阶段，你可能会像我这样不知道怎么去写或跟本无法组织语言，你可以像我这样按自已大脑里中文的想法去写，把会的单词都写上去不会的就用中文代替。在这个阶段你更多的是在使用你所学的词汇，有时候你会觉得这样很好玩。每天坚持写一篇，慢慢的你会发现你用的中文越来越少了有时候整篇文章都可以用英文写出来，随着你英语学习的进度不断推进，你在写句子的时候你不会直译了，你开始吧语法考虑到你的语言组织里面去。

当你要表边一个句子又找不到这个单词的时候，这种映像会深深的印在你的脑海里，当你在收集单词时候你就会注意收集那些非常实用的单词了。你会背更多的单词因为你想终有一天我的整篇文章是用英文写的。对于初期的写作，我认为就是这样写吧，请注意兴趣的培养。

在今日全球化的经济环境下，有效地用英语(精品课)交流已经变得至关重要。

然而如何清晰地表达你的想法却是门大学问。太多时候人们只是简单地照抄他们眼中同事，尤其是上级写出来的“漂亮英语”。你每天都能在收件箱里看到很多例子——那些难懂的需要你读好多遍才能理解的邮件。

一个巨大的错误就是用一些不必要的单词和词组让你的文章变得冗长。你要牢记你写作的目的是为了更清晰地交流你的想法。

总是尽可能减少你句子中使用的字数，避免使用可以用更短的词代替的长词。以下是一些例子：

Instead of "prior to" use *before*

用“before”代替“prior to”

Instead of "subsequent" use *after*

用“after”代替“subsequent”

Instead of "in order to" use *to*

用“to”代替“in order to”

Instead of "in the event that" use *if*

用“if”代替“in the event that”

Instead of "with reference to" use *about*

用“about”代替“with the reference to”

Instead of "state of the art" use *latest*

用“latest”代替“state of the art”

Instead of "due to the fact that" use *since*

用“since”代替“due to the fact that”

Instead of "not later than 2pm" use *by 2pm*

用“by 2pm”代替“not later than 2pm”

Instead of "at the present time" use *now*

用“now”代替“at the present time”

同时也要记得文章有组织性。第一句话就要开门见山地点出你每一段要讲什么。除此之外，要控制你邮件的长度。没人想读一条长达10段的邮件。

通过使用简单的单词和易懂的词组，你就能最终提高你信息的清晰度。

读后感，就是读了一本书或一篇文章，或读了一段话，或读了几句名言后，把具体感受和得到的启示写成的文章，读后感也可以叫做读书笔记， 是读完一篇文章的感受以外的总结、点评。所谓感，可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想，可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想，可以是因读书 而激发的决心和理想，也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击。读后感的表达方式灵活多样，基本属于议论范畴，但写法不同于一般议论文，因为它 必须是在读后的基础上发感想。要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感，必须注意以下几点：

首先，要读好原文。读后感的感是因读而引起的。读是感的基础。走马观花地 读，可能连原作讲的什么都没有掌握，哪能有感?读得肤浅，当然也感得不深。只有读得认真，才能有所感，并感得深刻。如果要读的是议论文，要弄清它的论 点(见解和主张)，或者批判了什么错误观点，想一想你受到哪些启发，还要弄清论据和结论是什么。如果是记叙文，就要弄清它的主要情节，有几个人物，他们之 间是什么关系，以及故事发生在哪年哪月。作品涉及的社会背景，还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事，揭示了人物什么样的精神品质，反映了什么样的社会现象，表达了 作者什么思想感情，作品的哪些章节使人受感动，为什么这样感动等等。

其次，排好感点。只要认真读好原作，一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多。如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感，对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感，对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感。总之，只要是原作品的内容，只要你对它有感受，都可以写成读后感。

第三，选准感点。一篇文章，可以排出许多感点，但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心，切不可面面俱到，所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较，找出自己感受最深、角度最新，现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点，作为读后感的中心，然后加以论证成文。

