初二英语作文写作技巧汇总20篇

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一、含义

写作技巧就是表现的技巧、方法，是作者为表情达意而采取有效艺术手段。写作技巧受限于作者的世界观、艺术观，同时又作用于他的写作实践，为写作活动服务。

二、特点

有四个特点：

1、稳定性。是指技巧的成熟和稳固。

2、互渗性。文章写作中的技巧和方法，虽因文章门类和品种的不同有所差异，但在文章写作发展的过程中，各种技法又往往是相互参照、相互影响的，于是就形成了写作技巧的互渗性特点。

3、创新性。写作技巧如果仅有代代相承、墨守成规，而无创作发展，那么文章就会僵化、萎缩，乃至消亡。

4、审美性。丰富多彩、灵活多变的写作技巧，将不同时空、不同角度的材料组合成绚丽多姿的文章大厦，因而具有永恒的艺术价值。

三，方法

写作技巧在写作活动中的具有极其重要的作用。

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

那么什么是写作技巧的操作训练呢?

(一)师法生活

生活是写作的源泉，丰富多采的大自然和人类社会，不仅为我们提供了取之不尽的写作材料，而且为我们提供了生动鲜活的关于写作形式与写作技巧的深刻启示。例如，巧合与悬念，往往是某些生活事件展示在人们面前时固有形式或手法对比与映衬，常常是构成大自然优美景观及艺术美感的重要因素和手段人有悲欢离合，月有阴睛圆缺，人生和自然的规律中寓含着曲折美、变化美、节奏美;蝉鸣林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽，常见的景象中包含着动与静相反相成的艺术辨证法则......因此，我们学习写作技巧，必须首先向生活学习。只有勤于观察生活，深入体验生活，才能使自己的写作技巧真正得到提高。

(二)阅读、借鉴

即从古今中外的优秀文章(以及音乐、绘画等艺术形式)中汲取营养。凡优秀的文章，内容和形式的完美程度都较高，其写作技巧往往是娴熟而又富于创造性。多读优秀的文章，在注意思想内容的同时，注意其写作技巧，看作者是运用哪些来表现思想内容，实现写作意图的，并且分析这些写作手法的具体运用情况及其所取得的写作效果。在此基础上，还应结合实际(写作者自身的思想和艺术修养的实际与题材和表现对象的实际)进一步思考，看哪些手法可以拿来，经过改造为我所用。这样，久而久之，潜移默化，自己的写作技巧，自然会有所提高。

(三)经常练笔

这是具有本质意义的技巧操作训练。清人唐彪写道：谚云，读十篇不如做一篇。盖常作则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽甚易，为之则难。沈虹野云：文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不多做。信哉言乎!多写才能熟，熟才能生巧，这是不可更易的规律，任何企图改变或超越这一规律的人，永远也掌握不了写作技巧，永远也写不出好文章。只有经常写，反复写，才可能在写作者身上固定下一个写作技巧的概括化系统，一个自动化的写作行动方式。懂得了这一点，我们就会懂得那些语言艺术大师们为什么谆谆劝诫我们大家都应该写、写、写，写得尽量多了。

写作技巧的掌握是有一个过程的。这个过程可以分为两个阶段。一是技能阶段，一是熟练阶段。技能阶段，是无法之中求有法，能过观察、体验、多读、多写，学习并掌握了一些写作的基本手法，且能将它们运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第一阶段。熟练阶段，是有法之中求变化。在第一阶段的基础上，进而掌握了包括写作的辨证艺术在内的多种写作手法，并能将它们纯熟自如、富于创造性地运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第二阶段。古人说：学诗当识活法。所谓活法者，规矩具备，而能出于规矩之外;变化不测，而亦不背规矩也。识得活法，并能运用活法是掌握写作技巧第二阶段的重要标志。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。但是，我们也不能把技巧绝对化，走到唯技巧论的极端。因为，决定文章价值的主要因素，还是内容，脱离了丰富而深刻的内容，文章的审美价值乃至艺术性，也就不复存在了。这一点，尤其应该引起初学写作者的重视。

申论从严格意义上讲，其实和古代的“八股取士”中的“策论”相同。小编收集了申论文章写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、标题。标题就是文章的龙眼，一定要体现文章的内容。

2、正文一律采用三段式：提出问题——分析问题——解决问题。

(1)提出问题要简明扼要，开门见山，一般都选用资料中提供的事实材料和理纶材料来进行。

(2)分析问题要紧密结合材料，不能东拉西扯，要集中力量论述主要问题。论述时有详有略，重点内容详写，次要内容略写，但要兼顾好全局和局部的关系，既要看到正面情况又要注意到次要问题。分析问题还要按照由此及彼、由表象到本质、由微观到宏观、由特殊到一般的方式进行。

(3)解决问题的方案要有条理、有层次，涉及到相关部门时方案要体现备司其职、各尽所能、互相合作的精神;解决方案要紧承分析问题的步骤。最好是前后对应;解决方案既要有总体上的思路，也要列举切实可行的手段或措施。使之既照顾到全局，又照顾到特殊情况，既解决主要问题，又控制次要问题，特别是杜绝新问题滋生。

(4)在分析问题和提出解决方案时，建议采用分条列项的方式，使阅卷教师一目了然，或者使用段旨句，每一段的第一句话都概括表明本段的大意。总之，考生应当明白，无论从阅卷教师具体情况还是以机关工作作风来衡量，这种简洁快速的作文方式都是值得提倡的。

(5)在解决问题时，我们还考虑到政府对这些问题应该怎样做，法律对为些应该怎样制裁。

(6)考生要注意，清洁的文面和工整漂亮的文字能够让评卷教师赏心悦目，也便于他们清楚地阅读和理解，在保证文章内容质量的基础上以帮助考生获得较好成绩。

二、申论答题步骤技巧

1、通读全文，抓住主要问题。

2、思考资料提出的主要问题，提炼出中心论点。注意要从国家机关工作人员的角度，为国家利益着想。

3、围绕中心论点选择能恰当证明材料，在头脑中酝酿写作提纲，对全文进行全盘布局。

4、将头脑中酝酿成熟的文章内容表述出来。注意不要随意修改，不写错别字，保持卷面清洁。

三、申论审题技巧

申论审题切忌草草了事，特别要注意两点：一是要边看边总结，每看完一段材料，就在草稿纸上写个本段的一句话的总结，并且标上段落编号。二是看完材料要简单的进行分类，把所有内容相近的段落的编号归为一类;发现某两个段落有因果、对象一致、角度相同等异常亲密的关系，就在草稿纸上把他们的编号用线条连接起来，注明何种关系。

四、正确认识什么是申论

什么是申论，从严格意义上讲，其实和古代的“八股取士”中的“策论”相同。考试都是纸上谈兵，至于能否解决实际问题，其实并不可能马上做出调研和论证。所以这里面就有个理论和实际的差距问题，而这也正是申论可以速成的根源所在。这也好比相亲，花前月下不一定看的很真实，是东施还是西施，一时很难做出判断，所以里面有一定的蒙混过关以次充好的投机空间。

1、申论的提出问题一定要有客观的论证，所谓客观就是一定要有建立在可信度基础上的可操作性，让人读来在30秒钟时间内觉得你很独特。

2、申论同时也是你所真正面对行政调研论证工作的第一块试验田，你所写的不仅仅是一个问题的解决方案，而且是你的思维方式和人格魅力的展现。

3、要善于和命题人及改卷老师沟通、对话。你和命题人对话的媒介是申论所给出的大段大段的材料，你和改卷老师对话的媒介是你用笔在规定时间内所写下来的文字。你和命题人对话的目的是，要揣摩他命题的意图和要旨所在;你和改卷老师对话的目的是，要猜测改卷老师的预期想法和评判标准，以期能得到很好的评价。这样展开联想，你就会把握住申论写作的“七寸”所在。

4、考试的心理状态一定要做到“不卑不亢”，不要太志满得意，感觉很放松，一副舍我其谁的架势;也不要太有紧迫感，感觉时间就象日本鬼子的刺刀插在你的胸口，突突的狂跳不止。你是考试的主人，不是奴隶;你是在向人展现你的才华和魅力，不是在应付一件任务。

一：简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

二：富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

三：获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

四：阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

五：尽能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

六：随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

七：专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

八：随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

九：集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

十：先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。

十一：创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

十二：修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

十三：是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

十四：采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

十五：好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣。 他们会想知道得更多…写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇。

My Super Girl

During the summer holidays, the programme “Super Girls” is people’s favourite. People would lock the “Hu Nan” TV as soon as possible on Friday evening. These super girls have different characters and each of them has different charms, so both the young and the old like them very much. They both sing and dance very well. One of them --Li Yuchun is my idol. The disport said, “Li Yuchun was born for the stage,” because she has different charm and a very cool face with a tall figure which absorbed almost everyone. I think in the future, she will be another Jay. She will be even more famous than Jay. As soon as her disc comes out I will be the first to buy it. I will support you all the time--my super girl--my corn.

