有关兴趣爱好的英语写作素材(推荐20篇)

Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.

There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3.

In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

导语：关于《论语》中的成语典故你知道多少呢?下面是语文迷小编为大家整理的关于《论语》写作素材，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

1.道听途说 《论语.阳货》道听而途说，德之弃也。(随便听来的话，又随便传说出去，那是不能修德的事。)

2.患得患失 《论语.阳货》其未得之也，患得之;既得之，患失之。苟患失之，无所不至矣。(未得到官位时，处心积虑谋取官位，得到官位则忧心失掉官位，那便什么事都做得出来。)

3.里仁为美 《论语.里仁》选择风俗淳朴的居所，人才会如沐春风，德行才会有进步。

4.见贤思齐 《论语.里仁》遇到比自己贤能的人不应嫉妒，学习对方的优点，使自己改进向善，成为贤能的人。

6.先难后获《论语.雍也》有仁德的人凡事总比别人先尝苦头，而对于应得的利益从不斤斤计较，这便是仁者的风度。

7.知者乐水《论语.雍也》有智慧的人欣赏流水悠然自得的姿态，他的心灵也如同水一般清莹透澈。

8.仁者乐山《论语.雍也》仁者的心如同山岳的万古坚贞，绝不因一时的利害和荣辱，而动摇自己的意志。

9.见义勇为 《论语.为政》见义不为，无勇也。(被利益所诱感或为保护自己而畏缩不前是没有勇气的人。)

10.既往不咎 《论语.八佾》对于己经成为过去的事，不要再苦苦追究、或说些悔不当初的话。

11.不耻下问 《论语.公冶长》遇到困惑难解的事情，恭敬地请教比自己年轻或地位比自己低*的人，并不是不件可耻的事。

12.闻一知十 《论语.公冶长》回也闻一以知十。(形容颜回十分地聪慧，有推演事理的能力。)

13.文质彬彬 《论语.雍也》文质彬彬，然后君子。(后天修养的文彩与天生朴 素的本质，两相调和适当的人，才是名符其实的君子。)

14. 六尺之孤 《论语.泰伯》可以托六尺之孤。(做人应该达到这种地步，把年幼的孤儿托附给你，而你能使对方放心完全信任你。)

15.温故知新 《论语.为政》追溯过去并研讨当时的情状，作为发掘将来新思想、新方式的基石。

16.君子不器 《论语.为政》立志成为伟大人物，应避免自己变成像器皿一般只有单一用途的人。

17.行不由径《论语.雍也》选择快捷方式的人，往往因操之过急而走头无路。

18.箪食瓢饮《论语.雍也》子曰：一箪食，一瓢饮，在陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐。贤哉回也!(形容颜回饮食简单安贫乐道。)

19.任重道远《论语.泰伯》背负沉重使命，迈向遥不可及的旅程，以贯彻仁道作为自己终身的任务。

20.后生可畏《论语.子罕》年轻人只要肯发愤苦读努力工作，将来的前途无可限量，是令人敬畏的。

21.苗而不秀《论语.子罕》苗而不秀者，有矣夫!秀而不实者，有矣夫!(幼苗虽然发芽，不抽穗不开花，有的虽已抽穗但却不结果实。喻人人称其神童的人，长大成人后，可能变得平庸无能)

22.功亏一篑《论语.子罕》未成一篑，止，吾止也?(堆聚一座山只差一笼土沙即可完成，但半途而废，则前功尽弃。)

23.过犹不及《论语.先进》道理应该力求中庸，不偏不倚，过与不及，同样不合理。

24.非礼勿视《论语.颜渊》对待没有礼貌的人，应当避免接近他，一但人适应了非礼的事，便会渐渐失去坦白公正的心，不能主持公道。

25.克己复礼《论语.颜渊》克己复礼为仁(尽力克服私欲的诱惑，放弃以自我为中心的作法，凡事保持适度与社会民众的精神合一，这就是实践仁道的善政

26.暴虎凭河 《论语.述而》暴虎凭河，死而无悔者，吾不与也。(赤手空拳与猛虎相搏斗，泅手渡河，死了也毫不悔悟，我不能和这种胡作非为有勇无谋的人同进同出。

27.举一反三 《论语.述而》举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。(用一个四角形作譬喻，列举一个角而不能推想其余三个角的人，我是没有兴趣再教导他了。)

28.巧言令色 《论语.学而》巧言令色，鲜矣仁。(口头上说些甜言蜜语奉承谄媚的话，是缺乏德性修养的人。

29.过勿惮改 《论语.学而》贤者勇于认错勇于改进，并时时警惕自己不再犯同样的过错。

30.三十而立 《论语.为政》十五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲不踰矩。(孔子言他三十岁的时候，不论在精神或物质上都能独立自主，且合乎礼节的要求。)

31.知者乐水《论语.雍也》有智慧的人欣赏流水悠然自得的姿态，他的心灵也如同水一般清莹透澈。

32.近悦远来《论语.子路》近者说，远者来。(治理国家道先使周遭的人士，对您的政绩满意欢愉，远方的民众也会感佩您的仁政来归顺你。)

33.行己有耻《论语.子路》对自己的过失，有羞耻反悔的心，随时自我警惕。34.刚毅木讷《论语.子路》刚毅木讷，近仁。(公正无欲、果敢坚忍、性情质朴、言谈迟钝，是接近仁者的风范。

35.怨天尤人《论语.宪问》不怨天，不尤人。(不埋怨上天对我苛薄，也不责怪别人不能体谅我。)

36.以德报怨《论语.宪问》以直报怨，以德报德。(应该以公正报答仇怨，以恩惠报答恩惠。)《老子三章》报怨以德。(对于自己有怨雠的人用德来回报他，最后也会被感化。)

37.言不及义《论语.卫灵公》群居终日，言不及义，好行小惠，难矣哉。(一群人整天聚在一起，没讲一句正经的话，好卖弄小聪明，这种人不会有什么成

38.当仁不让《论语.卫灵公》当仁不让于师。(在为仁的大道理上，虽然面对师长，也不必谦让。)

39.驷不及舌《论语.颜渊》一旦失言犯了过错，纵使鞭策四匹马的快车去追，也追不上了。一言即出四马难追，讲话宜特别注意，免得祸从口出。

40.升堂入室《论语.先进》子曰：「由之瑟，奚为于丘之门?」门人不敬子路。子曰：「由也升堂矣，未入于室也!」(升堂入室喻研究学问，已达高明精微的境界。但此句言子路未入室，即说明子路尚未达到孔子的理想境界。)(同豋堂入室)

41. 六尺之孤 《论语.泰伯》可以托六尺之孤。(做人应该达到这种地步，把年幼的孤儿托附给你，而你能使对方放心完全信任你。)

42.战战兢兢 《论语.泰伯》曾子有疾，召门弟子曰：「启予足!启予手!诗云：『战战兢兢，如临深渊，如履薄冰。』」(形容凡事小心谨慎。) 43.有教无类 《论语.卫灵公》受教育不分贵*、贤愚，机会都是均等的。 44.金声玉振 《孟子.万章下》 孔子之谓集大成，集大成也者，金声而玉振也。(孟子称赞孔子才德兼备，学识渊博，正如奏乐，以钟发声，以磬收乐，集众音之大成。)