第四，叙述要简。既然读后感是由读产生感，那么在文章里就要叙述引起感的那些事实，有时还 要叙述自己联想到的一些事例。一句话，读后感中少不了叙。但是它不同于记叙文中叙的要求。记叙文中的叙讲究具体、形象、生动，而读后感中的 叙却讲究简单扼要，它不要求感人，只要求能引出事理。初学写读后感引述原文，一般毛病是叙述不简要，实际上变成复述了。这主要是因为作者还不能把握 所要引述部分的精神、要点，所以才简明不了。简明，不是文字越少越好，简还要明。

第五，联想要注意形式。联想的形式有相同联想(联想的事物之间具有相同性)、相反联想(联想的 事物之间具有相反性)、相关联想(联想的事物之间具有相关性)、相承联想(联想的事物之间具有相承性)、相似联想(联想的事物之间具有相似性)等多种。写 读后感尤其要注意相同联想与相似联想这两种联想形式的运用。

一篇好文章，除了有引人入胜的开头，还应该有耐人寻味的结尾。那么小升初的作文中，孩子们到底该从哪些方面去着手准备呢?

一、素材的多角度立意

意大利着名画家达·芬奇的老师对达·芬奇所说的自己画蛋的体会：即使是同一只蛋，只要变换一下角度，形状便立即不同了。这告诉我们对生活中发生的事件我们可以多角度分析。文章源于生活，它的立意亦应多角度进行。

我们以一个发生在同学们身边的事件为例。

今年春天，我和爸爸来到高尔夫球场，第一次学打高尔夫球。看教练做很简单，我按照教练的要求去做，却发现和想象的不同，要么杆碰不上球，要么球出去就偏离了方向，经历了一次次失败，我终于成功了。

就这一事例，我们可从如下角度立意：

1、最大的敌人是自己，战胜自己就会走向成功;

2、一招一式，看似简单，做起来难，失之毫厘，谬以千里;

3、成功需要方法;四、运动带来快乐……

这样，一个素材，可以根据命题的不同，确定立意，设置情节，确定描写重点。但无论从哪个角度立意，打球的动作细节是不能丢的。

二、练习写好文章的细节

学生练习作文的过程中，很多孩子注意了情节的起伏，语言的流畅，但总感觉文章空泛，这是为什么呢?忽视了细节描写。

怎样写好细节，简单地说，细节描写要还原生活，去发现场景细节、服饰细节、语言细节、动作细节、心理细节等，按照生活本来的面目去描摹。一篇文章，恰到好处地运用细节描写，能起到烘托环境气氛、刻画人物性格和揭示主题思想的作用。

如何将“陌生叔叔帮我把车修好”写细，我们首先要还原生活场景，在头脑中勾勒出雪中修车图，再从这一图画中去寻找描写的细节。

这是一位同学的作文片断：“叔叔迅速地摘下手套，用右手拿着链条，左手帮着把链条搬过去，链条一点点地扣上去了，一节一节地扣住了后轮的齿轮。‘咣当’一声，链条滑了出来，这一次努力前功尽弃。我的心咯噔一下，万一叔叔告诉我修不好，我该怎么办呀!可事情并非如我想象，只见叔叔向拢起的双手呵了呵气，又蹲下了身子。他为了不让链条弹开，用右手把链条往前面齿轮上套住，然后右手拉住链条往后齿轮上移，左手护住链条不让它再滑出来。后来，他看到位置有些偏，就用左手把它移正再装，洁白的雪花落在了他冻得通红的满是油污的手上，我知道他的手一定很冷，很冷，可他的心一定很热，很热。终于，链条一节一节地和齿轮扣住了。他猛一转脚踏板，车子居然又完好地转动起来。”文章中最直观的细节是叔叔修车的动作细节，摘、拿、套、拉、护、移、转等动词的使用，写出了叔叔雪中修车的不容易，突出了人物精神。其次应当是外貌细节和心理细节的描写衬托了人物美好的心灵。

