有关兴趣爱好的英语写作素材(通用20篇)

小升初英语写作技巧之一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis， she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning. 原句：When you come to the second traffic light， turn right. 修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

小升初英语写作技巧之二：删除诸如"who is"或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel， which is written in three parts， told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

小升初英语写作技巧之三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call. 写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

导语：岁月是一场有去无回的旅行，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

能够握紧的就别放了，能够拥抱的就别拉扯，时间着急的冲刷着，剩下了什么，时间是一种令人措不及防的东西，原谅走过的那些曲折，留下的都是真的。光阴似箭，日月如梭，时光荏苒，白驹过隙，我们有不计其数的优雅词汇来诉说时光的流逝，但却没有一种方法让时间静止。

仍记得，在一个停电的夜晚，刚刚学会走路的我，因为口渴便悄悄的在没有得到你的允许的情况下，喝了放在桌子上的保温杯里的水，结果因为水温过高，导致小小的我的一定程度的烧伤，在当时12月份下着大雪的夜晚，驱车向最好的医院赶去，而我好像明白了发生的事情，尽管医生在治疗时很疼，哪怕是成人都忍不了的治疗过程，小小的我仍没有流下一滴眼泪，在你和她没日没夜的细心照料下，新生的皮肤竟然和原来的皮肤没有什么区别，这样的结果似乎是对你们几乎半年们有睡过一个好觉的最好的回报。

仍记得，我第一次在电视上看到你的身影，当时还小，还不懂这是一件十分值得骄傲的事情，小小的心中害怕的以为你被关在了那个黑黑的小盒子里，在妈妈的怀中挣扎着想要去救你，直到看到你出现在我的面前，激动的跑过去，只是为了确定你还在我身边。

仍记得，你第一次送我上学的经历，看着我哭红的眼睛，你笑着对我诉说着学校的美好，但只有你自己知道你心里是多么的不舍，你笑着对我说等到我放学之后你一定会在诺大的人群中等我，我安心的朝着陌生的校园走去，看着我渐渐远去的小小的背影似乎又有一种莫名的欣慰与满足。

仍记得，我当时对上学有一种说不出的反感，我使出浑身解数就是不上学，走到门口时，死死地抓住桌腿就是不放手，在我妈异样的眼神之下，你带着我去公园疯了整整一个上午。这样做的结果就是，我一不上学，就想去公园玩，这个坏毛病，虽然让你头疼，但是仍不后悔当时的决定。

仍记得，当时正在陪我在幼儿园参加电子琴比赛的你，突然接到的那一个你一生都不会忘里的一个电话，脸色的突变以及声音的急促，我尽管年龄小，但却也预测到不是什么好的事情，直到我们到了医院，看到了那个我们都十分敬爱的人儿的离去，看到你那伤心的模样，虽然仍然没有太搞清楚状况的我也明白此时，默默的陪伴才是对你最好的慰藉。

仍记得，小时候，你在我心中简直就是个神人，语、数、英、政、史、地简直是样样精通，老师总是给我们留下了一堆不能用x来解的应用题，让我们来共同解答，或许说是你一个人在战斗，然后再顺便替我写好过程，等着给我仔细解释，直到我彻底明白，尽管我有时我为了尽快和小伙伴玩耍，只是应付的听听。

仍记得，我们总有一些不能让妈妈知道的秘密，例如培训班没上，小提琴没练等等，你回来之后发现我没去上课后，在我的软磨硬泡之下，终于答应不告诉她，我激动的跑到门口小卖店给我们一人买了一根一块的老冰棒，这就就是我们达成协议的见证，虽然用的是你口袋里的零钱，但你每次都帮我保守着这些老妈“不该知道的秘密”。

仍记得，每次和nn发生矛盾，哪怕不是我的错，你都会责备我，我知道在这种情况下，你的处境真的很为难，但青春期的我似乎不怎么理解，依然和你对着干，就是这样，从小到大都是在你的保护下不让我妈打我的你，踹了我一脚，委屈的眼泪止不住的流下来，但现在回想起来，真的是我的不对，真的想和你说一声对不起。

仍记得，已经很晚了，你非要去nn家，我和妈妈都说不用去，这么晚了，估计都已经睡了，别再去打扰她，但你却反问了了我一句“为什么你可以和你妈妈在一起?”这是我才知道，虽然在我面前你是一个超人一样的角色，但实际上你仍是个需要时不时和妈妈在一起的孩子，至此之后，无论多晚，我会陪着你一起去看nn。

仍记得，每天在回家的时候，电视机总是固定不变的是法制栏目，其实心里有小小的反感，但只能默默的陪你看，每每问起你为何要看此类的节目时，你总是默默不语。除此之外，十多年的职业生涯，似乎使你得了职业病，总是持续关注着最新的法制信息，还时不时的给我普及，尽管我有时是真的不感兴趣，但我任然坚持听，因为这是你喜欢的，就像小时候你不厌其烦听我讲了一遍又一遍的《哪吒传奇》。

仍记得，在高考的前几天，家里的氛围似乎有那么点紧张，但你和妈妈装的一种不太像的云淡风轻的模样把所有的好吃的全部堆在餐桌上，直到我吃不下，但我知道你比我还要紧张，生怕任何突发情况，导致我发挥失误，考不上一个理想的大学，而没心没肺的我，仍然是吃嘛嘛嘛香，睡眠质量超好的度过了人生中第一个最重要的转折，而你和妈妈却担心的晚晚都睡不好觉。

仍记得，当接收到大学录取通知书的瞬间，你开心的模样，小心的打开，仔细的取出里面的录取通知书，一遍又一遍的看着，仿佛是你自己的似的，当我们坐着飞机来到了这个陌生的城市，向来心大的我，似乎渐渐体味到分离的伤感，当你们帮我打理好宿舍里的一切，军训的集合没有让我能和你们好好地道个别，回来是你们已经离去，但我的脑海里满满的都是你们。当第二天，你们为了给我送些吃的再次出现在我的面前，明明是一件很开心的事眼泪却止不住的掉了下来，倔强的为了不让你们担心，悄悄的跑到楼道里把眼泪擦干，微笑着进来。舍不得你们每天早上叫我起床，舍不得你们每天早上给我做早餐，舍不得你们每天晚上无论自习到多晚总会给我留灯，舍不得你们给我的一切……

仍记得，刚刚进入大学有种种的不适应，从来没有住过校的我要五个来自不同地区的性格迥异的姑娘相处，面对全新的教学模式，面对全新的班级人群，面对全新的一切，慢热的我似乎一下子适应不了者如此多的变化，每天都过得不太开心，每天最大的乐趣就是和你视频通话，虽然每天都是几乎一样的问题，但我能感觉到你就在我身边。

时间一种让人猝不及防的东西，晴时有风阴时有雨，争不过朝夕，又念往昔，偷走了青丝却留不住你。渐渐地，我长大了，尽管我从未做过任何让你骄傲的事，你却始终视我如宝，你没有很多钱，也不是大领导，但你却护着我，宠着我，给了我最好的一切，有一天仔细的观察你，原来你一种肉眼看不到的速度慢慢的变成了一个老男人，突然好想抱抱你。也许含蓄是咱们家的传统，但我仍欠你一句：爸爸，我爱你!

岁月是一场有去无回的旅行，好的坏的都是风景，别怪我贪心只是不愿醒，纵然似梦半醒着，哭着笑着都快活，因为你只为你，我们在一起，看云淡风轻……

导语：对于红楼梦这样的书，它有一百多年的历史，红楼梦的词语当时的意义与现代所用的词语会有偏差，词语的意义与历史环境相关。情字，在红楼梦写作的时代，是一个非常特殊的词，下面是小编为您收集整理的关于《红楼梦》中的情相关材料，希望对您有所帮助。

生活在我们这个时代的人，常常用我们现在的语言来看书。对于红楼梦这样的书，它有一百多年的历史，红楼梦的词语当时的意义与现代所用的词语会有偏差，词语的意义与历史环境相关。情字，在红楼梦写作的时代，是一个非常特殊的词，它甚至代表了当时主流的价值观。

一、摘抄红楼梦中的句子及赏析

1、任凭弱水三千，我只取一瓢饮。

[评价与赏析]：红尘滚滚，奈何不了一往情深。人欲横流，唯简单笃定不乱一心。

2、寒塘渡鹤影，冷月葬花魂。

[评价与赏析]：寒山诗云：“我心如明月，寒潭清皎洁。”一心清冷，双目清明。

3、一个是阆苑仙葩，一个是美玉无暇。若说没奇缘，今生偏又遇着他;若说有奇缘，如何心事终虚化?

[评价与赏析]：世人皆堪不破，缘之所以是缘，本就是要散的。

4、草木也知愁，韶华竟白头，叹今生谁舍谁收?嫁与东风春不管，凭尔去，忍淹留。

[评价与赏析]：人生本是孤寂，热闹都是强装。看叶子绿又黄，心头一点凉。

5、他是甘露之惠，我并无此水可还。他既下世为人，我也去下世为人，但把我一生的眼泪还他，也偿还的过他了。

[评价与赏析]：人与人，从来是债。

6、黄金万两容易得，知心一个也难求。

[评价与赏析]：自古长如此，叹息未曾止。

7、我就是个多愁多病身，你就是那倾国倾城貌。

[评价与赏析]：玉体易枯，红颜易老。好景不长，放下趁早。

8、都道是金玉良姻，俺只念木石前盟。空对着山中高士晶莹雪，终不忘世外仙姝寂寞林。叹人间，美中不足今方信;纵然是齐眉举案，到底意难平。

[评价与赏析]：人生多的，就是遗憾。几人办得到，放眼看。

9、莫失莫忘，不离不弃。

[评价与赏析]：明知道不可能，才一再地说。人总是这样。

10、厚地高天，堪叹古今情不尽;痴男怨女，可怜风月债难偿。

[评价与赏析]：四海又五湖，古今儿女泪。

11、一聚一散最伤神，还不如不聚的好，所以向来喜散不喜聚。

[评价与赏析]：《东邪西毒》里欧阳锋说：“要想不被人拒绝，最好的办法是先拒绝别人。”人的拒绝，常常是因为害怕。

12、女儿是水作的骨肉，男人是泥作的骨肉。我见了女儿，我便清爽;见了男子，便觉浊臭逼人。

[评价与赏析]：从来女儿多情，男儿欲盛。

13、滴不尽相思血泪抛红豆，开不完春柳春花满画楼。睡不稳纱窗风雨黄昏后，忘不了新愁与旧愁。

[评价与赏析]：一个情字，最是磨人。

14、乱哄哄，你方唱罢我登场，反认他乡是故乡;甚荒唐，到头来都是为他人作嫁衣裳。

[评价与赏析]：我们已经走得太远，以至于忘记了为什么而出发。进不了的前程，回不去的故乡。

15、质本洁来还洁去，强于污淖陷渠沟。

[评价与赏析]：就算对世间污浊无能为力，也还能干干净净地走。

16、好一似食尽鸟投林，落了片白茫茫大地真干净。

[评价与赏析]：曲终人散，如梦无痕。

二、红楼梦中的情

红楼梦的作者受到冯梦龙至情思想影响很大，对于情这个概念，红楼梦作者在写书时，冯梦龙的思想贯穿其中：

因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空，遂易名为情僧，改《石头记》为《情僧录》。

——红楼梦第一回

石头记录的，其实是一个“因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空”的过程。

佛家认为，“色”、“空”是两个性质，万事万物表面是色，实质都是空的。众生迷惑于“色”失去本性不能悟“空”。主张一切所见的事物都是虚无的，了悟可得人生解脱。

红楼梦的作者虽有“色”“空”描述，而实际写的是“情”，将“情”放在比“色”“空”“礼教”更高的位置，充分表现了至情的理念。红楼梦是群像小说，这些群像都是情演化出来的人物，最后都要归结到情上去。

