有关兴趣爱好的英语写作素材(合集20篇)

【提要】英语四六级四级信息 : 20176月英语四级写作高分黄金句式【1】

▌列举法

列举法是四级写作中常用的方法，一般用first, second等一系列标志词引出原因或者可能的影响等。列举法常用的素材有：

引出列举

1. There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/are responsible for/can explain ______. 也许有一些因素造成/可以解释______。

2. There are probably three/many/several/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in ______.引起______显著增长/下降的原因有三个/许多/几个/很多。

3. Some reasons can explain this trend. 一些原因可以解释这一趋势。

4. Why ______ ?为什么______?

5. The causes of ______ are varied. They include______ , perhaps the main cause is ______. 造成______的原因有很多，包括______,主要原因可能是______。

6. The reason for this is not far to seek. 这一问题的原因不难发现。

7. It is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors. 要找出这一现象的原因并非易事，因为它涉及若干复杂的因素。

8. There are numerous reasons why ______, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. ______的原因有很多，这里我只想探讨其中几个最重要的原因。

9. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the following are the typical ones. 导致这种现象的原因有很多，以下是其中比较有代表性的。

10. There are many reasons explaining this case. As for me, I regard the following as the typical ones. 有很多原因可以解释该问题。就我而言，我认为以下原因比较典型。

11. A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of ______. 引起______变化的因素有很多。

分条列举

1. In the first place, ______. In the second place______ .首先，______。其次，______。

2. First,______ . Second, ______ . 首先，______。其次，______。

3. To begin with, ______. Secondly, ______. Last but not least, ______.首先，______。其次，______。最后但并不是最不重要的，______。

4. The first reason is that ______. The second one is ______. The third is ______. 第一个原因是______。第二个原因是______。第三个原因是______。

5. First of all, ______. Secondly,______ . Furthermore,______ .首先，______。其次，______。另外，______。

6. For one thing, ______. For another, ______.一方面,______。另一方面，______。

7. Firstly, ______. Secondly, ______. Thirdly, ______.首先，______。其次，______。再次，______。

8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe______.我不同意上述观点的另一个原因是我认为______。

▌对比法

对比法是指通过对比两种截然不同的观点来陈述其中的利弊，从而得出自己的结论。对比法常用的素材有：

1. The advantages gained in ______ outweigh/are much g

写作词汇提升是把“阅读词汇”转化为“写作词汇”的过程。举个例子，当我在课堂上问及大家“害怕”这个词英文表达的时候，很多同学不加思维的就告诉我是“afraid”，我再问大家这个词是什么时候学的时候，很多人恍然大悟，原来词汇早在初中甚至是小学的时候就学过了。那么，考研阅卷的老师如何以“afraid”这个词判断你到底是一个合格的大学毕业生还是一个仅仅上过初中的同学呢，现在我们就不难理解为什么考研写作的平均分只有满分的一半了。

当我们翻开大学的英语课本我们会发现，在大学的四年中(甚至只是大一大二的两年中)我们就学过很多表示“害怕”但却比“afraid”要高级的多的词汇，比如：horror，scared，astonished 等等。这当中的任何一个词都会比afraid得的分数要高，这就是所谓的高级词汇取代低级词汇的过程。

现在，我们就要树立一个思想，写作的最小组成单位是词汇，词汇有低级的(baby words)也有高级的(advanced words)，想要得到考研写作高分的第一步就是要有意识的在写作中用高级词汇去取代相对低级的词汇，从而反映出自己的词汇表现能力(lexical resource)。

英语写作技巧二、句型 —— 学会自创简单句

考研写作最基本的句式称之为“自创句”。“自创句”是根据所要表达的含义完全自主创作的英文句子，其基础是语法知识。阅读时不理解某些语法现象仍然能理解文章，而写作要求精确，是和语法联系最为紧密的语言功能。其中，简单句是一切句子的基础，简单句的创作可三步走：

1. 根据句义确定唯一的谓语动词。

2. 根据动词种类(无宾、单宾、双宾、宾补或系动词)补全句子成分，如主语、宾语、宾语补足语和表语等。

3. 注意谓语动词和主语在人称和数上的一致。

英语写作技巧三、构思 —— 学习英文独特的思想表达方式

当我们有了高级的词汇和复杂的句型之后，是不是就一定能写出高分的作文了呢?不一定。写作是一个人思维的理性表达，因此，对于写作来说，思维方式的优劣更是一篇文章好与坏的根本性的指向标。

英文有自己独特的思想表达模式，要学会用英文的表达模式写作。所以建议大家在夯实词汇、句型之后多读多背多写，练习地道的英文写作思维方式。阅读和背诵是积累语言素材的关键，《新概念》序言中甚至提到“只写读过的语言”。在此基础之上，“纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行”，阅读背诵素材之后，写作提高需要大量的实战演习

1. Do business, but be not a slave to it.

要做事，但不要做事务的奴隶。

2. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.

众人的事就是无人过问的事。

3. Work makes the workman.

勤工出巧匠。

4. Better master one than engage with ten.

会十事，不如精一事。

5. A work ill done must be twice done.

首次做不好，必须重新搞。

6. They who cannot do as they would, must do as they can.不能如愿而行，也须尽力而为。

7. If you would have a thing well done, do it yourself.

想把事情来做好，就得亲自动手搞。

8. He that doth most at once doth least.

什么都想一次做完，结果一件也做不完;贪多嚼不烂。

9. Do as most men do and men will speak well of thee.

照大多数人那样干，人们会把你称赞。

10. What may be done at any time will be done at no time.

在任何时候都可做的事情，总是在任何时候都不做的事情。

11. Better late than never.

迟做总比不做好。

12. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.

凡是值得做的事，就值得做好。

13. The shortest answer is doing the thing.

最简短的回答就是一个“干”字。

14. Action is the proper fruit of knowledge.

行动是知识之佳果。

15. Finished labours are pleasant.

完成工作是一乐。

16. It is lost labour to sow where there is no soil.

没有土壤，播种也是徒劳。

17. It is right to put everything in its proper use.

凡事都应用得其所。

18. Affairs that are done by due degrees are soon ended.

按部就班，事情很快就做完。

19. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明小孩也变傻。

20. Work bears witness who does well.

工作能证明谁做的好。

21. It is not work that kills, but worry.

工作不会伤身，伤身乃是忧虑。

22. He that will not work shall not eat.

不工作者不得食。

23. Business is business.

公事公办。

24. An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲

25. Put your shoulder to the wheel.

努力工作。

26. Never do things by halves.

做事不要半途而废。

27. In for a penny, in for a pound.

做事一开头，就要做到底;一不做，二不休。

28. Many hands make quick work.

人多干活快。

29. Many hands make light work.

众擎易举。

30. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.

技术拙劣的工人抱怨自己的工具。

31. Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

32. Idleness is the root of all evil.

懒惰乃万恶之源。

33. Care and diligence bring luck.

谨慎和勤奋带来好运。

34. Diligence is the mother of good fortune.

勤勉是好运之母。

35. Industry is fortune’s right hand, and frugality her left.

勤勉是幸运的右手，节俭是幸运的左手。

36. Idleness is the key of beggary.

懒惰出乞丐。

37. No root, no fruit.

无根就无果。

38. Idle people (folks) have the most labour (take the most pains).

懒人做工作，越懒越费力。

39. Sloth is the key of poverty.

惰能致贫。

40. Sloth tarnishes the edge of wit.

懒散能磨去才智的锋芒。

41. An idle brain is the devil’s workshop.

懒汉的头脑是魔鬼的工厂。

42. The secret of wealth lies in the letters SAVE.

节俭是致富的秘诀。

一、句式多变，词汇丰富。

鉴于这部分的写作要求和难度，不论是写书信还是编故事，由于100词的字数要求，考生必须要学会用具体的，多样化的语句来描写某样东西或某件事情。有的学生从头至尾都用"Thereis"的句式，而且重复多遍，看来单调乏味，很难得高分。我们不妨用主动和被动句式、各种不同的从句、动词不定式、强调句、虚拟语气等等，当然我们要写的句式必须是自己熟悉的，有把握的。

词汇量的大小影响写作成绩。试想你形容餐馆good，食品good，氛围good，那也太无聊了，我们平时就积累一些词汇，比如餐馆cleanandtidy，食品niceandtasty，氛围friendlyandpleasant等等，而不至于到考试时言之无物。

二、问题都答，加上连词。

如果第二单元你要给笔友写一份回信，信中有这么一个问题Haveyougotafavoriterestaurant?Tellmeaboutthefoodandwhatyoulikeabouttherestaurant。这个问题看似非常简单，但如果你就回答一句Ihavegotmyfavoriterestaurant.可以，但如果你不学会怎么扩展这个话题，那一封信中根本就写不了上百个单词。因此，学会拓展话题这一点在这部分中尤为重要，如你可以写餐馆的名字、位置、特色等等。

如果你选择编故事也很好。我们PET考生大多是青少年，正是想象力非常丰富的时候，很适合去编故事。但在书写的过程中，一定要注意尽量用自己有把握的语言来表达和描述。此外，既然是故事，就应该把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、过程以及结果都完整地表述出来。因此，我们在平时就把日常生活中所发生的有意义的小事儿用英文记录下来，日积月累你会发现，你的书写素材会越来越多，这种考试对你来说，将会是"apieceofcake"。

另外注意适当使用一些关联词，如and,but,so,if，使行文更加流畅。

三、平时勤练，克服畏惧。

因为该部分要求比较高，建议考生平时可以多做这样的书写练习。在学而思PET，我们会练习四五篇大作文，希望同学们平时就认真对待，描写到位，在老师的指导下，逐步明白自己的弱项在哪里，进而逐渐消除无话可写的心理恐惧，并提高写作水平。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

引用名人故事来论述论点，是我们在写议论文时常有的手法，下面是小编搜集的写作素材名人小故事，快来看看吧。

写作素材名人小故事一、辛弃疾忧国忧民

辛弃疾曾写《美芹十论》献给宋孝宗。论文前三篇详细分析了北方人民对女真统治者的怨恨，以及女真统治集团内部的尖锐矛盾。后七篇就南宋方面应如何充实国力，积极准备，及时完成统一中国的事业等问题，提出了一些具体的规划。但是当时宋金议和刚确定，朝廷没有采纳他的建议。

分析："位卑未敢忘忧国"，为国分忧，是每一个华夏儿女义不容辞的义务。

话题："责任""爱国"

写作素材名人小故事二、严复的担忧

1912年严复担任北大校长之职，此时严复的中西文化比较观走向成熟，开始进入自身反省阶段，趋向对传统文化的复归。他担忧中国丧失本民族的"国种特性"，他认为会"如鱼之离水而处空，如蹩跛者之挟拐以行，如短于精神者之恃鸦`片为发越，此谓之失其本性"，而"失其本性未能有久存者也"。出于这样一种对中华民族前途与命运的忧虑，严复曾经试图将北京大学的文科与经学合二为一，完全用来治旧学，"用以保持吾国四五千载圣圣相传之纲纪，彝伦道德文章于不坠"。这一行为在当时称得上用心良苦。

分析：严复保护中国传统文化的良苦用心在当时能有几人明晓?爱国的形式是多种多样的，我们不能只从一种角度、用一种眼光来看问题!

