初二英语作文写作技巧（经典20篇）

词汇拼写错误较为严重，词汇选用上会有不当的情况。

应对策略就是平时阅读过程中注意单词拼写，关注单词使用语境，多积累高级词汇和句型。

语法掌握不好，句子的基本构成主谓结构掌握不清。

Due to the fact that the mental state, we have to keep a balance between the physical and the mental.

这句话中，due to the fact that后面需要接一个句子，而上句中只是一个名词性短语，所以错误。另外，between...and...需要连接两个名词短语，上句中形容词physical和mental后缺少名词性成分。改正为Due to the fact that the mental state plays a significant role, we have to keep a balance between the physical well-being and the mental health.

格式不正确，结构不清晰，汉语式英文思维太过明显，翻译的过程中常常不合英文写作要求。

应对的策略是多阅读范文，写作前列提纲，注意使用衔接词。

格式不正确常常出现在应用文中，有人会忘记写落款。这是我们在写作过程中特别需要注意的，否则格式错误就要相应的扣分。另外，有些文章结构不清晰，或者没有分段，或者段落之间的内容混乱。开头段就开始论述问题，第二段提出建议，结尾段又给出原因，逻辑混乱不清，抓不住重点。所以我们在写文章时一定要先打腹稿，明确行文结构和大概内容，这样在写作过程中才不至于不知道说什么，甚至瞎写一通。

总而言之，新大纲非常强调大家的英语写作技能，我们在平时的备考过程中一定要多进行英文文章的写作，养成良好的写作习惯，注意单词拼写、语法检查、逻辑结构，这样写出的文章才能过关。

小说剧情是有节奏感的，它就像一首钢琴曲，它的旋律有轻、重、急、缓，曲子在缓和、温顺的时候，或激情、高昂的时候，都要经过深思熟虑的设计才可以完成。小说的写作技巧有哪些?下面小编给大家带来小说的写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读。

一、人物个性的刻画

1、人物表现的要素有：

a、独有的表情 b、习惯的动作 c、常用的对白 d、思想

y、意念和欲望 f、弱点和缺陷 g、角色的好恶习性

2、这些要素的运用：

以上要素都可以当作创作的工具，这些工具一定要善于运用，你可以将这些设定条列出来，然后有表现的部分做出记号，比较重要的个性部分，应该要不断重复的表现出来，以加深读者对角色的印象。

二、配角的运用和衬托

1、所有的配角，都是为衬托主角而设定出来的。

配角的类型：正面——导师型、爱慕型、协助型

不确定——神秘型、竞争型、丑角型

负面——陷害型

2、 协助型：时常和主角形影不离地出现，有难同当，有富同享的必备角色。

导师型：给予主角正确知识和观念的辅助角色爱慕型：主角心仪的对象，通常也会是(男)女主角，对主角心境影响很大，是影响整个剧情变化的重要角色。

神秘型：对主角会有明显的正面或负面影响，绝不会自己报上名来，通常他都会被神格化。

竞争型：实力一定不主角先占优势，但本身会对主角的隐藏实力感到兴奋或畏惧，不会阻碍主角的进步，反而会促进主角的成长，成为足以和自己竞争的对手。

陷害型：通常为了得到主角拥有的某样东西，或者是本身看主角不顺眼等不同理由，经常和主角作对，也是剧情中不可或缺的角色。

丑角型：常常会扯人后腿，作出很白痴、荒唐的事，为搞笑而声的角色。

3、 每个角色都有他必要的功能，就象在线游戏一样。

在你的剧情中必须不断地制造平衡，再将平衡打破，因此角色之间的互动也就相应的重要，正面的力量太强时，就表示危机感不足;负面的力量太强时，就表示主角的地位要崩溃。在这样的堆栈下不断地制造出高潮。

三、桥段的发挥和设定

1、对比法桥段：在主角的定位上，安排另一个桥段，与主角的设定做嫉妒的反差对比，这样的方式，容易让读者有一个度量的标准，更能突现出主角的不同。

如：一个走投无路的败家子遇到一贫如洗，但对未来充满希望的主角，两者产生极大的反差，更能衬托主角，塑造他的形象。

2、堆栈法桥段：把桥段的布局事先安排到一个高度，再将主角叠到这个高度上，自然主角就不费吹灰之力到达最高的位置。

如：一个传说中的剑客，，剑术相当精湛，没有任何人是他的敌手，一些挑战他的都在三招内被斩毙。但是离奇的是，在对上一个不起眼的中年流浪汉时被一击打败了，而当众人崇拜他时出现了一个十七八岁的少年，流浪汉称他为师傅。这样的范例说明了少年可能是更厉害的角色，背后或许有很多的想象空间，看是我们已经将这少年的能力和地位等级，运用其他人的力量拉到了一个非凡的高点。

3、陷阱法桥段：运用桥段将主角慢慢逼向绝境，让读者一直为主角的危机而担心，再进行一个大的转变，使主角的位置正反颠倒，产生极大的落差，以突主角的能力。原则是，设定持续低潮的桥段，让转变过程迅速成为高潮，使主角能力加倍地突显。

比如：原本一直处在被欺负困境的主角，到最后才让读者知道，原来是主角一直在“大智若愚”，使得后期敌对方突然处在了下风。

四、善用伏笔

伏笔是作者为了表现某段重要的剧情，在先前便设了相关的桥段或提示，到故事进行了一个程度后，再将这个桥段或提示呼应出来的手法。

伏笔就象是一个隐藏的炸弹，它让剧情产生更多的变化，它的表现方式可能只有出现一次的画面，也可能是一段不经意的桥段，甚至有可能是一句对白;伏笔的埋设，不要和伏笔的呼应脱离太久，这样，读者的记忆可能会消失，而失去了伏笔的意义;伏笔的描述也可以是连续性的，在一个个段落中埋下伏笔的一个片段，最后在全部组合起来，这样方式的可以让伏笔体现的时间不断向后延伸。

1、伏笔离不开主题这是一个不变的原则，故事的重点只有一个，所有的因素都要因这样的原则而产生，伏笔的内容不要和主题无关，否则不但达不到效果，也有可能削弱了故事的力量。

2、不要使用过多的伏笔过多不同的伏笔，反而会让读者搞不清楚状况，失去了伏笔的意义，除非是有连贯性的伏笔，做连续性的埋设;过度的买弄伏笔，也会让故事的主题变的模糊不清。

3、成为转化的力量与高潮的爆发点伏笔的设计，目的是出乎读者的意料之外，这样的设计，也是剧情中转变的一种方式。伏笔的揭晓和呼应，时间点相当重要，这也牵涉到剧情的节奏问题，如果我们能善用伏笔，并在高潮点爆发，这是最好的表现方式。

4、记得收尾对伏笔的埋设，我们一定要相当的清楚，否则会变得虎头蛇尾，到最后突然小时了却没有清楚交代;前头埋伏了几个复辟，到最后就一定要相互呼应几个伏笔，如果我们的剧情太过复杂，建议最好能做笔记，再在编剧过程中不断地提醒自己，以免剧情结束后有所遗漏。

五、剧情的节奏

1、过山车原理我们说平淡的戏，可能提不起读者的兴趣，但是都是高潮的戏也会让读者过度紧张，变得麻痹;假设剧情的高低，就像一条起伏的曲线，我们可以分析出一个原则，就是高低起伏越大的剧情，达到的效果就越惊人，就像是游乐园的过山车一样，高低落差越大的段落，乘客尖叫的声音也就越凄惨，刺激的过程越高。我们可以称这样的原理叫做过山车原理。

2、剧情的拍子但是这里我们还要补充的是节奏。

如果高低起伏是坐标上的Y轴，那么X轴的部分可以说是拍子;音乐中一个小节可以是一拍，二分之一拍，也可以快到八分之一拍;节奏的快慢，相对的影响到人的情绪起伏，慢的拍子，给人平稳的情绪，而越快的拍子，则给人紧张的情绪，这样的原理也适用在剧情的结构上。

这里，大家应该注意到了，为什么说艺术是相同的原理，这个节奏同样的也可以体现在美术作品、书法、颜色及符号上等，都是同样的原理。

3、运用快慢的搭配来控制读者的情绪

a、平稳剧情搭配慢节奏 b、冲击剧情搭配快节奏

六、吊读者的胃口

很多新人编的故事常犯的错误，就是直肠子一路通到底，想说什么就说什么，很多不错的点子，还没有酝酿的过程，就直接演出来了。上面已经说了很多的激发，目的是在增加我们可以表演的手法，将我们想表达的重点，酝酿到最佳时机再爆发出来。明白地说，小说就像作家与读者的斗智，当我们安排的剧情，在一开始就已经被读者知道结局的话，读者还有想看下去的欲望吗?