开辟鸿蒙，谁为情种?都只为风月情浓。趁着这奈何天，伤怀日，寂寥时，试遣愚衷。因此上，演出这怀金悼玉的《红楼梦》。

——红楼梦第五回

开辟鸿蒙说的是天地初开万物之始，问谁是情种，显然蕴含着情生一切的概念。问句后面自做了回答，一切都是为风月情浓。情遇到了“奈何天”“ 伤怀日”“ 寂寥时”就要排遣演化。引子总领着整个红楼梦，情贯穿始终。接下来裙钗的判曲就是“演化”，所有的判曲都蕴含着“情”，最后归结红楼梦。

为官的，家业凋零;富贵的，金银散尽。有恩的，死里逃生;无情的，分明报应。欠命的，命已还;欠泪的，泪已尽。冤冤相报岂非轻，分离聚合皆前定。欲知命短问前生，老来富贵也真侥幸。看破的，遁入空门;痴迷的，枉送了性命。好一似食尽鸟投林，落了片白茫茫大地真干净!

——红楼梦第五回

三、情榜

是处引十二钗总未的确，皆系漫拟也。至末回警幻情榜，方知正、副、再副及三四副芳讳。

——红楼梦第十八回

情榜并不是红楼梦作者的原创，情榜正是冯梦龙所创。冯梦龙在情史上罗列了情的分类，每个分类里都有若干个有情的故事。冯梦龙把故事分类为情贞、情缘、情私、情侠、情豪、情爱、情痴、情感、情幻、情灵、情化、情媒、情仇、情芽、情报、情秽、情累、情疑、情鬼、情妖、情外、情通、情迹二十四种。红楼梦的作者显然借鉴了冯梦龙情史的分类方法写了红楼梦的情榜，这从贾宝玉和林黛玉的情榜考语中可初见端倪。贾宝玉的情榜考语“情不情”、林黛玉的情榜考语“情情”都有着精到的表述。

“情不情”，前面的情为动词，即将感情也会赋予没有感情的人或物或事上，总结贾宝玉的多情性格。也可以断句，“情，不情”，指的是宝玉或者说石头作为记录者，是来人世记录“情”和“不情”的。作者用这个考语概括了贾宝玉角色，合于主旨。

“情情”，解释为将情感投入到有寄托有感情的人和事上。这个考语告诉我们，林黛玉是个专一的人，她所暧昧的只有贾宝玉一人，往往没有顾及周遭人的感受。情情，是对“情”的强调，是对情的至真。比如黛玉在打趣宝玉的时候，不经意就伤及偷东西的丫鬟，这样的描写都是符合情情考语。

“冷情”是众多红学家对于薛宝钗情榜考语的揣测。脂砚斋没有透露其他人的考语，所以几乎不得而知。但是我认为红楼梦其他裙钗的考语，应当与冯梦龙所列的二十四种考语类似。唯独宝玉、宝钗、黛玉三人的考语具有比较深的意义，总领其他裙钗的考语。

脂砚斋透露一个信息，情榜乃是警幻仙子处的，要在末回出现。这里的末回应指的是红楼梦的最后一回，警幻仙子将在那时太虚幻境挂号的所有裙钗进行罗列，末回应当是一个归结，昭示，对人物进行谒语性质的评判，当然每个人物的考语中都带着“情”字，也是作者在写作人物过程中把握人物的总结性的语句。

四、至情至真思想的源头

讲到至情思想的出现要从宋朝开始。宋朝的理学家把儒家的伦理学说哲学化、宗教化，提出“天理”与“人欲”对立的命题。主张扼杀人的正常情感和欲望，主张“存天理、灭人欲”。于是“情”的宣传被认为是异端学说。到了明末，特别是到了汤显祖生活的嘉靖、隆庆、万历年间，明王朝行将就木，日益尖锐的社会矛盾使得理学家束手无策。统治机构开始涣散，封建法制废弛，思想界出现了缝隙，一股清新的思想潮流从缝隙中流出，这就是至情的思想源头。

明末商品经济的发展使得社会风尚急剧变化，封建道德的传统信念已没有吸引力。在金钱万能的城市社会里，纲常权威低落了。汤显祖的言情理论和实践在戏曲界掀起轩然大波，一时间风起云涌。做“有情痴”是一种时髦。冯梦龙为代表的一些文人更甚。如袁于令论及戏曲的时候，讲剧场认为是情的世界。演剧乃是统合剧作者、演员和观众的一片真情的创造活动。他说：

剧场即一世界。世界即一情。人以剧场假而情真，不知当场者有情人也，顾曲者尤属有情人也，即从旁之堵墙而观听者——若童子、弱瞽叟、若村媪……无非有情人也。倘演者不真，则观者之精神不动;然作者不真，则演者之精神亦不灵。

——《焚香记》序言

在此其基础上，汤显祖还提出了“情真”的原则，主张作文要说“真实语”。要说“真实语”，则必先做“真人”，有“真情”。做真人的最高境界是保持未被污染的“童心”。“童心”说为罗汝芳、李贽等人所认同。红楼梦作者受到至情至真的思想影响相当大，以至于笔者一度想论证红楼梦作者系明末清初的人。因为一部作品有时代性，有一定的时代印记，好比我们现在写文章不会引用毛主席语录一样，红楼梦写作的时代，应当是至情至真思想盛行的时代。

红楼梦中，真假问题也始终存在着，且不论文本，就连脂批也有对真讨论：

谚云：“一日卖了三千假，三日卖不出一个真”

——红楼梦第一回

对于情的表述更是不胜枚举，第一回文本连同脂批中就有38个字情字，许多情字具有点题的作用，第五回也有38个情字，太虚幻境有“假作真时真亦假，无为有处有还无”的对联，“孽海情天”上牌坊横批中有情，有“厚地高天，堪叹古今情不尽;痴男怨女，可怜风月债难偿”的对联，始终强调情。

红楼梦从一个神瑛侍者和绛珠仙草的神话故事、石头的下凡引出红楼梦中一干风流冤家的群像，从一到繁，从繁到一。红楼梦是一部用情写成的书，是演义情的著作。是作者用一生的情写成的长篇巨著。

导语：在我们身边经常发生一些让我们感动的事,这些事不管是微不足道的小事, 还是大事都反映了人心的美和善。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、为省下4块钱车费给儿子买学习资料农民工老爸把马路当床午休

安徽在重庆打工的孙先生说，中午没地方休息，家里距离工地又有几站路。走回去嫌远，坐车来回4块钱不划算。不午休，下午没精神干活，干脆就在路边解决，热是热了点，但干活太累，倒头依然能睡着，还能省下车费给儿子买学习资料。他说，记得他有次去儿子学校，看其他同学都抱着几本复习资料，儿子舍不得花钱，没买资料书，只能和同学商量人家看完借给他看。他目睹这一幕很难受，马上掏200元给儿子买书。“我挣钱不多，能省则省，儿子能考上好高中，是我最大的心愿。”孙先生说。

二、广东一不识水性村民水灾后抱空水桶救出

2013年5月22日，一场12年来最大暴雨狂袭珠海。珠海香洲区南浦村1800名居民被困，而不会游泳的许耀生却靠着几个空矿泉水桶，一条缆绳救了五户人家，18人。救人后仍协助巡逻。

三、女子从3楼跳下轻生房东伸双手将其抱怀里

5月21日下午在东莞寮步镇，39岁的江西女子许冬娇坐在十几米高的窗台上，纵身跳下。千钧一发之即，同样来自江西的诚叔选择了放下棉被，伸出双手去承接，用他壮实的身体提供了缓冲，许冬娇也因此逃脱噩运。诚叔说她一下子砸在我头顶，接着我双手一沉，整个人就被压趴在地上了。自己倒地时，手肘在地面上擦伤了，所幸女子被他稳稳抱在怀里。

四、河南母亲割肝捐肾救子

为了救患有罕见遗传病的儿子，4月27日，45岁的母亲潘大想走进郑州人民医院手术室，捐出了自己的半个肝和一个肾。

五、47岁女老板卖房贴钱办厂坚持留10名智残工

47岁的女老板易勤像妈妈一样，带着10名智残生产员工卖房押房，亏损运转，从不拖欠工人们工资，坚守了8年。

六、广东汕头一名高三学生奋身救母被水冲走

汕头市潮阳一中的高三学生马浩鑫在母亲陪同下去上学，在途经棉城新宫居委辖内新池尾附近时陷入水流湍急的排水沟内，眼见母亲要被冲走，儿子纵身扑进水里救助。不料，先落水的母亲被路过的好心人救起，儿子却不幸被水卷走失踪。

七、50岁大学教授一招拿下偷车贼网友赞“勇大叔”

华南农业大学人文与法学院50岁的院长杨乃良教授勇擒偷车贼，被网友赞“勇大叔”

八、武大准博士辍学侍母：读书机会还有母亲仅一个

赵潇是武大电子信息学院光信息科学与技术专业研究生，然而，就在他踌躇满志准备硕博连读时，母亲不幸患癌症晚期。面对每月两万元的治疗费，赵潇毅然决定放弃读博，先工作挣钱救母。

赵潇昨天告诉记者：“母亲打零工，当保姆，身兼多职，独自一人把我拉扯大。现在她身患癌症，就是再苦再累，我也绝不会放弃她!”“为了母亲，我放弃学校保送的读博名额。读书的机会还有，而母亲，只有一个。”

九、女孩遇车祸智力“归零”大爱父母感动央视导演

去年4月13日，梦娜在下班时遭遇车祸，虽然保住了生命，但智力“归零”。在已经谈婚论嫁的男友离她而去时，梦娜年近6旬的父母不辞辛劳，陪着女儿再一次“长大”。昨日，央视《夜线》栏目组专程来连，拍摄梦娜一家人的感人故事。

十、38岁纪检干部上班路上猝死经常加班带病办案

2012年12月10日早上7时许，怀化市纪委案件审理室副主任张险峰，在去上班的路上，突发脑溢血从楼梯间摔下来，经抢救无效离世。张险峰在沅陵工作约12年后调入怀化市，深得领导信任，经常加班，检查到重度高血压后仍然扛着办案，加上夫妻两地分居得不到照顾，最终倒在上班路上，以至于刚刚分到的购房指标还没来得及兑现。

导语：梅兰竹菊四君子，千百年来以其清雅淡泊的品质，一直为世人所钟爱，成为一种人格品性的文化象征，这虽然是自身的本性使然;但亦与历代的文人墨客、隐逸君子的赏识推崇不无关系。以下是小编为大家精心整理的关于花中四君子的相关素材，欢迎大家阅读参考!