话题："看待事物的角度""目的与形式"

写作素材名人小故事三、张伯苓的理想

南开中学的创办者张伯苓16岁时以优异的成绩考入北洋水师学堂，学习驾驶。毕业后，他参加了"甲午海战"，但军舰一出海就被击沉，这对他触动很大。1899年英国强租我国威海卫军港，张伯苓亲眼看见，第一天在港口升起的清朝国旗第二天就降下来了。强烈的爱国心促使他毅然退出海军，回到天津筹办学校。他四处奔走，筹集资金，终于在1907年办起了南开学校。张伯苓一生全力办教学为国家培养了大批的人才。

分析：只有祖国的富强，个人才有尊严。为此，张伯苓不余遗力地创办学校，希望能以教育培养振兴中华的人才，其爱国热情让人感动。

话题："教育与爱国""人生的目标"

写作素材名人小故事四、于右任的临终诗

国`民党元老于右任临终前有诗《望大陆》云："葬我于高山之上兮，望我故乡;故乡不可见兮，永不能忘。葬我于高山之上兮，望我大陆;大陆不可见兮，只有痛哭。天苍苍，野茫茫;山之上，国有殇!"诗作于1964年公开发表，立刻打动了无数中国人的心。

分析：祖国的统一和强盛是华夏儿女永恒的愿望。于右任的临终诗之所以能打动无数人的心，还在于他表达了这样的愿望，引发了人们的共鸣。

话题："故乡情""月是故乡明""殷殷爱国情"

写作素材名人小故事五、李宗仁的民族情

1955年，李宗仁在美国公开提出反对"台湾托管"和"台湾`独立"，主张国共再度和谈，由中国人自己解决中国的事情。1965年7月，在周恩来总理亲自安排下，李宗仁冲破美国联邦调查局的干扰，摆脱国`民党特务机关的暗杀，毅然返回祖国，他声明："期望追随我全国人民之后，参加社会主义建设，并欲对一切有关爱国反帝事业有所贡献。"他还希望留在台湾的国`民党人，凛于民族大义，毅然回到祖国怀抱，为完成国家最后统一做出贡献。

分析：为了祖国的和平统一，李宗仁先生敢为天下先的精神和民族大义，将永远激励着为统一大业而奋斗的人们。

话题："心中的丰碑""祖国的呼唤"

写作素材名人小故事六、肖邦的遗愿

1830年11月，费列德利克·肖邦(波兰作曲家、钢琴家)决定到外国深造，为祖国争光。出发前，朋友们为他举行了一个送别晚会。肖邦满怀感激之情，接受了朋友们赠送的装满祖国泥土的银杯，表示永远不会忘记可爱的祖国。肖邦辗转于维也纳、伦敦、巴黎等地，通过他的艺术活动，增进西欧人民对当时正在受难的波兰人民的同情和了解。可是，在辗转流离的生活中，他得了重病。1849年秋天，肖邦临终时告诉从华沙赶来的姐姐，波兰反动政府是不会允许把他的遗体运回华沙的，他要求至少把他的心脏带回去。

肖邦的心脏，按照他的遗愿被送到华沙，埋葬在曾哺育他成长的祖国大地中。

分析：叶落归根，古今中外，概莫能外。对祖国的眷念，是每一个爱国者的共同期望。

话题："遗愿""爱国--永恒的话题"

写作素材名人小故事七、华罗庚立志回国

著名数学家华罗庚早年在美国很受学术界器重。有人想和他签订合同，把他留在美国，给予优厚的待遇，但当他得知新中国成立的消息后，立即决定回国。途经香港时，他发表了一封给留美学生的公开信，满怀热情地呼吁他们："为了国家民族，我们应当回去!"

分析："富贵不能淫"，物质再丰厚也不能阻挡爱国者回归祖国的脚步。

话题："祖国的利益高于一切""人生价值"

写作素材名人小故事八、梁实秋的演讲

著名作家梁实秋擅长演讲，他的演讲独具风采，给人们留下了深刻的印象。他在师大任教期间，当时的校长刘真，常请名人到校演讲。有一次，主讲人因故迟到，在座的师生都等得很不耐烦。于是，刘真便请在座的梁实秋上台给同学们讲几句话。梁实秋本不愿充当这类角色，但校长有令，只好以一副无奈的表情，慢吞吞地说："过去演京戏，往往在正戏上演之前，找一个二三流的角色，上台来跳跳加官，以便让后台的主角有充分的时间准备。我现在就是奉命出来跳加官的。"话不寻常，引起全场哄堂大笑，驱散了师生们的不快。

分析：幽默，流于俗套就成了无厘头;而恰到好处的幽默，则是智慧的闪光，有着化腐朽为神奇的力量。

话题："语言的妙用""幽默人生"

写作素材名人小故事九、瞿秋白的风趣

20世纪20年代初，郑振铎在上海结婚，新娘为商务印书馆元老高梦旦之女高君箴。婚礼采用当时最为时髦的"文明结婚"仪式。按仪礼规定，结婚人的双方家长，均须在结婚证书上加盖私章，以昭信守。婚礼前日，郑振铎才想起他母亲还没有印章，于是去信请瞿秋白代刻一方应急。当天收到瞿秋白的回信，并无信笺，只一张"秋白篆刻润格"，内言："石章每字二元，一周取件。限日急件，润格加倍。边款不计字数，概收二元。牙章、晶章、铜章另议。"郑振铎一见，以为这是瞿秋白事忙不能代刻的托辞，乃另请人急刻一方备用。次日上午，婚礼即将开始之际，有人送大红喜包一件，上书："振铎先生君箴女士结婚志喜，贺仪五十元。瞿秋白。"喜包内并无现金或礼券，乃是三方田石印章。一方是郑老夫人的;其余为新郎新娘各一方。郑老夫人是单章稍大，新郎新娘的两方合成一对，边款分刻"长乐"二字，祝贺新人长乐永康，白头偕老。郑振铎与高君箴皆为福建长乐县人，取意双关。三章均玲珑雅致，主人把玩欣赏之后，才悟出所书"贺仪五十元"之缘由。原来三章共刻12字，润格应为24元;急件加倍，则为48元;边款2元，故曰"贺仪五十元"。瞿秋白这一出人意料之趣举，给郑高二人之婚礼增添了特别的喜庆气氛，一时传为佳话。

分析：大才华者，大幽默也;大幽默者，大才华也。如此才情逸致，当为一时佳话。

话题："才华与幽默""风趣"

写作素材名人小故事十、林语堂上课请学生吃长生果

林语堂曾在东吴大学法学院兼英文课，一次，开学第一天，上课钟打了好一会儿他还没有来，学生引颈翘首。林先生终于来了，而且夹了一个皮包。皮包装得鼓鼓的，快把皮包撑破了。学生们满以为林先生带了一包有关讲课的资料，兴许他是为找资料而迟到了。谁知道，他登上讲台后，不慌不忙地打开皮包，只见里面竟是满满一包带壳的花生。

他将花生分送给学生享用，但学生们并不敢真的吃，只是望着他，不知他葫芦里到底卖的是什么药。林先生开始讲课，大讲其吃花生之道。他说："吃花生必吃带壳的，一切味道与风趣，全在剥壳。剥壳愈有劲，花生米愈有味道。"说到这里，他将话锋一转，说道："花生米又叫长生果。诸君第一天上课，请吃我的长生果。祝诸君长生不老!以后我上课不点名，愿诸君吃了长生果，更要长性子，不要逃学，则幸甚幸甚，三生有幸。"

分析：林语堂，一位大师级语言大师。性格幽默、风趣，听其谈话，如沐春风，获益多多。

话题："春风化雨""为师之道"

雷小转

我们大家每个人都有自己的兴趣。有的人喜欢一幅美丽的画；有的人喜欢弹一首优美的曲子；还有的人喜欢写一张漂亮的好字。而我的兴趣是跑步。

那是一个阳光明媚、风和日丽的早晨。我正在和同学们练习跑步，在跑步的过程中，我遇到了很多困难，跑步的时候，常常会出现肩膀发酸，小腿像灌了铅似的怎么也抬不起来，而且还会汗流浃背。我特别想要放弃，教练走过来，拍了拍我的肩膀，和蔼可亲的对我说：“不要放弃，我相信你！坚持就是胜利！”我回头望着老师，他的眼神中充满了对我的信任。我铭记着杨老师对我说的话，一直咬着牙，大步流星地跑向终点。我再回头望望老师，老师那亲切的目光，像三月的春风吹拂着嫩绿的小草！老师那亲切的目光，像寒冬的一束阳光，温暖了我的心田。

我虽然感觉到很累，但是我很欣慰，我克服了困难，战胜了自我。现在还深深记得老师语重心长的话：坚持就是胜利！世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

跑步，跑出好心情，跑出好身体，我爱跑步。

导语：人生真正的欢欣，就是在于你自认正在为一个伟大目标运用自己;而不是源于独自发光、自私渺小的忧烦躯壳，只知抱怨世界无法带给你快乐。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.奋斗、寻觅、发现，而不屈服。 ——诗人丁尼生