1、让读者上钩

其实作者就是故事的主宰，你就是神，可以决定剧中任何角色的命运;同样的，你也可以决定你最精彩的点子，要在什么时候出现，只要是读者最想知道的答案，你就肯定不能太早让读者知道，但是每个过程却透露出一点点片段的信息，让读者急着想知道，又不能知道，然后便慢慢地被你的剧情牵着走。

2、最佳时机谜底揭晓

而让读者知道解答的时机，就像是在钓鱼一样，拉杆的时间点一定要准确，当鱼上钩时，太早拉了，诱饵还没有进到鱼嘴，鱼会跑掉;太晚拉了，诱饵已经被吃了，鱼也会跑。太早将答案说出，读者对你的需求还没形成，效果会打折扣;而太晚将答案说出来，读者失去耐心也会跑了。收放之间一定要掌握好，如果没有信心的话，不妨多让几个好友看看，给予一些意见，作为你修正的参考。

七、掌握主题

小说最重要原则应该就是掌握主题。当我们在进行创作时，无论有什么再好的点子，都应该以不偏离主题为最高原则。

觉得什么好就加入什么，没有想法就不断地假如其他的想法，这样的编剧方式是不正确的。我看到不少的小说都偏离的主题，常常是因为有了突发灵感，或许是没有好的想法，编不下去，就加入很多与主题不相干的进去，违背了主题。

1、如何不偏题

如果是能够加分的灵感，那是求之不得，一定要加进去，如果没有任何可以结合的可能，那么，就请将这个想法储存起来，说不定可以作为下一部作品的创意，。如果真的想不出点子，建议你回到原点，看看你先前的设定，只要之前的工作都做足了，一定可以从中找到一个方向的，你也可以在看看已经完成的剧情，是否有什么地方是忘了交代，或者可以延伸的;以读者的角度，反复地在你的作品中观察找寻可以接续的方向，也是一种方法;再不然，你就搁下笔，离开你的作品，做些其他的事情，让自己放松一下，因为可能你已经钻进牛角里无法自拔。

2、多线架构的使用原则

有时我们也会使用难度较高的多线架构，这样的编剧手法需要比较熟练的经验，对于大长篇的剧情，多线构架也变得必要，因为出现的人物越来越多，要交代的故事也不会仅限于一个故事，多线架构的注意重点大致如下：a、前后呼应：故事的主构架是固定的，在剧情当中会出现分支的剧情，但是记住，分支剧情最后必须在归于主题上，，否则会变成无法收尾。

b、主次分明：就是主题在分支架构出现后，逐渐被分支架构取代，分支架构变成主架构，这就是主题产生偏移，也是我们最当心的忌讳。因此，我们必须分清架构的主从系，才不至于编到最后反客为主。

C、懂得割爱：志气那也提过，有时候我们回有太多的点子，巴不得全部都挤到一部作品上。其实，当我们的剧情已经相当扎实的时候，就不要再画蛇添足，这会让读者产生麻痹，或者边得难以阅读。太复杂的剧情，通常也不太容易被大众接受，毕竟，小说是一种大众化的商品，我们要符合的对象也是一般的读者，因此，有时候割爱是必须的，保留一些好的创意，做瑕疵长做的题材。

八、制造高潮

平淡的剧情未尝不是一种表现的形式，如果你能将故事说的很平淡，却有撼动人心，那你的功力可就非比寻常了;平淡的手法其实也暗藏高潮，只是埋藏的很好不被看到罢了，对于创作的新人来说，高潮起伏的剧情会远比平淡的剧情容易处理多了，我们要先学会如何制造高潮，待经验丰富之后，再慢慢学者如何将高潮暗藏在剧情中。

读者在阅读你的作品时，总是在期待着你制造的高潮，你精心的规划，漫长的经营，为的就是将剧情中最精彩的部分，深刻地表现出来，感动读者的心，让读者为你哭为你笑。但如果没有表现好，这个作品其实就算失败了。

1、集中所有力量为了高潮：当剧情顺利的进展了，我们就要集中所有的注意力，制造出剧情中的高潮，我们应当集中所有的技巧，在关键的高潮点爆发出来，这样的剧情才会深入人心。

所谓的技巧，如：时间的流动、节奏、吊胃口、创意、主线、人物、场景、伏笔等

2、多不如好：剧情中的高潮不要放在架构上无关紧要的地方，其实也等同于不要偏离主线，等同于前面所有经营的方向不要偏离主题，这样的效果才能扎扎实实地呈现出来。

3、出人意外：另外，高潮的表现方式，希望哪个不要太过公式化，以往见过的各种表现方式是可以供作参考，但是最好我们能在多用点心思去变化，虚则实之，实则虚之，在与读者的斗智过程中，尽量能出乎众人的意料之外，才会让读者惊叹，总之，多想一点，就会有所不同。

4、持续的高潮：持续性的高潮是否是一种忌讳呢?我们希望与众不同，就必须要脱离框架，有时，忌讳的使用也是非常手段，能够达到非常的效果，如果我们在前期积蓄的能量是足以发挥到第二甚至第三次的高潮，那么，我们使用持续的高潮又未尝不可。

但是使用连续高潮时，须注意对读者的刺激性会产生麻痹，因此，该收的时候就要收，适可而止。

九、人性是故事的心脏

这里以漫画为题材来讲述这个道理。

有不少画技超高的作品，却不是最热门的作品，而有些热门的作品画技却相当平庸，道理其实简单，画面只是吸引读者第一印象的要素。就像是我们在街上见到一个帅哥一样，通常会不自觉地看上一眼，只能说是喜欢，但是要真正爱上他，甚至一生一世，那你就会考虑他的内在了。如果他像个木头人虚有其表，可能放在你身边一星期你都会觉得碍眼。因此，除了吸引读者的第一眼之外，如何留住读者完整地看完你的作品而不觉得厌倦，就是决胜的关键了，想想看那些连载数十册的漫画巨着，是如何留住读者的心长达十年以上的光阴而不变，更是为之而疯狂地追捧。

(写到这里，我突然想到前几年，就是漫画作品《棋魂》很红的那段时期，中国的围棋协会，不知道叫什么来这，忘名了，只知道他在中国的围棋界享有很高的知名度，在他新出的围棋小说中却大量地抄袭《棋魂》这部作品，结果使他在上海签名会时被大量的《棋魂》迷臭骂，更是有人流着泪当着他的面撕掉他的小说。这是何等的痛心啊!中国的名人尽抄袭了日本的作品，作为《棋魂》迷的读者(包括大部分的漫画迷)，是无法忍受的!结果他的网站论坛被骂的帖子超过 10000页，每天骂人的帖子接近1000页的数字增长。想想看，当是一部漫画作品就有那么多人的拥戴，这需何等的魅力。我想问问看，中国有几部的小说能达到这种效果?还有部《海贼王》的漫画，我看连载起码有个12年以上，拥护、支持它，为它而疯狂的漫迷有多少啊!他的销售书册有好几次位居日本漫画榜首，为什么?说白了，就因为是它可以让人大笑，也可以让人大哭的动漫作品，人物个性鲜明，故事发展令人匪夷所思，紧紧扣住“人性”来描述的作品。)

答案其实很简单，就是人性!我们必须给予剧中的角色有独特的性格，运用这些强烈的角色，将人性完整的表达出来。我们必须能控制读者的情绪，引发读者的人性，让读者该哭时狂哭，该笑时狂笑，这也就是戏剧的独特魅力。

因此设计选题时，人物也是担任相当重要的部分，有些好的题材，其实也是在人设前就已经成功了。记住设定选材时，也将人物与人性的表达重点预设进去。任何作品吸引读者目光的地方不是单纯的画技、华丽的语句，而是动人的故事，而动人的故事往往是由人性表现出来的。

十、同中求异

很多的经典题材或是成功的作品都是值得吸收参考的，世界上没有被创作出来的题材似乎已经很少了，对于我们的创作来说，经常会发现一个很多的创意题材，可能在很久以前已经有人做过了，或不久之后市面上出现雷同的题材，令你十分惋惜，这种撞车的情形是常常发生的。试想，当你的作品被忍耐怀疑有抄袭嫌疑的时候，你是不是会觉得无辜呢?