[初二英语作文MySuperGirl

长久以来孩子们的写作思维被固化了，这篇文章孩子们认真阅读，真正掌握了其要义，就可以把文章写的更鲜活，富有灵性！

【技巧一】：作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

【技巧二】：考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

【技巧三】：色彩对比也关键，建议用笔选择蓝

考试作文的卷子上，都是用黑颜色印刷的方格。如果你用非常粗而且黑的钢笔答题，墨水容易“泄一滩”，影响卷面的干净。建议学生用不浅不深、笔画不粗不细的蓝色中性笔写作文。这样的作文写出来，与黑色的方格形成一定的视觉对比，阅卷老师在视觉上有眼前一亮的感觉，分数上可能就会占便宜。在用蓝色中性笔写作文的时候，注意不要用字把方格填满，建议占字格下面或者左下面的四分之三，这样，显得作文每行的层次感比较强。卷面显得也相对美观。

【技巧四】：开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

【技巧五】：动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。合订本在大洋百货东边胡同里的书摊上有卖。

【技巧六】：作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。建议百度一下结尾方法，汲取有用成分。

【技巧七】：动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

【技巧八】：想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

【技巧九】：适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

【技巧十】：篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，中考高考作文要求都不低于600—800字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右。譬如中考作文不低于600字，那么试卷给的卷面多是800字左右，那么，你争取写到780字，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

Dear Tom,

How are you?

I would like to tell you something that took place in my school yesterday. In the afternoon the school held a growing-up ceremony for our coming 18-year-old birthday. At the beginning we made an oath that as grown-ups we should have a sense of responsibility for our society. Next we expressed our thands to our parents who brought us up and to our teachers for their education. Then our teachers gave us cards with good wishes. Finally, we had wonderful performances. I learned a lot from the activity. I am sure the ceremony is very important for us. From then on we will know our responsibilities as grown-ups.

Yours,

Li Hua

[关于初二英语作文：ALettertoTom

深刻才能感人。要把作文写得深刻，我们可以遵循以下五个步骤入手。下面是小编整理的深刻感人的作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

首先，注意优选能深刻表现时代特点的生活片段。如反映环保问题“乱砍滥伐、肆意破坏、硝烟战火”，最终必将导致“毁灭”的科幻小说《毁灭》，其最后一句“那儿，只是一片荒凉，一片有着惨痛经历和血的教训的荒凉”，震人肺腑，促人深思。又如揭露打牌赌博的习作《不该发生的事》，在父母间一场因为麻将而引起的暴风雨之后，小作者“为什么?为什么这样的事偏偏要发生在生在我家里?为什么?”反复三问，似乎一个孤苦无助的受害者就在眼前呐喊，不能不令人心痛，让人沉思。

其次，可以用借景抒情的手法表达自己的感情。要学会以景写情并借景抒情，将平凡的故事融入特定的环境，借助议论使之情景交融，让故事在读者大脑中凿下深刻的印痕。如作文《那天，班主任来接我》一文，文中阴沉的天、连绵的雨和班主任来接“我”这件事融为一体，物人合一景浓情深，作文也就有了感人肺腑的深沉力量。

第三，不妨运用反复穿插的手段点示文章的主题。例如朱自清先生的散文《背影》，文首“我最不能忘记的是他的背影”以及“这时我看见他的背影”、“等他的背影混入来来往往的人里”、“又看见那青布棉袍、黑布马褂的背影”这四次“背影”的反复，以及作者“我”的四次流泪，细腻而真切的表现了父亲对子女深挚的爱，文章也因此有了永垂不朽的生命力。

第四，还要学会托物寓意以表现深刻的含义。运用联想的方法托物寓意，给平凡的故事赋予深刻的现实意义，使之动情感人。著名作家金马的《蝼蚁壮歌》，写群蚁被大火包围之后迅速抱成一团蚁球滚动着突围的故事，文尾作家由蚁联想到人：如果人们也能像蚂蚁那样万众一心，就能克服任何困难。一个很普通的故事就有了不同凡响的深刻立意，文章的主旨也得到了升华。

第五，在议论抒情中深刻的表现自己的观点。如习作《中学生应该比什么》，作者由一幅漫画引入论题，接着联系中学生中爱慕虚荣、比吃比穿等实际情况展开正反论证，指明其危害性，然后说出自己的看法：“要说比，比的也应该是掌握知识的多少，而不应该是吃喝穿戴的好坏。”这样就旗帜鲜明的表现了自己的观点，作文也给读者留下了深刻的印象。

对于作文来说，写好作文开头尤为重要。因为老师阅读时首先看的便是第一段，小编收集了记叙文开头写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

俗话说：“万事开头难。”对于作文来说，写好作文开头尤为重要。因为老师阅读时首先看的便是第一段，所以写作文时一定要写好第一段，紧紧抓住老师的目光，让老师不由自主地随着你的思路走。有人用“凤头猪肚豹尾”一句来形容一篇好文章，那如何才能绘好这个“凤头”呢?

一、教你几招，学一学：

1、开门见山，直接入题。

叙事为主的记叙文，一开始就可以点明事情发生的时间、地点和有关背景;写人为主的记叙文可直接交代人物或通过对人物肖像、对话、行动等方面的描写，直接入题。例如：

(1)唐老师病了。快放晚学时，同学们都难过地坐在自己的座位上。教室里如同死水一般寂静。(《真情》)

(2)她叫王芳，我读五年级时的班长。尽管我俩分别一年多了，但班长的轶事依然历历在目，难以忘怀。(《有这样一位好班长》)

(3)父亲抡起锄头，画了个满圈，“嘭“，一个土块碎了。“爸，我回来帮你吧!”憋在心里的话终于吐了出来。漂亮的弧只画了一半，锄头遵循着牛顿第二运动定律，飞向前了。(《父亲的爱》)

(4)那天，鲜花店门口贴了一张大红告示：母亲节预定鲜花。哦!母亲节快到了，我该为母亲准备节日礼物了。(《母亲节的礼物》)

2、写景状物，渲染气氛。

文章的开头从写景状物入手，展示人物活动的环境或交代故事发生的背景，渲染气氛，以此烘托人物，展开故事。如：

(1)花开的季节，到处芬芳飘香，而我却无心观赏，因为此时我失去了同窗好友——强。(《同窗好友》)

(2)太阳落山了，昏黄的光晕渲染了半边天，我寂寞地趴在阳台上。窗外那棵老杨树上，不知名的大鸟仍在不知疲倦地喂食它的小宝贝。它那绿豆般的眼睛温柔而慈爱地注视着意欲飞出温巢的小鸟。这画面，这眼神，让我想起了母亲……(《面对母亲的目光》)

(3)教室外，呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上，“嚓、嚓”地响。教室里，一场全能竞赛考试进行到了白热化的阶段。(《心中筑起一堵墙》)

3、抒情议论，确定基调。

用几句恰当的议论抒情做文章的开头，或感染读者，或点明主旨，领起下文。如：

(1)伴着年关噼里啪啦的鞭炮声，踩着原野初融的残雪，你姗姗走来，明眸含情。你用爱的温馨，使我腊黄的脸庞泛起红晕;你用爱的吟唱，唤醒我迷茫的信念。我，不再忧郁、沉闷、彷徨，也不再坐等、观望、祈祷，我要振作，寻觅、追回你以及你给我曾经编制过的那个七彩的梦幻!(《情寄春风》)

(2)生日是一根线，一头是我，一头是外婆;生日是一个圈，圈住外婆的笑，圈住我的记忆;生日是一条河，那匆匆的流水，把我的思念带到外婆身边。(《生日寄语》)

(3)爷爷是我最爱的亲人。我的童年是在爷爷那边度过的。是爷爷拉着我的手，教会我走路;是爷爷使我从小就懂得不少道理。我把爷爷看成自己幼年成长的拐杖。(《我爱爷爷》)

4、设置悬念，引出下文。

用悬念开头，能一下子抓住读者的心，激发人们的兴趣和思考，起到引人入胜的效果。如：

(1)是为了摆脱那饥寒交迫的日子，你才无可奈何地跳下悬崖?是为了免遭那被俘的耻辱，你才义无返顾地投落这峭壁?(《峭壁上的树》)

(2)朋友，你听说过鳄鱼是怎样哭泣的吗?你听说过猩猩吃人的故事吗?你知道外星人是怎么来到地球的吗?……哦，你摇头了。可别急，全是它——《世界奇闻怪事》告诉我的，它使我体会到了课外阅读的乐趣。(《课外阅读的乐趣》)

(3)我快要死了——

我躺在病床上，四周黑漆漆的一片，十分寂静，偌大的房间里，只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。护士只有到吃药、打针的时候才会进来，而且很少和我说话。我已经习惯了，我不会有太多的抱怨，因为我知道我快要死了。我凝视着窗外，告诉自己要坦然面对死亡。(《感受生活之美》)