45.始作俑者 《孟子.梁惠王上》仲尼曰：始作俑者，其无后乎，为其象人而用之也。如之何其使斯民饥而死也。(俑者，古时制作用于殉葬的木偶，孔子觉得俑的面目与人非常相似，用以殉葬十分残忍，故孔子厌恶创始者的不仁。)后引申以作俑指创先制造坏事、首开恶例。现今孔庙的神龛内不设偶像崇拜，亦无孔子塑像。台中孔庙正殿内有书写雕刻的《大成至圣先师孔子神位》，神位牌为贴金箔九龙所蟠护，是民族艺术薪传奖木雕大师李松林先生之作品。

46.万仞宫墙 《论语.子张》子贡曰:“譬之宫墙，赐之墙也及肩，窥见室家之好;夫子之墙数仞，不得其门而入，不见宗庙之美、百官之富。得其门者或寡矣。”。寓意孔夫子学问道德高深，若要求取上进，并无快捷方式，唯有进黉门或泮宫(皆古代学校)潜心修习，才能窥其堂奥。

导语：“Nothing is impossible”这是Adidas的一句广告词，如果直译的话，可以解释为没有什么不可能。确实当今全球话的背景下，文化的融合与嬗变超乎想象，似乎普天之下没有什么不可能发生的!下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

“There a star forevery one。”每个人的心中都有一颗明星。这是Drug store组合同名专集中主打歌Super Glider(超级滑翔机)的一句歌词。人们心中的星各不相同，可以是大侠纵骋的武林;可以是哼哈饶舌的说唱;可以是太极忧郁的生死恋;可以是混音拟成古典乐……但是造星的过程却应该是一致的。

是什么影响了人们的喜好，而决定了心中文娱价值观的趋向呢?如果将学术界的应激理论，引用到这里便有三种论调：首先是基因决定论(genetic determinism)，其认为人的爱好由父母决定。父母喜欢什么，借着基因遗传，你也就喜欢什么。可是回顾，双亲(八零代的父母)青春时对于红宝书的痴迷，抑或是对于丽君歌曲的钟情凡此这般的喜好，却鲜现在其子女的身上。因此这个论断有点悬。另一个是心理决定论(psychic determinism)，强调你的喜好是父母种下的因。但当下，父母的极力反对也无法改变自己孩子对流行文化的狂热，所以这个论点也不太靠谱。最后的环境决定论好像是问题的症结，如果再将其细分到社会文化环境的影响这项考量依据的话，似乎有了些感触。再凝神细想，也就体味到了周遭的诸多变化——

当李白不再吟诵诗词，而改唱流行;雨果不搞剧作，而投身百老汇;达芬奇不画梦那丽纱，而钻研密码学;罗米欧与朱丽叶走出莎翁小说的缠绵，而主演NC电影;当……的时候，我发现这个世界疯了，全球化的脚步使科技成为了人类的鸦片，高度发达的商业成了人民的精神食粮。商业文化与通俗文化再信息传播如此之快的今天，压碎了纸张和历史拼凑起来的书窗和积淀。如上这般不过只是创造崭新文化的代价罢了。

可是这种易食的罐头文化，带给我们的是什么呢?我们该如何面对与理解这样的文化呢?仅仅是对纸醉金迷的文化产业化的悲嗟?或是说文化艺术摆脱不了消费社会带给她们的压力，而径直走进了高雅的通俗的死胡同里。但是这些臆断是否本身就带有精英阶层的傲慢与偏见呢?

应该看到，时尚文化、通俗文化这些经过商业包装后的文化本身就是，将小众文化推向大众的过程。套用一下时下足球界的行话：这就是革命，革命不是请客吃饭，革命就是要打破菁英阶层的文化霸权与垄断!若是这样，李白唱流行又何妨?至少还有“天生我才”的歌词。

“Nothing is impossible”这是Adidas的一句广告词，如果直译的话，可以解释为没有什么不可能。确实当今全球话的背景下，文化的融合与嬗变超乎想象，似乎普天之下没有什么不可能发生的!而在这种文化环境影响下成长起来的八零代，能带给中国怎样的惊喜呢?一切皆有可能!

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My hobby is listening to music. When I was a child I enjoy listening to music especially the cartoon music, I often lose myself in it. When I am in trouble, music can make me calm down. When I am very tired , it can make me comfortable . When I am angry with something , it aslo can make me happy again.Do you like listening to music? If not, I hope you can have a try, you will find it beneficial.

【论文摘要】在高考英语试题中，写作是有效提高学生整体成绩的重要手段，写作是目的也是为了测试学生直接运用英语表达的能力而设置的，因此通常都会放在试卷的最后面作为压轴题出现。在高考英语写作要求中，明确提出要让考生运用所学知识进行书写，能组词成句、组句成文，语句符合英语语法和习惯。在写出的书面材料中，要求达到：切中题意，文理通顺，语言准确，得当。那么，怎样才能在高考英语写作中出类拔萃呢？这正是本文要探讨的内容。

一、有的放矢，了解高考英语写作要点

要对高考英语写作的题型及内容有所了解，才能把握好高考英语写作的考点，在此基础上才能找到行之有效的对策及方法。纵观近几年各省高考英语试题中，写作测试的命题思路，有一种从指导性写作逐步向半开放式写作过渡的趋势。半开放式写作，具体地说，就是给考生们提供一定的材料(包括图、文或图文结合)然后要求学生根据材料来进行书面表达，这样的考题形式，既限制了考生随心所欲的思维，又给予考生适当的发挥空间。这种命题方式能较好地考查考生的语言组织能力、书面表达能力以及思维能力。而在文体方面，记叙文、议论文、应用文及书信为最常见的写作题材。因此，我们可以做一个形象的比喻，写文章就像工厂里制造一台机器那样，首先要确定机器由几部分组成，然后对这几部分分别细化，形成初步的设计图；再根据要求对初步的设计图进行完善、补充、修改，随之形成最终的设计图；然后我们再按照图纸的设计，使用我们所掌握的零件去制造出机器；同样的道理，学生写作时可参照以下模式：

1．理解话题：学生在动笔前必须对指定的话题进行反复细读，认真思考，理解其真正的含义，了解出题者的意图，这是进行写作的第一步；

2．明确文体，确定人称时态：这一阶段的判断中，主要强调近十年高考最常见的两种文体：(1)说明文：必须按照事物的原貌加以说明、介绍、解释，常采用一般现在时，被动语态也常使用；(2)记叙文：通常采用第一人称，描述本人的经历或耳闻目睹之事；或用第三人称讲述他人的事情，如果是过去的事情，要用过去时。

3．初拟提纲，再理解话题：明确文体的基础上，草拟写作提纲；提纲是文章的骨架，可以是一句活，也可以是一个词组，由于考试时间所限，提纲内容不必面面俱到，但必须体现文章的整体结构和思路；目前绝大部分高中学生在英语写作时，还习惯于使用母语进行构思，然后将构思好的中文内容翻译成英文，这种情况是正常的；关键在于翻译过程中的语言表达必须符合英语语言的表达习惯

4．开始写作：提纲完成后，应根据提纲充实内容，如果说提纲是骨架的话，那么这时你必须将骨架填充血肉；具体的说就是要扩展要点，连词成句，适当地变换句型，组句谋篇成文；注意应简明扼要，层次分明、用词准确、语法概念清楚，使文章更具说服力，然后在写作完成后，还要对文章进行快速的检查，减少单词的拼写错误和句子表达的错误。