我们如何在信息和创意不断爆炸的年代中找到自己的定位，或者是在已经成功的题材中发现新的课题。即便是再经典的题材，因为时空的转换，和创作者成长环境的不同，也有机会出现不同的表达方式和新的内涵，因此，找出成功作品的骨架、精神及精彩的要素，加入自己新的想法及个人的特色重新包装，不难找出好的作品方向。

十一、格局的创意

不知道大家有没有看过电影的一些影视分析，大家都说张艺某的片子都是大格局，能做到像张艺某一样大格局的人为数不多的。

1、点型创意：这类型的创意，通常只用于一个小细节上，不适合做太长的延伸，在创作上是属于点缀的作用。

点型创意是一个独立的创意类型，她可以单独的存在，也可以任意地置入到剧情中需要的部分。

类似一句有趣的对白，或是一个搞笑的动作，这样的创意也能转换成为角色的口头禅或习惯动作。

在一个好的剧本里面，点型的创意是随时存在的，因为他就像一张完美的家具的装饰一样，让读者随时随刻都体会到作者的用心。

这样的创意是不具备延伸性的，我们在发想的阶段，如果是长篇的故事，则必须将这样的创意记录下来，无需放进故事骨架当中，因为发想阶段，筛选出重点是相当重要的，必须时割舍这样的创意也没有关系。

2、关键型创意：这类型的创意是属于剧情中重要桥段或转折点上的关键，他会影响到故事的延伸发展和呼应前头的伏笔，这样的创意也有可能形成一个短篇的故事关键型创意的特点就是他只为了某个单一的目的所产生的点子，不同于典型的创意，他的框架足以发挥到一个简单完整的故事。

关键型创意在长篇的故事当中，可以是一个段落的重要环节，数个关键型创意，便足以架构出一个长篇的故事。

发想时的重点，在于出人意料的情节转变，目的在于短时间内压缩读者的情绪，或引读者的注目。

长篇故事开场时的关键创意更是重要，因为读者在前几回的反应，决定了你这篇作品的后续生命，如果没有在一开始就运用关键型创意吸引住读者，后续的故事再精彩都可能徒劳无功。

3、架构型创意：也就是足以支撑个长篇故事或单元性故事的主要架构创意，这样的架构也就是我们所说的故事骨架，而故事骨架的好坏取决于构架型创意是否够力。

关于创意，除了及时捕捉突如其来的灵感之外，平时的积累也是很内重要的，拥有了一定的积累，对日后的创作会非常有帮助。

当以上所提到的创意灵感充分集合之后，才能构思出有趣深动的故事情节。

十二、发想创意的方法

1、市场分析法：观察目前市场上流行的素材，若是现有的素材大多已开发，则可运用两种以上的流行素材结合成为新的创作题材，这类的手法常常出现在偶像剧的创作上。小说也一样，奇幻的故事可以结合武侠，都市的故事可以结合奇幻等等!

首先，我们必须先关注流行的信息，针对你有兴趣的题材，开始收集相关的资料，做基本的功课，最好也能到相关的场所实际体验，并与相关的人物进行访谈，会让创作的内容更贴近现实，当然，若是该题材是你亲身的经历将会更好，因为很多细节的部分描写更为主动。

2、趋势发想法：未来的世界一直是科学家们努力研究的方向，以往这样的想象都仅能从想象力丰富的脑袋中挖掘出来，庆幸的是现在这些对未来的预测我们也能在各类媒体中轻易地得知，而且也极可能的被实现，因此，除了以现在有的环境当作创意发想的方向之外，我们也可以多注意未来的趋势方向，越遥远的未来，想象的空间也就越大。

3、逆向思维法：一般人的思考模式会依寻自我或前人的经验甚至书本上的资料作为依据，而这样的方向也往往让创意受到了局限，尚若问题和答案在同一个圆圈的两个点上，而两个点又极为相近，如果依照经验，必须要绕完一圈才能获得答案，那么反过来走，可能答案就近在眼前了。

另外，与常人的思考逻辑完全相同，也就等同于没有新鲜感，没有刺激性。如果违反常人的思考方式，你可能就会轻易地找到的全新创意。

4、欲望满足法：其实许多创作都在满足人们对现实环境的不满足。人会有很多欲望，但是这些欲望大部分人一生都很难达成，小到希望能知道明天考试的答案，希望哪个同桌讨厌的小胖不要再欺负我：希望有一个超级帅哥或美女当你的异性朋友，等等。

现实生活达不到的事，人们希望能由幻想来满足自己。

十三、最后要注意的

永远觉得不足，在创作中不断地修正。

作为一个创作者，应该有求新求变的精神，因为读者不断地成长，市面上的作品也会不断地推陈出新，如果没有挑战的心态，作品便会变的陈旧，而渐渐脱离市场，你也会慢慢也退居幕后。

记住保留一种心态，就是永远觉得不足，也只有不足才会想要进步，也才会不断地吸收成长，你认为的高有多高，宇宙的尽头到得了吗?人类永远是渺小的，学习永远都不会结束。而在创作中，也不要自满，随时检视自己的作品是否还有更好的可能，因为作品面对的是各式各样挑剔的读者。特别是新的写手，很容易会被一些花言巧语的评语捧得天花乱坠，不能自我，还真以为自己写得很好了。我们面对的评语无论好坏，都必须朝不断创新、不断学习、不断超越自我的方向努力，这也应该是创作者的坚持。

记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种文体。记叙文以写实为主，但也可以虚拟。如人物传记、历史故事或新闻报导这类非虚拟的故事是记叙文，神话故事、寓言、幽默故事等也属记叙文。记叙文通常分为三类：

1. 以记人为主的记叙文。即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物来写一、两件事。

2. 以事件为主的记叙文。即以事件为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件，可以写一个人或几个人。

3. 以写景状物为主的记叙文。但应注意的是，在一篇记叙文中，写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的，不可截然分开，但各有侧重。

【写作注意】

写作中应遵循以下几点：

1. 交待要素，即人、时、地、事。

2. 按事件发生的先后顺序叙述, 完整、具体。

3. 要重点突出，目的明确。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，原则上通常用过去时态写。

【写作实例】

假如你是武汉大学附中高三(1)的李华，今年即将高中毕业。请根据以下要点给某英文报写一篇英语短文，谈谈你对高三生活的看法。

(1)对获得的帮助表示感谢;

(2)消除与 同学之间的误会;

(3)努力学习，实现人生梦想;

(4)对学弟、学妹的建议。

注意：

(1)可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯;

(2)词数：100左右(开头已给出，不计入总词数) 。

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior 3 student, it wont take lon g before I graduate._____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

【猜题理由】本篇书面表达能比较真实地反映学生的生活实际，话题内容关注学生的社交生活和树立健康的人生观，具有考查的现实意义和指导意义;在语言表达上，能够让学生充分运用所学知识，毫无词汇障碍地表达自己的思想;此外，在语言表达的设置上也有一定的伸展性，能有效地激发学生个 性观点的创建。

【构思点拨】本篇书面表达是常见 的提纲类型的写作，要点明确清楚，便于学生组织文章，理清脉络。行文时要注意处理好语言表达的控制性和伸展性之间的关系。

【参考范文】

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior three student, it wont take long before I graduate. Now, I have much to share with my fellow students.

Firstly, I would like to show my appreciation to those standing by me all the way, teachers, pare nts and friends included. Without their help and advice, my life would be different. Secondly, its high time to say sorry to classmates whom I hurt or misunderstood. Communication and smiles act as bridges to friendship. Above all, Ive made up my mind to make every effo rt to study, for I believe hard work is the key to success. Just as the old saying goes, "no pains, no gains."

Finally I hope that all the younger fellows can make full use of time, because time and tide wait for no men.

雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧

本文来自雅思作文网《介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧》。   西方人有一句话说：Your boss has a big vocabulary than you have，that is one good reason why your boss is your boss. 这句话翻译过来就是说：你老板的词汇量比你大，这是他之所以是你老板的一个很好原因。可见词汇量大不但对一个人的工作起着决定性作用，而且也是获得雅思写作高分最有力的武器之一。

（一）词汇运用的层次

通过对雅思写作评分标准，官方范文以及考生所写的文章的分析，考生在用词方面可以分为以下几个层次：

1. 正确（Correct）：表达你想表达的意思，对于同一个意思可能有好几个词，那么同义词基本上都是正确的。

2. 合适（Appropriate）：在不同语境下要使用不同的词，比如在肯定的语义中要用褒义词，而在否定的语义中要使用贬义词。

3. 精确（Exact）：要联系上下文，尽可能用词到位，因为有些词是不够精确的。比如： allocate part of the fiscal revenue，allocate是分配，不能用divide来替换。

4. 灵活（Smart）：英语本身就有很多约定俗成的表达方法，用我们的话来说，就是有很多潜规则。因此，我们要注意培养地道英语表达，还要注意词汇的固定搭配。

（二）词汇的变换技巧

在写作评分标准里有明确的关于词汇的标准： Lexical Resource： 词汇资源。它考察词汇的运用是否多样恰当且准确。词汇的多少并不能决定文章的好坏，但用词精确性是可以加分的。一般来说，词汇的准确表达可以通过两个方面达到，一是在用词的难度上拔高，二是在近义词的多种表达上提升。值得提醒的是，不要过分堆积华丽的，会给考官留下华而不实的感觉。

1. 使用同义词进行替换

使用同义词的好处在于首先可以向考官展示考生词汇量的丰富，其次也可以使文章富有变化。因此，同义词的运用是衡量考生英语水平的一个很有力的标准，考官认同你的同时，自然也会给你高分。请看下面的例子：

School teachers used to be the source of information. However，some people argue that teachers are not as important as before because there is an increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion？ （08年4月24日考题）

2. 使用各种形式的同根词进行替换

.html 雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧

英语里面有很多同根词，通过单词的变换来吸引阅卷者眼球并获得高分是一个很好的办法。一些单词通过添加前缀或者后缀的方式可以衍生出很多新的词汇。而使用这些词汇可以避免重复原文当中的词条，也可以向阅卷者展示你变化词汇的技巧。

比如写作中我们经常会用到“知道”这个概念，我们可以用know这个词以及它的其他形式和它们的同义词来表示“知道”这个意思。

感谢您阅读出国雅思频道()为您提供的《介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧》一文.

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[雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文用词和句法的技巧

写作之前应该把题目确定下来，写作之前应该把文章大概的框架整理出来，只有这样，你的文字才能在这种框架内很流畅的展示出来，你的文章才会让阅读的人感觉很棒，很精彩。下面是小编为你带来的2017中考作文写作技巧汇总，欢迎阅读。

1、充分发挥自己的优势。

擅长形象思维、会刻画人物的同学可选择记叙文，擅长抒情的同学可选择散文。初中生一般不提倡写议论文。

2、精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。

要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或。巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。

3、要给自己充足的构思时间，不要急于动笔。

’宁停三分，不争一秒’，因为写作是’开弓没有回头箭’的，写到一半，突然发现，呀，把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了。干着急。建议打草稿，防止’三边工程’(边立项，边设计，边施工)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。

4、要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。

有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用米尺比好之后划两横。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

5、如果偏题或者离题，作文的主要分数就失去了。

为防止跑题，可从如下几点做出努力：一是将材料、引语和话题联系起来思考，不可单看话题;二是看自己确立的观点能否用话题所给材料来证明;三是想一想这则材料当初发在媒体上登载是要达到一个什么效果的。万一跑题了，要考虑逆挽，使文章形成一种欲扬先抑的结构形态。

6、一定要完篇。

熟话说，好文章是凤头、猪肚、豹尾。没有豹尾，老鼠尾巴也要有一个，绝不能写半头文。用半篇文章给你评分，怎么会得高分?

7、特别要注意不能缺题。

不是万不得已，不要以话题做标题。拟题是显示你才气的一个好的平台，不能轻易放弃。缺题影响远不止2分。正好给了评卷老师扣分的理由。

8、文章要有一至两个亮点。

学而思老师建议：如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的描写表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。如果是议论文，就一定要有12个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配(酽酽的歌喉)。总之，要能使评卷老师精神为之一震。

9、行文中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路歌。

材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现三次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，’回眸一笑百媚生’。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

10、思想要健康。

’思想健康’不是说要你只说冠冕堂皇的话，不是要你刻意拔高，’健康’是针对’病态’、’庸俗’而言的，它的底线是不能欣赏违背法律法规和偏离社会道德的事。恋爱题材是考场作文的禁区，无论考生写得如何缠绵悱恻，真挚动人，因其行为是中学生日常行为规范所不允许的，这类作文自然得不了高分。

文体写作理论知识应由定义出发，定义中的要素可以衍生出写作的各种要求和方法。但是，不论诗歌，还是散文，传统认识集中体现在一般写作教材上，对其定义的认识既不准确统一，又片面地强调社会属性。不合乎文体本质属性的传统文学体裁定义在本书中一概不提。需要的是最终表现作者个体生命本真的文体定义。散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活精干的文学体裁。

作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明，正象巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我。这就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。又如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”。还如一些人所说，“我是怎样一个人，就怎样写”，“心口相应，信口直说”，“反正我只是这样一个我”。写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在。这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

必须明确一个散文写作观念，这就是散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。散文一开始就使自己沉浸在一种突如其来的悲喜交集的感情体验中，由此生发联想——小时候跟着妈妈赶集差一点丢失，四十年代初一度离开部队，“文革”中被迫放下笔等。最后又面对横江截流的宏伟场面，激情满怀。感情体验，是散文的内在结构。有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。

散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显。而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。只要弄清以上四点，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么意、章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其它文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文可以主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

一、记人散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述。我和该人，重点在后。介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】▲一种情况：一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。

▲另一种情况：几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起。以对该人的感情体验及整体议

二、论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。

三、抒情散文模式

【开头】1叙述自己与景物的关系。2议论景物和自己。

【中间】1描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。2联想发挥，更大意义。

【结尾】感慨

四、散文写作——构思、联想、语言

散文，往往通过生活中偶发的、片断的事象，去反映其复杂的背景和深广的内涵，做到“一粒沙里见世界，半瓣花上说人情”。要达到这种境界，构思是关键。

构思，是作者对一篇作品的整个认识过程，从他对外界事物的最初感受到成篇的全过程。就是进入下笔阶段，也仍然在思考，在探索，在继续认识所要描写的对象，深入发掘其底蕴和内涵。这是一种复杂的、艰辛的、严肃的精神活动，是对作家人格、修养、功力的考验。由于事物间的联系是深邃而微妙的，作家要善于由表及里，从纷繁错综的联系里，发现其独特而奥妙的联系点，才能够从“引心”到“会心”，由“迎意”到“立意”。

构思的奥妙，不同的作家有不同发现。于是就出现了种种不同的构思方法。秦牧的构思方法，有人叫做“滚雪球”。他写散文，起初的感受只是一点点，如一片小雪花，随着题材的增加，体会的深入，联想的开展，那感觉一步步膨胀起来，就象滚雪球一样。这里可贵的是最初的感觉，照秦牧的话说，它是事物的“尖端”部分，最富有“特征”的部分，一旦被作家抓住，就象一粒饱满的种子，落到肥沃的土壤里，作家用思想、感情的阳光雨露恩泽它，使它萌发成丰富的果实。这是一个核心，越滚越大，形成统一的构思。他的名篇《土地》、《社稷坛抒情》就是很好的例子。

徐迟的构思方法，叫“抓一刹那”。这“一刹那”他认为是事物的“精华”部分，最有“光彩”部分。抓住这“一刹那”，就抓住了头绪，抓住了中心，零散杂乱的材料才得以集中，才有了归宿。如他的《在湍流的涡漩中》的创作，正反两方面的教训都可以说明这个问题。

导语：套用一些英语作文模板可以得到分数的提高哦!下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)

有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。

Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of the cities.

觉得_____的人认为，______ 城市的经济发展。

Some people advocate that ....

有些人在坚持认为_________。

They hold that ... 他们认为_________。

People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons (grounds)

坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。

Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.

那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。

Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.

强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。

Many people would claim that...

有人会认为___________。

Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.

俗话说，""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。

To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.

对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。

There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...

万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。

When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...as ....

提到_________问题，很多人认为_________，不过，一些人则认为______是____.

When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...

提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。

书面表达历来是英语教学中一个难点，要想在限定的时间内写出一篇质量上乘的文章，非一日之功。纵观几年来的高考书面表达，我们可以看出，高考英语写作越来越重视情景的设置，要求考生总结自己的感受和见解，给出自己的观点。书面表达又是全面衡量学生英语综合水平的一种测试形式，因此，我们不得不重视。

第一步，写作的内容，要求做到两点— 内容完整、相关。这两点只要考生不粗心，基本都能做到。比如陕西考区的题目，要求写暑假的安排，是一篇正反观点类的议论文。必须注意题目的要求，第一要提出讨论话题，Recently there has been a heated discussion about what the students should do during the summer vacation.(这是一个经典的模版开篇句型)。第二要写出一方面的观点，然后是另一方面的观点，最后提出自己的看法，根据要求缺一不可，否则就会被扣掉相应的分数，这就是完整。再比如，2005年广东考区的成语寓言故事，不仅要描写整个守株待兔的过程，还应该根据要求点名寓意，否则也是不完整，这点只要在课堂上强调，学生是很容易做到的。所谓相关，也就是不要过多出现文中没有的信息，不能过分发挥，一般学生犯此类错误的较少。

第二步，写作中的语法。在阅卷中，一般三个小的语法错误会被扣掉一分，一个大的语法错误(关于谓语的错误)会被扣掉一分。所以，学生应该尽量避免犯语法错误。我在课堂中会强调，对于语法基础薄弱的同学，除了加强自己的语法功底外，就是去背诵我给出的50个最高频用到的句法结构。这些结构不仅正确，而且一定是高考中的有效得分点，即使语法偏弱，记住这些句子然后在考试中使用也能避免学生自己造句中的语法错误，一举两得。比如，倒装句在考试中就很少有同学主动启用，但是一旦正确启用就会收到意想不到的效果，所以我会给出四组倒装句，然后让学生加强运用和练习。这些句子包括：

1、Only when we realize the importance of environmental protection, can we solve the problem of pollution.