5、引用诗文或歌词，突现中心。

以诗文妙语、名言警句或歌词开头，既能激发读者兴趣，也能提高文章的品位。同时，也能揭示文章主要内容，突现人物、事件。如：

(1)“慈母手中线，游子身上衣。临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归……”读着这首脍炙人口的小诗，我的思绪不禁飘散开来，飘向那远在大山脚下守着几亩地辛勤劳作的母亲。(《母亲，你是我一生的感动》)

(2)“请把我的歌，带回你的家，请把你的微笑留下……”每当耳边响起熟悉的旋律，自己就好像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样，感觉格外亲切。(《歌声与微笑》)

(3)“母亲啊，你是荷叶，我是红莲。心中的雨点来了，除了你，谁是我无遮无拦天空的荫蔽?”每当读到冰心女士讴歌母亲的这段话，我便不由自主地想起我那矮小瘦弱却独自一人挑负全家生活重担的慈母。(《母爱无边》)

6、对比映衬，烘云托月

这种开头通过对比或铺陈，能使要表现的内容在其他事物的烘托下显得更加突出、醒目，从而给人十分鲜明和深刻的印象。如：

(1)窗外阳光明媚，几只小鸟在树上欢快地叫着，但我却无论如何也打不起精神来，因为爸爸妈妈分居了，而且正在闹离婚，这对我是个莫大的打击。我要尽最大的努力使爸妈和好，因为我想有个完美的家。(《我想有个完美的家》)

(2)当你看到平坦的大地上傲然挺立的一排排生机勃勃的绿树，你也许回情不自禁地赞叹大自然那非凡的创造力。绿树是美好的，枯树也有其可爱之处，虽然它青春已逝，生命衰朽。(《枯树》)

(3)李商隐有诗曰：“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏”，我惊讶于他的洞察力，然而，夕阳下互相搀扶的老夫老妻却是天底下最美的风景。(《最美丽的风景》)

总结：好的作文开头应做到：一简、二新，三美。“简”就是开头力求简洁、明了，不啰嗦重复。“新”就是开头不落俗套，新颖别致。“美”就是开头能给人以美感，如用生动形象的描写，或借助修辞，或引用诗文。

（一）怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。

（二）怎样写活动

活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动？为什么搞活动？则眼搞活动？活动的结果怎样？都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。 在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人；不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去；既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

从本质上看来，小作文，其实就是一种语言综合运用题。语言运用题往往又是语基题方面的各种新题型的试验基地，是最值得广大考生关注和训练的。下面是小编为你带来的2017高考微写作命题预测及技巧点拨，欢迎阅读。

研究已出现过的小作文，其命题特点是非常明确的，就是字数限定在200字左右，注重单项训练，比如说明训练、描写训练、对话训练、想象训练……具体说来，高考小作文的种类大概有如下一些：

一是说明类

就是要求考生能写简短的说明文，能够采用说明的表达方式对事物进行简单说明和介绍。具体又可以包括：介绍日常实用物品、介绍一部影视作品、介绍说明漫画的画面内容、介绍一处场所或一种建筑、介绍时令特征等等。

二是描写类

就是要求考生能够进行各种各样的描写、描述、描绘、描摹等等，能够进行各种各样的想象，和对想象作出描绘等等。具体又可以包括：心理描写、肖像描写、动作描写、语言对话描写、想象联想描写、场景画面描写和综合性的描写等等。

三是赏析评价类

就是要求考生能够对某一事物、某种现象、某篇文章等发表评论或加以赏析。具体又可以包括：诗文漫画等赏析、思想评价、事物名称 评价、某种活动评价等等。诗文漫画等赏析。

四是应用类

就是要求考生们熟悉各种各样的应用文体，能够拟写各种各样的应用文，如请柬、书信、短信、通讯、消息、广告、通知、摘要、聘书、海报、解说词、申请书、讲话稿、留言条、欢迎辞、欢送辞、广播稿等等。

五是扩缩改写类

就是要求考生们能够对一些文字或文段进行扩展或压缩，或改写成其他形式的短文等等。

今后的小作文，会如何命题，命题的走势如何呢?我们的判断是，有继承，也有创新。一方面，将继承以往的形式和内容，具体地说就是，以上所列举的五大类的小作文命题形式，仍然会继承，这是毫无疑问的;另一方面，也会在继承的基础上进行一些创新，比如，创拟哲理笑话、写趣味小品文、写微型小小说、提 供情景、氛围等，要求转述;根据中间，补写首尾;把记叙文、散文等转换成诗歌，或把诗歌转换记叙文、散文……

此外，在小作文的备考中，一定要加强各种表达方式的训练。如说明方式，要弄清对象是具体事物、抽象事理，还是事物的形成过程;顺序是以空间、时间为序，还是以逻辑事理为序;语言是平实性说明，还是文艺性说明。如描写方式，要懂得按照对象分为，写景、写人、状物;按手法又可分为，工笔细描和粗笔勾勒;按顺序可，由远到近、由高到低、由大到小、由静到动、由整体到局部等。单就写人而言，要会运用语言描写、肖像描写、神态描写、心理描写、动作描写、细节描写等;单就写景而言，要能充分调动人的感觉器官，从人的听觉、视觉、味觉、嗅觉等方面表现景物的特点，要能充分运用拟人、比喻、对比、夸张、通感等修辞方法，要善于使用对比烘托、动静结合、虚实相生、情景交融等写作技巧。记叙、议论、抒情这几种表达方式，也都应做到分门别类，了如指掌才行。

导语：你的暑假过的怎么样呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

This years summer vacation was most enjoyable. I spent fifteen days helping my grandparents doing farm work in the countryside， where I saw mountains fields covered with green plants. Sometimes I went swimming in the river to the west of the village， the water in which was quite clear.

I kept a diary every day. Besides doing farm work， I help the children in the neighborhood with their lessons. All of them showed interest in English. They could read write wellthey could hardly understand simple English. So every day in the morning I spent about two hours helping them improve their listening spoken English. They all made great progress. Their parents all thought highly of me. I now realize that knowledge is very needed in the countryside.

【参考译文】

今年的暑假是最愉快的。我花了十五天帮助我的爷爷奶奶在乡下做农活，在那里我看到了山上覆盖着绿色植物的田野。有时我去村子西边的河里游泳，那里的水很清澈。

我每天记日记。除了做农活，我还帮助邻居家的孩子学习功课。他们都对英语感兴趣。他们读得很好，几乎不懂简单的英语。所以每天早上我花了大约两个小时帮助他们提高听力口语。他们都取得了很大的进步。他们的父母都对我评价很高。我现在认识到农村需要知识。

1.有关暑假安排的英语作文

2.我的暑假My Summer Holiday作文

3.英语作文：暑假来了

4.初二英语作文：我的暑假生活

5.优秀作文：我的暑假My Summer Holiday

6.以我的暑假为话题的英语作文

7.初中暑假英语作文

8.英语作文：快乐的暑假生活

9.初中暑假的英语作文3篇

10.暑假的事英语作文

11.暑假难忘的事英语作文

12.暑假发生的事英语作文

小学生如何写状物作文，以下一些写作技巧，希望对你们有帮助。

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

(一)怎样写物品

1.抓住特征

从大小、形状、颜色、质地(制造材料)等方面，对所写的物品仔细观察。因为不同的物品有不同的特点，即使是同一种物品，也会有某些席位的区别，也有它自己的独特之处。蛛蛛物品的特点写，就是抓住了这一物品是区别于另一物品的地方写。

2.按照一定的顺序写

(1)按总一分一总的顺序写。

(2)按物品各部分的空间顺序写。

(3)有的物品，须按先外后内的顺序写，即先写外表，后写内里的顺序。

3.状物需要想象和联想

展开想象和联想，不仅使所状之物更加具体生动，还可以开拓作品的意境，增强文章的感染力。

(二)怎样写动物

大多数小学生都喜爱小动物，看了以后总想把它们写出来来。到底用什么方法，才能写好描写小动物的作文呢?