中国人对于花中四君子梅兰竹菊的称赞由来已久，自是达成共识。其幽芳逸致，风骨清高，不做媚世之态;涤人之秽肠而澄滢其神骨，致人胸襟风度品格趣味于高尚之品性，深博世人爱意。

梅，傲而不俗。其色分红白及绿，另有蜡梅，色黄如蜡，香气浓郁，虽自成科属，其风韵却与梅有异曲同工之妙。梅寿可逾千载，枝干虬曲，身姿苍古，其芳愈寒愈媚，临风寒劲挺傲然铁骨，遇冰雪更添飘然风仪。明代李渔曾论赏梅之无奈：“风送香来，香来而寒亦至;雪助花妍，雪冻而花亦冻”。吾以为：梅不畏寒乃出自天然，而寒香俱来更是造化奇绝，踏雪寻梅，呵气凝香，满目娇色，风雅至致哉!

对于剪雪裁冰、耐寒傲冷的梅，我只见过一株。深黄的，磬口的，近乎晶莹剔透的，于老干嫩枝之间，开些小花;疏影潇洒，冷香四溢，煞是清韵高洁，让人有脱俗之念，生妻梅之心。此中情趣，自非是追名逐利之人所可深味，更不是那种不甘寂寞者所能领悟的。

兰，幽而不病。处深山，厌都市喧嚣，不以境寂而色逊;居幽谷，喜明月清风，不因谷空而貌衰。艺兰之人，跋涉林壑之间，寻采野生之兰，驯其野性，育其良种，配山石衬其隽秀，置曲房显其香幽;兰叶，如挑破凡障睿剑，兰花，如指点群迷佛手，闻其香，瞻其容，如入禅境矣。兰香如檀，置兰之室不宜久坐，久坐而不闻其香，故痴迷呆滞者，实难见识兰之雅趣。

“兰生幽谷，无人自芳”，据传孔子称之为王者之香。而兰之幽香我没有领略过，想必其香气自然是沁人心脾的美事。然其孤芳自赏的风喻，应是贤人逸士的高标自况;而“美人香草”之谓，也或多或少地透出有志之士不为世人所知的悲愤抑郁之意。

竹，轻而不佻。其茎有方圆之别，其色有青紫之分;竹无心性随和，山野路旁，庭院庙堂，随遇而安，四季茂然;栉疾风扬其劲节，沐春雨耸其玉笋，披月辉露其窈窕，偎峭石显其轻灵;傍窗而植，赏月投之秀姿;临池而栽，顾波泛之倩影。宋代苏东坡曰：“宁可食无肉，不可居无竹。”古人爱竹之情，由此可见一斑矣。

而竹，我小时常见。虽处北方凛冽酷寒之地，却也是几株劲节清高，洒风弄月，不无轻筠幽篁之致，至于竹香竹笑之属，我实不大了解。就是清代郑板桥的《墨竹图》，满图皆节，仅数片叶，坚劲挺拔，气势冲霄，很具节操和傲岸，倒让我深谙了竹之坚贞高洁的象征意味。

菊，丽而不娇。傲然临霜，怒放于群芳凋零之际;不畏肃杀，尽展其万方娇媚之态。园艺之菊与野生之菊不同矣，野菊婆娑，点缀村舍疏篱，随处而生，毋须人工;而园艺之菊，从春之下种至秋之绽放，其间治地酿土，防燥虑湿，摘头掐叶，接枝捕虫，防雨避霜，使艺菊之人难得闲暇。从古到今，历代艺菊之人倾心培育，使其种类纷繁，姿态万千。是谓：菊之美，三分出自天工，七分来自人力，艺菊之人终年辛劳，以人力助天工，菊之美，实臻天人合一之境也。

说到傲霜的菊花，当然要数陶渊明的偏爱，“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”，悠哉其乐。然而，我想陶渊明所采的那菊，定不是花钱雇用花匠所植，而是普通的野菊罢了;淡泊清华，凌霜自得，自蕴情致而已，自然是现代的赏菊家所不屑于顾的。

梅兰竹菊四君子，千百年来以其清雅淡泊的品质，一直为世人所钟爱，成为一种人格品性的文化象征，这虽然是自身的本性使然;但亦与历代的文人墨客、隐逸君子的赏识推崇不无关系。而四君子之名的来源，我以为大概是出于古代的贤人君子，每每以梅兰竹菊自况，而梅兰竹菊四者也足以被用之来美喻其高风亮节之故吧。基于这种内在的品德之喻，“四君子”之称，也确实恰如其分了。

在写作的过程中我们偶尔会引用一些名言，下面是语文迷网整理的36个常用的名言，供大家阅读。

1、 More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

2、 Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

3、 All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

4、 A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

5、 Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

6、 Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

7、 Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

8、 well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

9、 It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

10、 Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

11、 Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

12、 Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

13、 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

14、 God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

15、 Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

16、 First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

17、 Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

18、 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

19、 live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

20、 Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

21、 East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

22、 Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

23、 Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

24、 Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

25、 The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

26、 Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

27、 An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

28、 As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

29、 Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

30、 One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

31、 Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

32、 A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

33、 Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

34、 All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

35、 Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

36、 To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

导语：借情于景，采用这种方法，能使情和景互相感应，互相交融，互相依托，从而创造一种物我一体的艺术境界，完善地表达作者的思想感情，有极强的感染力，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的2017高考写作素材之借景抒情，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.今天就是中秋节，我们全家一起在院子里赏月，皎洁的明月不禁引起我的无限遐想：圆圆的月亮中是否真的有着美丽的嫦娥仙子存在呢?是否真的有执着的吴刚在砍着月桂呢?是否有那纯洁的玉兔在仙子的怀抱……一切都是那么迷离。

2.我看到了，看到了，看到了日月星辰;我听到了，听到了，听到了天际回音;我想到了，想到了，想到了万物生灵;我闻到了，闻到了，闻到了天地间一人的芳香!站在窗前的我仰望天空，仰望那日月星辰，瞬息万变;我俯视大地，俯视那芸芸众生，和太安康!

3.夏日的午后，lucifer的羽翼遮天蔽日，重重阴霾笼罩人间，破碎的魔盒，释放黑暗与恐惧，孤独的舞者，小心的在天地的夹缝中生存，她微小但不卑贱，那坚定的目光划破长空，硬是撕开钢铁般的灰暗。

4.每个人的故事都会长大，臭小子和疯丫头变成了英俊少年和婷婷少女，那是一段充斥着叛逆逃离和波动的岁月，一如茧中之碟，苦苦挣扎着的青春，谁又敢，谁又能遗忘，这是一个蜕变的过程，痛并快乐着，为了证明我活着，我愿生如夏花般灿烂。

5.旋转，永不停息的旋转。像是上了发条的玩具，每个动作标准到不差毫分。她是人生的舞者，生命不息，舞蹈不止，跌倒，再爬起，受伤，咬牙继续。总有那么一种力量，让你能够再跌倒后站起，让您情愿受伤。那些被童话浸满了的日子，她最爱丑小鸭的努力，白天鹅的优雅，那些被梦萦绕着的岁月，她日夜不忘。

6.印象中的秋应该是杂草枯萎、树叶飘落、满目萧条的景象。如今眼前还是一片郁郁葱葱的景色，不免有几分反常。虽然说清晨起来能感到丝丝凉意，日落黄昏能体会到朦胧的悲凉，但感觉秋还是离我们那么遥远。可能面对同一片蓝，察觉不出秋那轻轻的脚步声，或许处在温暖的和谐的生活环境中，秋来得特别漫长。

7.不是树的冷漠无情，也不是风的追随，只因为叶的无奈……所以选择了离别。它知道选择离别，让它的老母亲伤心难过，让它的老母亲被别人说成了一个冷漠无情的人。但是它也没有办法，它也没有能力去改变这一切，因为从它长出来一后，它就被上帝安排好了命运，上帝的使命，无人能改变。

8.伴随夕阳，现代孔明，西边的落日，在天边的云霄中沉浮。火红的晚霞，早已染红半边天空。踏着田间的石子小路，来到你身边，放眼望去，你依旧是那样地变幻莫测。看着你永不停息的沉下山底，坐在河道旁的草地上，抚摸着那富有青春活力溪水，欣赏那河水与晚霞共长天一色，闻着小草下泥土的气息，嗅着夕阳下泥土的焦味，我的思绪早已飘到了远方。

9.秋已来临，可确实感觉不到秋的存在，其实是自己心境的原因。如果你保持一颗愉悦的心，生活就到处风景如画。我想到了我们老师说的一句话：“心在哪里，哪里就有亮丽的风景。”

10.脚不小心踩倒了几株小草，我蹲下身将她们扶起。草地是碧绿的，绿得含烟，绿得滴翠，仿佛一块无瑕的绿毡，轻盈得铺在地上，为大地穿上了绿衣，为世界带来了生机，将青翠欲滴的绿色送至每一个角落。无论是贫瘠的荒野，还是肥沃的土壤，哪里都有你的身影，“野火烧不惊，春风吹又生。”火烧不尽你，雨打不倒你，小草啊，是不是什么都阻挡不了你?荆棘丛生的成长之路上，若是也有小草这般闯劲，纵使鲜血淋漓，也能凭借顽强的毅力，开辟出属于自己的新天地。

11.轻轻吹过的微风中裹夹着几丝淡淡的清香，是从花丛那儿传来的。我走近花丛，轻触花朵，一朵朵叫得出叫不出名字的花儿们千姿百态地展现着自己的美丽。若是有一双鞋无情地踩了你，你也会倾尽所有把香气赠给鞋底。我该怎样形容你的无私?生活之中，亦是如此，少一份计较，多一份谦让，便也多一份美丽。

12.秋天空气挺清爽的，不像夏天那样浑浊了，不时也飘落几片树叶舞在水泥道上稀稀疏疏的，落叶随风飘舞时，像蝴蝶悠悠的舞姿，让人陶醉。忽而翻了几个跟头，忽而荡秋千似的，忽而又被风吹到远方去了。等到落在地上，便静静地不动了，带着丝丝缕缕。待下阵秋风到来，那时又像蝴蝶般起舞了。

13.水边的鸟刚悠闲地从河畔伴着云儿飞过，蝴蝶又在水面上飞舞，似乎给大地带来一份滋润，似乎新的希望马上来临。夕阳收回了最后一丝笑容，消失在西边的天空，鸟也归巢了，到处亮起盏盏明灯。此刻，我真切的感到心灵的踏实与自由，我又得到了安慰。

14.晨曦，天还未亮的时候，我借着微弱的灯光，来到窗台前。环视四周，天地间还沉浸在一片蒙胧之中。仰望天空，俯视大地，我感受到了其间的奥秘;天空洒下“醉意的粉尘”，大地的生灵都享受着这甜美的梦境!

15.天渐渐亮了，太阳以崭新的面貌再次露出红润的脸庞。顿时，放射出耀眼的光芒，着光芒照红了天;照明了地;照进了房屋;照亮了我的心。风，带着天地的灵气吹进我的胸膛;水，汇集天地的灵气流进我的心房!