2、So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

3、Diligent as he was, he failed in passing the exam.

4、By no means should teenagers get into the habit of smocking.

第三步，连接词的运用，使文章连贯、流畅。我把这些词分为8类，叫做“畅词”，往往学生由于中西方语言的差异，会忽视这一点，所以在授课中会通过大量的练习巩固和加强学生的印象。而且不仅要写，还写出高水平的畅词，因为高考是选拔性考试，要做到“人无我有,人有我优”。比如，“首先”这个表示次序的畅词，一般同学一定想到的是firstly 或者first of all。可是我建议学生启用to begin with, 或者initially (这个是建议水平较好的启用)。“然而”，绝大部分启用but, however，我建议学生采用on the contrary 或者oppositely。

第四步，也是整个课程的核心部分，要强化“复杂、高级”两个概念。为什么是核心呢?因为学生在这一部分没有正确的认识，在平时的学习中老师也没有有意识灌输和训练总结。大部分学生以为只要写出来、写正确就可以拿到高分，其实80-120个单词包括大概10个句子，如果全部是简单的词汇和句型没有办法达到最高档作文的要求。因此，我们强调高级的词汇和高级复杂的句型，不是说全部必须高级，而是必须出现一些才能符合高考作文大纲的要求。在这一步中，我总结的“高分词汇选择原则”、“简单句到复杂句的瞬间转换”、“高分句子写作策略”以及“钻石得分50句”，通过这些理论和实践结合的讲解，学生会感觉成绩的快速提升，效果明显。

The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. People usually

decorate the doors and windows with red papercuts. becouse red means good luck.

People usually clean house too. becouse they want to sweep away bad luck.

Children can get some new clothes or presents from their parents and

grandparents. On New Years Eve,family always have a big dinner. Everybody are

watch TV and talk. In the midnight,there usually fairworks. On New Years

Day,people usually put on their new clothes and visit their femily and friends.

They usually say:"Happy New Years Day. " The Spring Festival finishes at the

Lantern Festival after two weeks. People usually eat a kind of rice dumpling

called yuanxiao. It can take people good luck all the year round.

People help with each other， it is the greatest thing in the world. We should give our love to people who need help.

It was a nice day. A blind person Ben walked with a walking stick. When he was walking down the street， a little boy tumbled because of banana skin. Maybe there is something wrong with his legs. So the little boy cried sat on the floor. Although Ben can’t see anything， he walked to the little boy. Ben wanted to help the boy. So Ben said，” Don’t cry. Let me help you.” The little boy was very happy. Ben carried the little boy on the back. The little boy help Ben， too. So they were very happy.

If you see someone needs help， please help him. I’m sure you will be very happy

[关于初二学生的暑假英语作文

写读后感最重要的一点是要读出所读书籍或者文章的“眼睛”，它是你展开来写的基础、中心和出发点。小编收集了读后感的基本写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。

读后感的基本思路如下：

(1)简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代，以及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来，并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个“简”字，决不能大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容，而是要简述与感想有直接关系的部分，略去与感想无关的东西。

(2)亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为“观点句”。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。“观点句”在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(3)围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

(4)围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息，有真情实感。要做到这一点，必须善于联系实际。这“实际”可以是个人的思想、言行、经历，也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注意紧紧围绕基本观点，为观点服务，而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。

以上四点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的，要善于灵活掌握。比如，“简述原文”一般在“亮明观点”前，但二者先后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

Teenagers like to computer games so much, some even drop out of the class and they hang around the street， going to the Internet bar, and are immerged themselves in the computer games. As we all known, Internet bar is not a good place for teenagers to come. First, there are all kinds of people in that places.It has been reported that many accidents have happened in the Internet bar, some people have fought each other and then cut people, even people died there. It is so dangerous. Second, as the teenagers are so innocent, they may be seduced by some bad people in the Internet bar, the teenagers may be adducted to other places and never come home again. Internet bar is not a safe place for teenagers, so they should learn protect themselves and stay away from it.

青少年很喜欢玩电脑游戏，一些人甚至旷课，他们在街上到处晃荡，去到网吧里面，沉浸在电脑游戏里面。我们都知道，网吧对于青少年来说不是一个该去的好地方。第一，网吧里面有形形色色的人。据报道，很多事故发生在网吧里面，一些人彼此间打架，然后砍人，甚至有人死掉。这是多么危险啊。第二，青少年相对比较天真，他们可能会在网吧里面收到坏人的诱导，也有可能被坏人绑架到别的地方，永远不能再回家。网吧对于青少年来说不是一个安全的地方，所以他们应该学着保护自己，远离网吧。

导语：冬天来了，描写冬天的作文、描写冬天景色的作文、冬天的校园作文是必不可少的。在写景作文中，如何把景物描写详略得当，寓情于景，把文章写的有吸引力，一定的写作技巧是非常必要的。下面和小编一起来看看吧！

一、写景作文的开头方法

1、开门见山。开头直接写某个季节到来时你想写的景物。譬如你想写冬天，你可以这样开头：冬爷爷的脚步越来越近了，我仿佛看到了他带着白色的雪精灵来了。

2、反问句开头。提出问题开头，引发读者兴趣，吸引读者的注意力，这种作文，要体现出与读者对话的色彩。譬如写冬天，你可以这样开头：在一年四季里，你最喜欢哪个季节呢?春的明媚，夏的热情，秋的收获，冬的冰雪，各具特色，精彩纷呈。我最喜欢冬的白雪纷飞，银装素裹。

3、引用法。在描写冬的景色时可以用：忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开。等诗句来形容以让自己的文章更加的生动形象。应该注意的是，一是开头不宜过长，老师提倡的是50-80字，也就是说，最好控制你的作文稿纸的三行半，最好别超过5行。一旦超过，就显得“头重”了。二是语言要优美，要搜集些精美的词语，是开头显得文采飞扬。三是适当采用修辞方法，如拟人、比喻、排比等，使语言显得生动活泼，通顺流畅。

二、写景作文的层次和顺序

1、描写的景物固定，时间不固定——以时间来分类。

2、时间固定，描写的景物不固定——冬天的作文就可以写雪后的不同景象所展现出的状态，如落满了雪的地面，屋顶，或是还没落满雪，还能隐约可以看见水的小溪。

3、地点固定，时间也固定——以空间顺序分类。这种方法适用于冬天去游览某一景区，比如去某公园，就可以写先到了哪里看到了什么。

三、写景的几个要素

第一步是观察：观察是写好作文的基础，对于写景作文来说，离开了细致准确的观察，是绝对写不好的。观察必须确立好立足点。立足点可以是固定的 ( 空间方位 ) ，也可以是变换的 ( 移步换景 ) 。但无论怎样必须层次清楚。

第二步是抓住特征：写景物，要善于抓住在不同地区、不同季节、不同时间里的景物颜色、形态、声响、变化等方面的特征，不能生搬硬套，如冬天可以用白雪皑皑，银装素裹，瑞雪纷飞等形容词来形容，这样可以让你的作文更加的生动起来。

第三、要层次分明：层次就是文章的内容顺序，也即表达顺序。先写什么后写什么，心里要有数。比如可以先写近景再写远景，最后可以寓情于景，达到升华主题的目的。

第四、要动静结合：所谓动静结合，就是指描写景色时，不仅要写出景色的静态，而且要写出它的动态，使景色才能活起来，使读者的印象更深刻。例：夜里，下雪了，雪花簌簌的往下落。第二天，我推开门一看，对面的山白了，田野也白了。眼前的院子里也是一片白色，小狗在雪上踩着，踩出了一片小巧的梅花。

第五、要抒发感情，任何景物都是客观存在的，但这种客观存在的景物却能给人不同的感受。我们写景要写自己热爱的景色，表达一定的主题思想，要表达出对自然的热爱，这就是借景抒情。如：在写家乡的冬天时，可以表达我对家乡的喜爱或是思念，而这样的喜爱与思念就融入在我们所描绘的景中。

【范文】

冬季到了，气候慢慢冷了。树上的树叶像被剃头刀剃过的同样，光秃秃的。马路上的人们穿上了厚厚的棉袄，戴上了厚厚的帽子。小朋友的脖子也缩进了厚厚的衣领里。呼呼的冬风刮在脸上像刀子刺的同样。

一天凌晨，我推开门一看，院子里本来光秃的树上溘然“开”满了皎白的“梨花”。抬眼望去，远处更是银装素裹、花团簇拥，真是“忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开”呀!再看看地上，宛若盖上了一层厚厚的棉被。啊，原来昨天夜里下了一场大雪。

我弯下腰，从地上捧起一把雪，细心地看了又看，发现雪花毛茸茸、亮晶晶的，宛若是一件件优美的艺术品。但是还没来得及细细把玩，它便消散得无影无踪。

我轻轻地走在雪地上，听着那“咯吱咯吱”的声响，我的心啊，都快沉醉了!