每个人观察生活的角度和经历不同，再现的生活场景也就不同，但无论采用怎样的方法，我们达到这样一种境地为最好——做到写人则如见其人，写景则如临其境。

三、整理生活中的素材

努力回忆六年来的校园生活，家庭生活中记忆尤为深刻的小事，哪怕是一次单手磕鸡蛋的经历都不要放过。因为孩子有对生活的观察、积累，有真实的体验、感受，他的表述一定会具体而生动，他所表达的情感一定是真实的。翻翻过去的作文、周记，从多个角度，搜集这样的素材，将细节完整地记录下来，进行分类整理。

有些家长大量地看作文选、杂志，想帮助孩子从上面搬些素材下来。我不大同意这样的做法，因为那不是孩子的生活，他很难像成人一样具有缜密的思维，进行合理的想象情节，他也很难描摹当时的细节，这样的作文不能打动读者。不如让作文选、杂志成为勾起孩子回忆生活的媒介，从与作者相似的经历中挖掘写作素材。如：从作文选上看奶奶为我掖被子的细节，想到冬天，妈妈买药回来，为我滴眼药时怕我嫌凉而搓手的动作，这样一来写母爱的文章就有了素材。

四、努力锤炼文章的语言

佳酿总是经过酿造才有它独特的芳醇，文章也是一样，经过锤炼的语言才是有生命力的语言，孔子说“言之无文，行而不远。”说的就是这个道理。

我们可尝试这样的几种方式，让语言焕发色彩。

在句式变换上下工夫。在表达强烈的情感时，可以将陈述句用反问、设问或感叹句的形式表达。

在准确地运用词汇上下工夫。在文章中可以用一些拟声词来丰富表达;另外，可使用叠词使描绘更加准确，而且能使语言具有节奏感，从而让语言富有音乐美。再有，四字词语和成语的使用，会使语言表达更为简练。 在恰当地运用修辞上下工夫。修辞不但使文章语言生动活泼，而且能调节音节，增强语言的音乐美，提高语言的表达效果。例如：“风追着雨，雨赶着风，风和雨联合起来追赶着天上的乌云，整个天地都处在雨水之中”一句，意思是说“大雨来了”。但是作者使用了拟人的手法，把风、雨当作正在奔跑的人，飞快地追赶天空的乌云，这样一说比“大雨来了”更能表现出雨来的之快、之急、之大。当然，修辞方法还有引用、夸张、排比、设问、反问等等，我们应根据需要采用。

[小升初作文的写作基础

导语：高考英语书面表达想拿高分并不容易，首先你要避免一些在学生中比较常见的几种错误才行。下面小编为大家整理了高考英语写作常见的错误，希望大家在考试中能够避免。

有的同学对于否定的概念模糊，不知如何否定，有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。

1. 我认为没有必要买大的。

误：I think its not necessary to buy the bigger one.

正：I don’t think it is necessary to buy the bigger one.

析：有些动词如think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, fancy等的主语是第一人称单数且一般现在时，表示否定的观点应用I don’t think…，而I think… not则属于汉语式表达习惯。

2. 我们直到天全黑了才到家。

误：We arrived home until it became completely dark.

正：We didn’t arrive home until it became completely dark.

析：此汉语句子里面尽管没有否定词，但until用于肯定句时意为“直到…为止”;用于否定句时，其意为“在…以前”。因此，表示“直到…才”用not…until。

3. 如果没有受到邀请的话，我是不会去参加舞会的。

误：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m not invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party if I’m not invited.

析：unless“除非”、“如果不”，常可用if…not来替换。误句中的条件状语从句双重否定表示肯定，结果与原句意思相反。

4. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。

误：The child is not old enough not to go to school.

正：The child is not old enough to go to school.

正：The child is too young to go to school.

析：这是学生最容易写错的句子。enough to“足以、足够”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”，故应译为not old enough to go to school。

5. 他们两个都不说英语。

误：Both of them don’t speak English.

正：Neither of them speaks English.

析：中国学生特别对于all…not 和both…not等这种部分否定结构，很容易理解成全部否定。两者全部否定用neither, 三者以上用none。

6. 开车时再小心也不过分。

误：You can be too careful in driving a car.

正：You can not be too careful in driving a car.