1.写外形

首先，观察小动物(包括昆虫)的外形，一般是写小动物的静态。在观察时，包括颜色、长相、个头都要如实写出来。其次，要抓住特点，不能面面俱到什么都写。三是按顺序：先整体一再局部一最后整体。概括写整体，具体写局部，用总分关系的句群。最后，为使描写更形象、具体，要展开丰富的想象，恰当地运用比喻。特别要注意提醒小学生"像--"、"犹如--"、"仿佛--"等喻词的使用。

2.写习性

写小动物，还要细心观察它们的动作、静态和生活习性，这些是小动物的动态方面。例如写它们吃食物、嬉戏的样子，相互追逐争斗的情形，如何筑巢、休息的情况，等等。

小动物也 感情、情绪，这要靠小学生从它们的叫声和动作中，用拟人的方法去体会和想象，这样就能写出小动物的性格，显示出它们的活泼和可爱，实际上也就写出了小学生自己的感情。

(三)怎样写植物

提起植物，小学生的脑海力会出现许多花草树木的样子，但是要将平时熟悉的植物写成作文，很多同学却感到很难，有的觉得无话可写，有的三言两语就写完了。怎样才能写好植物呢?首先，写前要细心观察所写的植物，并做观察记录。观察时，先看整体的形状(外形)特征;再看颜色、枝叶的细部特征及生长环境，并把所看到的详细情况记录下来。其次，安排好写作顺序。

1.可以从整体到局部

先写植物的整体特征，再写它的局部特征。例如以主干、枝、叶、花、果等为序，并突出写其中的一两部分。另外写的时候，要求学生从各个角度去详细地描绘、刻画。例如描写树叶，就写它们的形状、颜色和给人的感觉等;描写花，就写它们的大小、香味、色彩、花期等，使人有如身临其境。

2.按照植物的生长过程进行观察

很多植物的生长、发育、开花、结果直至衰亡，每个时期的形态各不相同的，所以，可以按照植物的生长过程进行观察。

3.写观察日记

可以用写观察日记的方法。来描述某种植物在一段时间里的生长、发育情况。

4.以四时变化为序

很多植物在不同的季节里割据特色，所以，还可以其四时的变换顺序。

5.托物抒怀，借物咏志

写植物，不能仅仅停留在对外形和色彩的描写上，还应该在文章中表达作者的思想感情。例如，感悟人生的哲理、高尚的道德情操、对美好理想的追求等等。用这种方法，要借助例文进行必要的指导，培养学生丰富的联想能力，在描摹植物形态的同时，赋予它们一定的象征意义。

第一种：总分式(最常见的全文结构，也称“总分总式”)

论说文的全文总体结构一般都是这种结构模式。在论说文的写作中，往往围绕文章的中心论点或议论的中心问题，展开层次，逐一阐述，最后得出结论，要遵循由“是什么”到“为什么”再到“怎么办”，即我们常说的“提出问题”、“分析问题”、“解决问题”这样一个过程。这种全文的论证过程是由人们认识事物时思维的自然过程决定的，不是人们主观赋予或规定的。

论证方法，一般都要在中心论点的统率下，确立几个从属于中心论点的、即为阐述中心论点服务的分论点，然后通过对分论点的逐一阐述，使中心论点得到深刻有力的证明。

因而论说文全文结构，往往是“总—分—总”式。

同样是议论文，有的侧重理证，有的侧重例证;有的横式并列论证，有的纵向深入论证;有的一事一议，有的借题发挥，有的比喻论证。

【例文借鉴】(几乎篇篇皆是，所以小编这里就部多说了。)

第二种：并列式(比较常见的论证结构)

并列式，也叫“横式”，也叫排比论证。它常用于议论文的论证部分，其特点是，论证的层次作横向展开，分论点之间的关系是并列的，也就是分论点从不同的角度、不同的侧面对中心论点或论述的中心问题展开论证，使文章呈现出一种多管齐下、齐头并进的格局。并列式的各个分论点，其先后次序有时是可以前后互换的;它们看起来是各自独立的，其实是紧密相关、不可分割的一个整体。

要写好记叙文，就必须要明确“为何叙”，即主题要明确。要主题明确可注意三点，小编收集了优秀记叙文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、为何叙

记叙文一般可分为记人、叙事、写景、咏物等几种。记人，要表现人物的思想感情和性格;叙事，要写出事件所蕴涵的意义，这些意义可以是政治思想方面的，也可以表达某种哲理，或某种情趣;写景，要通过景物描写表现出个人某种感情或深刻的感悟;咏物，或透露出世间人生的某种乐趣，或托物言志，表现对社会上某种人某种现象的情感。因此，我们写记叙文总会有一定的目的，总要表达一定的思想和感情，实际上就是我们平常所讲的“文章的主题”，主题是文章的灵魂，它像一根红线贯串于文章的始终。没有明确主题的记叙文，只能是一篇流水帐，所以要写好记叙文，就必须要明确“为何叙”，即主题要明确。要主题明确可注意三点:第一，要有积极意义，即确定的主题思想感情必须是健康的，有意义的。

B，要集中，一篇文章只能有一个主题，全文要围绕这个中心来写。有的同学作文时，既想写这，又想写那，结果写出来的文章不是漫无中心，就是几个中心，多中心则无中心。

C，可含蓄一点，不一定直露。主题要蕴涵在具体的记叙和描写之中，一般不宜用明显的话语揭示出来，如表现人物勤劳的品质，要通过具体的事和生动的细节来表现，不宜将 "勤劳"二字当成标签贴在人物身上。又如要记叙一件有意义的事，也不宜空洞抽象地把其“意义”说上一大通，而应在具体的情节中自然地显示出来。恩格斯说过，事件的意义、人物的性格写得越隐蔽，作品的艺术魅力就越强。

二、叙什么

叙什么，就是写什么内容，在写记叙文时就要考虑选择哪些材料。选材时，要坚持三个标准，一是典型性，即选择出能充分表现中心的材料;二是真实性，即选出真人真事真景，包括来自现实生活的艺术真实;三是现实性，即选出有现实积极意义的材料。在选材具体操作时，最行之有效的选材方法是展开联想，联糸生活，即选材时可通过联想，从家庭生活、学校生活、社会生活等任意一个方面选出自己熟悉、感动的人和事。如在写《谢谢您给我的爱》(南京市95年中考作文题)时，我们不妨展开联想，从家庭生活方面选出祖辈、父辈给"我"爱的材料，从学校生活方面选出老师、同学给"我"爱的材料，从社会生活方面选出邻居、路人、警察等热心人给"我"爱的材料。材料选好，还需认真剪裁，做到详略得当，所所以还要注意两点:第一，要剪去雷同的材料。有些记叙文表现中心时不止用一个材料，那么这些材料应从不同侧面表现中心，如果从同一方面表现中心，那么其中的有些材料则属于“雷同”"的材料，应该删掉。第二，要注意详略得当。与中心关糸不大的材料要略写、与中心关糸极为密切的材料要详写。

三、怎样叙

怎样叙，就意味着怎样把一篇文章具体地写出来，这就牵涉到文章的结构、表达的方式、遣词造句等表现形式。

先说文章的结构，即所要写的这篇记叙文用什么结构来表现出来。它包括这篇文章分几层写，哪些材料先写，哪些后写，哪些详写，哪些略写，如何安排过渡，于何处伏笔，在哪里呼应，如何开头，怎样结尾，等等。从整篇记叙文来看、常见的结构有顺序、倒叙、插叙。顺叙，就是按照事情发生、发展的，过程进行叙述。包括以下几种情况:其一，按时间的推移来叙述;其二，按事情的发展来叙述;其三，按认识发展的过程来叙述;其四，按作者的行踪来叙述。倒叙，就是把事情的结局，或某个突出的精彩片断提到前边写，然后再按事件发生、发展的顺序叙述。倒叙的运用有四种类型:一种是把事件的结局提前，造成悬念，然后再按时间顺序叙述事情的发生与发展;一种是把事件中最精彩的或最紧张的片断截取下来，写在前面，震动和吸引读者，然后按时间的顺序叙述事件的起因、发展与结局;一种是先写眼前的事物，由此及彼，引起回忆，再追叙往事，形成倒叙，一种是先写当前情况，再回忆过去的情况，以形成鲜明的对比，给读者留下深刻印象。插叙，是在文章的叙述中，暂时中断叙述的线索，插入一些与中心事件有关的内容，然后再继续进行原来的叙述。插叙的具体内容和形式有种种不同:有的是追叙，对过去事件片断进行回忆，有的是补叙，对有关人和事作必要的补充、解释;有的是逆叙，对有关内容由近及远、由今及古地回溯，灵活多样的插叙，可以使主题开掘得更深刻，情节展开得更充分，内容表现得更充实，人物形象刻画得更丰满，避免了平辅直叙。

再说表达的方式。记叙文一般以记叙这种表达方式为主，但记叙文写人记事，写景状物，往往需要描写。对人物和环境作适当的描写，可以把人物、事件或景物写得有血有肉，有声有色，叫人看了如见其人，如临其境。描写的类型很多，从描写的对象划分，有人物描写和景物描写，人物描写中包括肖像、语言、行动、心理等描写方式。从描写的角度划分，有正面描写与侧面描写。这要在具体的写作中灵活运用。另外，在记人叙事的记叙文中，为了突出人物的高贵品质或突出事件的意义，有时要进行抒情和议论。再则，有时作者为抒发自己的感情，在记叙的基础上直接抒情，直接表露感情，或寓情于记叙之中，在记叙的过程中处处渗透着情感。这样综合运用好表达方式，写出来的文章就会摇曳多姿，绚烂多彩。