二、高考英语写作指导的具体策略

根据以上对历年高考英语写作试题的分析，我们可以从以下三个方面去指导学生进行写作：

1．细读材料，认真审题

仔细阅读书面表达题所给材料的全部内容，准确理解题目要求。需要认真审查的内容有：(1)文章的开头和结尾是否已给出；(2)用第几人称写作，书面表达要求中会明确指出使用第一人称还是第三人称；(3)提供的情景是图画、图表，还是提纲，如果是连环画，要注意故事情节的连贯性，确定合理的情节发展；(4)是否提供参考词汇，如果提供有参考词汇，写作中最好要用到；(5)采用什么文体，如果是议论文，要有论点、论据和结论三部分。如果是应用文，要注意其格式。如果是记叙文，要抓住六个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件、事情起因、事情的发展与结果。

2．恰当选择词语和句式

认真审题后，就可以列提纲了，将重点单词、短语、句型写在提纲里，关于选词切忌使用生僻词语，要求做到用词准确、得体、达意。选择句式时，尽量使用多种句式，如强调句、倒装句、各种名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和固定句型等，长句和短句视情况交错使用，这样可以提高文章的档次，使文章生辉。

选词大多是在一组同义词或近义词之间进行。例如，我们要表达“好”这个意思，一般来说，大家会马上想起“good”，因为口语中我们经常说agoodfriend、goodluck、agoodpicture等。但是，在不同的短语中，可以选择不同的英语单词使表达更加准确、生动、形象。

3．多背常识性语句，扩大知识面

语言是有规律的，不同体裁的书面表达都有其常识性语句。如果同学们平时有大量的语句积累，在写作时就能把积累的东西调动起来。这些常识性语句既可增加文章的连贯性、逻辑性和可读性，同时还能提供地道的表达方式。写人物介绍时，应着重写人物的姓名、性别、年龄、职业、身高、健康状况、业余爱好、工作态度、与人相处和社会评价等语句。例如：lipingisagoodteacher，whoisthirtyyearsold．heis175centimetrestallandheishealthy．等。

【参考文献】

[1]韩金龙，秦秀白.体裁分析与体裁教学法.[j].外语界2000(1)

[2]韩金龙.英语写作教学:过程体裁教学法.[j].外语界.2001(4)

[3]何星.“过程写作法”较之“结果写作法”在高中英语写作教学中的

有效性研究.[d]华东师大专业硕士学位论文.2007

导语：中国最好的故事在县城，这些故事生猛、真实，带着土腥气，讲述时不需要矫饰，这些故事有世俗功利的一面，但牵扯到骨与血的时候，却一点儿也不掺假。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

我每次回家，都觉得家乡县城越来越像贾樟柯镜头里的汾阳，充满了故事。

这故事由青春、记忆以及勃兴的当下组成，这故事散落在县城街道、新老建筑以及一张张熟悉的面孔上。

回到老家的第二天，县城飘起了小雨，我牵着五岁女儿的小手，漫无目的地闲逛着。平时不爱走路的她，那天没有“求抱抱”，而是安静地跟随我走着，这个城市对她而言，仿佛没有一点陌生感。

我觉得这是一件挺神气也挺神奇的事。

自己也不曾想到，会有一天牵着女儿的手，走在少年时呼喊过、狂奔过的街道上。出生在别的城市的女儿，在她父亲的家乡，会留下什么样的记忆?她长大之后，是否还会带着她的孩子来这里，是否还会体会到安宁、自在的气息?

我见到了弟弟妹妹们，当年他们都是孩子，现在也有了自己的孩子。

我见到了家人、亲人、同学、朋友，见到了县城里的官员、社会上的小混混，见到了出租车司机、饭馆老板、卖煎饼的、卖水果的，见到了城管车、摆摊小贩……

不管认识不认识，不管见面亲热不亲热，我都是一个外来人，是待几天后要走的，他们的话里透着客气;吃饭埋单的时候，我永远没有机会，因为总是有人说，你是客，远来的都是客。

有一段时间，我也一度这么认为，可今年心里就悬了一个大大的问号，我怎么就是客了呢?

这个县城过往的故事满满地塞在我的记忆里，有的写了出来，有的不舍得写。

中国最好的故事在县城，这些故事生猛、真实，带着土腥气，讲述时不需要矫饰，这些故事有世俗功利的一面，但牵扯到骨与血的时候，却一点儿也不掺假。

小城依然年轻，而我对它有了依恋和了解的愿望，是因为我开始变老了。

导语：我们发现，现在有些善良由本意的抚慰变成了利剑。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

我们总站在富足的地方悯惜贫穷，总躺在安全的地方怒斥邪恶，总在五十步笑百步后呼唤远离冷漠，总在血痕淡去后才忙着计算生命的价值。

于是，我们俯身怜悯的姿态伤害了别人的自尊。

每次灾难过后，都有太多的人争先领养孤儿;当这片热潮过去，又有太多的孤儿陷入苦难。据心理学家分析，领养孤儿要考虑自己的经济状况，家庭氛围要与孩子原先的家庭相似，教育方式、家长性格都要与孤儿相适宜。但是，太多的人仅凭自己一腔热血，用热心换回的却是家庭的分裂。孩子们再次面临家园破碎的痛苦，伤害再次打击无辜孩子柔弱的心灵，善良由甜蜜变为苦涩。

于是，我们用沸腾的热血烫伤了他人的肉体。2008年奥运会是我们中国人的奥运，举国欢庆，气氛火热，圣火传递，同一世界，一梦想。但是，不和谐的色彩也玷污了奥运火红的火炬和绿色的橄榄枝。据报道，8岁孩童用55天时间完成抵京“马拉松式”的赛跑;10岁孩子捆绑双臂在激流中前行;8岁女孩在父亲陪同下步行3000多千米到达首都北京……这些行为引起中国甚至世界媒体的关注，其中不乏外国媒体以此对中国奥运的诋毁。不实评论须全力抵制，但也不可否认，这是“畸形奥运热”。我们要举办一个理性的奥运，就需要以理性的行为作为支撑。我们的热情不该由火热的激情变得疯狂。

甚至，我们在用热血烫伤他人肉体时，也烫伤他人的心灵。2008年5月12日汶川大地震发生后，我们以最迅速、最团结的行动援救了太多的生命，我们赢得了世界的尊重。无数的闪光灯聚焦四川，闪烁着无数动人感人的故事，但也刺伤了灾区人们的瞳眸。被成功救援的孩子本是幸运的，但有记者为了采访，一遍遍唤起他们沉痛的回忆，孩子失声痛哭，大人们也泣不成声;有些热心的志愿者毫无救灾意识却前往灾区，虽怀有一颗炽热之心实际却是给灾区添乱。不正确的救援动作，不完善的服务行为，不合理的安慰帮助，带给灾区人民的是“二次伤害”。我们发现，善良由本意的抚慰变成了利剑。

中华民族是坚毅、热情、善良的民族。当我们挺过洪水、挺过“非典”，挺过不法分子对祖国的分裂和对奥运的亵渎，我们也必将挺过惨烈的汶川大地震，成功地举办一届奥运盛会。但我们需要更多的思索和行动，需要站在别人的角度理性而全面地看问题。ト谩鞍人之心”深入我们的血液，让我们永葆善良的甜蜜，为善良保鲜，使它不褪色，不变质，不变味。

1、Acknowledge what you’re grateful for.

学会对生活感恩。

2、Be mindful of your surroundings.

将注意力集中在你的生活中正在发生的事上，别为过去忧伤，也别为将来担心。

3、Counter every negative with apositive.