析：cannot…too“无论作…也不过分”。

导语：童话、寓言是比较有难度的体裁，需要学生发挥想象力。下面是童话寓言写作基础介绍，欢迎参考！

【技法解说】:

自小，我们就在童话和寓言的熏陶下长大，在那个五彩纷呈的童话世界里，让我们认识了什么是勇敢和善良，什么是无畏和坚强，更是让我们认识到什么是自私和狭隘，狠毒和狡猾。“狼外婆”的故事陪伴我们渡过了童年的时光。长大后，我们知道了更多的童话故事和寓言：“盘古开天”使我明白追求要执著、“女娲补天”让我们窥见到了为民造福的大志，那“嫦娥奔月”的故事时常在耳边萦绕、“神笔马良”让我明白了贪婪最终会摧毁自己……我还为安徒生笔下卖火柴的小女孩流过泪，为可怜的白雪公主找到自己的幸福而兴奋不已……所有这些，都给我们创造了一个绚丽多彩的童话世界。

在这里面，感受到的都是奇异的情节和虚拟的事物和境界，但它们无一不是以现实生活为基础，通过夸张、拟人、象征等的表现手法反映的现实社会生活中的情形，它们富含义讽喻和教育意义，透过具体浅显的故事，寄寓深奥的道理。想象和联想是它们最重要的特征，

童话与寓言，它们常常通过借古喻今、借物喻人、借小喻大或借此喻彼的手法，揭示事物丰富的内涵和蕴含着的深刻的道理，我们在进行写作时，通过也可以运用这样一种形式，来表达自己的观点，抒发自己的情感，只要把握了它们的写作特点，必定能写出高品质的文章来的。

【成功佳作1】

留给明天

天津一考生

3030年的一个下午，伊波懊恼地坐在窗口，呆呆地望着眼前一座座早已人去楼空的大厦。头顶灰黄灰黄的天空还下着毛毛细雨，空气中弥漫着难闻的气味。哎，又是酸雨！伊波不由深深叹了口气。

就在几天前，地球上的最后一批人也集体迁往建设好的火星，抛弃了这已满目疮痍的人类故土。当时，伊波正在地下126层的公寓里休息，接到E-mail通知时，电梯已断电了，当他气喘吁吁地爬到地面时，火箭已经升空了。他绝望了，对天空大声喊着：“还有我呀！不能这样把我丢弃呀！”无人回应，地面上所有机械设备都被掐断电源，伊波无法与火星上的人们联络，更何况人们原本就没打算在火星、地球之间架设太空站——成本太高了。

空虚、恐惧一次次袭来，几乎让伊波透不过气来。突然，“咚咚咚”，工作室的门被敲响了，有人还没走？伊波忘了可以用遥控器开门，快步冲到门口，打开了门。啊！

“好啊，真还没走光啊！”金丝猴气急败坏地吼道：“人类真自私！把地球搞成这样，就开溜！”

伊波还没回过神来，其它动物也七嘴八舌地议论着，谩骂着。丹顶鹤清清嗓子，叫道：“安静安静，各位请安静！我来讲几句。先生，别生气，小猴是过火了点，可它讲的一点也没错。虽然我们智商没你们高，可我们很明白是谁把我们共有的家园污染成这副模样，树和动物一样稀少，凑在一起连林子都算不上。气候反复无常，六月下雪，一月不是酸雨就是洪灾。天是黄的，土是黄的，连空气里都是黄沙、二氧化碳。一切这么衰败，是谁造成的？以后火星也会成为这个样子，那时怎么办？再跑？”

丹顶鹤还在喋喋不休地数落着。伊波心里复杂极了，人类为什么迁徙？地球为什么会这样子？伊波流泪了，为可怜的地球流泪，更为可耻的人类流泪。

“我要替人类赎罪，建设好今天，留一个美好的地球给明天。”伊波下定决心，开始愚公移山般地工作，他想着，一天种下一百棵树，一天就可以为明天创造亿分之一的美好。哪怕耗尽这一生，他也要尽自己全力，改造满目疮痍的家园，留给明天一个温馨和谐的社会。

【名师指津】:

本文是一篇科幻为体裁的童话作文，文章以丰富的想象、合理的联想，虚构了一个千年以后的故事：一名叫伊波的人类未能逃离千疮百孔的地球，成为最后一个地球人。如何面对眼前的现实，如何重新与地球上的其它动物共存？伊波决心以实际行动解决这些问题，于是，伊波下定决心为绿化地球奉献自己的一生，文章最后以 “留给明天一个温馨和谐的社会”为结束语，从而点明题意，回应了话题。不言而喻，这篇童话所谴责的是破坏环境的人类，希望唤醒人们的良知，从长远看，保护环境，为了明天，建设好家园。

【锦囊妙计之一】

联想想象要有现实基础

“留给明天”什么，考生没有直接地回答，而是通过联想和想象，虚构出了一个千年后的人类逃离地球的故事，来说明了唯一的一名人类“伊波”和其它动物为给明天留下一个和谐的社会而努力拼搏的精神。环境是人类自己亲手破坏的，那么重建也是人类义不容辞的义务。可见，童话的写作，最重要的一个特点就是联想和想象要在现实社会生活中找到它的缩影，而不是胡思乱想，这样，虚构出来的故事才会有现实的意义，才能警醒人们，给人以启迪。

【成功佳作2】

卖书

贵州一考生

话说唐僧取经回来后，花果山众猴见孙悟空得道成仙，无一猴不羡慕。其中一只叫小三儿的，也梦想着有一天能赚钱出名。

一天，它问孙悟空：“大王，要怎样才能赚大钱呢?”孙悟空眨眨眼睛，想了一会儿说：“最近流行出书热，你也写本书吧。”

小三儿心想，我别的什么都不会，就是写作文还行。以前考试，我的作文还得过第一呢。对，写书。

它兴冲冲地回了家，用三个月时间，打造出一本《新大唐西域记》，拿去给孙悟空审核。孙悟空翻了翻看了看。“晤，不错。写得真的不错。”小三儿挺高兴，回去找了家出版社，印了几千本书开始销售。

书上了市，反响平平。两个月过去，才卖了一千本不到。怪了，怎么没人买呢?小三儿想不通。于是它上街作起了市场调查。

“《新大唐西域记》呀？没听说过。”

“什么？看书？谁有那闲工夫。”

“对不起，我急着回家上网。”

“《新大唐西域记》？买了，还没来得及看呢!”，

问了几个人，不是没听说过就是买了没看，理由大都是没时间呀、要上网呀什么的。小三儿有点儿受打击。它又问了一个人：“你看过《新大唐西域记》吗？”

“看过看过，写得挺好。”

小三儿挺高兴，问道：“你是买了书还是向别人借的。”

那人像看怪物似的看着小三儿：“你有病吧!现在谁还买书呀!网上看书又快又实惠。好好学学吧你。”

网上卖书，成吗？小三儿边走边想，肯定已有人发了我的书。

“哟，这不是三儿嘛。怎么样，书卖得好不好呀?”猪八戒走来，问道。

小三儿摇了摇头。猪八戒听它说了事情的始末，抚着肚子告诉小三儿：“你呀，一开始就不应该听猴哥的，你应该把书发到网上去，那样才会火爆大卖，听我的，没错。”

于是小三儿回到家，把书发到了网上。果然不出一个月，点击率就已经非常高了。小三儿买了套西服，买了部手机，成了有钱人。

孙悟空见到它，语重心长地对它说：“现在像你这样写作，过不了多久人们就会忘记你，经典的东西是应该能保存很久的东西。”

小三儿不以为意，继续做着网络写手。

两百年过去了，人们对网络书籍的兴趣已经淡了。很少有人再上网看书，小三儿又成了花果山上普普通通的一只猴子。

天庭，孙悟空对八戒说：“八戒，你看，还是我说的对吧。书籍能永久保存人类的思想。通过看书，才能有所提高，什么网络呀，信息时代呀，不过是过眼云烟，就像一阵风吹过，什么印儿也没留下。”猪八戒无奈地笑了笑，低头看看人间书店里来来往往的人群。