2.所有口述手写的辞句中，最悲哀的就是“本来可以……”——美国诗人惠蒂尔

3.啊!到达人生的尽头，才发现自己没活过。——梭罗

4.好的木材并不在顺境中生长;风越强，树越壮。 ——马里欧特

5.所有主体客体及人类文化活动之全部。 ——杜威

6.智者不只发现机会，更要创造机会。——培根

7.若无胆量，永远不可能升到高位。 ——赛鲁士

8.前往伟大的颠峰之路，必定崎岖。 ——赛尼嘉

9.若不好到至极，就不算伟大。——威廉·莎士比亚

10.每个意念都是一场祈祷。——詹姆士·雷德非

11.医生知道的事如此的少，他们的收费却是如此的高。 ——马克·吐温

12.复杂中带着简单的思考，是人和动物的分别。——皮雅

13.对一般人而言，凡事要思考并不是什么麻烦的事。 ——詹姆士•布莱斯

14.成功不是全垒打，而要靠每天的、经常的打击出密集安打。——Robert J• Ringer

15.了解面对逆境，远比如何接受顺境重要得多。——马丁·赛力格曼

16.绝不测量山的高度─除非你已到达顶峰，那时你就会知道山有多低。 ——哈马绍

17.没有人爬山只为爬到山腰。为何甘于平庸呢?——詹姆士·哈特

18.世界进步的历史是由那些不愿向失败者俯首称臣的人写下来的。 ——西祖

19.输赢并不在乎外在的强弱─完全发挥你内在的特质才是重要。——道格拉斯·马洛

20.只要你想象得到，你就能做到;只要你能梦见，你就能实现。 ——威廉·雅瑟·渥德

21.要使一件工作获得最大的成就，尊重自己的情绪是很重要的。——不知名

22.写作就跟生活一样，是一趟发现之旅。——亨利·米勒

23.一本好书是大师心灵的鲜血，可以一代一代地保存珍藏。 ——强恩·米尔顿

24.如果你是个作家，这是比当百万富豪更好的事，因为这一份神圣的工作。 ——哈兰·爱里森

25.成为一个成功者最重要的条件，就是每天精力充沛的努力工作，不虚掷光阴。 ——威廉·戴恩·飞利浦

26.人生成功的秘诀是，当机会来到时，立刻抓住它。——班杰明·戴瑞斯李

27.不停的专心工作，就会成功。 ——查尔斯·修瓦夫

28.过去的事已经一去不复返。聪明的人是考虑现在和未来，根本无暇去想过去的事。 ——英国哲学家培根

29. 真正的发现之旅不只是为了寻找全新的景色，也为了拥有全新的眼光。 ——马塞尔·普劳斯特

30.这个世界总是充满美好的事物，然而能看到这些美好事物的人，事实上是少之又少。 ——罗丹

31.你要确实的掌握每一个问题的核心，将工作分段，并且适当的分配时间。——富兰克林

32.爱不能单独存在，它的本身并无意义。爱必须付诸行动，行动才能使爱发挥功能。 ——德蕾莎修女

33.要能感觉存在，就需加强对美的感受力。——詹姆士·雷德非

34.将爱的能量传送给别人，我们自己就会变成一条管道，吸纳来自上天的神圣能源。而那种玄秘体验是我们每个人都得以品尝的! ——詹姆士·雷德非

35.我们都随时处于正在学习的过程。 ——Don Shimoda

36.人类心灵深处，有许多沉睡的力量;唤醒这些人们从未梦想过的力量，巧妙运用，便能彻底改变一生。——澳瑞森·梅伦

37.凡是内心能够想到、相信的，都是可以达到的。 ——Napoleon·Hill

38.一个客观的艺术不只是用来看的，而是活生生的。但是你必须知道如何去靠近它，因此你必须要做静心。 ——OSHO

39.烦恼使我受着极大的影响……我一年多没有收到月俸，我和穷困挣扎;我在我的忧患中十分孤独，而且我的忧患是多么多，比艺术使我操心得更厉害! ——米开朗基罗

40.有两种东西，我们对它们的思考愈是深沉和持久，它们所唤起的那种愈来愈大的惊奇和敬畏就会充溢我们的心灵，这就是繁星密布的苍穹和我心中的道德律。 ——康德

41.我们的生活似乎在代替我们过日子，生活本身具有的奇异冲力，把我们带得晕头转向;到最后，我们会感觉对生命一点选择也没有，丝毫无法作主。 ——索甲仁波切

42.对"战士旅行者"而言，选择其实不是去选择，而是优雅地接受"无限"的邀请。——唐望

43.真正的艺术家从来不会去想到完美， 而他的动作是如此地全然，而完美就是来自于它。 ——OSHO

44.每一年，我都更加相信生命的浪费是在于：我们没有献出爱，我们没有使用力量，我们表现出自私的谨慎，不去冒险，避开痛苦，也失去了快乐。 ——约翰·B·塔布

45.微笑，昂首阔步，作深呼吸，嘴里哼着歌儿。倘使你不会唱歌，吹吹口哨或用鼻子哼一哼也可。如此一来，你想让自己烦恼都不可能。——戴尔·卡内基

46.、当一切毫无希望时，我看着切石工人在他的石头上，敲击了上百次，而不见任何裂痕出现。但在第一百零一次时，石头被劈成两半。我体会到，并非那一击，而是前面的敲打使它裂开。 ——贾柯·瑞斯

47.人生不是一支短短的蜡烛，而是一只由我们暂时拿着的火炬;我们一要把它燃得十分光明灿烂，然后交给下一代的人们。 ——萧伯纳

48.虚荣心很难说是一种恶行，然而一切恶行都围绕虚荣心而生，都不过是满足虚荣心的手段。 ——柏格森

49.习惯正一天天地把我们的生命变成某种定型的化石，我们的心灵正在失去自由，成为平静而没有***的时间之流的奴隶。 ——托尔斯泰

50.要及时把握梦想，因为梦想一死，生命就如一只羽翼受创的小鸟，无法飞翔。 ——兰斯顿·休斯

51.生活的艺术较像角力的艺术，而较不像跳舞的艺术;最重要的是：站稳脚步，为无法预见的攻击做准备。 ——玛科斯·奥雷利阿斯

52.在安详静谧的大自然里，确实还有些使人烦恼、怀疑、感到压迫的事。请你看看蔚蓝的天空和闪烁的星星吧!你的心将会平静下来。——约翰·纳森·爱德瓦兹

53.对一个适度工作的人而言，快乐来自于工作，有如花朵结果前拥有彩色的花瓣。 ——约翰·拉斯金

54.没有比时间更容易浪费的,同时没有比时间更珍贵的了，因为没有时间我们几乎无法做任何事。——威廉·班

55.人生真正的欢欣，就是在于你自认正在为一个伟大目标运用自己;而不是源于独自发光、自私渺小的忧烦躯壳，只知抱怨世界无法带给你快乐。 ——萧伯纳

56.有三个人是我的朋友 爱我的人、恨我的人、以及对我冷漠的人。爱我的人教我温柔;恨我的人教我谨慎;对我冷漠的人教我自立。——J·E·丁格

57.称赞不但对人的感情，而且对人的理智也发生巨大的作用，在这种令人愉快的影响之下，我觉得更加聪明了，各种想法，以异常的速度接连涌入我的脑际。 ——托尔斯泰

58.人生过程的景观一直在变化，向前跨进，就看到与初始不同的景观，再上前去，又是另一番新的气候。 ——叔本华

59.为何我们如此汲汲于名利，如果一个人和他的同伴保持不一样的速度，或许他耳中听到的是不同的旋律，让他随他所听到的旋律走，无论快慢或远近。 ——梭罗

60.我们最容易不吝惜的是时间，而我们应该最担心的也是时间;因为没有时间的话，我们在世界上什么也不能做。 ——威廉·彭

终于可以上兴趣班了！我特别兴奋。这一天，我兴致勃勃地来到学校觉得特别快乐！最让我感兴趣的还是我可以到兴趣班去参加上课了。

来到学校，我看到时间还早，就准备好东西耐心等待。“叮零零……”上课开始了，大家急忙向英语兴趣班的教室跑去。来到教室，老师还没有来到。于是，我们安静地等待着老师来上课。过了一会儿，老师走了进来。他一走进教室就给我们用英语讲了起来。说了不久，教师就让我们跟着他做游戏。他是想用游戏来考验我们的英语思维能力。老师先给我们讲了游戏的规则，然后就开始玩了起来。我们每一个人的手里拿着一张牌。老师说了一张牌，说到那张牌的学生就上去写一个单词。第一个同学慢慢地走了上去，迅速地写出了一个单词。老师立刻报了第二张牌。接着又一个学生上去写单词。老师的嘴巴又张开了，我在心里暗暗祝愿：“老天爷，请你帮帮我的忙！不要让老师报到我的牌号！”可惜没有多久，老师就报出了我的这一个号码。我只得慢慢地站起来，迟疑地走了上去。来到黑板前，我的心里特别紧张，害怕出差错。我终于写好了单词，然后，我看了一遍。看到写得完全正确。我心里美滋滋的，得意地望着下面的学生。他们都在为我高兴。有的上去写错的，他们难受地走了下去。

我们小组的又一个同学上去写对了一个单词。老师给我们小组加了分。我们都鼓起了掌。有的同学还兴奋得欢呼起来。

[作文分享英语兴趣班

2015年国庆节火了青岛大虾，刚刚过去的春节又让哈尔滨“天价鱼”成为焦点。剧情几经反转，仍扑朔迷离，没有结论和说法。按照这位江苏顾客的报料，自己一行在哈尔滨旅游，在导游带领下来到“北岸野生渔村”，遭遇了398一斤的“天价鱼”和短斤少两;商家的说法则是我明码标价，一个愿打一个愿挨，至于鱼的重量，因为地方口音的差异，顾客听错了。当地管理部门介入后的初步结论，基本维持了商家的说法，强调店里有明码标价，就没有违法行为。但接着三天之后，又以擅自改变商铺名称和营业许可到期为由，查封了这家餐厅。

网上舆情则是起起伏伏，莫衷一是。一些同情顾客，认为旅游地区宰客是常见现象，只是很多没曝光而已;甚至发展到地域歧视，人身攻击。“宰客”这一现象，从三亚到哈尔滨、从青岛到四川(17日有网友爆料在自贡吃鱼被宰)，确非一地所独有，也绝非餐饮业所独有。这些事件的背后，反映了我们整个社会的诚信缺失，人与人之间的信任达到了严重危机的程度。当你高兴出游时，点个菜都需要“机警”，这是不是一种悲哀?

网民的争议是一个方面，少数媒体也以调查为名“拉偏架”。就在事件曝光后的第五天，有两家报社记者发布实地调查结果。一家晚报说，当天他在这家“北岸野生渔村”看到几乎没有顾客，餐馆工作人员感叹生意一落千丈——作为当前倍受争议的主角，出现这一现象应该是正常的吧。但另一家经济报的记者则报道说，他看到这家餐馆仍然顾客盈门，甚至有顾客说消费万元很正常。作为受众，我们不知道两位记者先生谁说的是真的。曾经我们相信报纸电视，但越来越多的假新闻让我们产生信任危机，特别面对互相矛盾的说法，我们更不知道该信谁。我们也曾很相信，甚至“迷信”专家，可惜无数事实证明，专家几乎都是利益决定脑袋的“砖家”。

对官方的信任叫公信力。可现在大家对官方的信任度也锐减。当地调查“天价鱼”的结论一出台，质疑其草率、地方保护主义的看法不少，甚至怀疑“保护伞”者亦有之。这不能只怪罪群众不相信有关部门，公信力的丧失是一个渐进、累积过程。当某些部门一次次、一件件地背离事实、背弃规则后，教大家如何再信任你?比如拖欠农民工工资，比如欠债跑路，比如成品油价，比如延迟退休，比如4500点下不减持……

春晚有个小品叫《放心吧》，充满了(革命)浪漫主义色彩。人与人互信，大家交托的事儿能放心，让这部小品充满了正能量。如果小品最后情节是：你把钱给我，我帮你交医药费，然后拿着钱不见踪影，喜剧就成了悲剧，浪漫主义就成了批判现实主义。理想很丰满，现实很骨感，我们缺少的，正是“放心吧”这三个字!