不顺的时候多想想生活中的好时光。

4、Decide to be happy every day.

下定决心开心度过每一天。

5、Evaluate the good in your life.

每天写几件你生活中的乐事。

6、Everything will be fine./Things will turn out all right./Things will work out all right.

一切都会好起来的。

7、Everything will come up roses.

一切都会圆满结束的。

8、Fake happiness until you feel it.

在失意的时候伪装快乐。

9、Focus on small goals instead of big ones.

多为自己制定一些易实现的短期目标，努力实现它们。

10、Help someone in need.

帮助需要帮助的人。

11、I anticipate your success.

我期待着你的成功。

12、I can do it blindfolded.

我闭着眼睛都能做到。

导语：善意应该是一种常态，是流在血液里的基因，是不需要大肆宣扬的品质。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

有些善意，并非只有在紧要关头才能感受到它。

有次等红灯，我低头看手机，突然有只大手轻轻地护住我，我抬头看到一个白发老人，他说：“这车开得太快了。”原来是老爷爷担心车蹭到我而保护我。

在伦敦街头常常遇到没有交通灯的小路，我每每停下来等着过马路的时候，汽车也总是停下来，我们就僵在那里，司机总是示意一定要行人先走。

这些细微的善意，让我感到被这个世界温柔地对待。无论种族、财富、出身，它们如呼吸的空气，如土地里钻出的绿草，不知不觉中让人们柔软。那些生命中曾经出现的温柔又害羞的人，他们默默给予善意，却绝口不提，这是一种恩惠。

很难承认这个事实，但我们确实太久难以感受到善意，就像感官系统生了锈，像忘掉了所有读过的童话和寓言。在工作中，原本很简单的事总有人故意设置障碍，并非出于伤害的目的，甚至有时不为获取利益，只是为了让别人不那么顺利。小心思在兜里捏来捏去，把简单变复杂，只为让彼此别太舒服，给人添堵成了一个重要环节。

缺乏善意，人们相互不信任，即便收到好意也不敢简单相信，总是揣测这背后出于什么目的。久而久之，人们恶性循环，对匮乏善意的世界习以自然，把恶意当常态，在算计与谎言中筋疲力尽。

缺乏善意，人们不愿意相信那些看上去美好的人，更愿意偏执地认为比自己优秀的人只不过交了好运，比自己勤奋的人只不过更功利。他们诽谤自己没有的品质，看不到他人身上的优点，欣赏不到他们发光的才华和人格。真的智慧不是以刻薄的面目出现的，那充其量是一点自不量力的小聪明。人的困境已经很多，真无需再相互添堵。

善意应该是一种常态，是流在血液里的基因，是不需要大肆宣扬的品质。遇到己所不知的不立刻否定，有一种开放的态度;遇到与己不同的，不去批判，而去理解和接纳。世间没有绝对的好，没有绝对的坏，只有善意，是一种远见。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

小作文一般以书信居多，因此，在写作时要注意一下两点。

第一，既然是书信，一定要按照书信的格式写作。阅卷老师最先注意到的就是格式，其次才通过阅读看看内容是否符合要求。不注意格式，肯定被扣分。还不熟悉书信格式的同学赶紧多多练习。

第二，要仔细审题。这个问题年年在强调，但是年年有人不注意，写作时往往会跑题。这样怎么能得高分?考试时时间很紧张，怎样快速审题?笔者建议大家首先要脑子里要迅速构建一副写作场景，接下来要抓住关键词，然后围绕场景和关键词进行扩展。这一点不是说一说看一看就能掌握，需要同学们现在多做强化训练。

具体写作就按照题目要求一个点写一段，总共分三段。这样给人的印象是重点突出、条理清晰。下面就以2014年小作文为例，简单分析一下每一段怎么写。

称呼：Dear John,注意称呼中，所有实词首字母全部大写，Dear John后面的逗号不可丢，也不能写成冒号。

正文：

第一段：写作内容需涵盖两点：自我介绍，写信目的。文章开门见山就是自我介绍，用到了这样的表达：I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. 其中的“I am …who…”这个句型来自于建议信的表达，放在这里也十分贴切。接下一句话表明了写信目的：Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.

第二段：写作内容为习惯介绍以及寻求建议。首先，介绍自己的生活习惯，自己一般早上六点起床外出锻炼;周末一般在图书馆看书;其次，希望John就如何适应当地生活给自己一些建议。

第三段：写作内容表示期待，良好祝愿。用到了这样的表达：I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.

落款：Yours sincerely, 特别提醒sincerely后面逗号不能丢;

签名：Li Ming，特别注意Li Ming 后面一定不能出现句点。

附注：

1、格式

称呼：英语应用文称呼有这样的特点，如果是不认识的人，一般称呼为敬词+尊称。例如，DearSirorMadam或者ToWhomItMayConcern(需注意每个单词首字母都大写);如果是写给关系正式的某团体或个人，称呼为敬词+尊称+名。例如，DearMr.xx或DearMs.xx;;对于关系较亲密的人可以直呼其名，即Dearxx。需要注意的是：1.称呼要顶格写;2.称呼之后要加逗号或者冒号(推荐大家用逗号，因为历年的高分范文都是用逗号的)。

正文：正文格式一般有两种格式，一是缩进式，即首段开头空四个字母，段落之间不空行;一是齐头式，即每段开头不空格，但是各段之间空一行。老师建议考生采用缩进式，因为如果用齐头式，段间空行的话很可能答题空间不够，导致字数不够。

2、语言

写作用词准确是最基础的要求之一。其次，句型可以多变，例如既有并列句，也有复合句，还有从句，但注意语法运用要正确。此外还要注意，正式语言一般是写给具有正式关系的团体或机构，这种情况不用缩略语和口语用法。除了正式的文体以外，其他的文体皆为非正式文体，像写给朋友的书信等。

一般小作文的考查要求中会体现出写该篇的目的和场合，所以考生在写作时要注意针对不同场合使用不同语言，使交流得以进行。另外，考生也要注意不同的应用文有不同的用语。建议考生对某些应用文的格式和习惯用语，应该加以熟悉和背诵，以便运用自如。

3、其他

考生在考试时注意在看到题目要求后不要忙于动笔，虽说小作文的字数充其量在一百多个单词，但是依旧要在脑子里理清思路。最好能够在仔细审题以后，认真列个提纲，这样更有利于思路清晰。写作时，注意表达清楚以下几个方面：首先交代清楚写信目的;其次为了让阅卷者对你的文章结构及表意一目了然，注意关联词或衔接词的运用;接下来，应该对个人的观点进行阐述(在写作有此必要的时候)。最后，行文间要注意简化描述，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。在作文完成的时候，应该检查、修改，以免遗漏一些需要表达清楚的要点和细节。

导语：高考英语作文是高考英语中比较重要的一部分，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理了优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)，例如：There is no need for you to bring more food. 不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…，主语can …. (借着……，……能够……)，例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)，例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)，例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?), 例如：What will happen to the orphan? 那个孤儿将会怎样?