【名师指津】

体裁形式的创新，已经成为高考作文一个重要的得分因素，但体裁形式不是一个孤立的东西，它必须紧密结合内容，为内容的表达服务，才会活起来，真正发挥作用。《卖书》一文的即以“童话”的方式揭示了现实社会生活中真实现状，它借用《西游记》的故事，目标直指出版界和图书阅读中的种种不良倾向，呼唤优良阅读传统的回归。文章语言幽默诙谐，使人忍俊不禁。

【锦囊妙计之二】

借古喻今  新编童话

近几年来，高考中新编童话类作文获得不少青睐，常常借用文学作品的人物或故事情节，融入当今社会的基本观念，以新的故事，阐述一个深刻的道理，即借古喻今。本文就是这样的一篇典范，由于网络的出现，人们的阅读习惯已经改变了不小，如何看待这个现象，考生借用《西游记》中人物，再假设了一只小猴，通过出版纸质书籍和运用网络写书进行比较，传递出自己的观点：只有书籍才能永久保存人类的思想。可见，同学们在写作童话时，也可采用借古喻今的写法，新编一个童话来阐明自己的观点。

【成功佳作3】

“问”点亮了生命的灯

四川一考生

一个漆黑的夜晚，一个远行寻佛的苦行僧走到一个荒僻的村落中。漆黑的村道上，络绎的村民们在默默地你来我往。

苦行僧转过一条村巷，看到一团晕黄的灯从巷子的深处静静地亮过来。身旁的一位村民说：“孙瞎子过来了。”

僧人百思不得其解。一个双目失明的盲人，一般地说他没有白天黑夜的概念，他挑一盏灯笼岂不令人迷惑和可笑？

僧人问道：“敢问施主真是一位盲者吗？”

那挑灯笼的盲人告诉他：“是的，从踏进这个世界，我就一直双眼混浊”。

僧人又问：“既然你什么都看不见，那你为何挑一盏灯笼呢？”

盲者说：“现在是黑夜吧，我听说在黑夜里没有灯光的映照，那么世界上的人都和我一样是盲人，所以我就点燃了一盏灯笼”。

僧人若有所悟地说：“原来您是为别人照明了？！”

“不，我是为自己！”盲人淡淡地答道。

为你自己？僧人又愣了。

盲人缓缓地问僧人：“你是否因为夜色漆黑而被其他人碰撞过？”

僧人说：“是的，就在刚才，被两个不留心的人碰撞过”。

盲人听了，就得意地说：“但我就没有，虽说我是盲人，我什么也看不见，但我挑了这灯笼，既为别人照亮，也更让别人看到我自己，这样，他们就不会因为看不见而碰撞我了”。

苦行僧听了，顿有所悟。

他仰天长叹说：“我奔波天涯海角寻觅我佛，没想到佛就在我的身边哦！人的佛性就像一盏灯，只要我点亮了，即使我看不见佛，但佛会看到我自己的。”

是啊，在生活中有许多疑问，有人好问，有人不好问，苦行僧就在一处不经意的问当中寻找到了自己踏遍千山万水都没找到的东西。是“问”点亮了那盏生命之灯，既照亮了别人，更照亮了他自己，只有先照亮别人，才能够照亮我们自己。

为别人点燃我们自己的生命之灯吧！这样，在生命的夜色里，我们才能找到自己的平安和灿烂！

【名师指津】

“问”什么，怎样“问”，“问”中有什么哲理？考生通过一个故事，向我们传达了自己的观点：“问”点亮了生命之灯。考生首先虚构了一个漆黑的夜晚这样一个场景，然后通过盲人与僧人之间的对话，最后提示出了本文的主旨，文体符合寓言的特征。本文很有禅味，有寓意，有哲理，给人以生活的启迪。

【锦囊妙计之三】

浅显易懂  以小见大

寓言的特点一般为小、少、简、深。小是指其篇幅短小；少是指涉及的人物数量少；简是指故事情节简单；深是指它所蕴涵的道理深刻。本文内容简洁，情节简单，但却蕴含着深刻的人生道理。这种写法即是以小见大的写法。本文人物只有二个，情节只是僧人对盲人夜里提灯的疑问，故事浅显易懂，简单明了，然而，正是这一浅显的故事中，却揭示出了一个人生的大道理。