我们呼唤诚信，但诚信建设不能只靠空洞的道德说教。首先是要建立和完善法治建设，让不诚信者付出代价，特别是对坑蒙拐骗者加大处罚力度。其次是官方要重塑公信力，要按法律和政策办事，而不是看重眼前利益而有所取舍。第三是大家逐步积累正能量，增进人与人之间的理解、信任和宽容。

更多热门文章：

1、完成工作的方法是爱惜每一分钟。——达尔文

2、合理安排时间，就等于节约时间。——培根

3、过于求速是做事的最大危险之一。——培根

4、应当仔细地观察，为的是理解;应当努力地理解，为的是行动。——罗曼·罗兰

5、每一点滴的进展都是缓慢而艰巨的，一个人一次只能着手解决一项有限的目标。——贝弗里奇

6、人寿几何?逝如朝霜。时无重至，华不再阳。——晋·陆机

7、盛年不重来，一日难再晨;及时当勉励，岁月不待人。──陶渊明

8、皇皇三十载，书剑两无成。——唐·孟浩然

9、时间就是生命，时间就是速度，时间就是气力。——郭沫若

10、最严重的浪费就是时间的浪费。——布封

11、时间，天天得到的都是二十四小时，可是一天的时间给勤勉的人带来聪明和气力，给懒散的人只留下一片悔恨。——鲁迅

12、世界上最快而又最慢，最长而又最短，最平凡而又最珍贵，最轻易被人忽视，而又最令人后悔的就是时间。关于生命的名言警句。——高尔基

13、时间就是生命，无故的空耗别人的时间，实在无异于谋财害命的。——鲁迅

14、你热爱生命吗?那幺别浪费时间，由于时间是组成生命的材料。——富兰克林

15、把活着的每一天看作生命的最后一天。——海伦·凯勒

16、落日无边江不尽，此身此日更须忙。——陈师道

17、在今天和明天之间，有一段很长的时间;趁你还有精神的时候，学习迅速办事。——歌德

18、莫轻易，白了少年头，空悲切。英语名言警句。——岳飞

19、岁往弦吐箭。——孟效

20、盛年不重来，一日难再晨。及时宜自勉，岁月不待人。—陶渊明

21、一年之计在于春，你看关于学习的名言警句。一日之计在于晨。——萧绎

22、欢娱不惜时光逝。——英国

23、时间比理性创造出更多的皈依者。——汤姆·潘恩

24、“年”教给我们很多“日”不懂的东西。——爱献生

25、时间是审查一切罪犯的最老练的法官。——莎士比亚

26、时间是衡量事业的标准。——培根

27、时间能使隐躲的事物显露，也能使灿烂夺目的东西黯然无光。——意大利

28、时间伟大的作者，她能写出未来的结局。——英国

29、与时间抗争者面对的是一个刀枪不进的敌手。——塞·约翰逊

30、时间是最好的医生。——英国

31、时间能缓解极度的悲痛。——英国

32、时间会使钢铁生锈。——匈牙利

33、时间是最伟大、公正的裁判。——俄罗斯

34、时间能揭露万事。——英国

35、天波易谢，寸暑难留。——唐·王勃

36、年难留，时易损。——南北朝·谢惠连

37、时间是无声的脚步，不会由于我们有很多事情需要处理而稍停片刻。——欧洲

38、时间是一条金河，莫让它轻轻地在你的指尖溜过。——拉丁美洲

39、光阴潮汐不等人。——缅甸

40、光阴有脚当珍惜，书田无税应勤耕。——佚名

41、时间最不偏私，给任何人都是二十四小时;时间也最偏私，给任何人都不是二十四小时。——赫胥黎

42、时间待人是同等的，而时间在每个人手里的价值却不同。——佚名

43、谁对时间越吝啬，时间对谁就越慷慨。——佚名

44、勤奋的人是时间的主人，懒惰的人是时间的奴隶。——朝鲜

45、时间就象海绵里的水一样，只要你愿挤，总还是有的。——鲁迅

46、钉子是敲进往的，时间是挤出来的。——佚名

47、大豆不挤出油，时间不挤白会溜。——佚名

48、善于利用时间的人，永远找得到充裕的时间。——佚名

49、用“分”来计算时间的人，比用“时来计算时间的人，时间多五十九倍。——雷巴柯夫

50、时间是由分秒积成的，善于利用零星时间的人，才会做出更大的成绩来。——华罗庚

51、利用寸阴是任何种类的战斗中博得胜利的秘诀。——美国

52、勤勉的人，每周七个全天;懒惰的人，每周七个早晨。——英国

53、起早外出的跛子追不上。——日本

54、辛勤的蜜蜂永远没有时间的悲哀。——布莱克

55、时间就是生命。

56、时间就像海绵里的水只要愿挤总还是有的——鲁迅

57、一年之计在于春，一日之计在于晨。

58、在所有的批评家中，最伟大、最正确、最天才的是时间。——别林斯基

59、世界上最快而又最慢，最长而又最短，最平凡而又最珍贵，最容易被忽视而又最令人后悔的就是时间。——高尔基

60、必须记住我们学习的时间是有限的。时间有限，不只是由于人生短促，更由于人事纷繁。我们应该力求把我们所有的时间用去做最有益的事情。——斯宾塞

61、一个人越知道时间的价值，越倍觉失时的痛苦呀!——但丁

导语：自然界发展的历史就是“物竞天择”淘汰的历史;人类发展的历史就是“百舸争流”竞争的历史。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

伟大的思想家马克思，他潜心研究推翻资本主义，使人类进去一个更理想的社会，但着仅他一个人是不够的，另一个叫拂里德里希。恩格斯得人帮助他和他一起研究这种理论，并且称之为"科学社会主义"。他们的这种成功不就是合作而完成的吗?如果是一个人，或就没有如此大得逞就。

一个美国成功人士说过："没有永远的朋友，也没有永远的敌人。"着句话说的没错。秒年个个很要好的朋友，很可能在某些因素下成为敌人，毕竟金钱，名利的诱惑是很大的，我们不能保证人都能对朋友忠诚。更有可能，着只是外表的朋友。敌人也是一样的，我们么有永远的敌人，就像棉队中考，考场上，我们都是竞争的对手，谁也不会因为什么关系而放弃自己的学业。但是，在平常学习中，我们一起学习，互相帮助，着就是朋友是合作，我们没有选择的余地。生活在这个社会里，生下来就要竞争，只有强者才能生存，着也告诉我们一个道理，忽然做给了我们内充分的准备，竞争给了我们表现的机会。我们要合作也要竟镇，要成为双赢的群体，只有这样，我们才能声错，才有竞争的资格。竞争能激发个人的主动性和积极性，提高学习效率和工作效率，促使人的潜力得到充分发挥，使人们不断进取，奋发向上;在与竞争对手的比较中，能发现自身的不足，取长补短，使自己进步、发展得更快。取长补短、携手共进，是我们在合作中竞争的目标。

竞争与合作看似很遥远，其实它们是紧密项链的，我们要在竞争中寻求合作，在合作中竞争。人不是万能的，如果兔子背着乌龟跑，乌龟背兔子过河，那这个成果就不仅仅是乌龟兔子任何一个成绩这样简单了。也就是说，我们要把自己的短处与别人的长处相结合，别人的短处用自己的优势去弥补，着样，我们就真的做到了赢!

竞争与合作并不是一对“敌对兄弟”，竞争离不开合作。因为有合作才能优势互补、取长补短、收拢五指、攥紧拳头、形成合力。既竞争又合作，才能突破孤军奋战的局限，实现双赢或多赢在常人看来，竞争与合作是一对“敌对兄弟”，“一山不容二虎”嘛!这一点被眼下我国葡萄酒市场异常激烈的竞争所印证。从市场之争到标准之争，从品牌之争到原产地命名之争，在葡萄酒这个不大的领地王国里，刀光剑影，杀声阵阵，正演绎着一场场悲壮的战争

要彻底扭转这种局面，必须学会合作，在公平竞争的同时，保持良好的合作态势，逃脱愈演愈烈的降价漩涡。再比如“神州”和“万家乐”是旗鼓相当的两家大型热水器生产厂家。“神州”的广告语为“款款神州，万家追求”，而“万家乐”的广告语为“万家乐崛起于神州”。他们各自的广告语中都包含了对方的产品品牌。这样双方都能扬名获利。你把客户送到我这里，我把客户送到你那里。两种热水器迅速走进千家万户，为两家企业带来丰厚利润。他们在竞争中合作，实现了双赢。一是没有合作的竞争只能造成协作双方的两败俱伤，特别是那种置道德不顾的不正当竞争，其最终结果只能是害人害己，教育学生要反对不正当竞争，：竞争意识。二是竞争与合作是对立统一的关系，在合作中有竞争，在竞争中有合作，教育学生竞争不忘合作。因为，竞争与合作是统一的。合作不能没有竞争，没有竞争合作是一潭死水，合作是为了更好地竞争，合作越好，力量越强，成功的可能性就越大;竞争不能没有合作，没有合作作竞争是孤单的无力的竞争，是“你死我活”或两败俱伤。

半糖主义

现在有个词很流行“ 半糖”，它的流行大概要归于一个台湾偶像组合的歌曲《半糖主义》。半糖的涵义对生活的各个层面都有益，它其实就是指人们对自己生活分寸的把握，说白了就是凡事要有个度。比如人与人之间的交往，中国一句老话“ 君子之交淡如水”，其实与半糖的主张有异曲同工之妙，有一点亲密，有彼此的关心，但又不会太近，不会妨碍他人的私密空间;比如我们对事业成功的追求，应该努力争取，顽强拼搏，但又不急功近利，不奢求强求;甚至我们的穿衣打扮，一日三餐，都该学会半糖”——不过分、不过度、刚好，这样才会最好地摒弃生命里的“ 苦”，品尝到生活中的“ 甘”。说到底，半糖主义代表的是一种健康的生活态度，太苦的日子会使人沮丧失望，非我们所愿;过甜的日子容易让人不识甜为何物，不懂珍惜，也许生命的最佳状态就是不回避烦恼与苦难，并学会给自己的日子加半勺糖，在若有若无间体味生命的香甜，领悟甘苦参半的人生真谛。