7)For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式…. (过去……年来，……一直……)例如：

For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)例如：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)，例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力去……)，例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

注意：“尽全力”在英语中有不同表达，例如：We should spare no effort/make every effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

11)主语+ be closely related to …. (与……息息相关)， 例如：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

12) 主语+ get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯)，例如：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

Owing to/Thanks to sth… (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

13)What a + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + be!= How +形容词+ a +名词+ be!(多么……!)，例如： What an important thing it is to keep our promise!= How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

14)主语 + do good/ harm to sth.. (对……有益/有害)，例如：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

15)主语 + have a great influence on sth. (对……有很大的影响)，例如：Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

16) nothing can prevent us from doing…. (没有事情能够阻挡我们做……), 例如：All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.这显示了没有事情能够阻挡我们实现目标。

17) Upon / On doing…, …. (一……就…….) ，例如：Upon / On hearing of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn’t say a word. 一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。

注意：此句型一般可以改为如下复合句句型，例如：As soon as he heard of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he ….

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚来，她就开始抱怨。

No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. 他刚来，就下雨了。

18) would rather do…than do…(宁愿……而不……), 例如：I would rather walk home than take a crowded bus. 我宁愿步行回家也不愿做拥挤的公交车。

注意：此句型可以改为prefer to do…rather than do…句型，例如：

I prefer to stay at home rather than see the awful film with him. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿意和他去看那部恐怖电影。

19) only + 状语， 主句部分倒装 例如：Only then could the work of reconstruction begin. 直到那时，重建工作才开始。

20) be worth doing (值得做)，例如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

21)Owing to/Thanks to sth, …. (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

以下为复合句高级句型：

22)主语+ is + the +形容词最高级+名词+(that)+主语+ have ever + seen(known / heard / had / read,etc)例如：Liu Yifei is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life. 刘亦菲是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Liu is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 刘老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

注意，比较级也可以用来表达最高级的意思， 例如：I have never seen a more beautiful girl than Liu Yifei in my life. 在我生活中我从来没见过比刘亦菲更美的女孩。Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。

23)There is no denying that + S + V….(不可否认的……)，例如：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 不可否认的事实是，新的管理方法已经极大提高了产量。

24)It is universally acknowledged that +从句(全世界都知道……)，例如：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

注意，全世界都知道还可以改为以下句型：As is known to us/As we all know, …. (众所周知，……)。例如：As is known to us/As we all know, knowledge is power.众所周知，知识就是力量。

25)There is no doubt that +从句(毫无疑问的……)，例如：There is no doubt that he came late. 毫无疑问，他来晚了。There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.毫无疑问，你有困难时，会得到别人的帮助。

26)(It is) No wonder that.... (难怪……)，例如：No wonder that he fell asleep in class. 难怪他在课堂上睡着了。

27)So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 从句 (如此……以致于……)，例如：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

28)形容词+ as +主语+ be，主语+ 谓语(虽然……)，例如：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

29)The + 比较级 +主语+谓语， the +比较级+主语+谓语(愈……愈……)，例如：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。The more, the better. 越多越好。

30)It is time + 主语 + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)例如：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

注意：此句型可以转化为简单句句型：It is time for sth./for sb to do….例如：

It is time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。

It is time they were taught a lesson. 他们该接受教训了

31)To be frank/ To tell the truth, …. (老实说, ……) , 例如: To be frank/ To tell the truth, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.老实说，不论你喜不喜欢，你别无选择。

32)it took him a year to do….( 他用了1年的时间来做……), 例如：As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.到目前为止我们所知道的是，他用了1年的时间来写这本书。It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake. 过了很久，他们才意识到犯错了。

33)spent as much time as he could doing sth.(花尽可能的时间做某事)，例如：He spent as much time as he could remembering new words. 他花了尽可能多时间记新单词。

34)Since + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + 现在完成式，例如：Since he went to senior high school， he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

35)An advantage of… is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)，例如：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

36) It was not until recently that….( 直到最近, ……) ，例如：It was not until recently that the problem was solved. 直到最近这个问题才被解决。

37) We will be successful as long as we…. (只要我们……，我们就会成功的) ，例如：We will be successful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作，我们会成功的。

38) No matter + wh-从句，…, 例如：No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.不管英语有多么难，你都应该尽你最大的努力来学它。No matter what he asks you to do, please refuse him. 不管他让你做什么，请拒绝他。注意：此句型一般可以改为疑问词+ever引导的从句，+主句，例如：Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him.

39)It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. (做……是没有用的) , 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。

40)It’s + a shame / nice/ kind + to do (做.....真惭愧/好)，例如：It’s a shame to lose the match. 输了比赛，真惭愧!It’s nice of you to tell me the truth. 你太好了，告诉我真相。It’s your turn to look after the young trees. 该你照顾这些小树了。

41)It is obvious/clear that + 从句 (…是明显的)，例如：It is obvious that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

注意：此句型中it是形式主语，其后谓语可以有不同变化。例如：

It’s certain that he will win the election. 他肯定会赢得选举。

It is true that we must make our greater efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.是真的，我们要作出更大的努力，不然/否则，我们不能赶上发达国家。

It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很难想象爱迪生每天是怎样工作20小时的。

It’s hard to say whether the plan is practical.这个计划是否实际很难说。

It is a common saying that where there is a will ,there is a way.俗话说，有志者，事竟成。

It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population. 一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。

It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we cannot overcome.从这里可看出，世上没有克服不了的困难。

It has been proved that his theory is right.已经证明，他的理论是对的。

42)It is/ was ….that… (强调句型), 例如：It was on the desk that you put your book. 你把书放桌子上了。It was the doctor that inquired what had happened. 医生询问了发生的事情。

43)I don’t think / feel/ suppose that… (否定前移)，例如：

I don’t think that we shall finish it on time. 我认为我们不能按时完成(工作)。

44)The reason why + 从句 is that + 从句 (……的原因是……)，例如：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

The reason why the river is polluted is that the factory has poured much waste into it.这条河受污染的原因是那家工厂向里倾到了很多垃圾。

注意：表示原因还可用以下句型。请比较：That is the reason why …. (那就是……的原因)，例如：Summer is very hot. That is the reason why I don’t like it.夏天很热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

45)It will (not) + 时间段 + before…(……需要很长时间), 例如：It will be a long time before everything returns to normal. 一切恢复正常需要很长时间。

46) I think / feel/ find it + important/ our duty + to do… (我发觉做……重要/是我的责任),例如：I feel it our duty to help the old. 我觉得帮助老人是我们的职责。

47)Those who…. (……的人……)，例如：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

注意：此句型还可以转化为one/a person who…, 例如：

As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.俗话说，世上无难事，只怕有心人。In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.在某种情况下，一个成功的科学家就是一个绝不满足于自己已取得的成就的人。

如何写通顺的英语

英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面，也是语言能力测定的重要手段，衡量写作水平的标准便是看其是否能用学过的语言材料，语法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。

书面语言表达一般分为三个过程：思维、组织、表达。先是思维，把要写的东西在脑中思考，这往往是个别的，孤立的一些素材，很凌乱琐碎；因此要对此进行组织，把这些思维作出整理，使其条理、系统化，但这还是较粗糙的，可能还有一些用词不当或语言错误；最后才是表达，把组织过的材料仔细推敲，确无问题了再落笔成文。

在撰写时要注意主谓语一致，时态呼应，用词贴切等，这就是写作。上述的三个过程，最难的就是第三个过程，这需要我们有较好的语法知识，掌握一定数量的句型，习惯用语，熟练的写作技巧，这样才能写出通顺生动的文章来。

总之，要提高英语写作水平，需要两方面的训练：一是语言基础方面的训练，要有扎实的造句、翻译等基本功，即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子；二是写作知识和能力方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。