16.月牙儿出来了，悠悠的挂在天上，像个慈祥的妈妈，笑眯眯的哄着地上的娃娃。月牙儿出来了，静悄悄的挂在天上，像个俏皮的娃娃，规规矩矩的看着稀稀朗朗的星星。月牙儿出来了，弯弯的挂在天上，像个金黄的小船，平稳地驮着那闪烁的金光。月牙儿出来了，轻轻地挂在天上，好像个笑着的眼睛，在黑暗的天空里，发出闪亮的光明。月牙儿出来了，多么美好，多么祥和，多么可爱!

17.生命中总有这么些时光，为春天百花争艳而迷恋，为夏天炫丽多姿而热诚，为秋天红叶洒疆而痴情，为冬天冰封万里而狂舞;踏着朝阳向青春问好，寻着微风向现在奋斗，伴着霞光向未来致敬;我们走过的流年，错过的风景，虚度的光阴，而时只剩下残缺的记忆，每一段都播放着喜与悲、苦与乐、泪水与欢笑。此时流年过半，我，你们都坚强。每一份辛酸都承载一段故事，我和你就书写在那春、那夏、那秋、那冬、那时时刻刻分分秒秒，因为那有你我完美的邂逅及微光的红晕。

18.操场边的绿化带里树立着一排苍翠挺拔的水杉，我走近它，用手抚摸它。疙疙瘩瘩的树皮上布满了斑驳的裂纹，组成了不规则的图案，透露出一种沧桑的美来，让人不由得想到那一个个风吹雨打电闪雷鸣的日子，时光流逝，四季变迁，水杉就像一名英勇的战士坚定地守在自己的岗位上寸步不离。酷暑炎炎，烈日当空，我仿佛看到他已经大汗淋漓，但他仍在为我们避暑遮阳;寒冬腊月，朔风凛凛我仿佛看到他已经瑟瑟发抖，他仍在为我们挡风避雨。水杉的毅力令我赞叹，令我倾佩。人生的道路上是充满障碍的，但若是有了水杉这种坚定不移的品质，又有什么能阻扰得了我们呢?

导语：一台机器，有千万颗齿轮和螺丝钉;一条大道，有无数块铺路石。雷锋把自己定位在“革命机器上的一个永不生锈的螺丝钉”上，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1、宝物放错地方就是废物。——富兰克林

2、一面镜子摔成许多碎片，镜中的世界就会错位。——培根

3、是光就有光的辐射，是星就有星的位置。——无名氏

天空中，不但有太阳，有月亮，更有数不清、叫不出名的繁星;舞台上，不但有主角，有配角，更有许多不能算“角”的“龙套”;庭院中，不但有大树，有鲜花，更多的是绿叶，是小草……

对于我们每一个人来说，不在于你是什么，而在于你是否摆正了自己的位置。也许大多数人都把目光聚焦于红花，但是，总会有人倾情于绿叶;绿叶完全有资格这样想，自己同样也是美的，是花园中不可或缺的。但是，如果你仅仅是一段朽木，能当柴火，却硬是要充房梁，一根锈铁，能当烧火棍，却硬要去造桥梁，那么你的错就大了，等待着你的无疑是屋毁桥垮，遗臭于万年。

古往今来，无数文人曾发出同一感慨，叫做“怀才不遇”。其实，从大道理上说，“是金子总会闪光”，有时候，只是自己都没有搞清楚自己是块怎样的“金子”，该放在哪一个合适的“位置”(哪里)上而已。李白“仰天大笑出门去，我辈岂是蓬蒿人”，但唐玄宗似乎比他清醒，认为李白“非廊庙器”，不是经邦济世之才，最终让李白回归于“诗仙”、“酒仙”;同样，如果柳永官运亨通，也许中国历史上就多了一个平庸的官员，在文学史上却少了一个极其出色的词人。宋徽宗感慨不幸生于帝王家，李煜不知道有没有相同的感慨，但他们在现实生活中的“位置”是他们所不能胜任的，让他们吃尽了苦头，这已是不争的事实。

如果你有才能，你应该尽量争取做元帅，做拿破仑;如果你才能不足，不妨做元帅、拿破仑身边的传令兵，在拿破仑的功绩之中也包含着你的努力。

有人说，“是光就有光的辐射，是星就有星的位置。”一台机器，有千万颗齿轮和螺丝钉;一条大道，有无数块铺路石。雷锋把自己定位在“革命机器上的一个永不生锈的螺丝钉”上，朋友，你呢?

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

英语写作少不了积累句型。以下是小编带来的2017英语写作必背经典句型【集锦】，希望对你有帮助。

the + 形容词最高级 + n. + (that) + S(主语) + have ever seen / known / heard / had / read, etc

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

(海伦是我见过的最美丽的女孩。)

Nothing is + 形容词比较级 + than to + V(谓语)

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

(没有比接受教育更重要的事。)

S cannot emphasize the importance of sth. too much：再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

(我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。)

There is no doubt + that + 句子：毫无疑问，……

例句：There is no doubt that the economy is recovering.

(毫无疑问，经济已经逐渐复苏。)

It pays to + V + O(宾语)：……是值得的。

例句：It pays to help others.

(帮助别人是值得的。)

An advantage of + 名词结构+ is that + 句子：……的优点是……

例句：An advantage of using solar energy is that it wont create any pollution.

(使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。)

There is no denying that + 句子：不可否认……

例句：There is no denying that the quality of our life has gone from good to better.

(不可否认，我们的生活质量日益改善。)

On no account can we + V：我们绝对不能……

例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

(我们绝不能无视知识的价值。)

It is universally acknowledged that + 句子：全世界都知道……

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable[不可或缺的] to us.

(全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。)

The reason why + 句子 + is that + 句子：……的原因是……

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

(我们必须种树的原因是它们能给我们提供新鲜空气。)

be closely related to sth.：与……息息相关

例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.

(做运动与健康息息相关。)

So + 形容词 + be + S + that + 句子：如此……以致于……

例句：So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

(时间是如此珍贵，它经不起我们浪费。)

It is time + S + 动词过去式：该是……的时候了。

例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

(有关当局是时候采取适当措施解决交通问题了。)

S + enable + O + to + V：……使……能够……

例句：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.

(听音乐使我们获得放松。)

be + forced / obliged / compelled + to + V：不得不……

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

(既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。)

a. + as + S + be, S + V + O：虽然……， 但是……

例句：Rich as our country is, the quality of our life is by no means satisfactory.

(虽然我们的国家富有，但我们的生活质量仍差强人意。)

It is conceivable / obvious / apparent that + 句子：可想而知/明显/显然……

例句：It is apparent that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

(显然，知识在我们人生中扮演着重要角色。)

The + 形容词比较级 + S + V, the + 形容词比较级 + S + V：……愈……，……愈……

例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

(愈努力，愈进步。)

Since + S + 动词过去式，S + 现在完成式： 自从……，……一直……

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

(自从上了高中，他一直很用功。)

By + V-ing, S can V：通过……，……能够……

例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

(通过做运动，我们能够保持健康。)

be based on sth.：以.……为基础

例句：Progress in society is based on harmony.

(社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。)

That is the reason why +句子：那就是……的原因

例句：Summer is sultry[闷热的]. That is the reason why I dont like it.

(夏天很闷热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。)

There is no one but + V + O：没有人不……

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

(没有人不渴望上大学。)

Due to / Owing to / Thanks to + sth. / V-ing：因为/ 多亏……

例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

(因为他的鼓励，我终于实现了梦想。)

For the past + 时间, S + 现在完成式： 过去的……来，……一直……

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

(过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。)

What a + a. + n. + S + V!= How + a. + a + n. + V!：多么……!

例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise! / How important a thing it is to keep our promise! (遵守诺言是多么重要的事!)

get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V：养成……的习惯

例句：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

(我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。)

leave much to be desired：令人不满意

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

(我们的交通状况令人不太满意。)

Those who + V + O：那些……的人

例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

(违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。)

have a great influence on sth.：对……有很大影响

例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.

(抽烟对我们的健康有很大影响。)

spare no effort to + V：不遗余力地……

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

(我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。)

do good / harm to sth.：对……有益/有害

例句：Reading does good to our mind.

(读书对心灵有益。)

pose a great threat to sth.：对……造成很大威胁

例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

(污染对我们的生存造成很大威胁。)

bring home to + S + O：让……明白……

例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.

(我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。)

do ones utmost to + V = do ones best to + V：尽全力去……

例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

(我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。)

导语：乔丹作为一名公众人物，在享有较高的社会回报的同时，也应该意识到其所肩负的社会道义和责任。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关高考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

篮球上帝乔丹在一次中国之行中，拒绝乘坐主办方为他提供的奔驰、宝马，而是点名要了美国的道奇山羊。原来乔丹有一条重要的商业原则，那就是“做广告从来只做美国货”，因为，座驾事件与“尊严”息息相关。

从某种意义上说，球场外的乔丹给崇拜他的那些青少年们上了堂很好的思想品德教育课，这才是一个“星”真正的道德良知和社会责任。相反，我们的各种“星”们，同样作为

青少年们顶礼膜拜的偶像，他们的表现又如何呢?我们知道有的歌星歌唱得不怎么样，却热衷于把奇形怪态遁入极端;有些影星不在表演上下功夫，却老是以绯闻来炒作自己;还有那些所谓的足球明星，球踢得极烂，可酗酒、打架等丑闻不断。在未成年人思想道德建设方面，我们的“星”们有着不可推卸的社会责任，从这个角度来说，是不是应该好好学学人家乔丹呢?

分析：作为一名公众人物，在享有较高的社会回报的同时，也应该意识到其所肩负的社会道义和责任。

话题：“责任”“青少年领袖”

导语：作文素材的运用可以使作文更好的表达我们的主题思想，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

林则徐一生大起大落,曾多次受罚,甚至连降四级、五级,但无论怎样,他始终以人民利益作为自己一生的责任。且不说虎门销烟,单就充军发配新疆一例可见一斑。作为一个犯人,而且年老体弱,在充军途中,遇上了开封段黄河决堤,他义无反顾地冲上了前线,主持治水,并被特许迟缓发配一年之久。到达新疆后,他又带领当地百姓开垦农田,三年内开田竟达三千七百多公顷,并主持修建了一条长长的水渠,把天山上的雪水引下来灌溉土地,变荒地为良田,这渠一直沿用至今,已有一百六十多年的历史了。林则徐做这一切的时候,正是他在最不得志的时候,在最荒凉的地方,顶着最难理解的屈辱,干着最普通、最费力、最不容易露脸的事。但只要有利于人民、有利于国家、有利于后代,便在所不辞,管他是沉还是浮!像这样忠心耿耿为人民做事的人,人民怎能忘怀?