俗语说：“瑞雪兆丰年”。农人伯伯又要迎来一个充溢期望的春季了。

我爱冬季!

想成为下一个海明威吗?或许只是想在校刊有自己的豆腐块，让自己的博客富有动人文字?那么，你需要先把自己的文笔犀利起来。而且成为一位优秀的作家并不是一件容易的事情。下面是小编为大家整理的15条技巧提高你的写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读!

一、阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

二、尽可能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

三、随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

四、专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

五、随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

六、集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

七、先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

八、创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

九、修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

十、简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

十一、富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

十二、获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

十三、是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

十四、采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

十五、好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

回答：在语文学科的中考试题中，作文是最重要的一部分，也是整个中考所占分值最大的题目，写好一篇记叙文三步走：审题、点题、成文。其中审题和点题是学生极容易忽略的部分。点题“点题”的“点”是“点化”之意，“题”是“题旨”之意。记叙文中的“点题”，最主要的目的就在于：在记人叙事水到渠成之时，升华情感，深化主旨。对于大多数同学而言，分数不理想的原因是出现在点题上。写作文是提高作文水平的一种方法，但不是最有效的方法，建议平时多修改一下自己之前写过的文章，每个孩子的写作方式比较固定而且有着自己的通病，所以单靠练习是不能克服这一问题，该存在的问题会在不同文章中出现。注意积累写作素材，根据不同的写作主题，将过去积累的写作素材进行合理安排详略，进而突出文章中心。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

阅读下面的材料，根据要求作文：

一位16岁的少年拜访一位智者。他问：“我如何才能变成一个自己愉快，也能够给别人愉快的人呢?”智者说：“送你四句话——把自己当成别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。”这位少年牢记智者的话，终于成了自己愉快也给别人愉快的人。

请以智者四句话中的一句或几句话作为话题，写一篇文章。注意：文体不限，题目自拟，有真情实感，不少于800字。

【深情出发】这是一道关系型话题作文。近年来，这种题型颇受高考命题人的青睐。如2004年全国卷高考作文话题“看到自己与看到别人”，2005年全国卷II作文话题“忘记与铭记”，2006年重庆高考作文话题“走与停”，2007年高考作文海南卷作文话题科学家的创新与创造等，都属于关系型话题作文。这种题型体现了新课标“学会多角度地观察生活，丰富生活经历和情感体验，对自然、社会和人生有自己的感受和思考”的思想，指向本我与生活，关注人生，关注社会，关注人类的精神家园，有效地考查了学生的思辨能力，积极引导学生用哲学的理论指导生活实践，辩证地看待分析问题。

因此，同学们在审这类作文题时，要辨清构成话题的词、短语之间的特定关系。如该题中的“自己与别人”是并列共存关系，可以理解为“在看到自己的同时关注别人，自己、别人与愉快的人是对立统一的关系”;也可以理解为“只有处理好自己与自己的关系，才能成为自己愉快也给别人愉快的人”。关系型话题作文涉及到两种或两种以上的相互联系的关系，审题时必须认真思考，抓住关键点，明了地揭示出它们之间存在的联系，不可偏废，否则就会跑题。

我们不妨打个比方来全面把握这道题意：就好像放风筝，题目中的关键词“愉快”是拽在手里的线，放飞的风筝是“自己与别人”，多角度地解读如何做好“自己”与“别人”，“自己”与“自己”都须紧紧系住“愉快”这个关键词。

对于智者的四句话，我们可以这样解读：“把自己当成别人”——不囿于自我，与别人换位思考，从别人的立场出发，为别人设想;“把别人当成自己”——以人为镜，可以明得失，借鉴别人，可以看到自己的优势和缺陷;“把别人当成别人”——尊重价值的多样化，尊重别人，宽容别人，不把自己的主观愿望强加给人家;“把自己当成自己”——重视自己，善待自己，充实自己，发展自己，经营好自己的人生。同学们可联系实际，就以上一个或几个角度展开思路，生活中的林林总总都可以入文，选自己熟悉的方面下笔，深入挖掘，文章自然水到渠成了。学生可以若能紧握时代脉搏，关注人文，将立意提升至构建社会和谐，定能写出更有说服力和感染力的佳作来。

【佳作展示】庄子：愉快的哲学

福建龙海角美中学高二(2)班林艺贞

把自己当别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己，你就成了自己愉快也给别人愉快的人。——题记

把自己当成别人。庄子，你是大海。“无名、无功、无己”，因不看重名利而心存高远，因不畏荣辱而处变不惊。因不计较得失而心胸辽阔。于是，你超乎物外，梦化成蝶。不知是蝴蝶梦化为庄周?还是庄周梦化成蝴蝶?你终成了浩瀚无边的大海，包容万物，生生不息。

把别人当成自己，在那样一个文化屈从权势的社会里，庄子，你是一棵孤独的树，独自在黑夜里守护心灵月亮的树。我终于明白为什么在人们昧昧欲睡的时候，皎月依旧当空，用自己的圆缺演绎着人间的美满与忧伤的故事，用自然的运转昭示人间的兴衰荣辱、际遇得失。是你，在清风夜唳的黑暗中默默守侯，守候别人的幸福。一轮孤月下，一棵孤独的树，那是一种不可企及的妩媚。

把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。庄子，你眼极冷，心肠极热。眼冷，故是非不管;心热，故悲慨万端。虽知无用，而终不能忘情，到底是热肠牵绊;虽不能忘情，而终不下手，到底是冷眼看穿。亡妻那天，你抑制不住满腔的悲伤，想放声痛哭，终究是违背自然天性，于是，你鼓盆而歌。面对别人的质问，你从容地应答道：“是相与为春秋冬夏，四时行也。”这是一种摆脱世俗，洞察天地的真正达观。

一个人要想活得坦然、愉快，就必须坚持住自己的准则。在世人看来，你是痛苦的，活在梦化成蝶的希冀中，活在自己编织的罗网里，无穷无尽的纠缠与徘徊。殊不知你早已在俗世挣扎中获得了新生，赢得了那份坦然，那份“物化”的愉快了。

河畔边上，你以从容、自在定得鱼儿的快乐。你会心一笑，笑鱼儿的乐，笑惠子的浅陋。同是河塘边上，身后是楚国的相位，面前是一方净水。如果你是许由，恐怕也得坠河洗耳了。但你还是为那两位大夫保留了颜面，以乌龟自喻，一句：“往矣，吾将曳尾于涂中。”表明了心迹。庄子，你是一树怒放的梅花，无意和百花争春，无畏于寒风的凛冽，不在乎万物的艳羡，只愿在白雪中坦然释放，只愿在孤独中秉持那份守望。

人生的快乐在于能否坚持住自己的秉性，你凭一腔坦然坚持住了——把自己当别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。

简评：本文最突出的地方是迁移文本素材，让学生不再认为课文就单纯只是课文，考试派不了用场，学无所用似的。作者借庄子《逍遥游》折射的哲理光芒，以其思想、经历解读智者的为人处世原则，且巧妙地联系自然事物理解庄子的人生追求、思想境界。整体来说似是散文笔法的读后感，虽有些青涩，却不失为一篇佳作。

例文2：笑?!

福建龙海角美中学高二年(1)班黄艺娜

当一个人步入另一个世界里。笑，就不再仅仅只是因为自己。

那一年的那一天。

我拖着行李，迈着步伐，那步伐或轻快，或沉重?来到了那个既很向往又很陌生的城市——深圳。站在人才交流市场门口，一个乡下小妹，对着这样一个高墙林立、灯红酒绿的大都市，百感交集，是悲抑或是喜?!