那么，究竟怎样才能写好作文呢？

阅读优秀范文

首先要搞好阅读。阅读是写作的基础，在阅读方面下的功夫越深，驾驭语言的能力也就越强。所以要写好英语先要读好英语，在语言学习方面狠下苦功，教科书要读透，因为教科书中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文笔流畅，语言规范，精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。再就是要进行大量课外阅读，并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。

加强练词造句训练

其次，要加强练词造句的训练。词句对作文相当于造房的材料，无好材料就造不出好房子。平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累，把好的词语、短语、句型做好笔记。平时在练习中的错误也要做好记录，再对照正确句子，使地道的英语句子如同条件反射，落笔就对。

了解英语写作格式

还有，要了解英语写作的不同体裁与格式。可以先看一本介绍英语写作入门的书，对英语写作有一个初步的概念，如怎么写议论文，如何提出论据，如何展开，如何确定中心句；又如，英语信的格式，如何根据不同身份写不同结束语等，然后根据不同的体裁进行写作练习。

用英语写日记

要养成记英语日记勤练笔的好习惯。经常用英语记日记，等于天天在练笔，这无疑是提高英语协作的行之有效的好办法。在记日记时，不要总是用简单句，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型、关联词和复合句等，使文句更优美生动。还有要按照题目或所给情景写文章练笔。写好后对照范文，找出差距，然后再练习，这对提高英语作文也很有帮助，在游泳中学会游泳，只有多练习才能练好。

总之，平时学习语言素材积累多了，体裁格式记住了又经常练习不断提高，到作文下笔时就会得心应手，水到渠成。

一. 肯定不如否定好

修辞的使用在书面表达中算作很大的亮点，在高中阶段很少有学生会注重修辞的应用。

双重否定也是种修辞，而且对于考生来说，只要稍加注意，可以在文章中设计双重否定的句子。

例如想表达“邮递员天天准时到”，如果写成The postman comes on time every day，就不如变成双重否定，The postman never fails to come on time，就变成了亮点句，起到强调作用。

“几乎每个人对生活的态度都不同程度受到地震的影响”，写成双重否定There was hardly a man or a woman whose attitude towards life had not been affected by the earthquake.

应用类似的修辞会在中为同学们加分。

二. 陈述不如倒装妙

在书面表达中阅卷老师喜欢看到的高级语法共有五种：倒装，强调，从句，独立主格和分词结构，以及虚拟语气。

倒装是一种最简单易行的使句子呈现亮点的方法。在高中阶段只需掌握倒装的四种形式，就足以应对书面表达。

1.the four unique features: picturesque rocks, legendary pines, the sea of clouds and hotsprings “四绝”：巧石、奇松、云海、温泉

2. The Forbidden City 紫禁城

3. Gate of Supreme Harmony 太和门

4. Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿

5. Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿

6. Hall of Preserved Harmony 保和殿

7. Hall of Literary Harmony 文华殿

8. Hall of Martial Valour 武英殿

9. Pavilion of Literary Source 文渊阁

10. Complete Library of the Four Treasures of Knowledge 四库全书

11. West Lake, Hangzhou 杭州西湖

12. In heaven there is paradise, on earth Hangzhou and Suzhou. “上有天堂，下有苏杭。”

13. I would like to compare West Lake to Xi Shi, the ancient beauty.

14. Charming she looks whether richly made up or only slightly so. “欲把西湖比西子，浓妆淡抹总相宜。”

15. Mogao Grottoes/Caves,Dunhuang 敦煌莫高窟

16. murals 壁画

17. painted sculptures 彩绘

18. Singing Sands Mountain鸣沙山

19. the Crescent Moon Lake 月牙泉

20. Three Gorges on the Yangtze River 长江三峡

21. Qutang Gorge 瞿塘峡

22. Wu Gorge 巫峡

23. Xiling Gorge 西陵峡

24. Guilin, Guangxi 广西桂林

春华秋实，颗粒满仓。下面语文迷收集了秋天的英文句子，欢迎阅读。

1. 我认为秋天是一年中最美的季节。

I think autumn is the most beautiful season in a year.

2. 秋天时叶子变黄。

The leaves turn yellow in autumn.

3. 在秋天的晚上，我感到一丝凉意。

I feel a little cool in the autumnal night.

4. 秋天里树木都是光秃秃的。

The trees were naked during autumn.

5. 今天的天气已露出了一丝秋天的气息。

There is a breath of autumn in the air today.

6. 九月的天气确实像秋天了。

The weather in September was positively autumnal.

7. 我喜欢收集秋天赤褐色的叶子。

I like to collect russet autumn leaves.

8. 我们欣赏着秋天里新英格兰树林的瑰丽色彩。

We are enjoying the resplendent colors of the New England woods in the autumn.

9.夜半酒醒人不觉，满池荷叶动秋风

Wake up to drink ,people feel the middle of the night, moving wind over a lotus leaf pond

10.生命如此简单，如秋，如落叶。

Life is so si-mp-le, such as the autumn, such as fallen leaves.

11.秋中，有些感情便如落叶般凋零了，有些影子却挥之不去，只在网络虚缈中才有熟悉的名字。凋零就凋零吧，倦缩也好，成灰亦好，管它感情如一树红叶般怎样盛开，怎样凋零。我站在川流不息的时间里，谈笑风生，任凭满天的叶子飞舞，最终覆盖苍凉的生命。

In autumn, some emotions, such as fallen leaves as they decline, some have lingering shadow, only in the virtual network is indistinct in the familiar names. It withered on the decline,ashes are also good, regardleof the feelings of like how the leaves like a tree in full bloom and how to decline. I was standing on the flow of time, laughing, even if the sky flying leaves, eventually covering the lives of desolation.

12.那是一幅描绘秋天景色的油画。

That is an oil painting of a landscape in spring.

Different people have different hobbies. My hobby is listening to English music.Because I think listening to music is a good way to relax.I often listen to country music in my free time ,it not only makes me feel relax but also happy.I also listen to music after studying，it can make me energetic.And I think it can make me remember a lot of English words ，it can help me improve my English，So listening to English music became my hobby.

Hobby is real important for everyone，it makes our life colorful.

【主题阐释】

亲情：

亲情与生俱来，血脉相连，不以贫富贵贱而改变，不以个人喜好厌恶而取舍。亲情需要彼此精心呵护，懂得相互宽容与理解;作为至亲，一方有难八方支援……这些都能珍惜和保持亲情。也许有时候一家人会闹点矛盾，但一点小风浪是不会打击到亲情的。在人类的诸多情感中，亲情是最恒久的。

友情：

友情是一种抽象的、令人捉摸不透的东西，和亲情、爱情一样值得我们去珍惜。拥有友情的双方，称之为朋友。朋友在你开心时为你高兴，在你悲伤时给你安慰，在你彷徨时给你信心。真正的友情不依靠事业、祸福和身份，不依靠经历、地位和处境。它在本质上拒绝功利，拒绝归属，拒绝契约。它是独立人格之间的互相呼应和确认，它使人们独而不孤，互相解读自己存在的意义。

【事实素材】

1.废墟中的母爱

营救人员发现她的时候，她已经罹难了。透过那一堆废墟的间隙，可以看到她死亡的姿势：双膝跪着，整个上身向前匍匐着，双手扶着地支撑着身体。这时营救人员发现在她的身下还有一个孩子，经过一番努力，人们小心地把挡着她的废墟清理开，看到在她的身下躺着一个三四个月大的婴儿。因为母亲身体的庇护，他毫发未伤，抱出来的时候，他还安静地睡着，他熟睡的脸让所有在场的人感到很温暖。随行的医生解开襁褓准备做些检查时，却发现有一部手机塞在被子里。屏幕上有一条已经写好的短信：“亲爱的宝贝，如果你能活着，一定要记住妈妈爱你!”看惯了生离死别的医生却在这一刻落泪了。作为一个母亲，她赐予了他生命，又用自己的死捍卫了这个幼小的生命。