【温馨提示】运用这则材料时,我们不但要看到林则徐为人民所做的一系列好事,还要注意到那个时期是林则徐一生中最为艰难的时期。我们可以站在林则徐的立场上去细细揣摩他当时的心理活动过程;也可以再现当时情景,仔细描述他为民办实事的前后始末;还可以将其他人物的行为拿来对比,以突出林则徐为国为民的高尚情操。这则材料适用于“责任”、“奉献”、“考验”、“处世”、“美”、“风度”、“驾驭自己”等话题。

1、但是，和无常开玩笑，是大家都有此意的，因为他爽直，爱发议论，有人情，——要寻真实的朋友，倒还是他妥当。

赏析：这句话透露出鲁迅先生对无常的敬佩之情，从对他的尊称“无常先生”可以看出。既然连一个鬼都可以如此赋有人情味，那我们作为一个人又何尝不可呢?所以鲁迅先生也是要借无常的“重人情”来启示我们。作为一个人，法理固然重要，但也要像无常先生一样赋有浓烈的同情心。整篇文章都洋溢着作者对无常的敬佩及赞美之情，先写小时候对他的害怕，和现在对他的敬佩作对比，也拿阎罗王的昏庸和死无常的可怕与之作对比，突出活无常的善心。作者也是想告诉我们，连鬼都有如此善心，人又应该怎样呢?

2、我们现在走的是一条狭窄险阻的小路，左面是一个广漠无际的泥潭，右面也是一片广漠无际的浮砂，前面是遥遥茫茫荫在薄雾的里面的目的地。

赏析：这是鲁迅先生写的乡下人不可能做到的事。我很喜欢这句话，他对当时乡下人的生活理念用深刻而美好的语言描绘得淋漓尽致。鲁迅认为乡下人不会写出这种“热昏似的妙语”，也写出了当时乡下人的素质低下，为后文写活无常作铺垫。

3、不肯用灵丹点在舌头上，又想不出“冤愆”来，自然，单吃了一百多天的“败鼓皮丸”有什么用呢?依然打不破水肿，父亲终于躺在床上喘气了。还请一回陈莲河先生，这回是特拔，大洋十元。他仍旧泰然的开了一张方，但已停止败鼓皮丸不用，药引也不很神妙了，所以只消半天，药就煎好，灌下去，却从口角上回了出来。

简析：鲁迅留学日本是学医的，本文他用切身的体会对当时中国医学的落后观念和落后现状进行了痛切地揭露和剥析，甚至有“中医是有意无意的骗子”这样极而言之的话，他用一个思想深刻的医学生的良知和洞察力，击中了因循守旧的传统观念的要害，并且也显示了要救人身先救人心的思想转变历程，中国后来可能少了一个思想激进/操守严明的好医生，却有了一个为民族人民呐喊警世的大文学家，从本文中正可看到其伟大转变的的缘由。

4、先生读书入神的时候，于我们是很相宜的。有几个便用纸糊的盔甲套在指甲上做戏。我是画画儿，用一种叫作“荆川纸”的，蒙在小说的绣像上一个个描下来，象习字时候的影写一样。读的书多起来，画的画也多起来;书没有读成，画的成绩却不少了，最成片断的是《荡寇志》和《西游记》的绣像，都有一大本。后来，因为要钱用，卖给一个有钱的同窗了。他的父亲是开锡箔店的;听说现在自己已经做了店主，而且快要升到绅士的地位了。这东西早已没有了罢。

简析：在三味书屋，虽然有寿先生严厉的教诲，却仍耐不过学生们心中的孩子气，当他读书读得入神时，却没发现他的学生正在干着各式各样的事，有的正用纸糊的盔甲套在指甲上优质戏，而鲁迅正聚精会神地在画画…… 一切感受都是那么天真烂漫、令人回味，也许是引起了我心中的共鸣吧，真不懂自己怎么会那么喜爱《朝花夕拾》中的一篇，尤其是作者以一个孩子的眼光看世界，读起来让人感到亲切，充满激情。

5、不必说碧绿的菜畦，光滑的石井栏，高大的皂荚树，紫红的桑椹;也不必说鸣蝉在树叶里长吟，肥胖的黄蜂伏在菜花上，轻捷的叫天子(云雀)忽然从草间直窜向云霄里去了。单是周围的短短的泥墙根一带，就有无限趣味。油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。翻开断砖来，有时会遇见蜈蚣;还有斑蝥，倘若用手指按住它的脊梁，便会拍的一声，从后窍喷出一阵烟雾。何首乌藤和木莲藤缠络着，木莲有莲房一般的果实，何首乌有拥肿的根。有人说，何首乌根是有象人形的，吃了便可以成仙，我于是常常拔它起来，牵连不断地拔起来，也曾因此弄坏了泥墙，却从来没有见过有一块根象人样。如果不怕刺还可以摘到覆盆子，象小珊瑚珠攒成的小球，又酸又甜，色味都比桑椹要好得远。美文阅读网

简析：初一时就背过的文章，当时觉得索然无味， 现在读一读倒觉得乐在其中。首先两个“不必说”勾起读者兴趣，“单是”更引人入胜。两个“不必”本已情趣盎然，可见那“周围的短短的泥墙根一带”更是其乐无穷啊!还有后面的“油蛉”“蟋蟀”等等同样也富有丰富的童年乐趣。meiwen.com.cn

6、人呢，能直立了，自然是一大进步;能说话了，自然又是一大进步;能写字作文了，自然又是一大进步。然而也就堕落，因为那时也开始了说空话。说空话尚无不可，甚至于连自己也不知道说着违心之论，则对于只能嗥叫的动物，是在免不得“颜厚有忸怩”。

赏析：人类总是在赞扬着自己的进步，以自己那些自己有禽兽没有的能力而自豪骄傲，以自己能思考而洋洋得意。虽然人类的确值得为这些高兴欢喜，但是却不曾认真想过，正因为人类所拥有的这些能力使得人类社会变得如此的复杂，甚至使得我们开始向往那些头脑简单的禽兽的单纯的世界。鲁迅在此说明这些道理，也是让人们反省一下， 自己所拥有的这些能力，不是让我们用来说空话昧良心的!

7、我总要上下四方寻求，得到一种最黑，最黑，最黑的咒文，先来诅咒一切反对白话，妨害白话者。即使人死了真有灵魂，因这最恶的心，应该堕入地狱，也将绝不改悔，总要先来诅咒一切反对白话，妨害白话者。

赏析：这段话虽没有什么华丽的辞藻或者优美的语句，甚至相反的是一种似于骂人的话，可我从这段话中却深深地感受到了鲁迅先生的那种气愤和对于那些顽固者的无奈，他发展白话文是为了下一代，也是为了文学的新篇章的开启!

8、在百静中，我似乎头里要伸出许多铁钳，将什么“生于太荒”之流夹住;也听到自己急急诵读的声音发着抖，仿佛深秋的蟋蟀，在夜中鸣叫似的。

赏析：这是鲁迅先生在即将去东关看五猖会是，却被父亲突然叫住，让他背完一篇古文才准许一家人去的时候心里的感慨。我很同情他，本来是一件很高兴地事，却要背古文，真的是很扫兴，而且又没有人帮助他。从“在百静中”“仿佛深秋的蟋蟀，在夜中鸣叫似的”这些语句中深深体会到了作者的无助无奈以及扫兴。

9、一个人做到只剩了回忆的时候，生涯大概总要算是无聊了罢，但有时竟会连回忆也没有。

赏析：鲁迅先生说“这十篇就是从记忆中抄出来的，与实际容或有些不同，然而我现在只记得是这样。”这说明当时他做引的时候，对文章当时书写的情形已经记忆不太清楚了，但是文章又确实存在，所以他就感觉很矛盾，“既然记忆是美好的，但是很多我缺又忘记了。”这是他的一种表达方式，鲁迅先生的文章很多都是这种杂文的语气，带点思考，也带点批判。

10、东京也无非是这样。上野的樱花烂熳的时节，望去确也像绯红的轻云，但花下也缺不了成群结队的“清国留学生”的速成班，头顶上盘着大辫子，顶得学生制帽的顶上高高耸起，

形成一座富士山。也有解散辫子，盘得平的，除下帽来，油光可鉴，宛如小姑娘的发髻一般，还要将脖子扭几扭。实在标致极了。

赏析：东京也无非是这样”中“无非”理解为(“不过”)，表达出作者(对清国留学生的厌恶，和不屑与之为伍)的情感。“这样”指代(留学生的丑态)，为下文作铺垫，体现了作者的失望、矛盾、痛苦、厌恶。“确”表示另一种更大的可能性;“但”表示补充说明，“但”字后面的话是作者真正想说的内容。

导语：没有一个真正富强的国家不把人才当作国宝的，或者应该倒过来说，不把人才当国宝的国家，不可能真正富强。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1、文化，在大街小巷里，在市场广场上，在孩子们的教室里，在报社的编辑台上，在警察的秘密档案夹里，在城市的任何公共空间里，在我们整个呼吸、工作、睡觉、游玩、思考的生活环境中，我们的生活内容和生活品质被文化政策所决定。对于这么重要的一件国家大计，政治人物却视若无睹，毋宁是件怪异的事。

2、文化其实体现在一个人如何对待他人、对待自己、如何对待自己所处的自然环境。在一个文化厚实深沉的社会里，人懂得尊重自己——他不苟且，因为不苟且所以有品位;人懂得尊重别人——他不霸道，因为不霸道所以有道德;人懂得尊重自然——他不掠夺，因为不掠夺所以有永续的智能。品位、道德、智能，是文化积累的总和。

3、人生其实像一条从宽阔的平原走进森林的路。在平原上同伴可以结伙而行，欢乐地前推后挤、相濡以沫;一旦进入森林，草丛和荆棘挡路，各人专心走各人的路，寻找各人的方向，那推推挤挤的群体情感，那无忧无虑无猜忌的同侪深情，在人的一生中也只有少年期有。离开这段纯洁而明亮的阶段，路其实可能愈走愈孤独。你将被家庭羁绊，被责任捆绑，被自己的野心套牢，被人生的复杂和矛盾压抑，你往丛林深处走去，愈走愈深，不复再有阳光似的伙伴。到了熟透的年龄，即使在群众的怀抱中，你都可能觉得寂寞无比。你的工作能给你多少自由?走进人生的丛林之后，自由却往往要看你被迫花多少时间在闪避道路上的荆棘。

4、文化是基础国民教育，它奠定国民的品位教养。文化是生活，它决定我们眼睛所见、耳朵所听、手所触摸、心所思虑的整体环境的美丑。文化是经济，它的产业所值──媒体、设计、建筑、音乐、电影、电子、广告、文学、体育、观光旅游……早就是先进国家的经济项目大宗。文化是外交、当政治协商触礁、军事行动不可的时候，文化是消弭敌意惟一的方法。尤其对于弱势国家，文化可以是以柔克刚的军队、温柔渗透的武器。文化更是一个国家的心灵和大脑，它的思想有多么深厚、它的想像力有多么活泼、创意有多么灿烂奔放、它自我挑战、自我超越的企图心有多么旺盛，彻底决定一个国家的真实国力和它的未来。

5、思想需要经验的累积，灵感需要感受的沉淀，最细致的体验需要最宁静透彻的观照。累积、沉淀、宁静观照，哪一样可以在忙碌中产生呢?我相信，奔忙，使作家无法写作，音乐家无法谱曲，画家无法作画，学者无法著述。奔忙，使思想家变成名嘴，使名嘴变成娱乐家，使娱乐家变成聒噪小丑。闲暇、逗留，确实是创造力的有机土壤，不可或缺。

6、民主是什么?民主就是发表了任何意见不怕有人秋后算账;民主就是权利被侵犯的时候可以理直气壮地讨回，不管你是什么阶级什么身份;民主就是不必效忠任何党，不必讨好任何人，也可以堂堂正正地过日子;民主就是打开电视不必忍受主播道德凛然地说谎;民主就是不必为了保护孩子而训练他从小习惯谎言;民主就是享受各种自由而且知道那自由不会突然被拿走，因为它不是赐予的;民主并非只是选举投票，它是生活方式，是思维方式，是你每天呼吸的空气、举手投足的修养，个人回转的空间。

7、人本是散落的珍珠，随地乱滚，文化就是那根柔弱又强韧的细线，将珠子穿起来成为社会。当公民社会不再依赖皇权或神权来巩固它的底座，文化、历史是公民社会最重要的黏合剂。

8、文化?它是随便一个人迎面走来，他的举手投足，他的一颦一笑，他的整体气质。他走过一棵树，树枝低垂，他是随手把枝折断丢弃，还是弯身而过?一只满身是癣的流浪狗走近他，他是怜悯地避开，还是一脚踢过去?电梯门打开，他是谦抑地让人，还是霸道地把别人挤开?一个盲人和他并肩路口，绿灯亮了，他会搀那盲者一把吗?他与别人如何擦身而过?他如何低头系上自己松了的鞋带?他怎么从卖菜的小贩手里接过找来的零钱?