寻寻觅觅——

“大叔，您这需要人手吗?我真的很需要这份工作。”好不容易，从憔悴而又僵硬的脸上挤出一个“笑”，怯怯而又焦急地问。只见那胖嘟嘟的脸颊泛着红润润的光，那双眼珠就深埋在两缝间，像月牙般，很小，很小的。他上下反复地打量着我，然后摇摇头，挥挥手，表示要我离开。晶莹的泪花在眼角闪动。我还是抬起头，对那张满是横肉的脸，恁地，笑了笑，疲惫地走开了。

夜，又降临了，“怎么办，晚上要在哪里落脚?”边走边喃喃着，黄色的连衣裙摆被夜风吹得胡乱地舞动，小腿被剐得有些许痛楚。

当我刚要上巴士时，一位白发苍苍的老奶奶唤住我，说要换零钱。我看着那张布满皱纹的脸，又笑了笑，毫不犹豫地从裤兜里找出10块钱，递到她手上。老奶奶给了我一张2元钱的和3张一块钱的，然后在一个黑色的、旧旧的包包里翻腾着，起初我以为她是在找零钱，后来却拿出了两块口香糖，塞在我手上，说：“没零钱了，就拿这个抵吧!”然后转身匆匆走了。这时我才意识到——被骗了。我愣愣地盯着搁在掌心的那两块口香糖，倏地，泪水溅到青绿色的包装纸上。

抬起头，望了望还没走太远的背影，跑了几步，大声喊：“老奶奶，谢谢你的口香糖。”她转过瘦弱的身体，用不解的目光看了看把两个口香糖举得高高的女孩，深深浅浅的皱纹堆在一起。虽然，泪水早已不听使唤的滑落，但还是发自内心的扬起嘴角的笑。笑了，只是不想让老奶奶心里不好过。

巴士开了。

坐在靠窗口的座位上，风，轻轻的拂过，吹动了发梢，颤动了心。

对于人生，这似乎永无止境的学问，今天我懂了一个道理：笑，不都只是因为自己的快乐!

简评：作者联系现实生活用叙述的口吻，以打工妹的经历很好地诠释了智者的话意。题目中两种标点符号的叠加使用，激发读者的阅读兴趣，引人入胜，主题突出、明确，人物的神态、心理描写较为细腻，人物形象真实可感。人活着，不仅仅是为了自己，可以让别人的生活因为你的存在而更加美好。乡下妹子用一朵人间永不凋谢的花——微笑展现她的善良和真诚。倘若人人都如此“快乐”而为，社会的和谐之花处处绽放!

【沙场秋点兵】阅读下面的文字，按要求作文：

题1一个外国人麦达德?赖茨在《最重要的几个字》一书中写道：

最重要的六个字：我承认我错了;最重要的五个字：你做得很好;

最重要的四个字：你觉得呢?最重要的三个字：麻烦你;

最重要的二个字：谢谢;最重要的一个词：我们;

最重要的一个字：我。

请你从上面七句话中任选一句(比如“最重要的三个字：麻烦你”)作为话题，写一篇文章。立意自定，文体不限，题目自拟，不少于800字。

“铁打的校园流水的学生”，又到一年一度的招聘高峰期，新一届的毕业生们开始踏上漫漫求职路。下面是小编收集的毕业生简历的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

首先，是个人基本信息：

1、姓名：必须写。这好象没什么疑问，你得让HR们知道你是谁，否则真让你面试，都不知道该怎么称呼。这一点大家做的比较好，从没遇到过忘写名字的。当然，对于一个忘写名字的人，HR们是绝对不敢录用的，原因很简单，连自己的名字都能忘写，还有什么不敢忘的?

2、性别：最好写。在简历中不写性别的，女生居多，可能是怕被人知道了性别被歧视，但大部分HR是能够从姓名中判断出性别的，即使你的名字很中性，在面试中也还是会暴露，如果用人单位会有性别歧视，最终获得工作的机会也比较小，因此，建议还是标明性别比较好。

3、年龄：无所谓，想写就写，不想写也没关系。一般来说，刚毕业的大学生年龄也不会大到哪去，再说HR们又不是查户口的，但有些研究生毕业时年龄可能偏大，常常因为在35岁上而被年龄歧视，建议这些毕业生不要写年龄，否则会因为年龄问题把其他优点否定了，连个面试的机会都没有。

4、学历、学位、专业：一定要标明，这是HR们最关注的重点词之一。

5、政治面貌：视情况而定，如果不是党员，一般就不要写了;如果是党员，在投递大国企、事业单位时，一定要注明，这些单位对是否是党员还是很看重的，因此在同等条件下，党员有绝对有优势，而投递外企或私企时，影响不大。

6、身高体重：视情况而定，一般没必要写，除非你的身高体重能为你加分。找工作不是选美，大部分的工作对任职人员是没有身高体重的要求的，而且，对于一些身高体重不是非常标准的人来说，过早暴露一些无关紧要的信息，很可能让你失去展示自己其他优点的机会，道理很简

单，求职者无法明确知道HR们的选择标准，因此简历中要尽量展示优点，排除干扰。当然，如果岗位的任职要求中明确表明身高体重要求的，或者你寻找的是类似模特、空姐类型的工作，就一定要写明身高体重。

7、联系方式：一定要有。没有联系方式，HR们就无法联系到你，怎么可能收到面试通知呢?如今手机已经基本普及了，因此，简历的联系方式以留个人手机号码为宜，并注意保持手机通话畅通，以免错失HR们的来电通知。关于联系方式的位置，很多人喜欢放在前面，而HR建议可以放在后面，因为没有哪个招聘人员一上来就对你的联系方式感兴趣，还是把重要的信息放在前面好。

除此之外，还有一些毕业生的简历上会写明身体状况，往往就两个字：良好，也不是很必要，目前大部分企业在与员工签订正式合同之前，都会组织员工进行一些常规性的体检，这部分内容也不需要在简历中体现。

其次，是求职意向：

求职意向这一栏是很难写，原因有两个，一是应届毕业生没参加过工作，对工作没有有很深入的了解，很多毕业生在写简历的时候对自己到底能做什么、想做什么，没有明确的概念。二是应届毕业生的简历没有针对性，很多人的简历就是一站通，求职意向上写着无数个职位，而且有的职位跨度很大，没有丝毫的联系。这其实是一种让人摸不着头脑的做法，看起来好象是个全才，什么都能做，可是又没有明确的目的性，HR们不知道你到底能做些什么。求职者的这种心态可以理解，写少了怕局限了自己的选择，解决这个问题，其实有两种方法，一是明确自己的目的，可以看看师兄师姐们都做什么工作，有个大概了解，然后根据自己的兴趣进行选择，另一种做法则是多准备几份不同的简历，每份简历只写一个求职意向，简历的其他内容全部围绕着这一主题写，这样的简历看起来会更有针对性，也更容易受HR的青睐。

还有很重要的，毕业生要记住，有理想有抱负是好事，但一个公司录用毕业生，往往都是从最基层做起的，因此，求职意向不要写的太大，尽量挑选一些基层岗位，一开始就在求职意向上写上类似战略管理、某某经理这样的岗位，会让HR认为你好高骛远，像这样的大事，还是交给那些领导或是有经验的人去做吧。

此外，HR们透露，很多大企业在招聘应届毕业生时，是很少看求职者求职意向的，在企业看来，毕业生的可塑性极强，一个毕业生被录用后，企业会对其进行入职培养，并在实际工作中把毕业生改造成企业需要的人才，因此，对于毕业生的求职意向，一般不太关注。

第三，是教育背景/学习经历：

这一点没什么说的，只提两点：一是有些毕业生会把自己中学的学习情况写上，这个不需要，从大学写起就行，除非你的简历实在没内容;二是一些毕业生在校可能参加过一些相关技能的培训，这些培训经历也应该写到简历中。

第四，是工作经验/社会实践：

一般来说，应届毕业生没什么工作经历，所以在招聘过程中，HR们并不是很强调这一点。至于社会实践，可以把在校期间的实习或其他经历写上，如在学生会任某部长，做过哪些事，出过哪些力，取得过哪些成绩，写的过程中主要一定要写的详细，而不要只说大概，比如我任系学生会生活部长，组织过系辩论赛，这样写就不太详细，而是应该把在辩论赛中做了哪些工作、发挥了什么作用简单说一下。

切记一点，这部分简历不能随便乱编，你以为你编的天衣无缝，但是面试者往往几句话就能让你原形毕露。

最常见的情况，就是一些毕业生会写上自己担任学生会干部，很少看到没当过的，这会让HR怀疑真实性。不过也有特例的，有HR曾经碰到过一份简历，附着一张学生会干部任职证明，并不是说这份证明的含金量有多高，至少学生会的那个印章比空口一说可信多了。