2.舜的故事

黄帝的后裔舜，父亲又聋又瞎，性情十分暴躁，母亲则十分贤淑。舜在母亲的照料下，幼年过得相当美满。但后来他的母亲得了重病，不久离开人世。自母亲去世后，他父亲的性情变得更坏。后来父亲聚了继室，生下了弟弟象。从此父亲对继母更加宠爱，而继母是一个心胸狭窄的人，常在父亲面前说舜的坏话，使舜常被父亲责打。但孝顺的舜没有因此而心生埋怨。当舜二十岁那年，他的孝行传遍千里，天子尧亦由地方官吏的推荐而得见舜，他亦非常赞赏他的为人，便把两个女儿嫁给舜，而舜的孝行最终亦感动了继母和弟弟，一家人最终和和美美地过日子。而尧亦禅让给舜。在舜的治理下，国家得以兴盛太平。

3.荀巨伯探病友

荀巨伯从远方来探视生病的朋友，恰逢胡贼围攻这座城池。朋友对巨伯说：“我现在快死了，你可以赶快离开。”巨伯回答道：“我远道来看你，你让我离开，败坏‘义’而求活命，哪里是我巨伯的行为!”贼兵已经闯进，对荀巨伯说：“大军一到，全城之人皆逃避一空，你是什么样的男子，竟敢独自留下来?”荀巨伯说：“朋友有重病，不忍心丢下他，宁愿用我的身躯替代朋友。”贼兵相互说：“我们这些没有道义的人，却闯入了有道义的国土!”便率军撤回。全城人的生命财产得到了保全。

【理论素材】

1.谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。——孟郊

2.世界上的一切光荣和骄傲，都来自母亲。——高尔基

3.全世界的母亲多么的相像!她们的心始终一样，每一个母亲都有一颗极为纯真的赤子之心。——惠特曼

4.慈父之爱子，非为报也。——《淮南子》

5.父亲的德行是儿子最好的遗产。——塞万提斯

6.人生得一知已足矣，斯世当以同怀视之。——鲁迅

7.在背后称赞我们的人就是我们的良友。——塞万提斯

8.友谊永远是美德的辅佐，不是罪恶的助手。——西塞罗

9.友谊真是一样最神圣的东西，不仅值得特别推崇，而且值得永远赞扬。——卜伽丘

10.在快乐时，朋友会认识我们;在患难时，我们会认识朋友。——柯林斯

【实战演练】

亲情，是妈妈温柔的笑脸，是爸爸宽阔的脊背;亲情，是生病时妈妈细心的呵护，是犯错误时爸爸严厉的鞭策;亲情，是阳春三月的田野里一家人用笑声放飞摇曳的风筝，是秋高气爽的树林里挽着爸爸妈妈的手悠闲的漫步……亲情，没有历史史诗的撼人心魄，没有风卷大海的惊波逆转，亲情总是默默穿行于平常小事之中，只要你用心品味，就会感受到其中蕴涵的醇美。

请以“亲情”为话题写一篇文章，题目自拟，文体不限。

【技法点拨】

亲情是一个咏唱千年经久不衰的话题，要写好这个话题，我们可以从以下角度进行构思：可以从母亲在家庭生活中的付出与奉献切入，操劳一生是母亲的共性，抓住这一特点来表现母爱，可以让文章显得真切动人;可以从最铭心刻骨的父亲的一句话切入，父亲一般不多言语，但在关键时候，他说出的一句话会让我们铭记终生。从这个角度来表现父爱，必然很深刻;可以从爷爷奶奶或外公外婆对我们的照顾切入，亲情不只是父母之爱，还包括我们与祖辈、与其他亲人之间的情感，围绕这方面写一写生活的酸甜苦辣中包含的浓浓亲情味道，也是不错的选择。

明确了思路后，应该注意以下技巧：一是要精心选材，挖掘生活中有意义的细节。亲情总是浸透于生活的琐碎与细微之处，如离家时母亲目送我们的温柔目光、生病时父亲捂在我们额头的温暖大手、伤心时姐姐给予我们的体贴宽慰……我们要有一颗易感的心，要善于张开感觉的网，从细节中捕捉到亲情的醇香，以小见大，使之定格为永恒。二是要找准感情的载体，具体描摹。深厚的感情往往凝聚在一件普普通通的小物件上，有了具体的寄托物，亲情会显得更加贴切，更加真实。同时，如果把载情之物作为行文的线索，可以使文章思路清晰，主题更加鲜明。三是要力求创新，使文章引人入胜。亲情的主题被演绎了千百年，下笔时创新是关键。如果我们能变换思维角度，从反面入手或侧面迂回，做到人无我有，就能在众多文章中脱颖而出。如母亲的一个耳光、一句讥讽、一次精心设计的考验等都体现了特殊的爱。

【作文展示】

心中住下阳光的颜色

我坐在写字桌前，铺开作业，一缕缕阳光闯进字里行间。我搬开一切障碍，让大朵的金色肆意在桌子上流泻，一丝丝温暖充斥我的心房。我忽然记起，是他，让我拥有这抹金黄，这般温暖。

那是六月的一个黄昏，虽太阳已偏西，天气依然闷热无比。我回到家，瘫在沙发上，连句“我回来了”都没说。热气稍减，我提起书包，准备回房写作业。刚走到房门，就看见爸爸在收拾着什么。

他头发零零乱乱的，耳后挂着几滴汗珠，左手竭力按着写字桌的一角，黝黑的胳膊上彰显出几块硬邦邦的肌肉，右手抓住最前面的桌边，用力往上一抬，腿和脚也顺势向旁边一迈，桌子立即来了个90度大转弯。调整好桌子一回头，看到我在门口，他显然有些吃惊，说：“今天怎么回来得晚啊?”

“噢，同学过生日，我去给她买了个礼物。”

“哦。我给你的桌子换了个方向，夏天太阳毒，朝南很刺眼。”

“嗯。”

每次都这样，一入夏，他总会及时地把桌子给我换个方向，避开直射的阳光，朝西或朝东，还解释说：太阳毒，会害眼。夏天一过，他又会及时把桌子再换回原来的样子，向着窗户，朝着太阳，也说：“以后阳光就少了，朝着太阳你写作业会暖和点儿，白天也让你的床晒晒太阳，一举两得!”说完，还不忘带上一个骄傲的微笑。

那天晚饭时，妈妈说：“今天是你爸的生日……”我心里一颤，突然明白为什么刚才爸爸听到“生日礼物”几个字时为何一顿。我的心中顿时涌满了惭愧和自责：我怎么这么粗心啊，竟然把爸爸的生日忘掉了啊!

晚饭后，我走到书桌前，给爸爸写了这样一封短信：

爸爸，您就是我生活中的阳光。正是因为您，我的生活才充满了温暖与色彩。您的爱，虽平淡却灿烂。以后的日子里，我会将这份爱好好珍藏，会将您时刻放在我的心间。爸爸，祝您生日快乐!身体健康!