活在多种可能中

宝洁公司研发了一种命名为“ 依芙玉”的新型肥皂。工人只要把产品原料置于搅拌器中，就可以通过定时搅拌制成肥皂。有一天，操作员打开蒸气驱动的搅拌器后，忘了关掉机器就出去吃午饭了。当他回来后，由于搅拌过久，肥皂原料充满泡沫。经过现场主管鉴定，原料本身并没有受到破坏。一个月后，大量客户竟然在订单上指名要“ 飘浮香皂”。因为皂体里充满了气泡，故香皂得以浮在水面上，免去了人们“ 海底捞月”之苦。这个意外事件引起了宝洁公司管理层的重视。公司修改了程序，专门生产“飘浮香皂”，这种产品后来风靡一时，成了宝洁公司最畅销的商品。千万别以为“ 依芙玉”是错的，而“ 飘浮香皂”是对的，但“ 依芙玉”的不当也是显而易见的，那就是作为一种可能，它占据了宝洁公司管理层的意识，阻止了另外的可能进入。这个例子说明，研制也好，计划也好，只能是线性的、一维的，它只能从众多的可能中选择一种，而将其它的可能淘汰出局。这个世界不是一维的，每个人都是一个向所有可能开放的系统。对人而言，一切皆有可能。

痛楚里的坚强

一个岁的女孩，在削铅笔。风吹开了门，女孩站起来准备把门关上，没有想到，门打在她身上，铅笔尖戳穿了女孩的胸腔，刺进了心脏。女孩的母亲紧张但没有慌乱，打了急救电话，然后把女儿平放在桌上。女孩喊疼，要求母亲把插在她心脏上的铅笔拔出来。母亲犹豫了一下，没有同意，并告诫女儿，不经妈妈的同意不允许拔去，有疼痛可以告诉妈妈!最后，女孩得救了!医生说女孩的生命是由她母亲的医学知识救回来的。如果她拔出铅笔，血液会顺着伤口汹涌而出，即使是抢救及时恐怕也无力回天!母亲的回答却别有一番滋味：当初，我真的不知道该怎么办。女儿很听话，没有把铅笔拔出来，我知道她忍受着巨大的痛苦，这正是我所需要的!我想，如果把铅笔拔出来，女儿恐怕认为这样就可以解脱了，从而导致意识上的不警觉。在急救车上，我不停地问女儿，你痛吗?女儿点点头。这给我很大的希望，她有意识，能感觉到疼痛的存在，证明她在抵抗这种痛苦，她在与生命抗争，与死亡搏斗!女孩的母亲肯定地说，是疼痛感给予了女儿第二次生命!如今，女孩生活得非常健康。疼痛当然不是好事，但有时它也会创造生命!

水到绝境是飞瀑

瀑布的壮观是在没有退路的时候形成的，繁星的璀璨是在黑夜到来后弥漫的。曾有一位作家，在股票交易中损失惨重，一下跌进贫穷的深渊。从锦衣玉食到潦倒寒酸，他并没有泄气，他开始节衣缩食，勤奋写作，期望能依靠赚取的稿费偿还债务。他的朋友们为了帮助他度过难关，组织募捐，许多人纷纷解囊，一些大公司、大财团更是不惜出巨资想雇佣他终生写广告词……他一一拒绝着这些难得的机会，把自己关在书房里，一个月、两个月，一年、两年，日复一日，年复一年，他紧咬着一个信念，随着他一本接一本轰动全国的新书问世，他很快就偿还了所有债务，建设起自己的新生活。这位作家的名字，响誉世界：他就是马克·吐温。

爱自己才能更好地爱别人

有这样一个痴情的男孩，苦苦追求一个女孩子，但她却迟迟没有答应。有一天约会时，男孩对女孩痛哭流涕，表示如果没有她，他无法再活在这个世界上。男孩在一次没有明确结果的询问后，果真吞服大量安眠药，幸亏被家人及时发现了，送到医院抢救，活了过来。其实，这个女孩对他已经慢慢产生了好感，但这件事发生后，女孩反而不愿再和他进一步发展下去了，对他也越发冷淡了。问及原因，女孩对他说：“ 一个不爱自己的人，怎么会真正爱别人呢?学会爱自己，让灵魂和肉体长得更加强壮，更加健康，这样才能更好地爱别人，去接受别人的爱，这样的爱情才长久，才丰富。

生命的容量

在现实生活中，屡遭挫折的约翰对生活失去了信心，于是他来到了天堂。一位天使给了他一个水瓶，让他收集花草上的露珠。约翰每天天不亮就起身，很辛勤的劳作。但一个月后，小小的水瓶还没有装满。约翰非常失望，他找到天使，说：“ 难道这就是生活?这就是生命?”说完，就将水瓶中的水倾倒了出去。天使微笑着，往下面一指，说：“ 你看看下边吧!”瓶中的水已化作了漫天甘霖，正纷纷扬扬地洒向人间。生命的容量并不是确定的，全在于你对生命持有什么样的态度。

明天的树叶一定会在明天掉下来

在我小的时候，有一件事情对我有一个很好的启示。我家因为经营林场，爸爸规定我们每天早上出门上学之前，要先把屋后面的树叶扫干净。爸爸看我们扫得辛苦，跟我说：“ 爸教你们一个简单的方法。扫树叶之前，先把明天要掉下来的树叶摇下来。两天扫一次就好了。”这个方法不错。第二天早上比平时起得更早，扫地之前先去摇树，摇到一半，就发现摇树比扫地还累。好不容易把树都摇过一遍，地扫干净，自己坐在院子里，带着神秘的微笑：“ 明天就不用扫了。”正开心时，一阵风吹来，树叶又掉下来。这样的事怎么会发生呢?”接下来起得比前一天更早，天还没亮就起来了。昨天一个人摇树，今天两个人摇，把明天的树叶摇下来最好连后天的也摇下来，如果能把 7 天的都摇下来就好了。摇到后来，摇死好几棵树。但是非常奇怪的一件事就是，即使你把树摇死了，明天的树叶也不会在今天掉下来。明天的树叶一定会在明天掉下来。所以，活在当下，是非常重要的，要把你所有的情感、智慧、精力都用在当下这一个时刻，使它非常的饱满。

笨鸟后飞未尝不可

一只笨鸟在迁徙的季节为了抢先到达目的地，就先于同伴起飞了，可是飞了很长一段时间还没有看见同伴跟上来，它迷路了，它扇着翅膀不知道何去何从。结果这只鸟不得不循着原路返回，在其他鸟都起飞了之后才默默地跟在后面，慢点儿不要紧，至少再也不会迷失方向。笨鸟先飞，这句古语在我们脑海里根深蒂固了上千年。是笨鸟不要紧，要紧的是不能明知道自己是笨鸟还偏要和聪明机灵的鸟一争高下，以显示自己的不笨。笨不会使你失去尊严，你笨你就做好充分的准备，安分守己，然后老老实实地跟在大家后面飞，即使你永远落后，但你永远不会迷失。不要以为这是很丢脸的事，你就是你，这就是你的生活，没有人代替得了你。扎扎实实地走好你的每一步，不要怨天尤人，也不要好高骛远。如果你是笨鸟，就走一条属于你自己的“ 笨之路 ”，笨得真实，笨得精彩。如果你是笨鸟，请你后飞 、慢飞，千万别为了抢先而错过了属于你自己的风景。

你必须精通一样

有位商界朋友前不久回国，给我讲了一个他在美国移民局目睹的故事，使我更深刻地理解了美国。他在美国移民局申请绿卡的时候，曾经遇到过一位中年妇女，从她被晒成古铜色的皮肤看，可以断定是一位户外工作者。出于好奇，他上前和她搭话，一问才知，她来自中国北方农村，因为女儿在美国才申请来美国。她只读完小学，汉语都表达不好。可就是这样一位英语只会说你好”、“ 再见”的中国农村妇女，也在申请绿卡。她申请的理由是有“技术专长”。移民官看了她的申请表，问她：“你会什么?”她回答说：“ 我会剪纸画。”说着，她从包里拿出一把剪刀，轻巧地在一张彩纸上飞舞，不到3 分钟，就剪出一群栩栩如生的各种动物图案。美国移民官瞪大眼睛，像看变戏法似的看着这些美丽的剪纸画，竖起拇指，连声赞叹。这时，她从包里拿出一张报纸说：“ 这是中国《农民日报》刊登的我的剪纸画。”美国移民官员一边看，一边连连点头说：“OK。”她就这么OK了。旁边和她一起申请而被拒绝的人羡慕又嫉妒。这就是美国。你可以不会管理，你可以不懂金融，你可以不会电脑，甚至，你可以不会英语。但是，你不能什么都不会!你必须得会一样，你要竭尽全力把它做到极限。这样，你就会永远 OK了!

尽力和全力

一只兔子被猎人开枪打伤，它惊恐地逃跑了。猎人向猎犬打了个手势，训练有素的猎犬如箭一般追向那只逃跑的兔子。猎犬的速度飞快，它的身手是那样的敏捷。兔子没命地飞奔，根本看不出它已经受伤，最后竟把猎犬甩开了。猎人见它一无所获，愤怒地骂道：“ 没用的东西，连一只受伤的兔子都抓不到，今晚别想吃晚餐了!”猎犬感到很委屈，辩解道：“ 我虽然没能抓到兔子，可我已经尽力而为了呀!”那只受 伤 的 兔 子 逃回 窝 中 ，伙伴们为它死里逃生而感到惊奇。它们好奇地问：“ 猎犬速度这么快，你居然还能逃脱，真是太不可思议了!”惊魂未定的兔子说：“ 猎犬如果抓不住我，顶多被主人骂一顿所以，它追我只是尽力而为;可我如果被它抓住，小命就没有了，所以我逃跑是全力以赴呀!”在生活中，当我们因失败而找借口为自己开脱时，是否反思过，自己到底做了那只尽力而为的猎犬，还是那只全力以赴的兔子?

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考可根据自己的情况选择其中的个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。

1．表示原因

1）There are three reasons for this

2）The reasons for this are as follows

3）The reason for this is obvious

4）The reason for this is not far to seek

5）The reason for this is that

6）We have good reason to believe that

例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life

．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．

注：

如考生写第一个句子没有把握，

可将其改写成两个句子。

如：

Great changes have taken place in our life．

There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2．表示好处

1）It has the following advantages

2）It does us a lot of good

3）It benefits us quite a lot

4）It is beneficial to us

5）It is of great benefit to us

例如：

Books are like friends．

They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds

and widen our horizons．Therefore reading extensively is of great benefit to us

3．表示坏处

1）It has more disadvantages than advantages

2）It does us much harm

3）It is harmful to us

例如：

However，everything divides into two．

Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.