【成功佳作4】

“三”的奇遇

湖北一考生

自从“三”被苍颉老爸造出来以后，就一直不服气，整天拉长着脸。他想：“凭什么我总是排在最后一位，当个‘季军’！”既没有“一”的洒脱利落，又没有“二”的出双入对。于是，“三”决定离家出走，自个儿闯荡江湖。

“三”来到了一所学校的外面，听见里面的孩子正在早读。于是“三”一溜烟窜上了窗台。“三人行，必有我师……”“三”字听到自己的名字，往桌上一看，只见《论语》写着这样一句话。“三”是又惊又喜，忙问自己的影子：“你在这儿过得好吗？”影子说：“很好呀，孩子们每天都要诵读我们呢！如‘三思而行’，‘三省吾身’……大家都很爱戴我们，说我们代表了变幻与重复！代表了众人的力量，代表了稳定与踏实。这样吧，我带你到处看看吧！”说着影子从书本上钻了出来，拉起“三”往外就跑。

他们来到书店，书店许多书上都有“三”的身影，有些书干脆就直接用“三”命名，如《三字经》、《三言二拍》，这可把“三”给喜坏了。他随手翻开一本书，只见上面写着“举一反三”，“三”一看当场凉了半截，口里喃喃道：“干吗要反对我呢？”影子听到了，笑着说：“你可别会错了意，你在这儿是含有‘灵活、多变、有内涵’的意思喔！说的是例举一个事例，可以推及到其他事例。你可是变幻女神了！‘三’不光只是代表无用功的重复，而代表了一次又一次更深刻的理解，每次都有变化，每次都有新的意义，不停止不前，勇于创新。”听着听着，“三”不觉脸红了，觉得人们对他其实挺好。

“三”又随影子来到了人群之中，突然听见一个人说：“三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。”话还没听完，“三”又急了，怎么又把我与“臭”字放到一起。影子赶快安慰说：“你又弄错了，这儿的‘三’代表了众人的力量。你可是团结女神了！‘三’个人字，便是‘众’。在人们口中，你便是团结互助的象征。你还可以与‘人’字组合，成为‘仨’字呢！就是三个人的意思。看，这多亲切呦！”“三”觉得好感动，其实自己是个很有用的字呢！

“三”又来到了木工房，可到处找，这儿哪有“三”啊！影子笑着说：“别急别急，你看见桌子上的三角形了吗？三角形也有‘三’，而且三角形是最稳定的图形了。你在这儿可是安定，踏实的象征呢！”“三”点点头，略有所悟。

这时，苍颉出现在了“三”的面前，他笑着说：“小三儿，这回想通了吧？”“三”点点头。他想，其实每个汉字都承传着一种意义，代表着一种源远流长的文化，自己还自怨自艾什么呢！

【名师指津】

本文运用拟人的手法，写了“三”一路的所见所闻，在学校受到的欢迎，书店里的尴尬，人群中的感动和木工房里的感悟，4个场面，从不同的角度诠释了“三”的作用和意义，最后指出“每个汉字都承传着一种意义，代表着一种源远流长的文化”这一主旨。全文构思新巧而又紧扣题意，特别是叙述简明生动，是一篇优秀的高考寓言类作文。

【锦囊妙计之四】

拟人手法  形象生动

寓言的写作，一般要通过生动形象的情节去打动读者，感染读者，给读者以深刻的道理，因此，常常运用拟人的手法进行写作。这样，就会使形象鲜明活泼，避免了刻板抽象的说教。从本文来看，考生把“三”拟人化，赋予“三”以人的个性，特别是在与“影子”的对话，更是突出了它的性格特征：在学校时的惊喜的神态，因误解了“举一反三”的而“脸红”，“三”代表“众”时的感动和“三角形”表示稳定时的感悟的神情，都活灵活现的，逼真的表现了出来。