最后说说遣词造句。一篇记叙文最终是靠一句句话组成起来的，因此，大家在语言表达上要注意准确、鲜明、生动、形象。准确就是指用词合适、恰当;鲜明指一个词用在特定的语言环境中表示出的意思清清楚楚，明明白自，一点不含糊。生动形象，就是把词用得活泼，有声有色。这一点，就要多注意运用比喻、拟人、排比、对比、反复、夸张、反问、设问等多种修辞方法。

“时评”可以取材于新闻报道，对新闻事件和人物发表议论，也可以就“身边”事、“心头”事发表意见，只要是关于当下的(现在进行时)意见，就是“时评”。

几种形式

时评写作，最重要的环节就是就事论事，就是对时事本身进行直接的评论。一般有三种类别，一是赞扬式，即对新闻中的人物、事件、工作方法等表示肯定，然后阐释肯定的理由。二是批评式，即对新闻中的人物、事件、工作方法等进行否定，然后从法律、道德等方面找出反对的依据。三是建议式，即提出自己对新闻事件中某个问题的建设性意见。

基本特征

1、讲究“时效性、针对性、准确性、说理性、思想性”。尤其要注重准确性和说理性。

2、在写法上，分为就事论事和就事论理两类。就事论事，就是按照事物本身的性质来评定是非得失，不要求作过多的材料外的拓展和延伸，主要就材料本身进行评议，发表自己的看法，能言之成理，持之有据。就事论理，是对所评之事进行具体深入分析，充分说理，阐明一个道理，而不是停留在就事论事上，以达到“扶正祛邪，激浊扬清”的写作目的。

3、在命题上，具有开放性，可以仁者见仁智者见智。

写作要求

1.选取恰当的当下新闻(话题鲜) 2.确定鲜明独到的观点(观点辣)

3.搜集典型有力的论据(论据杂) 4.运用严密有趣的语言(语言趣)

基本思路

请就下面的材料，联系生活实际，写一篇800字以上的文章。

老师带领学生到建筑工地参加劳动，看到脚手架上悬挂着一副标语：“百年大计，质量第一。”老师问学生：“这八个字有什么含义?我们从中得到什么启示?”

范文示例

百年大计，质量第一

建筑工地上，我们常常可以看到这么一则令人信心百倍的宣传标语：“百年大计，质量第一”。(引述材料)

这的确是一句睿智的口号!(亮出观点)

毫无疑问，建筑，理所当然的是我们生存生活的最基本的物质条件之一;建筑居室，也理所当然的是关系到居民生活水平高低的大硬件之一;它们与人们的生活紧密相关，更是关乎百姓幸福生活的百年大计!因此，建筑工地上，绝不能允许偷工减料，粗制滥造，“豆腐渣”工程横行!而必须坚持“百年大计，质量第一”。(展开一：分析材料——建筑)

由此，我们联想到，作为立国根本的教育事业又何尝不是应“百年大计，质量第一”呢?从这个意义上讲，这条标语有两层含义。其一，“十年树木，百年树人。”教师是人类灵魂的工程师，就应以“塑造人类灵魂”为己任，以“育人育本”的“思想教育”为重点，努力探索，积极实践，做到“质量第一”，努力培养出“思想先进，作风过硬，本领高强”的适合当前现代化建设需要并能与国际接轨的甘于奉献乐于助人且“以天下为己任”的优秀人才。而教育部门的领导者，更应首先把学生综合素质的提高作为主要的工作任务来抓，决不应只重数量不重质量地只管分数靠前而不问素质质量如何。其二，作为学生，也应该以这条标语为座右铭，努力学习，提高自己的思想素质和文化素质从而做到“质量第一”。如果我们的教师和学生都不以“育人育本”的思想质量为高，不以“育人育本”的思想质量和教学质量为重，而只求分数上去了，其他则不管!那么，纵有再多的大学生研究生硕士生博士生博士后也是枉然!这样不仅会使祖国兴旺发达的现代化建设成为泡影，而且和谐社会建设也必将成为一句空话!中国人民又将永陷贫穷落后的万丈深渊之中!赶欧超美也永远只能是“白日梦”!(展开二：由建筑联想到教育—先教师后学生)

由此我们进一步联想到，无论干什么事业都需要强调“质量第一”。今天已是经济一体化全球化的时代，是高科技迅猛发展使地球成为小村落的时代。小而言之，一个企业，只有讲究质量，才能在激烈的国际国内竞争中站稳脚跟;大而言之，我国各方面的规划和建设只有奉行“质量第一”的原则，才能真正占领市场，击败称雄于全球的强烈竞争对手从而赢得真正的胜利。三鹿集团因质量疏忽而宣告破产的沉痛教训，再一次告诉我们：质量是企业的生命，更是国家的生命!哪个国家拥有高质量的人才，拥有高效率的管理，拥有高水平的领导，那么，哪个国家就一定处于世界领先地位!(展开三：事业—先企业后国家)

总之，没有“百年大计，质量第一”的精神，建筑队无法生存，教育无法发展，国家无法昌盛。(总结全文)

学生作文结构提纲与评点：

“述”，看到建筑工地上悬挂的标语“百年大计，质量第一”，(述材料)，深思之余，油然而生赞叹之情。(亮观点)

“议”，这不是一句单调的口号，它包含着丰富的内容，有着启发人们心智的强大力量。(分析材料)，它立足现实，放眼未来，把人们当前的工作与造福子孙后代的伟大事业挂起钩来，赋予平凡的工作以深远的意义。(稍作拓宽，为下文联系实际张本)

“联”，其实，何止建筑要质量，学校的教学，育人育本，更要讲究质量。青年学生是祖国的未来，是四化建设的未来力量。然而由于他们阅历较浅，辨别是非能力差，所以学校在抓教学质量的同时，不可忽视加强思想的教育，育人育本，质量第一。(联系老师、学生、学校实际来谈)……

无数的事实证明，我们的党，我们的国家，(注意以小见大，由此及彼地推衍)，一向都把抓好教育，提高全民族的思想道德素质放在第一位。

“结”，培育人才乃是国家之根本，而培养具有良好的品德修养的人才,更是千年大计万年大计。只有育人育本，讲求质量，社会主义大厦才能永远高高屹立。(小结全篇，干脆而不离题;照应材料，简洁而不重复)

它的基本思路是：引——点——议——联——结

根据例文我们可以归纳出以下的写作模式：

1、开篇引用材料的新闻报道内容。(引)【略】

2、对报道内容进行一些解析作为过渡。(点)【略】

3、从多个角度分析新闻，或阐释其意义，或剖析其谬误。(议)【详】

4、联系社会现实的类似现象，挖掘现象背后的根源。(联)【详】

5、最后从多个层面提出若干个解决问题的“合理化建议”。(结)

除了“联”，驳论与归谬也是时评中运用比较多的技巧。这种时评作文，往往在材料中有针锋相对的观点，这时采用的结构就稍有变化：先破后立。

所谓“先破”，即批驳对方错误码，可以驳观点、驳论扰、驳论证。尤其以驳对方论据的虚假、论证的可笑用得最多。

所谓“后立”，指批驳对方错误之后，再水到渠成地阐述自己的观点、确立自己的观点。

示例：

中学校园里时下流传着一句顺口溜，“一怕文言文、二怕写作文、三怕周树人”，鲁迅的文章生涩难懂，不好学，几乎成了中学校园里师生的“共识”。人民教育出版社新版的语文教材中，鲁迅的作品明显减少，《药》、《为了忘却的纪念》等作品不见了，保留下来的只有《拿来主义》、《祝福》和《记念刘和珍君》3篇，更是引起疑惑：鲁迅的作品真的过时了?一时间，陪伴几代人成长的鲁迅作品，竟然在校园里面临尴尬的境地，是去是留，争议不断。

范文示例：

鲁迅不能远去，更不能删去

中学生随便杜撰的一句顺口溜“一怕文言文，二怕写作文，三怕周树人”，害得鲁迅先生不轻。有些人就借这句话，想删去鲁迅先生的作品，减少鲁迅作品在中学语文课本中的分量(述材料)，我看是一种轻率不理智的表现。(亮观点)

大家可以推敲一下中学生的这句顺口溜，怕文言文，我们就要把文言文给删掉?怕写作文，我们就不写作文啦?显然不能。学生所怕的，反而是最有用，最应该加强的。传统国学不要啦?文言文是我们传统文化中的瑰宝，难道因为学生一句不太负责任的顺口溜就轻而易举的删去?写作的重要性就不用多说了，难道因为学生惧怕，我们就不训练写作，就不再运用写作?就取消平日的作文训练?显然十分可笑荒唐!学生毕竟年幼无知，其意见也不定就正确，完全跟着学生感觉走，这是很明显是愚蠢不明智的。(驳对方论据与论证，推出一个荒唐的结果。从而可见，鲁迅经典是不可删的。)