4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient, possible）for sb．to do sth．

2）We think it necessary to do sth．

3）It plays an important role in our life．

例如：

Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．

Soon, computers will be found in every home，too．

We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．

5．表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures．

2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．

3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．

4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．

例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with Is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．

6 ．表示变化

1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．

2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．

3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．

例如：

Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to

meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．

7．表示事实、现状

1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．

2）No one can deny the fact that．．．

3）There is no denying the fact that．．．

4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．

5）However，that’s not the case．

例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，

we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．

The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．

8．表示比较

1）Compared with A，B．．．

2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．

3）There is a striking contrast between them．

例如：

Compared with cars ,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．

9．表示数量

1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．

2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．

3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％compared with that of January．

例如：

With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s in some spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．

再如：From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．

10．表示看法

1）People have（take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth．

2）People have different opinions on this problem．

3）People take different views of（on）the question．

4）Some people believe that．．．

Others argue that．．．

例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．

Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However ,others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．

再如：

Do“lucky numbers really bring good luck？

Different people have different views on it（注：

一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。）

11．表示结论

1）In short，it can be said that ．．．

2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．

3）From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that ．．

例如：

From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however，its method should be improved．

12．套语

1）It’s well known to us that ．．．

2）As is known to us．．．

3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．

4）From the graph

（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．

5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．

例如：

As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．

The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays,the society is changing and developing rapidly，and

the campus is no longer an“ivory tower.As college students，

we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．

Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after

we graduate.

Today many high school students have their own hobbies. For example, some of them like singing; some of them enjoy playing the guitar; some of them are keen on painting; some of them are crazy about taking photos, and so on.

如今很多的高中生们都有着自己的爱好。比如说，他们有些人喜爱唱歌，有些人喜爱弹吉他，有些人喜爱绘画，有些人则痴迷摄影等等。

I think it’s meaning for high school students to have hobbies, because hobbies can benefit them a lot. On one hand, after a long-time study, hobbies can make them feel relaxed. On the other hand, when they feel depressed, hobbies can bring them happiness. Furthermore, hobbies can mould their temperament as well as show their characteristics.

我认为高中生拥有自己的爱好很有意义，因为爱好会让他们受益匪浅。一方面，经过一段长时间学习，业余爱好可以让他们得到放松。另一方面，当他们觉得沮丧时，爱好还可以给他们带来欢乐。此外，爱好可以陶冶情操又可以展现他们的风采。

However, some students are so addicted to their hobbies that they spend less time on study. How foolish of them to do so! In my view, if we focus too much on one thing, either our studies or hobbies will be badly affected. Thus, we are supposed to balance them in a proper way.

然而，有一些学生却荒废他们的学业，沉溺于爱好之中。他们这样做是多么的愚蠢!在我看来，如果我们过于专注于一事，我们的学业或是业余爱好都会受到不好的影响。因此，我们应该找到平衡两者的方法。

一、充分准备，打好基础。

为了提高初一英语作文写作水平，平时应加强阅读，多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说：读书破万卷，下笔如有神，只有多读，多记，多背诵，才能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法，如书信、日记、通知等，它们大多有固定的格式。

二、认真审题，明确要求

在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示，分清材料的主次，接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素；最后确定时态，同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。 三、遣词造句、表达规范

初一英语作文用词要恰当，不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时，应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些，有些句型不会表达，可以设法绕开，用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词，如and, or, but, so，because, since等，以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密，自然流畅。 四、认真撰写，卷面整洁

初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题，如果时间允许，书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前，要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题；之后检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当；最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求，前后是否一致。 中考复习研讨会指导课件，极具价值。 关联词

1.表示并列或递进: and, as well as, both&and, not only&but also, neither&nor;2.表示选择: or, either∨3.表示转折: but, however, although, though, after all, 4.表示因果: because, so, therefore5.表示条件: if , unless6.表示对比: instead, not&but, on the one hand&on the other hand;7.表示解释: for example, for instance, such as, that is to say, in other words;8.表示顺序: to begin with, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next, later, since then, from then on, finally, in the end;9.表示强调: also, besides, what’s more, actually, in fact, 10.表示结论: all in all, altogether, in a word, generally speaking,

导语：清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。清明激发了文人墨客的诗兴，成为历代文人创作的高发期。下面是小编整理的关于清明节的诗词，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

1.借问酒家何处有?牧童遥指杏花村。 —— 杜牧《清明》

2.春城无处不飞花，寒食东风御柳斜。 —— 韩翃《寒食 》

3.燕子来时新社，梨花落后清明。 —— 晏殊《破阵子·春景》

4.日暮汉宫传蜡烛，轻烟散入五侯家。 —— 韩翃《寒食 》

5.二月江南花满枝，他乡寒食远堪悲。 —— 孟云卿《寒食》

6.帝里重清明，人心自愁思。 —— 孟浩然《清明即事》

7.况是清明好天气，不妨游衍莫忘归。 —— 程颢《郊行即事》

8.拆桐花烂漫，乍疏雨、洗清明。 —— 柳永《木兰花慢·拆桐花烂漫》

9.清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。 —— 杜牧《清明》

10.明朝寒食了，又是一年春。 —— 顾太清《临江仙·清明前一日种海棠》

11.春水船如天上坐，老年花似雾中看。 —— 杜甫《小寒食舟中作》

12.淡荡春光寒食天。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

13.梨花风起正清明，游子寻春半出城。 —— 吴惟信《苏堤清明即事》

14.中庭月色正清明，无数杨花过无影。 —— 张先《木兰花·乙卯吴兴寒食》

15.满眼游丝兼落絮，红杏开时，一霎清明雨。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

16.无花无酒过清明，兴味萧然似野僧。 —— 王禹偁《清明》

17.听风听雨过清明。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

18.素衣莫起风尘叹，犹及清明可到家。 —— 陆游《临安春雨初霁》

19.马上逢寒食，愁中属暮春。 —— 宋之问《途中寒食题黄梅临江驿寄崔融》

20.佳节清明桃李笑，野田荒冢只生愁。 —— 黄庭坚《清明》

21.南北山头多墓田，清明祭扫各纷然。 —— 高翥《清明日对酒》

22.六曲阑干偎碧树，杨柳风轻，展尽黄金缕。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

23.风雨梨花寒食过，几家坟上子孙来? —— 高启《送陈秀才还沙上省墓》

24.可惜一片清歌，都付与黄昏。 —— 黄孝迈《湘春夜月·近清明》

25.百草千花寒食路，香车系在谁家树。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·几日行云何处去》