9、现在石库门根本是把上海原本的居民迁走了之后，先掏空它，然后把它弄得非常漂亮，进来消费的人都是有钱的某个阶级的人，台湾人、西方人、有钱的上海人，那是少数人。你把原来的我们所珍惜的市民文化拿掉，然后把一种新形态的、资本主义的殖民文化放进去，你要告诉我说这个就是传统和现代的衔接的最好典范，那差太远了。

10、有些青年人追求时尚，不谈政治，实际上就是只关心自己的事情。社会就像一个巨大的滚动着的车，总有人在里面自顾自地行乐。所幸的是，总有人探出头来看看这辆车究竟跑在哪里。

11、所谓父女母子一场，只不过意味着，你和他的缘分就是今生今世不断地在目送他的背影渐行渐远。你站在小路的这一端，看着他逐渐消失在小路转弯的地方，而且，他用背影默默地告诉你，不用追。

12、中国人，你为什么不生气?!你怎么能够不生气呢?你怎么还有良心躲在角落里做"沉默的大多数"?你以为你是好人，但是就因为你不生气、你忍耐、你退让，所以摊贩把你的家搞得像个破落大杂院，所以台北的交通一切乌烟瘴气，所以淡水河是条烂肠子;就是因为你不讲话、不骂人、不表示意见，所以你疼爱的娃娃每天吃着、喝着、呼吸着化学毒素，你还在梦想他大学毕业的那一天：你忘了，几年前在南部有许多孕妇，怀胎九月中，她们也闭着眼梦想孩子长大的那一天。却没想到吃了滴滴纯净的沙拉油，孩子生下来是瞎的、黑的!

13、为了一个自认“崇高”的目标，整肃意见相左的人，不惜滥杀无辜，以制造震吓效果，是民间做的，叫做恐怖主义。政府为之，叫做国家恐怖主义。

14、遥远的10世纪，宋朝汉人和辽国胡人在荒凉的战场上连年交战。杨四郎家人一一壮烈阵亡，自己被敌人俘虏，娶了聪慧善良的铁镜公主，在异域苟活15年，日夜思念母亲。悲剧的高潮就在四郎深夜潜回宋国探望老母的片刻。卡在“汉贼不两立”的政治斗争之间，在爱情和亲情无法两全之间，在个人处境和国家利益严重冲突之间，四郎跪在地上对母亲痛哭失声：“千拜万拜，赎不过儿的罪来……”。

15、太疼的伤口，你不敢去碰触;太深的忧伤，你不敢去安慰;太残酷的残酷，有时候，你不敢去注视。

16、在一个大厅里为“四郎探母”流泪的人群，在一个广场上为泰雅族长老的古曲顶着大雨不去的人群，在一个公园里听乐团演奏悲怆“江河水”纪念死难同胞的人群，或者是，在一个图书馆里聆听一场诗歌朗诵的人群，在政府大楼前面用行动剧来抗议示威的人群，在校园里为一个热门乐团尖叫晕眩的人群，其实是在进行一个重要的仪式：他们正在一个“社会共识体验营”里认识彼此，加深感情，建立共同的价值观。表面上是音乐的流动、影像的演出，语言的传递，更深层的，其实是“生命共同体”意识的萌芽，文化认同的逐渐成形，公民社会的塑造。

17、如果个人创造力和想像力被容许奔放，那么这个社会的总体创造力也会是生机蓬勃、创意充沛的。如果这个社会的共同价值观的形成，是透过公民的深度参与和彼此碰撞激荡而逐渐形成的，那么这个社会的共识——也就是身份认同——也会是凝聚而坚定，向心力强大的，不易解体。反过来说，如果个人创造力和想像力是受到约束的──书可能被封，歌可能被禁，作家可能被放逐，学者可能被监禁，异议者可能被打断脊椎，那么这个社会的总体创造力必定是败絮其中的。在其中，社会共识不会来自人民的想像力和自发意志，而来自从上而下的政治权力的恐吓和操纵，“生命共同体”的情感不易产生，共同承担未来的公民意识也难以发展。

18、一个历史古城，应该让每一条深巷横渠都被温柔地保留下来，每一栋老房子老庙都被细心地修复，还是应该被当作不合时宜的腐朽，进步的障碍，连根刨起?我们生活的城市，需不需要温柔和细心?而“腐朽”和“进步”又究竟是什么意思?我们追求的愿景是什么?这愿景的蓝图由谁来画?谁有资格来画?一张新地图，过了一个月就不能再使用，因为一半的街道改了方向、另外一半不见了──这是不是一个城市的幸福所系?

19、百年老树挡在一条都市计划道路中间，是将老树连根拔起抛弃，还是让道路为老树转弯?街头艺人是增加了城市的魅力还是带来公共秩序的混乱?在城市最严肃、最神圣、最大的广场上，可不可以让小丑撒野、幼儿奔跑?可不可以让行为艺术家以裸体讽刺，让社会运动家以行动抗议?要回答这些挑战的，是文化政策。

20、一个社会特立独行的人越多，天分、才气、道德、勇气就越多。

21、有些事，只能一个人做。有些关，只能一个人过。有些路啊，只能一个人走。

22、所谓公民意识，基本上就是一个社会里的个人清晰地认识到几个基本原则，譬如：一、政府存在的目的是“为人民服务”，因此当它不称职的时候，撤换它重组它是不必商量的根本权利。二、政府就是会腐败，而且一定会隐瞒真相，因此公民必须把自己的监督权发挥到极致。三、促进社会进步，公民不能消极地被领导，他必须主动、积极，他必须强悍。他要从跪着的位置站起来。

23、是民主，使台湾变了。政府机构、军事单位从长期霸占的都市核心撤走;庶民历史重要，因此历史街区得到保存;族群意识高涨，弱势的权力——不论是语言文字还是宗教信仰，得到平等保障;市民参与政府决策，因此城市的改造由市民意愿主导。如果说，民主政府的效率低，是的，那是因为政府必须停下脚步来听人民说话，很费时间。可是，你要一个肯花时间来听你说话的政府呢，还是一个招呼都不打就可以从你身上快速碾过的政府呢?

24、你或许对台湾民主的所谓“乱”有新的理解。它所有的“乱”，在我个人眼中看来，都是民主的必修课;它所有的“跌倒”都是必须的实践，因为只有真正跌倒了，你才真正地知道，要怎么再站起来，跌倒本身就是一种考试。

25、国家是会说谎的;掌权者是会腐败的;反对者是会堕落的;政治权力不是唯一的压迫来源，资本也可能一样的压迫。而正因为权力的侵蚀无所不在，所以个人的权利，比如言论的自由，是每个人都要随时随地、寸土必争、绝不退让的。

26、龙应台：我其实也诚实地在问自己，思考了之后我自己觉得，天呀，如果我的孩子能够平安而且快乐，不管杰不杰出，我都已经很感谢了，所谓的“ 成功”好像真的不重要。事实上，这种情形已经发生了，很多我台北、香港的朋友，他们的儿子女儿都在哈佛、剑桥读书，顶尖的优秀，我的儿子还在寻找人生的意义和方向，而且并不以“杰出”作为人生志向。以“不能输在起跑点上”的逻辑来说，他已经差一大截了。但是那一次的“阳台夜话”，我整理了自己的思绪，是的，我可以接受我的孩子“平庸”，重要的是他们在人生里找到意义。1975年我离开台湾到美国去留学的时候，走在美国的大学校园里头，天上深蓝深蓝的一片云都没有，阳光照在绿油油的草地上，一片无边无际的草地。8月，还没有开学，美国18岁、20岁的人光着臂膀、穿着短裤、球鞋、骑着脚踏车在你面前悠来悠去，我最无法忘怀的就是：咦，怎么他们每个人看着都那么轻松，那么没负担?从他们肢体的语言我就已经发现了，我们差别很大，他们身上没有那个几千年的国家重任。

27、这个世界再怎么现实再怎么野蛮，最终赢得国际尊敬的，不是市场或武力，而仍是一个国家文明和道德的力量。今天美国失去好大一部分世人的尊敬，不是由于它的国力减弱，而是由于虐囚事件暴露之后它所丧失的道德立场。中国要得到泱泱大国应得的尊敬，不在于市场之大，国土之广，人口之多，而于道德担当的有无。

28、每个时代都有思考和不思考的人。

29、太疼的伤口，你不敢去碰触;太深的忧伤，你不敢去安慰;太残酷的残酷，有时候，你不敢去注视。

30、没有一个真正富强的国家不把人才当作国宝的，或者应该倒过来说，不把人才当国宝的国家，不可能真正富强。

31、凡是从专制统治解放出来的社会，在独裁者或者殖民者走了以后，会有一种近切的需要，需要重新面对被扭曲、被伪造的历史，用自己的眼睛彻底找出真实的自己。

32、一个国家的元首，在我的理解，有四个核心的责任：第一，不管国家处境多么艰困，他要有能耐使人民以自己的国家为荣，使国民有一种健康的自豪感。第二，不管在野势力如何强悍，他要有能耐凝聚人民的认同感，对国家认同，对社会认同，尤其是对彼此认同。第三，他要有能耐提得出国家的长远愿景。人民认同这个愿景，心甘情愿为这个愿景共同努力。第四，他不必是圣人，但他必须有一定的道德高度，去对外代表全体人民，对内象征社会的价值共识。

33、她也有一个希望中国崛起之梦，但中国的这个崛起，不应该只是来自于片面的军事力量或经济富强，因为这样的大国很危险;她希望看到中国的“大国崛起”，是根源于文明的崛起"。

导语：不要远离信任，因为信任的本质是一把双刃剑，信任会使我们活的轻松。信任是需要付出感情的一种心理的活动，是一种属于在众多理由中如何抉择的艰难孕育的产物，更是一种智慧。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的中考写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一艘货轮在烟波浩淼的大西洋上行使。一个在船尾搞勤杂的黑人小孩不慎掉进了波涛滚滚的大西洋。孩子大喊救命，无奈风大浪急，船上的人谁也没有听见，他眼睁睁的看着货轮拖着浪花越走越远......