学生喜欢什么样的文章?看看学生读的课外书籍，你就会明白个大概。学生喜欢智慧背囊式的精悍的小美文，学生喜欢有浅显道理的所谓哲理故事，学生喜欢让人心动的情感故事，喜欢《读者》、《青年文摘》等刊物选载的新潮时尚文章。如果你细细分析一下就会发现，学生喜欢的这些快餐式的美其名曰的美文，实际价值不是很大，最多给人一时的心动，不会长久的影响你。这些文章看似美，实际经不起咀嚼，也不会被历史沉淀下来。可是，由于高考、中考大量选用这类文章作为试题，大大影响了学生，给学生严重的误导。现在的高考、中考试卷中，，大多是流行的时尚美文。这些文章，阅读难度不大，语言华丽精彩，学生乐意读。所以，学生在阅读学习鲁迅先生那些有一定历史感现实感的文章时，就要费一点事，就觉得有难度。学生阅读，不想费事，不想费脑子，想的是轻松。很显然，这是有害的。快餐式文化作品，冲击了鲁迅，冲击了那些有一定难度的经典文章。(要论删鲁迅之原因，从反面找原因——学生喜欢什么样的文章，这样有思维。)

鲁迅先生的文章，已经被历史证明有着很高价值的经典作品，他的作品不仅属于那个特殊的时代，也属于今天和未来，所以根本不存在过时的问题。有人说，鲁迅是那个时代的产物。可是，有谁不是时代的产物?谁能超越时代?脱离时代?

因为鲁迅关心社会，关心广大的民众，所以文章带有时代的色彩，留下了时代的烙印。鲁迅的作品是反映现实的，揭露现实的。可是，现在的很多中学生不关心现实，不喜欢看现实主义的作品。学生所喜欢的那些新潮的美文，往往不痛不痒，无病呻吟，和现实有很大的距离。实际上，这是很危险的。

而对鲁迅作品的畏惧和后怕，完全是学生以讹传讹的误导，是对鲁迅作品的误读。这句不负责任的顺口溜，伤害了鲁迅，也坑害了广大青少年。让学生远离鲁迅，不仅是一个天大的错误，而且是实实在在的无知。不是鲁迅作品失去了价值，失去了应有的历史地位，失去了市场，而是我们有些人的误导和错误教育，影响了鲁迅的存在。

我们已经十分无知，我们不能再错。让鲁迅留下来，不容商量!

技法点击

(1)要学会就事论事。就是要求旗帜鲜明发表自己对某件事或某现象的看法，或褒或贬，或弹或赞，实话实说

评“事”不限于一点或一个角度，可以多点或多角度，但需记，所评所说，必须与所评之“事”密切相关，不能游离于“事”高谈阔论。

(2)要为自己的评判写出分析和理由。

评事要言之有理、言之有据，才能评得文明，才能让人心悦诚服，才能收到辨是非、明事理的效果。能把看法说清楚，又能将看法的依据和道理写深写透，这样的时评才是好时评。评者，可以评，可以争，也可以谏、可以讽、可以怨，可以嬉笑怒骂，甚至可以作楚狂之歌。

①叙事议论不蔓不枝。举例新颖，最后一句分析回扣中心。确定一个中心句，并阐明确定中心句的依据。

②论点方面。要做到论点明确，一般有两种方式：a开门见山，开宗明义。b卒章显志，画龙点睛。只有做到论点明确，才能有的放矢。

③论据方面。

不去关注身边最新的时事要闻，热点的科技动态等等，论据就不新颖，就做不到共性和个性相结合，时代性(时代精神)和历史性(有新因素的历史素材)相结合，点(详写事例)和面(略写事例)相结合，叙议相结合，论据就不能为论点服务。

④论证方面，论证时必须叙议结合，即结合事例进行分析。一般可以有以下几种分析方法：因果分析法，假设分析法，条件分析法，意义分析法，比较分析法，辩证分析法。做到叙议结合的论证才是有力的论证。

⑤语言方面。中学生议论语言处于一种“失语”状态，没有属于自己的真的语言。真的语言，应该能让人感觉到一个“鲜活”生命体存在。作为中学生这个特殊年龄阶段的群体，要有一种青春的气势，褒扬真善美，批判假恶丑。

(三)注意拟题

提问法：把人们关心的问题提出来，为读者设置悬念。如《安排就业能不能“优先下一代”?》

数字法：用数字突显出问题的严重性或复杂性，使读者一目了然。如《二十六个百姓摊一个“仆人”》

判断法：用一个表判断的短语点明中心论点，如《恶搞是对批评的滥用》

反问法：用反诘的语气将批驳的事实或要评论的问题提出来，具有震撼人心的效果。如《格言能“震撼”贪官?》

引用法：直接引用要批驳的观点，并给予否定，这样态度鲜明。如《不可盲目“先就业后择业”》

范文赏析

微笑的中国

在“世界的十字路口”，古老而美丽的中国向世人走来，迈着时代的步伐，自信微笑。国家形象片中，中国在微笑;屏幕之下，华夏儿女更应让祖国微笑着走出去，敞开胸怀，让健康的中国形象走遍世界。(概述材料，提出观点)

“软实力”不知何时已成为街头巷尾的热门词汇，是的，在和平与发展的今天，手操导弹肩负战机的形象无疑让人生厌，而偏居一隅不问世事的态度也早已被时代淘汰。中国需要“走出去”的不仅是商品与资金，更是一个健康、微笑的国家形象。我们已受够因不了解而投来的白眼，我们需要打出响亮而有力的名片。

中国的微笑正在一天天愈加鲜明地展现给世界：世博园中志愿者们一张张友好而真诚的笑脸，是上海乃至中国的新颜。友好开放的胸怀、热忱真挚的态度、流利顺畅的语言、全面周到的服务……这些，都是再多高楼大厦、再多高新技术无法取代的国家名片。一句句善意的问候，一张张青春的脸孔，它们在无形中塑造着一个充满活力、充满人情的文明中国、微笑中国。即使“理性”的觉醒已过去百年，人们依然会用最直接的感性认识衡量一个民族：亲切态度远胜高强工业，金戈铁马难匹文明光辉。国家形象中寄寓着民族源远流长的文化血脉，挺立着不朽不折的民族精神傲骨。中国形象走出去，便是文化走出去，一个民族的复兴，需要文化在世界之林中崛起，文化影响力，千金难敌。

当孔子的仁义经典化作琅琅读书声传遍世界，当京剧百转千回的唱腔飘扬到大洋彼岸，当万千华人以越来越积极地态度在全球贡献光热，我们不难相信，我们正在见证国家形象的崛起，民族文明的复兴。(评析材料，深入分析)

然而，我们又绝不仅仅是见证者，我们当做时代巨浪中的一滴水，纵然气力微薄，也要尽己所能。我们无法在时代广场的屏幕上微笑问候，却可以在生活中为中国人的形象添一分友爱;我们无法站在世界的舞台上传送经典，却可以在一点一滴中让社会文明一些。事实上，真正组成中国形象的不只是光鲜的伟人，不只是各色的文艺，而更是我们，是亿万个平凡的我们。缔造微笑中国，我们责无旁贷。(联系实际，提出倡议)

五千年风雨，五千年屹立，中国有过传说般的富饶，有过史书上的安康，有过列强瓜分的屈辱，有过抗击外敌的坚强。而如今，重新出发的中国洗去“天朝上国”的姿态，摘去“东亚病夫”的污名，以微笑、自信的形象再次走向世界。微笑的中国，需要你我的推动。

愿有一日，得见中华巨龙腾而上，万里不止，中国的微笑在你我奋斗中闪耀世!(总结全文，升华主题)

附：作文题目

美国纽约时报广场是一个繁华的城市商业街区，这里广告林立，被称为“世界的十字路口”。2011年1月17号到2月14号期间，首部中国国家形象片在广场的大屏幕上持续滚动播放。中国各行各业的59位杰出代表，如袁隆平、杨利伟、马云、郎朗、姚明、邰丽华等人在片中展现了他们微笑、自信的形象。10月1日，时报广场户外显示屏上又出现了中国先哲孔子的形象，与熙来攘往的人群融为一体。 要求:根据以上材料,自选角度,自拟题目,联系实际,写一篇不少于800字的文章,诗歌除外,文体不限。

用心培育一个读书的民族

中外官员同台发言时，我总心生羞愧之感：西方的官们风趣、幽默，观点新颖、条理清楚，思维敏捷、表达优雅;而我们官们几乎都是满口的套话、空话，显得平庸无趣，江郎才尽，大失水准。口拙的背后的原因应该是：我们官们大概是不怎么读书的。

不读书的不限于官们，更可扩大到“国人”。不少人对“不读书”有着切肤之感：很多人离开学校以后就几乎与书籍绝缘了。许多家庭，高档电器一应俱全，唯独没有几本书。有资料称：以色列每年人均读书是55本，俄罗斯是50本，美国是44本，我们只有4本，而且百分之九十是教参和教科书。相比之下，还有几本真正意义的书可称得上读过?