26.谁把钿筝移玉柱?穿帘海燕惊飞去。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

27.恻恻轻寒翦翦风，小梅飘雪杏花红。 —— 韩偓《夜深 》

28.清明上巳西湖好，满目繁华。 —— 欧阳修《采桑子·清明上巳西湖好》

29.童颜若可驻，何惜醉流霞。 —— 孟浩然《清明日宴梅道士房 》

30.黄昏疏雨湿秋千。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

31.浓睡觉来慵不语，惊残好梦无寻处? —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

32.梨花榆火催寒食。 —— 周邦彦《兰陵王·柳》

33.日落狐狸眠冢上，夜归儿女笑灯前。 —— 高翥《清明日对酒》

34.把酒看花想诸弟，杜陵寒食草青青。 —— 韦应物《寒食寄京师诸弟》

35.大堤欲上谁相伴，马踏春泥半是花。 —— 窦巩《襄阳寒食寄宇文籍》

36.好风胧月清明夜，碧砌红轩刺史家。 —— 白居易《清明夜》

37.忽逢青鸟使，邀入赤松家。 —— 孟浩然《清明日宴梅道士房 》

38.故园肠断处，日夜柳条新。 —— 宋之问《途中寒食题黄梅临江驿寄崔融》

39.试上吴门窥郡郭，清明几处有新烟。 —— 张继《闾门即事》

40.林卧愁春尽，开轩览物华。 —— 孟浩然《清明日宴梅道士房 》

41.贫居往往无烟火，不独明朝为子推。 —— 孟云卿《寒食》

42.江淮度寒食，京洛缝春衣。 —— 王维《送綦毋潜落第还乡 》

43.雨中禁火空斋冷，江上流莺独坐听。 —— 韦应物《寒食寄京师诸弟》

44.宠柳娇花寒食近，种种恼人天气。 —— 李清照《念奴娇·春情》

45.清明时节雨声哗。 —— 张炎《朝中措·清明时节》

46.梨花自寒食，进节只愁余。 —— 杨万里《寒食上冢》

47.宿草春风又，新阡去岁无。 —— 杨万里《寒食上冢》

48.客思似杨柳，春风千万条。 —— 王安石《壬辰寒食》

49.黄蜂频扑秋千索，有当时、纤手香凝。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

50.乌啼鹊噪昏乔木，清明寒食谁家哭。 —— 白居易《寒食野望吟》

51.寒食不多时，牡丹初卖。 —— 晁冲之《感皇恩·寒食不多时》

52.梦回山枕隐花钿。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

53.庭轩寂寞近清明，残花中酒，又是去年病。 —— 张先《青门引·春思》

54.今日清明节，园林胜事偏。 —— 贾岛《清明日园林寄友人》

55.惆怅双鸳不到，幽阶一夜苔生。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

56.白下有山皆绕郭，清明无客不思家。 —— 高启《清明呈馆中诸公》

57.才过清明，渐觉伤春暮。 —— 李冠《蝶恋花·春暮》

58.芳洲拾翠暮忘归，秀野踏青来不定。 —— 张先《木兰花·乙卯吴兴寒食》

59.冥冥重泉哭不闻，萧萧暮雨人归去。 —— 白居易《寒食野望吟》

60.海燕未来人斗草，江梅已过柳生绵。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

61.春事到清明，十分花柳。 —— 辛弃疾《感皇恩·滁州为范倅寿》

62.三千丈清愁鬓发，五十年春梦繁华。 —— 乔吉《折桂令·客窗清明》

63.风风雨雨梨花，窄索帘栊，巧小窗纱。 —— 乔吉《折桂令·客窗清明》

64.寒食后，酒醒却咨嗟。 —— 苏轼《望江南·超然台作》

65.怀家寒食夜，中酒落花天。 —— 赵长卿《临江仙·暮春》

66.野棠花落，又匆匆过了，清明时节。 —— 辛弃疾《念奴娇·书东流村壁》

67.迳直夫何细!桥危可免扶?远山枫外淡，破屋麦边孤。 —— 杨万里《寒食上冢》

68.巾发雪争出，镜颜朱早凋。 —— 王安石《壬辰寒食》

69.花落草齐生，莺飞蝶双戏。 —— 孟浩然《清明即事》

70.娟娟戏蝶过闲幔，片片轻鸥下急湍。 —— 杜甫《小寒食舟中作》

71.烟水初销见万家，东风吹柳万条斜。 —— 窦巩《襄阳寒食寄宇文籍》

72.桐花半亩，静锁一庭愁雨。 —— 周邦彦《琐窗寒·寒食》

73.棠梨花映白杨树，尽是死生别离处。 —— 白居易《寒食野望吟》

74.独绕回廊行复歇，遥听弦管暗看花。 —— 白居易《清明夜》

75.洒空阶、夜阑未休，故人剪烛西窗语。 —— 周邦彦《琐窗寒·寒食》

76.清娥画扇中，春树郁金红。 —— 温庭筠《清明日》

77.花燃山色里，柳卧水声中。 —— 范成大《清明日狸渡道中》

78.楼前绿暗分携路，一丝柳、一寸柔情。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

79.未知轩冕乐，但欲老渔樵。 —— 王安石《壬辰寒食》

80.舞烟眠雨过清明。 —— 晏几道《浣溪沙·二月和风到碧城》

81.夜深斜搭秋千索，楼阁朦胧烟雨中。 —— 韩偓《夜深 》

82.困人天气近清明。 —— 苏轼《浣溪沙·春情》

83.西园日日扫林亭。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

84.去年上巳洛桥边，今年寒食庐山曲。 —— 宋之问《寒食江州满塘驿》

85.车声上路合，柳色东城翠。 —— 孟浩然《清明即事》

86.啼红正恨清明雨。 —— 赵令畤《蝶恋花·欲减罗衣寒未去》

87.野老不知尧舜力，酣歌一曲太平人。 —— 宋之问《寒食还陆浑别业》

88.料峭春寒中酒，交加晓梦啼莺。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

【主题阐释】

亲情：

亲情与生俱来，血脉相连，不以贫富贵贱而改变，不以个人喜好厌恶而取舍。亲情需要彼此精心呵护，懂得相互宽容与理解;作为至亲，一方有难八方支援……这些都能珍惜和保持亲情。也许有时候一家人会闹点矛盾，但一点小风浪是不会打击到亲情的。在人类的诸多情感中，亲情是最恒久的。

友情：

友情是一种抽象的、令人捉摸不透的东西，和亲情、爱情一样值得我们去珍惜。拥有友情的双方，称之为朋友。朋友在你开心时为你高兴，在你悲伤时给你安慰，在你彷徨时给你信心。真正的友情不依靠事业、祸福和身份，不依靠经历、地位和处境。它在本质上拒绝功利，拒绝归属，拒绝契约。它是独立人格之间的互相呼应和确认，它使人们独而不孤，互相解读自己存在的意义。

【事实素材】

1.废墟中的母爱

营救人员发现她的时候，她已经罹难了。透过那一堆废墟的间隙，可以看到她死亡的姿势：双膝跪着，整个上身向前匍匐着，双手扶着地支撑着身体。这时营救人员发现在她的身下还有一个孩子，经过一番努力，人们小心地把挡着她的废墟清理开，看到在她的身下躺着一个三四个月大的婴儿。因为母亲身体的庇护，他毫发未伤，抱出来的时候，他还安静地睡着，他熟睡的脸让所有在场的人感到很温暖。随行的医生解开襁褓准备做些检查时，却发现有一部手机塞在被子里。屏幕上有一条已经写好的短信：“亲爱的宝贝，如果你能活着，一定要记住妈妈爱你!”看惯了生离死别的医生却在这一刻落泪了。作为一个母亲，她赐予了他生命，又用自己的死捍卫了这个幼小的生命。

2.舜的故事

黄帝的后裔舜，父亲又聋又瞎，性情十分暴躁，母亲则十分贤淑。舜在母亲的照料下，幼年过得相当美满。但后来他的母亲得了重病，不久离开人世。自母亲去世后，他父亲的性情变得更坏。后来父亲聚了继室，生下了弟弟象。从此父亲对继母更加宠爱，而继母是一个心胸狭窄的人，常在父亲面前说舜的坏话，使舜常被父亲责打。但孝顺的舜没有因此而心生埋怨。当舜二十岁那年，他的孝行传遍千里，天子尧亦由地方官吏的推荐而得见舜，他亦非常赞赏他的为人，便把两个女儿嫁给舜，而舜的孝行最终亦感动了继母和弟弟，一家人最终和和美美地过日子。而尧亦禅让给舜。在舜的治理下，国家得以兴盛太平。

3.荀巨伯探病友

荀巨伯从远方来探视生病的朋友，恰逢胡贼围攻这座城池。朋友对巨伯说：“我现在快死了，你可以赶快离开。”巨伯回答道：“我远道来看你，你让我离开，败坏‘义’而求活命，哪里是我巨伯的行为!”贼兵已经闯进，对荀巨伯说：“大军一到，全城之人皆逃避一空，你是什么样的男子，竟敢独自留下来?”荀巨伯说：“朋友有重病，不忍心丢下他，宁愿用我的身躯替代朋友。”贼兵相互说：“我们这些没有道义的人，却闯入了有道义的国土!”便率军撤回。全城人的生命财产得到了保全。

【理论素材】

1.谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。——孟郊

2.世界上的一切光荣和骄傲，都来自母亲。——高尔基

3.全世界的母亲多么的相像!她们的心始终一样，每一个母亲都有一颗极为纯真的赤子之心。——惠特曼

4.慈父之爱子，非为报也。——《淮南子》

5.父亲的德行是儿子最好的遗产。——塞万提斯

6.人生得一知已足矣，斯世当以同怀视之。——鲁迅

7.在背后称赞我们的人就是我们的良友。——塞万提斯

8.友谊永远是美德的辅佐，不是罪恶的助手。——西塞罗

9.友谊真是一样最神圣的东西，不仅值得特别推崇，而且值得永远赞扬。——卜伽丘

10.在快乐时，朋友会认识我们;在患难时，我们会认识朋友。——柯林斯

【实战演练】

亲情，是妈妈温柔的笑脸，是爸爸宽阔的脊背;亲情，是生病时妈妈细心的呵护，是犯错误时爸爸严厉的鞭策;亲情，是阳春三月的田野里一家人用笑声放飞摇曳的风筝，是秋高气爽的树林里挽着爸爸妈妈的手悠闲的漫步……亲情，没有历史史诗的撼人心魄，没有风卷大海的惊波逆转，亲情总是默默穿行于平常小事之中，只要你用心品味，就会感受到其中蕴涵的醇美。

请以“亲情”为话题写一篇文章，题目自拟，文体不限。

【技法点拨】

亲情是一个咏唱千年经久不衰的话题，要写好这个话题，我们可以从以下角度进行构思：可以从母亲在家庭生活中的付出与奉献切入，操劳一生是母亲的共性，抓住这一特点来表现母爱，可以让文章显得真切动人;可以从最铭心刻骨的父亲的一句话切入，父亲一般不多言语，但在关键时候，他说出的一句话会让我们铭记终生。从这个角度来表现父爱，必然很深刻;可以从爷爷奶奶或外公外婆对我们的照顾切入，亲情不只是父母之爱，还包括我们与祖辈、与其他亲人之间的情感，围绕这方面写一写生活的酸甜苦辣中包含的浓浓亲情味道，也是不错的选择。

明确了思路后，应该注意以下技巧：一是要精心选材，挖掘生活中有意义的细节。亲情总是浸透于生活的琐碎与细微之处，如离家时母亲目送我们的温柔目光、生病时父亲捂在我们额头的温暖大手、伤心时姐姐给予我们的体贴宽慰……我们要有一颗易感的心，要善于张开感觉的网，从细节中捕捉到亲情的醇香，以小见大，使之定格为永恒。二是要找准感情的载体，具体描摹。深厚的感情往往凝聚在一件普普通通的小物件上，有了具体的寄托物，亲情会显得更加贴切，更加真实。同时，如果把载情之物作为行文的线索，可以使文章思路清晰，主题更加鲜明。三是要力求创新，使文章引人入胜。亲情的主题被演绎了千百年，下笔时创新是关键。如果我们能变换思维角度，从反面入手或侧面迂回，做到人无我有，就能在众多文章中脱颖而出。如母亲的一个耳光、一句讥讽、一次精心设计的考验等都体现了特殊的爱。

【作文展示】

心中住下阳光的颜色

我坐在写字桌前，铺开作业，一缕缕阳光闯进字里行间。我搬开一切障碍，让大朵的金色肆意在桌子上流泻，一丝丝温暖充斥我的心房。我忽然记起，是他，让我拥有这抹金黄，这般温暖。

那是六月的一个黄昏，虽太阳已偏西，天气依然闷热无比。我回到家，瘫在沙发上，连句“我回来了”都没说。热气稍减，我提起书包，准备回房写作业。刚走到房门，就看见爸爸在收拾着什么。

他头发零零乱乱的，耳后挂着几滴汗珠，左手竭力按着写字桌的一角，黝黑的胳膊上彰显出几块硬邦邦的肌肉，右手抓住最前面的桌边，用力往上一抬，腿和脚也顺势向旁边一迈，桌子立即来了个90度大转弯。调整好桌子一回头，看到我在门口，他显然有些吃惊，说：“今天怎么回来得晚啊?”

“噢，同学过生日，我去给她买了个礼物。”

“哦。我给你的桌子换了个方向，夏天太阳毒，朝南很刺眼。”

“嗯。”

每次都这样，一入夏，他总会及时地把桌子给我换个方向，避开直射的阳光，朝西或朝东，还解释说：太阳毒，会害眼。夏天一过，他又会及时把桌子再换回原来的样子，向着窗户，朝着太阳，也说：“以后阳光就少了，朝着太阳你写作业会暖和点儿，白天也让你的床晒晒太阳，一举两得!”说完，还不忘带上一个骄傲的微笑。

那天晚饭时，妈妈说：“今天是你爸的生日……”我心里一颤，突然明白为什么刚才爸爸听到“生日礼物”几个字时为何一顿。我的心中顿时涌满了惭愧和自责：我怎么这么粗心啊，竟然把爸爸的生日忘掉了啊!

晚饭后，我走到书桌前，给爸爸写了这样一封短信：

爸爸，您就是我生活中的阳光。正是因为您，我的生活才充满了温暖与色彩。您的爱，虽平淡却灿烂。以后的日子里，我会将这份爱好好珍藏，会将您时刻放在我的心间。爸爸，祝您生日快乐!身体健康!