求生的本能使孩子在冰冷的海水里拼命地游，他用尽全身的力气挥动着瘦小的双臂，努力使头伸出水面，睁大眼睛盯着轮船远去的方向。

船越走越远，船身越来越小，到后来，什么都看不见了，只剩下一望无际的汪洋。孩子的力气也快用完了，实在游不动了，他觉得自己要沉下去了。放弃吧，他对自己说。这时候，他想起老船长那张慈祥的脸和友善的眼神。不，船长知道我掉进海里后，一定会来救我的!想到这里，孩子鼓足勇气用生命的最后力量又朝前游去......

船长终于发现那黑人孩子失踪了，当他断定孩子是掉进海里后，下令返航，回去找。这时，有人规劝："这么长时间了，就是没有被淹死，也让鲨鱼吃了......"船长犹豫了一下，还是决定回去找。又有人说："为一个黑奴孩子，值得吗?"船长大喝一声："住嘴!"

终于，在那孩子就要沉下去的最后一刻，船长赶到了，救起了孩子。

当孩子苏醒起来之后，跪在地上感谢船长的救命之恩时，船长扶起孩子问：

"孩子，你怎么能坚持这么长时间?"

孩子回答："我知道您会来救我的，一定会的!"

"你怎么知道我一定会来救你的?"

"因为我知道你是那样的人!"

听到这里，白发苍苍的船长"扑通"一声跪在黑人孩子面前，泪流满面："孩子。不是我救了你，而是你救了我啊!虽然我现在很幸福--因为你在绝望时还那么地相信我，但我却为我在那一刻的犹豫而感到羞耻......"

【故事感悟】：

一个人能被他人相信也是一种幸福。尤其是当他人在绝望时想起你，相信你会给予拯救更是一种幸福。

在我们现在的社会，充满了好多的猜测与不信任，即使有的人是真心的帮助别人也会被看做是假意的伪装，但是我们需要信任!

不要远离信任，因为信任的本质是一把双刃剑，信任会使我们活的轻松。信任是需要付出感情的一种心理的活动，是一种属于在众多理由中如何抉择的艰难孕育的产物，更是一种智慧。有人说过：世界上最难的事莫过于和人打交道。对于这种观点和感叹，我是持同意的态度的。一个在没有完全准备好角色内容而匆匆跨入社会的人，首先面对的是一个个有着思维的“高级动物”，面对着自己从客观上对自己智商的挑战和自己全方位的斗争。这种任何人不愿意去做但又不可避免地必须去做的现实，是一种不能用车载斗量所能承接起来的任务。也就是这种可以伴随终生的善变的现实，就要求你学会自己给自己适度的减压，而减压的方式之一则是学会信任别人，学会判识什么样的人是可以信任的。因为只有这样，你就会少一个竞争的对象，你就会多一个同舟共济的朋友，你就会获取一根可以助力的拐杖，你就会在心中已经“过饱和库存”里少设一道带刺的篱笆和屏障。

信任的产品是友谊。多一份友谊总是快乐的，没有人会傻得连友谊这样的产品拒之门外。因此，定义信任为一把双刃剑是合理的。而如何挥舞着把双刃剑，那就不是仅仅需要和年龄一起长大的所谓的经验，则更需要智慧。要知道，有的人一辈子是拿不起这把双刃剑的，就如他一辈子不知道成熟一样。

在这个大千世界里我们要要学会自信，学会相信自己，学会相信别人。适当的警惕是必须的，但那不是用来对待自己的爱人或朋友，你要学会信任自己与信任别人。

你学会相信别人的同时，你也会丰富自己，相信他人会让我们每一个人心里之间的距离会越来越近，让我们的世界充满信任吧!

导语：“一带一路”促进了沿线各民族之间深入的文化交流。民相亲在于心相通，“一带一路”是贸易之路，更是友谊之路，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

“一带一路”，不但要从东亚之端这个点上看世界，还要从天山之巅、欧亚之脊这条线上看世界，更要从三大洋五大洲的交汇圈上看世界

作为中国在新的历史条件下实行全方位开放的重大举措，“一带一路”不仅唤起了沿线各民族的历史记忆，还将中国同沿线国家的发展密切联系起来，赋予沿线各民族交流以全新的时代内涵。可以说，“一带一路”呈现出的壮阔画卷，既是工笔画，又是写意画。

一方面，“一带一路”寓“工笔”于精雕细琢、深耕细作，熔政策沟通、道路联通、贸易畅通、货币流通、民心相通于一炉，将内地民族、边疆民族与跨境民族，将传统民族与现代民族、陆地民族与海洋民族有机联系起来，描绘出沿线各民族交流的多彩画卷。另一方面，“一带一路”寓“写意”于大构想、大格局，通过虚实结合、多双边结合、“带”与“路”相结合、倡导推进与开放包容相结合，使“一带一路”由“倡议”转化为“建设”的现实图景，彰显了将沿线各民族一并纳入利益共同体、责任共同体、命运共同体的历史担当。

“一带一路”促进了沿线各民族之间普遍的经济联系。习近平总书记提出的“欢迎大家搭乘中国发展的列车”，形象地道出了我国的发展契机也是沿线各民族共同发展的历史契机。从发展愿景来看，“一带一路”统筹我国同沿线各民族的共同利益以及具有差异性的利益关切，寻找并建构更多利益交汇点，充分调动沿线各民族的积极性主动性，发展相互补充、相互促进的产业链、供应链和价值链，创造多元共生、充满活力的经济繁荣，使不同民族、不同阶层、不同人群都能分享到“一带一路”实实在在的红利。

“一带一路”促进了沿线各民族之间广泛的社会交往。国之交在于民相亲，“一带一路”构筑了东西方各民族之间交流交往的桥梁纽带，畅通了各民族山水相连、命运相依的地缘大通道，打造了形式多样、内容丰富、异彩纷呈的广泛“朋友圈”。社会交往方式引领塑造各民族的生产生活方式，在“一带一路”推进实施中，不仅有小范围、高层次的元首外交、政府合作和政党对话，也有以市场为基础、以企业为主体的多样态经济合作平台，不仅有教育、医疗、科技合作交流等方面的“高大上”项目，也有民间智库、社会公益组织、青年志愿者之间的“草根”情谊。

“一带一路”促进了沿线各民族之间深入的文化交流。民相亲在于心相通，“一带一路”是贸易之路，更是友谊之路;是物质文明圈，更是精神文明圈。“一带一路”开启了新视野，以“一带”和“一路”这两翼为支撑，纵贯陆地和海洋，不但要从东亚之端这个点上看世界，还要从天山之巅、欧亚之脊这条线上看世界，更要从三大洋五大洲的交汇圈上看世界。

当前，在国际政治乱象丛生，“逆全球化”潮流涌动，区域不稳定因素复杂交织的历史当口，“一带一路”营造了文明对话、文化交流的新契机。秉持和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢的丝路精神，推进各民族文化、多种文明之间宽容、共生、交流、交融，方能更好筑牢百花齐放春满园的文化基石。

导语：责任就是对自己要求去做的事情有一种爱。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

中国传统知识分子非常注重社会责任的承担，"修身"的目的是为了"治国平天下"。强调"为天地立心，为生民立命，为往圣继绝学，为万世开太平。"范仲淹说"先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。"

青年马克思曾说："如果我们选择了最能为人类福利而劳动的职业，那么，我们就不会被它的重负所压倒，因为这是为全人类所做出的牺牲;那时，我们感到的将不是一点点自私而可怜的欢乐，我们的幸福将属于千百万人。我们的事业并不显赫一时，但将永远存在，而面对我们的骨灰，高尚的人们将洒下热泪。"(马克思17岁时作《青年在选择职业时的考虑》)

人类跋涉的历史长河中，各个阶段总会出现伟大的思想家，以超人的智慧洞察世界的本质，以卓越的思想推动社会的进步，马克思就是其中杰出的一员。

尽管责任有时使人厌烦，但不履行责任，只能是懦夫，不折不扣的废物。--刘易斯

每个人都被生命询问，而他只有用自己的生命才能回答此问题;只有以"负责"来答复生命。因此，"能够负责"是人类存在最重要的本质。--维克多.弗兰克

要使一个人显示他的本质，叫他承担一种责任是最有效的办法。--毛姆

责任就是对自己要求去做的事情有一种爱。--歌德

社会是一个由众多个体组成的大家庭，唯有自觉承担起彼此的职责才能让整个社会和谐向上地发展，因此谈责任应该与社会发展紧密结合起来，这样才能更深刻更透彻。

一名公交车司机行车途中突发心脏病，在生命的最后一分钟里，做了三件事：把车缓缓地停在马路边，并用生命的最后力气拉下了手动刹车闸;把车门打开，让乘客安全地下了车;--将发动机熄火，确保了车和乘客、行人的安全。他做完了这三件事，安详地趴在方向盘上停止了呼吸。这名司机叫黄志全，所有的大连人都记住了他的名字。

一个普通的名字，一个普通的工人，却带来这样大的震撼力，源于那份高度的责任心，为了让乘客安全，他把自己的生死暂放一边，完成了自己的职责，他安详地离去。这是一个尽职的工人，这更是一个伟大的灵魂。

20世纪初的一位美国意大利移民叫弗兰克，经过艰苦的积蓄开办了一家小银行。但一次银行遭抢劫导致了他不平凡的经历。他破了产，储户失去了存款。当他带着一个妻子和四个儿女从头开始的时候，他决定偿还那笔天文数字般的存款。所有的人都劝他："你为什么要这样做呢?这件事你是没有责任的。"但他回答："是的，在法律上也许我没有责任，但在道义上，我有责任，我应该还钱。"偿还的代价是三十年的艰苦生活，寄出最后一笔"债务"时，他轻叹："现在我终于无债一身轻了。"

弗兰克用一生的辛酸和汗水写出两个工整的字，那就是"责任"二字，他寄出的不是债务，而是他闪光的心。勇于承担自己的责任，即便是还债，也无悔无憾，他带给了社会巨大的财富，因为他教会了人们如何做一个对社会负责的人。

我睡去，感觉生命之美丽，我醒来，感觉生命之责任。

有些事你不喜欢做，但你又必须去做。这就是责任的全部意义。---英国查尔斯王子

位卑未敢忘忧国。陆游引自《病起书怀》

天下兴亡，匹夫有责。顾炎武

我们从古以来，就有埋头苦干的人，有拼命硬干的人，有为民请命的人，有舍身求法的，……这就是中国的脊梁。--鲁迅

有两种东西，我们对它们的思考愈是深沉和持久，它们所唤起的那种愈来愈大的惊奇和敬畏就会充溢我们的心灵，这就是繁星密布的苍穹和我心中的道德律。[康德]

鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。诸葛老师

凡属我受过他好处的人，我对于他便有了责任。凡属我应该做的事，而且力量能够做到的，我对于这件事便有了责任，凡属于我自己打主意要做一件事，便是现在的自己和将来的自己立了一种契约，便是自己对于自己加一层责任。--梁启超

天下之难事，必作于易;

天下之大事，必作于细。--韩非(战国末期哲学家)引自《韩非子o喻志》

先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。--范仲淹(北宋政治家、文学家)引自《岳阳楼记》

先生不应该专教书，他的责任是教人做人;学生不应该专读书，他的责任是学会做人。陶行知

宣太后(?―前265年)，芈(mǐ)姓，又称芈八子、秦宣太后。战国时期秦国王太后，秦惠文王之妾，秦昭襄王之母。秦昭襄王即位之初，宣太后以太后之位主政，执政期间，攻灭义渠国，一举灭亡了秦国的西部大患。死后葬于芷阳骊山。

中文名：芈(mǐ)八子

别名：宣太后

国籍：楚国→秦国

民族：华夏族

出生地：楚国

逝世日期：前265年

职业：王妃→王太后

主要成就：在秦国掌权当政、计杀义渠王，灭义渠国

葬处：芷阳郦山

谥号：宣

丈夫：秦惠文王嬴驷

儿子：秦昭襄王嬴稷

生平简介

早年经历

宣太后本是楚国人，后成为秦惠文王的姬妾，称芈八子。前306年，秦武王因举鼎而死。因秦武王无子，他的弟弟们争夺王位。赵武灵王派代郡郡相赵固将在燕国作为人质的公子稷送回秦国。在宣太后异父弟魏冉的帮助下，公子稷继位，即秦昭襄王。魏冉随后平定了王室内部争夺君位的动乱，诛杀惠文后及公子壮、公子雍，将悼武王后驱逐至魏国，肃清了与秦昭襄王不和的诸公子。因秦昭襄王年幼，由宣太后以太后之位主政，魏冉辅政。

主掌朝政

前307年，楚怀王派兵包围韩国的雍氏(今河南禹州东北)，长达五个月不能攻克。韩襄王多次派使者向秦国求援，但秦国军队一直不出崤山，按兵不动。韩襄王又派尚靳出使秦国，尚靳以唇亡齿寒的道理劝说秦国尽快派兵救援。而宣太后因为自己的故乡是楚国，不同意派兵救援，她召见尚靳对他说：“当年我服侍秦惠文王时，大王把大腿压在我的身上，我感到身体疲倦不能承受。而他把整个身体都压在我身上时，我却并不感觉到重，这是因为这样对我比较舒服。秦国要帮助韩国，如果兵力不足，粮草不济，就无法解救韩国。解救韩国的危难，每天要耗费数以千计的财物，这对我和秦国又有什么好处?”韩襄王于是又派张翠出使秦国。甘茂认为韩国一旦投靠楚国，楚、韩两国就会挟持魏国来危害秦国，他主张秦昭襄王立即出兵救援韩国。秦昭襄王于是下令出兵，楚国闻讯后撤军。

前287年，齐、赵、韩、魏、楚五国合纵攻秦未能成功，诸侯在成皋(今河南省荥阳市西)停战。秦昭襄王想让韩国公子成阳君兼任韩、魏两国的国相，韩、魏两国不同意。宣太后通过穰侯魏冉对秦昭襄王建议不要任用成阳君。因为成阳君曾因秦昭襄王的缘故困居于齐国，在他穷困的时候，秦昭襄王没有任用他，而成阳君受宠，秦昭襄王又要任用他，不会使他满意;秦昭襄王任用成阳君而韩、魏两国不同意，会有损于秦国与这两国的关系。秦昭襄王听后打消了这个念头。

历史上的芈月介绍,历史上的宣太后介绍

诱灭义渠

义渠是东周时期活跃于泾水北部至河套地区的一支古代民族，长期与秦国发生战争。前331年，义渠国内发生内乱，秦惠文王派庶长操平定内乱。前327年，秦惠文王在义渠设县，义渠王向秦国称臣。前319年，秦国攻打义渠，夺取了郁郅(今甘肃省庆阳市东)。[7]作为报复，次年义渠参与了公孙衍合纵楚、韩、赵、魏、燕的五国攻秦之战。义渠趁秦军主力与五国交战之机，大败秦军于李帛(今甘肃省天水市东)。前314年，秦惠文王再次派兵攻打义渠，攻取了徒泾(位于今山西、陕西两省间黄河南段以西地区境内)等二十五座城池，义渠国力大损，但仍保留一定实力。秦昭襄王继位时，义渠王前来朝贺，宣太后与义渠王私通，生下两子。后秦昭襄王与宣太后日夜密谋攻灭义渠之策。前272年，宣太后引诱义渠王入秦，杀之于甘泉宫。秦国趁机发兵攻灭义渠，在义渠的故地设立陇西、北地、上郡三郡。

失去权势

宣太后主政时任用弟弟魏冉、芈戎以及儿子公子悝、公子巿等四贵主政。宣太后及四贵的专权极大限制了秦昭襄王的权力，造成了秦国国内只知有太后和四贵，不知有秦王的局面。魏国人范雎逃亡至秦国后，受到秦昭襄王的重用。范雎向秦昭襄王建议收回五人的权力，以免造成淖齿、李兑那样弑君篡国的祸乱。秦昭襄王采纳范雎的建议，废宣太后，将魏冉、芈戎、公子悝、公子巿等四贵驱逐出秦国。

去世

宣太后十分宠爱情夫魏丑夫，宣太后生病即将去世时，传令让魏丑夫为自己殉葬。魏丑夫得知后十分害怕，于是请庸芮游说宣太后。庸芮先问宣太后人死后是否能够感知到人世间的事情，宣太后回答说不能。庸芮继而说既然人死后不会有什么知觉，那您又为何要将自己心爱的人置于死地?如果死人真的有知觉，那么先王早就因出轨之事对太后您恨之入骨。太后您弥补过失都来不及，又怎么能和魏丑夫有私情呢?宣太后认为庸芮所说有理，于是撤销了魏丑夫为自己殉葬的旨令。

前265年十月，宣太后去世，葬于芷阳骊山(今陕西西安临潼区骊山)。

1、All things in their being are good for something.

天生我才必有用。

2、Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people.

困难坎坷是人们的生活教科书。

3、Failure is the mother of success.——Thomas Paine

失败乃成功之母。

4、For man is man and master of his fate.

人就是人，是自己命运的主人。

5、The unexamined life is not worth living.——Socrates

混混噩噩的生活不值得过。——苏格拉底

6、None is of freedom or of life deserving unless he daily conquers it anew.——Erasmus

只有每天再度战胜生活并夺取自由的人，才配享受生活的自由。

7、Our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity. So let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness.——R.M. Nixon

命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。因此，让我们毫无畏惧，满心愉 悦地把握命运。——尼克松

8、Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.——John Ruskin

生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。-- 罗斯金

9、What makes life dreary is the want of motive.——George Eliot

没有了目的，生活便郁闷无光。——乔治·埃略特

10、Towering genius disdains a beaten path. It seeks regions hitherto unexplored.——Lincoln

卓越的天才不屑走旁人走过的路。他寻找迄今未开拓的地区。

11、There is no such thing as a great talent without great will - power.——Balzac

没有伟大的意志力，便没有雄才大略。——巴尔扎克

12、A man cant ride your back unless it is bent.你的腰不弯，别人就不能骑在你的背上。

13、Although again sweet candy, also has a bitter day.即使再甜的糖，也有苦的一天。

14、Sharp tools make good work.工欲善其事，必先利其器。

15、Never put off what you can do today until tomorrow.今日事今日毕!

16、Wasting time is robbing oneself.浪费时间就是掠夺自己。

17、The greatest test of courage on earth is to bear defeat without losing heart.世界上对勇气的最大考验是忍受失败而不丧失信心。

18、A mans best friends are his ten fingers.人最好的朋友是自己的十个手指。

19、Only they who fulfill their duties in everyday matters will fulfill them on great occasions.只有在日常生活中尽责的人才会在重大时刻尽责。

20、The shortest way to do many things is to only one thing at a time.做许多事情的捷径就是一次只做一件事。

21、Theres only one corner of the universe you can be sure of improving, and thats your own self.这个宇宙中只有一个角落你肯定可以改进，那就是你自己。

22、The first step is as good as half over.第一步是最关键的一步。

23、Do one thing at a time, and do well.一次只做一件事，做到最好!

24、Believe that god is fair.相信上帝是公平的。

25、Wealth is the test of a mans character.财富是对一个人品格的试金石。

26、The best hearts are always the bravest.心灵最高尚的人，也总是最勇敢的人。

27、Dont aim for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.如果你想要成功，不要去追求成功;尽管做你自己热爱的事情并且相信它，成功自然到来。

28、All things come to those who wait.苍天不负有心人。

29、Victory wont come to me unless I go to it.胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。

30、A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.只要一个人还有追求，他就没有老。直到后悔取代了梦想，一个人才算老。

我们每个人，都会有一种兴趣爱好，毕竟三百六十行，多点兴趣多条路嘛。

我最喜欢的便是骑自行车。骑在车上时，可以看到路边的风景，可以瞧见路上的石子、街边的行人，连建筑也是各式各样。高的，低的，有些如金砖碧玉，灯火通明；有的则是红墙白瓦，另有一种朴素的农家风趣；还有的，则是一栋栋的玻璃大厦，高矗入云，衬出的，仿佛是一整个世界。

骑行时，耳朵里也透得进声音。听！呼呼的风声伴着我，就好似在空中遨游。特别是当我骑行在晴朗的夏夜，周围的路灯泛着黄晕，一点微亮如繁星，盖着大厦如玉璧。黄色的光照在大厦上，大厦把光反射到我身上，温馨极了。知了的叫声加上迎着车头吹来的微风，一同吹在脸上，凉凉的，甜甜的。

俗话说的好：“台上十分钟，台下十年功。”学自行车也是十分辛苦的。那时的我，摇摇晃晃地骑着车，手上因紧张而溢出了汗水。突然不知怎么的，车头晃了一下，我一下子滑脱了手，手臂擦在地上，皮肉外翻。我咬咬牙，心里想：“谁骑车没摔过呢？”便硬是骑回了家。现在回想，没有以前如此的努力，哪有现在的成功呢？

我的爱好其实还有很多，但最爱的，还是骑车。

规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。下面是小编为你带来的关于英语论文的写作格式和规范，希望对你有帮助。

一、英语论文的标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英语论文提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英语论文的文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jias A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotles father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

五、英语论文的文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。

3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A

Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.

---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,

Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.

引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。

An Author with an Editor

Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.

Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.

本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:

Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:

Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribners,

1962.vii-xxxix.

如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):

Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.

London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.

A Multivolume Work

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.

第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。

A Selection from an Anthology

Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”

Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New

York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.

被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。

Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”

Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.

报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。

Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cathers Nostalgia: A Study in

Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.

月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。

Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post

31 July,1985:B1.

引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献(略)(摘自《外语与外语教学》1999年第8期，原文：“英语论文写作规范”作者 刘新民)