中国人不读书当然有很多理由。政府官员无暇读书，他们忙着应酬，忙着出国考察和谈项目;商人不用读书，因为中国是“仕场经济”，而不是知识经济，读书值几个钱?工人农民读不进书，他们受教育程度低，收入也低，读书对于他们是一件奢侈的事情。教师没有精力读书，中学教师工作太累，没有精力读书，大学教师在为课题交差而读书，确切地说，是翻书，是查书。真正的阅读，超越功利的心灵阅读，恐怕是很少很少的。

一个民族不读书，这个民族的文化就丧失了创造性、批判性，个人就会被群体所淹没。国人为什么不读书?我仔细揣摩，大致有以下几个方面的原因：一是国人贫怕了，穷惯了，挣钱的机会突然多了起来，大家忙于挣钱，心浮气躁，自然难以静下心来读书。二是中国传统中缺乏对于纯粹精神的崇尚。“万般皆下品，唯有读书高”，只因为读书可以做官，可以成为“劳心者治人”的“人上人”，赤裸裸的功利取向。三是没有培养起良好的阅读习惯和理智的好奇心。应试教育的泛滥使学生自由阅读的空间变得十分狭小，并使学生从小养成阅读的功利取向。

一个读书的民族一定是一个智慧的民族，一个充满生机与活力的民族，一个必定有着光明前途的民族。过去我们讲：一个人的心灵，高尚的东西不去占领，低下的东西就会趁虚而入。一个不读书的民族，是不会具有智慧和力量的，也不会具有崇高。以色列是全世界人均读书量最大的国家。直到今天，以色列人口也不过六百多万，而它在全世界是一个很有影响力的国家。读书对于一个民族的重要性可见一斑。

看过一幅对联：“为善最乐，读书更佳”，为善之乐在于“予”，读书之佳在于“取”。读书是一种可以忘乎所以悠然的自足，只要一卷在手，便可以拥有许多许多。是的，有两种东西能让人的心灵永葆青春：真爱与好书。为了让我们的内心不再脆弱，让我们的心灵拥有力量，让读书成为幸福人生的秘诀。

小悦悦走了，但愿天堂里没有冷漠

小悦悦走了，因这个社会的残忍与冷漠。小悦悦走了，还未来得及鲜花盛开，还没有阅读世间繁华，没有领略人间美好，就这样走了。

面对小悦悦的撒手人寰，我们每个人都应该默哀，在内心深处点一支叫做良知的蜡烛。这支蜡烛照不出小悦悦的明亮未来，却能照出我们人性的小，照出人间的苦难与挣扎，照出这个尘世的灰暗和阴冷。

小悦悦的辞世又让无数人泪流，不能自已。我想，过不了几天人们便会忘记小悦悦，忘记我们的道德苦痛。“时光永是流逝，街市依旧太平”，小悦悦身上流淌在街道上的殷红血迹，会很快被淡忘和冷漠冲洗得一干二净。

但愿我们别过早地遗忘小悦悦。遗忘是一种罪!记住小悦悦，记住18个冷漠路人，记住我们每个人身上粗劣的道德伤疤。如果我们继续麻木，继续健忘，那么，发生在小悦悦身上的悲剧，一定会在我们身上残忍重现。小悦悦的悲剧，是在以一种极端残忍、极端血腥的方式，告诉我们：道德病了，人心病了，制度也病了，而且病得不轻。可预料的是，如果我们再不自我救赎，比小悦悦悲剧更残忍的事情还会出现。

惟一值得欣慰的是，还有拾荒阿婆陈贤妹，有了她，我们才不至于输得太惨。于是，有人感叹，一个国家的良心被一个拾荒的捡了起来!当社会良知以惊人的速度沉降，仅有一个阿婆是远远不够的。我们不能做虚无的道德鼓吹者，如果自己不洗澡，反倒要求别人讲卫生，显得多么苍白。

你所站立的那个地方，正是你的中国。你怎么样，中国便怎么样。你是什么，中国便是什么。你有光明，中国便不黑暗。学者崔卫平如是说。因此，我们不妨扪心自问，如果我们在小悦悦受伤现场，我们是十八分之一，还是第十九人?如果我们只是感叹，只是抱怨，只是嘲笑冷漠，只是做口头道德家，我们站立的地方怎能光明?你有良知，中国便不会沉沦;你有尊严，中国便不会糟糕;你找准了正确的方向，中国便不会后退……

针对“小悦悦事件”，广东省委书记汪洋呼吁：“我们每一个人都要用良知的尖刀来深刻解剖自身存在的丑陋……”诚然，无论是官员，还是普通公民，如果都能用良知的尖刀来深刻解剖自身存在的丑陋，我们的社会就还有救，我们的国家就值得信赖。

有人说，小悦悦是冷漠祭坛上的祭品，到了该拆除祭坛的时候了。记住小悦悦，记住我们的罪愆，从官到民、从民到官，从道德呼喊到制度重建、从修复制度之伤到道德行动，这或许是自我救赎的惟一方式。

下面是由小编整理的高分英语作文技巧，欢迎阅读。

要点+结构+逻辑+语法+亮点

要点：实际上中考[微博]英语写作就等于两个字，翻译!因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点，要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好，只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点，也就是文章的第二段内容，要做到全，围绕中心。

结构：中考最流行的结构就是三段式，深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼?因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段：简单明了，开门见山，不超过2句话，如，我们想表达小强很强壮，第一段直接说XQis extremely strong。观点明确，这一句足矣。

第二段：分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭，He has ten mealseveryday!详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时，He does exercise 2 hours a day!详举做了什么运动。

第三段：经过第二段的论证，可以得出结论。但请注意，不能完全照抄第一段，要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如，Howstrong and robust XQ is!I hope to be him one day!

逻辑：这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的，转折的，总结的逻辑词等。递进：除了first，second，third，finally等还可以使用高级点的，如first of all(首先)，in addition，whatsmore，moreover(都是另外的意思)，in a word，all inall(表示总结的)。转折：but，yet，however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词，因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法：其他几点都不是硬性的要求，不那样做不能说是错，只能说是不好，但是语法却是硬性的。如，单词的使用，时态等。

亮点：当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文，最后两个字，亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前，都是结构清晰的三段式，要点都很全，都用了一些逻辑词，都没有语法错误，但是A篇只用了beautiful，good-looking，B篇却用到了attractive，charming，catching等，我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇，词组，句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以，以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

导语：高考英语书面表达想拿高分并不容易，首先你要避免一些在学生中比较常见的几种错误才行。下面小编为大家整理了高考英语写作常见的错误，希望大家在考试中能够避免。

有的同学对于否定的概念模糊，不知如何否定，有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。

1. 我认为没有必要买大的。

误：I think its not necessary to buy the bigger one.

正：I don’t think it is necessary to buy the bigger one.

析：有些动词如think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, fancy等的主语是第一人称单数且一般现在时，表示否定的观点应用I don’t think…，而I think… not则属于汉语式表达习惯。

2. 我们直到天全黑了才到家。

误：We arrived home until it became completely dark.

正：We didn’t arrive home until it became completely dark.

析：此汉语句子里面尽管没有否定词，但until用于肯定句时意为“直到…为止”;用于否定句时，其意为“在…以前”。因此，表示“直到…才”用not…until。

3. 如果没有受到邀请的话，我是不会去参加舞会的。

误：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m not invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party if I’m not invited.

析：unless“除非”、“如果不”，常可用if…not来替换。误句中的条件状语从句双重否定表示肯定，结果与原句意思相反。

4. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。

误：The child is not old enough not to go to school.

正：The child is not old enough to go to school.

正：The child is too young to go to school.

析：这是学生最容易写错的句子。enough to“足以、足够”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”，故应译为not old enough to go to school。

5. 他们两个都不说英语。

误：Both of them don’t speak English.

正：Neither of them speaks English.

析：中国学生特别对于all…not 和both…not等这种部分否定结构，很容易理解成全部否定。两者全部否定用neither, 三者以上用none。

6. 开车时再小心也不过分。

误：You can be too careful in driving a car.

正：You can not be too careful in driving a car.

析：cannot…too“无论作…也不过分”。

In spite of the flood disaster, a good harvest is still in sight.

Yesterday we went to a nearby village to help the peasants get in the crops. We left our school early in the morning. It took us half an hour to reach the village. As soon as we got there, we joined the peasants in their harvesting work. They taught us how to cut rice, and how to tie it. It was in the fields that we had our lunch. After lunch, we had a short rest. We were fascinated by the beautiful scenery of the countryside. It got dark when we returned home. We were very tired, but we felt very happy.