从那一刻起，我的心中就住下了阳光的颜色——那一抹最温暖的金黄。

点评：

文章围绕“亲情”这一话题，通过记叙生活中与爸爸之间发生的一件事，很巧妙地将“父爱”与“阳光”融合在一起，表达了对父亲的感激之情。生活中表现父爱的题材很多，小作者独辟蹊径，选取了在不同的季节，为了沐浴冬日的暖阳和避开夏日的骄阳，爸爸为我适时搬移写字桌这件事，从一个新颖的角度表现了父爱的无微不至。细节描写的运用，很真实地诠释了人物内心的情感，突出了文章主题。

导语：有人提出，读书最好是进入边缘状态，既能深入其中，又能冷眼旁观。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

之于读书，回味似乎更隽永更厚重。回味，可造心境。在慢慢掂量中，在细细思量里，读书人款款走进智慧的芳圃，采撷思想的精华，畅然有了不受名缰利锁束缚的自由。明代于谦说：“书卷多情似故人，晨昏忧乐每相亲。眼前直下三千字，胸次会无一点尘。”不断诵读，不断回味，还怕品不出书魂、书香、书韵?

回味，需要反复咀嚼且品味。回味书中的情节、细节，哪怕是一句话，有时都可令读书人以为哲理无穷，视为至宝。

回味，有时妙不可言。所谓“精妙处，忍不住击节叫好;伤感处，止不住泪眼模糊;激愤处，耐不住拍案而起;谐趣处，憋不住哑然失笑”，乃回味的一种境界。

有人提出，读书最好是进入边缘状态，既能深入其中，又能冷眼旁观。实现这一目标，回味乃是良方。如果说，回味是一种杂糅、磨合、交流的手段的话，那么让各种风格与精神资源之间进行反复捣弄，这样就能让读书人的思维显得饱满，其精神世界富于弹性。

导语：朱自清，朱自清对优雅和谐、含蓄节制的美的追求，一方面是中国传统文化精神的延续，另一方面也隐含着对中国现实社会景象的逃逸和否定。下面是小编整理的关于朱自清的相关材料，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

【朱自清简介】

朱自清(1898年11月22日-1948年8月12日)，原名自华，字佩弦，号秋实。原籍浙江绍兴，生于江苏东海，长大于江苏扬州，故称“我是扬州人”。北京大学毕业，曾任清华大学中文系教授、系主任。中国现代诗人、散文作家。文笔清新，所著合编为朱自清全集。为中国现代散文增添了瑰丽的色彩，为建立中国现代散文全新的审美特征创造了具有中国民族特色的散文体制和风格;主要作品有《雪朝》、《踪迹》、《背影》、《春》、《欧游杂记》、《你我》、《精读指导举隅》、《略读指导举隅》、《国文教学》、《诗言志辨》、《新诗杂话》、《标准与尺度》、《论雅俗共赏》。

1.朱自清的最后岁月

逝世前半年，常年劳累的朱自清体力衰弱，经常连走一点路都很吃力。他感到自己骤然衰老，不过并不因此而消极。他把唐人的诗句“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏”，反其意而用之，改成“但得夕阳无限好，何须惆怅近黄昏”，作为对自己的鞭策，压在书桌的玻璃板下。每天一清早就坐在桌前，读书勤奋不息，工作毫不减轻。

在生命的最后两个月，朱自清的身体已极度衰弱，体重低到77.6斤，且又“彻夜胃痛不止”，“不断大量呕吐”，病情日益危重。可他仍然编辑《闻一多全集》，编写教科书，备课讲授，演讲呐喊。在这两个月的日记中，他直接写到读书、买书、选书的日记竟有17篇之多。其中有他认真阅读瞿秋白同志的《鲁迅杂感集序言》和《大众哲学》的记载。甚至在逝世前26天，他还在日记中订了一个阅读计划，要求自己除星期六下午和星期日外，每天坚持轮流读一本英文书和中文书，利用休息时间读诗。说到做到，此后两天，即订出计划的第一个星期一，他开始读布尔芬奇的《神话集》和《波罗克夫的眼界》一文。

2.朱自清先生的一则逸事

根据上个世纪30年代清华的规定，教授们在校工作五年，就有一年的学术休假，由学校资助去外国访问进修。朱自清时任清华大学中文系教授，于1931年利用学术休假，在英国伦敦皇家学院和伦敦大学注册旁听。据《朱自清日记》于该年记述，他有两次夜梦清华未能继续聘他为教授，理由是他在外国文学上的学养上尚有不足;梦醒，全身冷汗，深感不发聘书颇有道理，于是他更加努力利用在伦敦的一切便利条件，来提高自己。俗语云：日有所思，夜有所梦。所谓“不足”，并非真的来自清华校方的压力，而是朱先生对自己严格要求的反映。

3.朱自清宁可饿死，不领美国救济粮

朱自清是清华大学中文系教授。1948年初，人民解放战争进入最后阶段，6月，北平学生掀起了反对美国扶植日本军国主义的运动。当时，朱自清身患重病，又无钱医治，但他毫不犹豫地在写着“为表示中国人民的尊严和气节，我们断然拒绝美国具有收买灵魂性质的一切施舍物资，无论是购买的或给予的”。的宣言上签了自己的名字。8月初，朱自清病情加重，入院治疗无效，12日逝世。那时他年仅50岁。临终前，朱自清以微弱的声音谆谆叮嘱家人：“有件事要记住，我是在拒绝美国面粉的文件上签过名的，我们家以后不买国民党配合给的美国面粉!”

吴晗1960年写的《关于朱自清不领美国“救济粮”》说：“这时候，他的胃病已经很严重了，只能吃很少的东西，多一点就要吐。面庞瘦削，说话声音低沉。他有大小七个孩子，日子比谁过得都困难。但是他一看了稿子，毫不迟疑，立刻签了名。”朱自清夫人也写道：“我们家人口多，尤其困难。为了生活，佩弦(朱自清字佩弦)不得不带着一身重病，拼命多写文章，经常写到深夜，甚至到天明。那时家里一天两顿粗粮，有时为照顾他有胃病，给他做一点细粮，他都从不一个人吃，总要分给孩子们吃。”在吴晗找朱签名时，“他的病情已经很严重了，呕吐得厉害——医生说应尽快动手术。”当天朱自清的日记中写道：“此事每月须损失六百万法币，影响家中甚大，但余仍决定签名。因余等既反美扶日，自应直接由自身做起，此虽只为精神上之抗议，但决不应逃避个人责任。”由此可见，吴晗说“毫不迟疑，立刻签了名”显然有夸张之嫌，朱自清至少也是咬牙决定的，以身作则的观念使他决定牺牲家庭的生活必需。

4.函请接济家父

鲁修贤

芦沟桥事变发生之后，朱自清先生转往大后方，他写信给当时在上海教书的李健吾，请他就近接济自己住在扬州的老父亲，李健吾自然不会让老师失望。那么，朱自清先生何以有信心如此重托他人呢?原来，这二人之间早已建立了深厚的师生情谊。——1925年暑假过后，朱自清先生应聘来到清华大学担任了中国文学系的教授。李健吾这时刚好从北京师范大学附属中学毕业，考取了清华大学中文系。上第一堂课，朱自清先生点名，点到李健吾时，问道：“李健吾，这个名字怪熟的，是不是常在报纸上写文章的那个李健吾?”李健吾回答：“不敢瞒老师，是我。”确实是在师大附中读书时，李健吾就和蹇先艾等组织了爝火社，从事新文学活动了。“那我早认识你啦!”朱先生高兴地说。下课后，朱自清先生劝李健吾：“你是要学创作的，念中文系不相宜，还是转到外文系去吧。”当时中文系只念古书，所以朱自清先生这么说。李健吾听了朱自清先生的话，第二年就转到外文系去了。师生虽不在一个系，但李健吾写了作品，都先送给朱先生看，始终把朱自清先生当作导师。朱自清先生也每次都字斟句酌地帮李健吾定稿。多年互动，使他们真挚的师生情笃定终生。

5.朱自清的读书生活

朱自清在上中学时，就极喜欢读书。当时家里每月给他一元零花钱，他大部分都交给家乡一家广益书局了，而且还常常欠账。引发他对哲学兴趣的一部《佛学易解》，就是从这家书局得到的。

1920年，是朱自清在大学最后一年。一次，他到琉璃厂去逛书店，在华洋书庄见到一部新版的《韦伯斯特大字典》，定价要14元。这钱对这部大书说来虽不算太贵，可对一个念书的学生却实在不是个小数目。自己手头没这么多钱，可书又实在舍不得，思来想去，就自己的一件皮大氅还值点钱了。

这件大氅，是父亲在朱自清结婚时为他做的，水獭领，紫貂皮。大氅虽是布面，样式有点土气，领子还是用两副“马蹄袖”拼凑起来，可毕竟是皮衣，在制作的时候，父亲还很费了些心力。可当时实在舍不得那本“大字典”，又想到将来准能将大氅赎出，便在踌躇许久后，毅然将它拿到了当铺。

当铺在学校后门，转身就到。朱自清并没有过多考虑。因为想到将来赎回，便以书价作当价：14块。大氅当然不止这个价，所以当铺柜上的人一点不为难，即刻付款。

拿上钱，朱自清马上去把那本《韦伯斯特大字典》抱了回来。不料那件费了父亲许多心力的大氅，却终于没有赎回来。

1)Some(people)argue/claim/believe/hold that……But others set(put)forth a different argument about/oppositive views on the matter in question.

(e.g. Some claim that setting off firecrackers is a good practice of celebrating the Spring Festival.……But others put forth opposite views on the problem.)

2)Some(people)advocate/endorse/favor/are for(或oppose/object to/are against)……Yet others stick to/hold on to/cling to the opposite views/argument/points.

(e.g. Some advocate changes intended to modernize the building code.……Yet others hold on to the opposite views.)

3)To some peoples mind/From some peoples point of view/In the eye(s)o f some people，the matter in question is/seems/should be/means……But to othersmind/from others point of view/in otherseyes，it is just/quite the other way around/contrary/opposite(或the opposite/reverse is the case/true.)

(e.g. To some peoples mind，reading should be done in a selective way.……But to others‘，it is just the other way around.)

4)Some(people)respond/react to……by……But others behave/act in the other direction/in the opposite way.

(e.g. Some people respond to failure by remaining inactive or avoiding it……But others behave in the opposite way.)

5)Some take the view that……And/But on the other hand，others argue for the opposite view that……

(e.g. Some are of the view that institutions mould characters.……And on the other hand，others argue for the opposite view that characters transform institutions.)