另外，工作经历或社会实践要挑重点的写，而不是胡子眉毛一起抓，是个事儿就写上，个人觉得重要的要写在前面，主次分明。

第五，是课程：

毕业生往往只是在罗列自己学过的课程，没什么条理性，HR们看起来也比较乱比较烦。建议毕业生最好把自己的课程进行分类，比如管理系的学生，在写自己的课程时可以分为管理类、营销类、财会类、金融类、经济类等等，这样HR在看你的课程时就一目了然了，更有针对性。

此外，毕业生列课程时，要挑出与应聘职位相关的课程，而不是学过的课都写上。

第六，是计算机、外语水平：

一般来说，企业并不要求毕业生计算机过级，即使过级了，也未必计算机如何了得，更何况计算机等级考试的内容很多在工作中根本用不上。因此，简历中只要列明一些常用的办公软件，包括WORD、EXCEL、PPT熟练使用就行。

外语水平标明是四级或六级，很多毕业生在写英语能力时，常用的字眼是良好的听说读写能力。事实上，这是个很模糊的概念，如果可能，应该说的具体些，比如能和外国人自由交流或在某比赛中获得什么奖项，这样会更具竞争力，也能让HR们更好的了解你到底良好到什么程度。

第七，是奖励/证书/科研成果：

凡是获得奖励的都要写上，如奖学金、优秀干部等。

有些证书会增加获得面试的机会，这也是许多在校生热衷于考证的原因。有些证书可能并非考一次就能拿到，比如注会，有些同学认为没拿到证书不能写在简历里，其实这是错误的，可以把已经通过的科目写进简历，别无意间把自己的优势抹杀了。

科研成果，列出毕业论文或发表过的文章就行了，企业一般也不会期望毕业生能有什么科研成果的。

第八，是特长/爱好：

很多毕业生在这里会罗列很多词语，比如，性格开朗、待人热情、工作细心、办事高效、能吃苦耐劳、有较强的组织能力等等，用来突出自己很优秀，但事实上，这些特长词语，HR们基本不看。要想吸引HR们的眼球，你不如只挑几个词，在这些词的后面举个简单的例子证明，比如，你说自己组织能力强，你可以说自己独立组织了某某活动，在系里反响很好，受到了学校表扬等等;与工作相关的特长一定要展开写，比如你说自己写作水平好，HR们可能会误以为你是写散文、写诗歌的高手，对工作帮助不大，但如果写明自己非常擅长写应用文、各种报告等，就简单明了;此外，与职位无关的特长、爱好最好不要写，比如各种球类运动、唱歌等等，这些特长、爱好都是需要你以后在工作中有机会展示的，而不是在简历中，写多了，会让简历没有重点。

写完以上八个部分，基本就是一份完整的简历，如果其中的文字内容能做到流畅通顺，简明扼要，条理清楚，重点突出，就能算是一份优秀的简历了，以下部分，可以按照实际情况考虑是否需要增加：

首先是英文求职信、英文简历，应该附。虽然不是所有单位都对英语有比较高的要求，但艺多不压身，一份出色的英文简历会比“良好的英文听说读写能力”更具说服力，更好的展示了英文能力，不过需要注意的是，有很多毕业生的英文简历写得也不是太高明，只是把中文简历简单的翻译一遍，很多甚至就是用翻译软件随便翻译的，很生硬，这样的英文简历并不能为你加分，甚至也会过早的暴露出你的短板。因此，英文简历最基本的是不能有拼写错误或语法错误，不要简单翻译中文简历，最好找个懂英文的帮忙润色一下。

其次是学校推荐信、成绩单：很多HR认为，推荐信不过就是盖了学校公章的白纸，里面的内容基本是学生自己写的，可信度并不大，附不附并不重要，当然，如果你的院系导师愿意为你写一份真正的推荐信，那是最好了。而成绩单则可以让HR们从侧面了解学生的学习态度和努力程度，如果求学期间成绩很好，学分绩点较高，排名靠前，就一定要附，在简历的显著位置标明，如果成绩一般，附不附都可以，如果大学期间有过挂科补考的历史，那就一定不要附了。

第三是各种证书复印件：一般也不用附，除非企业明确要求。一般的企业在面试通过后或者报道时，会要求员工出示相关证书原件，比复印件更具说服力。

至于其他的如学校简介、专业简介，就更没必要了。如果你就读的是北大清华之类的院校，一般大家都会知道，其他院校，如果HR不了解，会在面试时询问，如果你把你学校说的很好，但大部分人都没听过，你的说辞就很难有说服力，甚至可能影响到别人对你简历真实程度的判断。

最后，再小结一下，写简历要注意的事项：

第一，简历要简，一到两页就够了，无关紧要的东西不要附，格式要有创新，不要让HR感觉是在填表格。

第二，简历要突出重点，最想传递的信息一定要重点突出，让HR一眼就能看到。

第三，检查检查再检查，简历中不要有明显字词语句错误。

第四，用事实说话，空洞的词语少写。

Spring Festival is the most important festival in China .It‘s to celebrate

the lunar calendar ’s new year .In the evening before the Spring Festival

，families get together and have a big meal .In many places people like to set

off firecrackers .Dumplings are the most traditional food .Children like the

festival very much ，because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes

.They can also get some money from their parents. This money is given to

children for good luck . People put New Year scrolls on the wall for good

fortune .

The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long .People visit relatives and

friends with the words “Have all your wishes ”。 People enjoy the Spring Festival

，during this time they can have a good rest .

初中英语写作技巧书面表达，首先要抓住所给的提示，然后运用所学词汇、语法及句型，避繁就简，简明表达要讲的内容。小编整理了初中英语写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、充分准备。打好基础。

为了提高书面表达水平，平时应加强阅读，应背诵一些句型、段落甚至短文。只要读得多、背得多，就能出口成章，下笔成文。其实，用英文写信，记日记等都是学生力所能及且行之有效的练习写作的好方法。

二、仔细审题，明确要求。

对题目所提供的信息要认真分析，明确要求，做到心中有数。要对所提供的信息加以分析、整理，使之更加具体化、条理化，为开始动笔做好准备工作，还要搞清题目的要求，以便根据不同的题材、体裁，写出不同格式，风格各异的文章，此外，还要注意人称、时态、地点等信息，避免出错。

三、抓住重点。寻求思路。

根据题目所提供的信息，草拟提纲，寻求逻辑次序，确定如何下手，否则，语无伦次的文章将不会被人接受，也不可能得到高分。

四、遣词造句，表达规范。

用词要适当，不可逐句把提示汉译英，亦不可生拼硬凑，不要硬拿英语单词到中文句子里去对号，否则写出中文式英语，闹出笑话。一般来讲，写作时，应尽量选出你有把握的词，尽量使用短句(简单句)。如果有的单词不会写，有的思想不会用英语表达，你可以设法绕开，最好找一个同义词、同义句，或近义词、词组短语来代替。要正确使用关联词，如and，or，but，so，because，since等，以便行文自然流畅。

五、修改润色，锦上添花。

作文写完之后，应注意检查修改，修改时先从全局修改。首先要检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当，接下来检查所写内容是否切题，该交待的内容是否交待了，最后检查所用时态、人称是否符合要求，最后是否一致。

写完后，还应仔细校阅1—2遍。校阅要逐词逐句进行，注意检查语法、拼写、标点、大小写等方面的错误。校阅是自检的最后一关，应严肃认真的进行，尽可能地消灭一切差错，增强文章的效果。

因此，要写好一篇作文，不仅需要具有丰富的思想内容，掌握扎实的词汇、语法及修辞等方面的语言基本功，而且还需要掌握因不同思维方式和文化背景而形成的英语特有的篇章机构模式 惟有这样才能进行最有效的书面交际活动。

In modern society, the problem of heavy traffic has aroused a wide concern.

Concerning with this problem, different people hold different opinions. As far

as I am concerned, to solve this problem, we need to begin with the following

steps.

First, limiting the number of private cars is a significant step to solve

the problem of heavy traffic. Private car occupies a larger space and it is

responsible for traffic jam to a large extent. Less private cars will accelerate

the flow of traffic. Second, it is also a good means to open up the special

roads for buses. By doing this, the phenomenon that the buses block the street

when passengers get on or get off the buses will not occur again. At the same

time, it will upgrade the efficiency of buses. Finally, reinforcing punish

toward the over-speed cars and drunk driving so as to reduce the rate of traffic

accident, and then decrease traffic jam.

To put it in a nutshell, only we put the above advice into practice

together can we solve the problem of heavy traffic.