导语：英语写作除了要求大家在词汇量和语法上有一定的积累外，也需要大家注意总结一些常用的写作技巧。下面是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望能够对您有所帮助。

一、“功能段落”突破CET写作

诚然，六级写作是需要背模板的，但绝不是盲目地背。

整篇背诵模板不是最有效的方法，因为模板的写作思路是固定的，然而很多时候试题的命题思路可能与所背模板思路不同。因此，可能导致“所背非所考”，甚至导致文不对题，生搬硬套。

但是，无论六级写作话题如何变化，一般都对应三个或两个汉语提纲。只要按提纲要求去写相应的内容段落，就做到了紧扣主题。历年写作提纲可以总结为六种功能段落：现象描述、危害分析(弊)、原因分析、建议措施、观点阐述(观点的本质为利弊：支持方观点等于分析“利”，反方观点等于分析“弊”)、意义阐述(利)。

如果能够掌握住六种功能段落的写作实际就掌握了六级考试写作考题的最本质特征。那样的话，无论题目如何变化，我们准备都是有的放矢的。反观，死背模板容易导致生搬硬套，甚至文不对题。

二、写作短期提分方略

在了解了六级考试在命题特点的基础上，考生在备考阶段最需要准备的是两个内容：思路和表达。思路解决怎么写的问题，表达解决写什么的问题。如果拿到一个作文题目，你知道应该按照什么思路去写，又知道应该写什么表达，这篇作文就已经成功了一半。

表达积累

表达分为四个层次：词句段篇。其中篇章层面只要按照提纲要求去组织文章即可，因此篇章方面不足为虑。段落方面按照“功能段落”的六种形式去识别，也小菜一碟。

背写：思路+表达

很多同学考前也在背，背的滚瓜烂熟，脱口而出，觉得自己水平很牛!上了考场也顺利将文章写了出来，却得了一个很低的分数，为什么?因为单词都拼错了。请牢记：口头背诵得再好不等于能够写对。背写是提高写作和翻译唯一也是最有效的方法。

那么，背写什么内容哪?答案是思路和表达。思路上文中已有论述，遣词和造句的表达方面应该紧密结合功能段落来背诵有效句式和用词。考生不必刻意追求适用难词，但可以将常见词汇稍作替换：如，

exceedingly, extremely, intensely替换very;

an army of/a great many/a host of 替换a lot of;

advancement 替换 development;

positive, favorable, promising(有希望的)， perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good;

give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause;

harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that替换think;

beneficial, rewarding替换helpful;

bear in mind that替换remember;

enjoy, possess替换have;

shopper, client, consumer, purchaser替换customer……

表达精彩体现在三个方面：遣词、造句、连贯。

三、复习安排建议

总体原则：先背再写、阶段总结、适当模拟。

先背再写：基础较差同学一定要先背一些功能句式和教材相关范文，然后模仿该作文的思路和表达去写。背写的目的是积累语言表达实力，同时练习书写的公正和优美。建议书写较差的考生买本英语字帖练一下书写，也许你会有意外的惊喜。

阶段总结：每过一周就要问自己几个问题：所背诵的表达可以用来写什么类型的文章?该类文章的相关词汇或表达有什么?关键词如何避免重复?请记住：没有复习，没有巩固。

适当模拟：在熟练掌握背写了六种功能段落的思路和表达之后，可以结合适当题目在写作中运用所讲所背所总结提分词汇、句式。建议大家能够灵活运用，做到一例多用。

附注：

中心句放开端

文章中心句是整个文章的主题和写作围绕的中心，通常应该放在段落的开端，这样一方面能够让阅卷老师一眼看出文章表达的主旨意思，起到开门见山的作用;另一方面可以使文章条理层次更加清晰，逻辑性强，文章的整体结构合理。中心句在作文中可以起到承接上下文的作用，放在段尾也可以起到总结全文的作用。这一方法对于写作初学者来说还是有一定困难的，因此在六级考试中，为了减少不必要的错误和损失，大家尽量将中心句放到文章的开头以保万无一失。

关键词要具体

文章的中心句一般是通过关键词来表现和限制文章的主旨思想的，所以为了突出主题，关键词需要尽量写得具体些。这里对“具体”的要求主要体现在两个方面：一方面是要具体到能限制和区分文章段落层次的发展;另一方面是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。精确仔细地突出关键词是清楚地表达文章主旨、写好段落中心句的重要前提之一，这对考生来说有一定难度。

设问扩充内容

中心句及关键词确定后，文章的大概框架已经清晰了，这时候就需要选择和主题有关的信息和素材来填充这个框架。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的行文方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问-解答(why-because)的方法，利用问题引出自己需要的话题再加以解答表现自己的观点，同时紧紧围绕主题。

(一)紧扣命题意图和写作要求

拿到作文题目后，要先弄清楚题目的意义、范围、中心，确定文章的体裁、题材、字数要求，再围绕中心选择材料，合理布局谋篇，运用恰当的表达方式进行写作。

1、确立准确的内容——在最短的时间内找到最适合自己的写作内容

(1)思维的发散

在落笔成文前，一定要慎重，要考虑到尽可能多的写作内容。

①充分利用作文题中的提示性语言，获得写作内容

如：也许你被真挚的母爱感动过，也许你被善良的帮助感动过，也许你为奥运会场升起的五星红旗流过热泪，也许你为无私的友谊掀起过情感的波澜……

请以“感动”为话题写一篇作文，文体不限，题目自拟。

作文题中的“也许…也许……也许……也许……”的提示语，没有内容写的同学完全可以把这段话作为自己的写作材料，写母爱、帮助、友谊等带给自己的感动。

②开辟独特、新颖的角度

A、类似联想

如由“花与刺”联想到阳光与阴影、成功与挫折、优点与缺点等。

B、内敛式联想

由如“英雄”联想到课堂上的英雄、公交车上的英雄、联欢会上的英雄等

C、逆反式联想

如由“心事”联想到“我没有心事”;由“感动”联想到自己是不懂感动的人，在母爱面前一点一点被征服被融化被感动的过程。

D、虚实转换联想

如写“位置”，可以实写班级的座位、一个人的职务等，也可以虚写自己在别人心目中的地位，人在自然界中的地位等等。

(2)思维的归纳

①写自己熟悉的内容——不要选择自己一知半解的事情作为写作材料。

②写自己能驾驭的内容——由自己的认知水平、思想深度和语言表达能力决定。

2、突出明确的中心

(1)符合题意

准确把握文章题目的范围和内涵，注意培养明确点明中心的意识。为此，可在文章内容构思好后，围绕中心编写几句(段)话，将它们安插在文章的开头、结尾或者文章的过渡、转折的地方，既提醒自己不要偏离中心，也提醒阅卷老师你有明确的中心意识。

(2)提升中心的品位

①要有深刻的思想

②有小中见大的眼光

③有化实为虚的能力

④有时代意识

⑤有新颖的角度

例如：以“风”为话题的作文，可以化实为虚，由不同季节的风的特点联想到不同性格的人;可以联系时代，写社会上的各种风气;可以联系自己，写中学生中流行的一些风气;可以由风想到沙尘暴等社会问题;由风想到关于风筝的记忆┅┅

(二)构思

1、探究下笔的角度

(1)视角的转换

同样一件事，观察者的身份、角度、立场、观念、态度不同，得到的印象和结论也不会相同。如果我们能换一个视角来叙述生活中的平凡小事，就能发掘出新意来。如同样是写“我”在公共汽车上让座，有位同学的满分作文就改变了习惯的视角，借一位需要座位的老大爷的心灵和眼睛，生动表现了一位中学生在让座与不让座之间徘徊犹豫的复杂矛盾的心理。

(2)故事新编

对于人人所熟知的材料，我们可以结合主题，从全新的角度下笔，设计出合理的细节，使自己地文章脱颖而出。如“诚信”为话题的满分作文《赤兔之死》，题材出自《三国演义》中关羽走麦城一节，通过虚构的赤兔马与伯喜的对话，对比董卓、吕布、关羽等人在诚信方面的表现，最后得出“士为知己而死，人因诚信而存”的观点。

故事新编必须注意三个方面：①对原着有较清晰的印象，避免张冠李戴，闹出笑话;

③想象要合理;③要突出中心。

(三)表达技巧

1、重视描写的运用

(1)描写人物语言——生动活泼、有个性

(2)描写人物动作——细描个体动作、精写连续动作(见片段1、2)

(3)描写人物心理——以景物映衬、以动作和神态暗示

(4)描写人物肖像——个体神态、描画笑容

(5)描写景物——映衬写景(衬托人物心理)、以景析理(情景交融)

2、精妙的表现手法

(1)借物抒情，化直接为含蓄，如《背影》

(2)妙用修辞，蕴深意于物象，如片段3

(3)双线展开，相得益彰，如片段4

(4)借助蒙太奇(将全文所表现的内容分为许多不同地镜头，然后有机地组合起来，产生连贯、呼应、对比、暗示、联想等作用)如片段5

3、展示才情和文化底蕴