从那一刻起，我的心中就住下了阳光的颜色——那一抹最温暖的金黄。

点评：

文章围绕“亲情”这一话题，通过记叙生活中与爸爸之间发生的一件事，很巧妙地将“父爱”与“阳光”融合在一起，表达了对父亲的感激之情。生活中表现父爱的题材很多，小作者独辟蹊径，选取了在不同的季节，为了沐浴冬日的暖阳和避开夏日的骄阳，爸爸为我适时搬移写字桌这件事，从一个新颖的角度表现了父爱的无微不至。细节描写的运用，很真实地诠释了人物内心的情感，突出了文章主题。

我的兴趣在花，而且特别爱赏桂花。

当门前幽香缭绕，桂花树开始悄悄绽放满树繁花时，我知道，秋来了。没有害羞，没有躲藏，秋的气息弥漫在四处。从此，天特别高，特别蓝，云朵格外白柔娴静，阳光格外明媚和煦，风也格外轻曼舒缓。从此，就可置身于令人心醉的桂花香中了。

今年的桂花特别茂盛，淡黄色的小花朵，一簇簇，一层层，缀满枝头，煞是可爱。难怪李清照发出“揉破黄金万点轻，剪成碧玉叶层层”的感叹。清风徐来，花香扑鼻，令人心醉；落花翩翩，令人心颤。此情此景，你怎能不生出“怜香惜玉”之感？有人说，那是“桂花雨”。桂花会“下雨”？多有灵气的花呀！

闲暇时，不妨挎个小竹篮去采桂花吧。且不说满眼净是黄绿世界，也不说香气四溢，就听那风儿弹出的协奏曲，足够让人陶醉的了。

古人有桂花酒之说，我虽没尝过，但桂花汤圆我可是经常有得吃。逢年过节，奶奶总会拌上桂花糖，包在糯米粉里，搓得圆圆的，放到锅里蒸。慢慢地，桂花特有的那种香味就会在小小的厨房弥漫开来，惹得我和妹妹心里痒痒的。

终于，一盘热腾腾、香喷喷的桂花汤圆端上了桌。用筷子夹起一个，迫不及待地咬一口——顿时，甜甜的汁水流人口中，芳香四溢，我的心里也甜甜的。此时，桂花香已不再是秋天的专利。

压岁钱，汉族年俗，寓意辟邪驱鬼，保佑平安。压岁钱最初的用意是镇恶驱邪。因为人们认为小孩容易受鬼祟的侵害，所以用压岁钱压祟驱邪，帮助小孩平安过年，祝愿小孩在新的一年健康吉利、平平安安。

春节拜年时，长辈要将事先准备好的压岁钱放进红包分给晚辈，相传压岁钱可以压住邪祟，因为"岁"与"祟"谐音，晚辈得到压岁钱就可以平平安安度过一岁。

压岁钱一般在新年倒计时时由长辈分给晚辈，表示压岁(压祟)。

在历史上，压岁钱是分两种的，其中一种就是晚辈给老人的，这个压岁钱的"岁"指的是年岁，意在期盼老人长寿。

励志，并不是让弱者取代另一个人成为强者，而是让一个弱者能与强者比肩，拥有实力相当的生命力和创造力。下面是语文迷网为大家整理提供的励志诗词，欢迎参考选择。

1、《浪淘沙》刘禹锡

莫道谗言如浪深，莫言迁客似沙沉。

千淘万漉虽辛苦，吹尽狂沙始到金。

2、《竹石》郑板桥

咬定青山不放松，立根原在破岩中。

千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风。

3、《赠萧瑀》李世民

疾风知劲草，板荡识诚臣。

勇夫安识义，智者必怀仁。

4、《西游记》吴承恩

人心生一念，天地悉皆知，

善恶若无报，乾坤必有私。

5、《赠梁任父同年》黄遵宪

寸寸河山寸寸金，侉离分裂力谁任?

杜鹃再拜忧天泪，精卫无穷填海心

6、《劝学》颜真卿

三更灯火五更鸡，正是男儿发愤时。

黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。

7、《长歌行》汉乐府

百川东到海，何时复西归?

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

8、《雪梅》卢梅坡

梅雪争春未肯降，骚人搁笔费评章。

梅须逊雪三分白，雪却输梅一段香。

9、《夏日绝句》李清照

生当作人杰，死亦为鬼雄，

至今思项羽，不肯过江东。

10、《狱中题壁》谭嗣同

望门投止思张俭，忍死须臾待杜根。

我自横刀向天笑，去留肝胆两昆仑。

11、《金缕衣》无名氏

劝君莫惜金缕衣。劝君惜取少年时。

有花堪折直须折，莫待无花空折枝。

12、《劝学》朱熹

少年易老学难成，一寸光阴不可轻。

未觉池塘春草梦，阶前梧叶已秋声。

13、《春宵》苏轼

春宵一刻值千金，花有清香月有阴。

歌管楼亭声细细，秋千院落夜沉沉。

14、《柳氏二外甥求笔迹》苏轼

退笔如山未足珍，读书万卷始通神。

君家自有元和脚，莫厌家鸡更问人。

15、《遣兴》袁枚

爱好由来落笔难，一诗千改心始安。

阿婆还是初笄女，头未梳成不许看。

16、《论诗十绝》戴复古

草就篇章只等闲，作诗容易改诗难。

玉经雕琢方成器，句要丰腴字妥安。

17、《戏为六绝》杜甫

未及前贤更勿疑，递相祖述复先谁?

别裁伪体亲风雅，转益多师是汝师。

名句

黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。 —— 颜真卿《劝学诗》

三更灯火五更鸡，正是男儿读书时。 —— 颜真卿《劝学诗》

古人学问无遗力，少壮工夫老始成。 —— 陆游《冬夜读书示子聿》

纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。 —— 陆游《冬夜读书示子聿》

国破山河在，城春草木深。 —— 杜甫《春望》

读书不觉已春深，一寸光阴一寸金。 —— 王贞白《白鹿洞二首·其一》

只解沙场为国死，何须马革裹尸还。 —— 徐锡麟《出塞》

商女不知亡国恨，隔江犹唱后庭花。 —— 杜牧《泊秦淮》

苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之!谪居正是君恩厚，养拙刚于戍卒宜。 —— 林则徐《赴戍登程口占示家人·其二》

一日不读书，胸臆无佳想。 —— 萧抡谓《读书有所见作》

渡远荆门外，来从楚国游。 —— 李白《渡荆门送别》

故国三千里，深宫二十年。 —— 张祜《宫词·故国三千里》

身既死兮神以灵，魂魄毅兮为鬼雄。 —— 屈原《国殇》

故垒西边，人道是，三国周郎赤壁。 —— 苏轼《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》

幼敏悟过人，读书辄成诵。 —— 欧阳修《画地学书》

入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。 —— 孟子及其弟子《生于忧患死于安乐》

故国神游，多情应笑我，早生华发。 —— 苏轼《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》

小楼昨夜又东风，故国不堪回首月明中。 —— 李煜《虞美人·春花秋月何时了》

位卑未敢忘忧国，事定犹须待阖棺。 —— 陆游《病起书怀》

历览前贤国与家，成由勤俭破由奢。 —— 李商隐《咏史二首·其二》

僵卧孤村不自哀，尚思为国戍轮台。 —— 陆游《十一月四日风雨大作》

坑灰未冷山东乱，刘项元来不读书。 —— 章碣《焚书坑》

休对故人思故国，且将新火试新茶。 —— 苏轼《望江南·超然台作》